The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee Promotes the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

The significance of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, held from November 8 to 11, 2021, lies not only in resolving current issues; its content far exceeds the framework of existing problems. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee was a historic meeting, at which the plenum examined and adopted the *Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century* (hereinafter referred to as the *Resolution*). Documents of this kind have appeared only twice in the hundred-year history of the Chinese Communist Party: once in 1945 and again in 1981. On both occasions, the CPC analyzed and summarized the path it had traversed on the eve of breaking new ground and achieving major breakthroughs. In 1945, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC discussed and adopted the *Resolution on Certain Historical Questions*, which summarized the Party’s struggle over more than twenty years against the backdrop of the Kuomintang’s reactionary policies and the Japanese invasion of China. In 1981, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC examined and adopted the *Resolution on Certain Historical Questions since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China*, which provided a scientific summary of the historical experience and lessons since the founding of New China.

2021年11月8～11日举行的十九届六中全会的意义不仅在于解决了当前的问题，其内容远远超出了现有问题框架。十九届六中全会是历史性会议，大会审议通过了《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》(以下简称《决议》)。类似的文件在中国共产党的百年历史中只出现过2次，一次在1945年，另一次在1981年。这两次，中国共产党在开拓新的道路、实现重大突破前夕都对过往道路进行了分析与总结。1945年，中共六届七中全会讨论并通过了《关于若干历史问题的决议》,总结了20多年来中国共产党在国民党实行反动政策和日本侵华背景下的斗争道路。1981年，中共十一届六中全会审议通过了《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》,对新中国成立以来的历史经验和教训作了科学总结。

The historical significance of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee lies in its deep insight into the past and its clear vision for the future. The new *Resolution* both summarizes the indisputable achievements the CPC has led the Chinese people to attain over the past century and does not evade past mistakes. More importantly, the *Resolution* plans and projects development for the coming decades, up to the middle of the 21st century. In 2012, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the plan of “realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” aiming to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by 2049.

中共十九届六中全会的历史意义在于其对过往的深度洞察和对未来的清晰展望。新的《决议》既总结了100年来中国共产党带领中国人民所取得的无可争议的成就，也没有回避曾经的失误。更重要的是，《决议》对中国到21世纪中叶未来几十年的发展进行了规划与展望。2012年，习近平总书记提出了“实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦”这一规划，到2049年将中国建设成为一个富强、民主、文明、和谐、美丽的社会主义现代化强国。

Forward-looking tasks themselves stimulate progress, consolidate strength, and accelerate the pace of development. China’s overall development plan for the next thirty years has been carefully considered and divided into several strategic stages, among which important elements include the economic “new normal,” “law-based governance” in social life, the “Belt and Road Initiative” in the international sphere, and the “eradication of absolute poverty.” In 2021, China completed the first-stage tasks as planned: in 2020, China’s GDP reached 100 trillion yuan (15.4 trillion US dollars), per capita income reached 10,000 US dollars, the goal of completely eradicating absolute poverty was achieved on schedule, and the proportion of the middle-income group increased. All these achievements were made under extremely unfavorable conditions—the COVID-19 pandemic and the containment strategy launched by the United States against China.

具有前瞻性的任务本身就会激发进步、凝聚力量和加快发展步伐。中国未来30年的总体发展规划是经过深思熟虑的，并被划分为几个战略阶段，其中重要的内容有经济上的“新常态”、社会生活中的“依法治国”、国际领域的“一带一路”倡议以及“消除绝对贫困”等。2021年，中国按计划完成了第一阶段任务：2020年中国国内生产总值达到100万亿元(15.4万亿美元),人均收入达到1万美元，彻底消除绝对贫困的目标如期完成，中等收入群体比例得到提高。所有这些成就是在极其不利的条件下取得的——新型冠状病毒大流行和美国展开针对中国的遏制策略。

The creation of a “high-income society” began in 2021. By 2035, China’s per capita income and GDP are to double again, which will enable China to fully enter a “high-income society,” or, in the words of the relevant resolution, “basically realize socialist modernization.” Thereafter, the “Chinese Dream” plan will enter its third stage: by 2049, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China will be built into a “great modern socialist country.” Although it is not yet clear how this goal will be expressed in specific parameters, there is no doubt that China will occupy its due place in the world: its economic potential will determine the global economic situation, its scientific potential will enable unprecedented human progress, and its military potential will guarantee its own security and stability worldwide.

“高收入社会”的创建始于2021年。到2035年，中国人均收入和国内生产总值要再翻一番，这将使中国全面进入“高收入社会”,用相关决议的话说就是“基本实现社会主义现代化”。而后，“中国梦”规划将进入第三阶段，到2049年中华人民共和国成立100年时，把中国建设成为一个“社会主义现代化强国”。虽然尚不清楚这一目标在具体参数中如何表示，但是毫无疑问，中国将在全世界占据应有的地位，其经济潜力将决定全球经济状况，其科学潜力将使人类取得前所未有的进步，其军事潜力将保证自身安全和全世界的稳定。

At the same time, after the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017, as the Party implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, it increasingly emphasized the term “socialism.” Without affecting the overall national development prospects and development speed, increasing attention has been paid to the livelihood and welfare of ordinary people. The education campaign on “remaining true to our original aspiration and keeping our mission firmly in mind” was carried out throughout the Party. As the *Resolution* emphasizes, “Since its founding in 1921, the CPC has always taken seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and founding mission, and has always adhered to the communist ideal and socialist conviction.”

与此同时，在2017年中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会后，党在贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想时，越来越强调“社会主义”一词。在不影响国家总体发展前景和发展速度的前提下，普通人的民生与福利越来越受到关注。“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育在全党范围内展开。正如《决议》所强调的，“中国共产党自一九二一年成立以来，始终把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为自己的初心使命，始终坚持共产主义理想和社会主义信念”。

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is increasingly becoming the mainstream of world socialism, kindling hope for all who support justice and genuine democracy. At the same time, China’s socialist model has become a new form of human civilization and the only efficiently functioning development model in the modern world. This has important reference significance for Russia, which is striving to find its own path to “great rejuvenation.” Meanwhile, the Russian people are increasingly disillusioned with the liberal capitalist values imposed upon them and are growing more interested in returning to the socialist path. Recently, the “Russian Dream and Chinese Dream” Research Center under the Russian anti-capitalist patriotic think tank “Izborsk Club” (Изборский клуб) held a roundtable meeting. At the meeting, Chinese experts explained to Russian scholars and journalists the origins and achievements of the theory and policy of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era. After lengthy discussion, participants concluded that socialism with Chinese characteristics proves the vitality of Marxism; only by adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times and linking it to the actual conditions of socialist construction at each stage can theory be prevented from being divorced from practice, can the healthy forces of society be mobilized, and can the coordinated operation of a socialist planned economy and market economy be realized. The content of this roundtable was simultaneously reported in the Russian newspaper *Zavtra* (Завтра) and on major social networks, attracting widespread attention and providing new inspiration for people’s thinking on Russia’s development path.

新时代中国特色社会主义日益成为世界社会主义的主流，让所有支持正义和真正民主的人都燃起了希望。与此同时，中国的社会主义模式已成为人类文明的新形式，也是现代世界中唯一高效运行的发展模式。这对俄罗斯而言具有重要的借鉴意义，俄罗斯正在努力寻找自己的“伟大复兴”之路。与此同时，俄罗斯人民对强加于身的自由资本主义价值观越来越失望，对重返社会主义道路的兴趣越来越浓厚。近日，俄罗斯反资本主义爱国智库“伊兹博尔斯克俱乐部”(《Изборский клуб》)下的“俄罗斯梦与中国梦”研究中心举办了一次圆桌会议。在会议上，中国专家向俄罗斯学者和记者阐释了新时代中国特色社会主义理论与政策的源起和成就。经过长时间的讨论，与会者得出结论，中国特色社会主义证明了马克思主义的生命力；只有把马克思主义中国化，并联系各个阶段社会主义建设的实际情况，才能避免理论脱离实际，才能调动社会健康力量，实现社会主义计划经济与市场经济的协同运作。有关这次圆桌会议的内容在俄罗斯《明日报》及各大社交网络上被同步报道，引起广泛关注，并为人们思考俄罗斯的发展道路提供了新启示。

The appeal of the Chinese development model has attracted attention not only from leftists and socialists; even the most “far-sighted” anti-socialists believe that the hegemonic position of liberal capitalist ideology is being challenged by China. “The real danger from China is not at all military or geopolitical, but ideological. China’s continued success poses the greatest threat to the American political system,” wrote Richard Hanania of the Pentagon-affiliated “Defense Priorities” think tank in *Palladium Magazine*. Zach Cooper and Laura Rosenberger, authors in *Foreign Affairs*, concurred: “In the struggle against authoritarianism, the United States must recognize that its advantage lies in democratic values… Especially China and Russia have seized the initiative in the political, economic, technological, and information space. Worldwide, American leadership is in decline.”

中国发展模式的吸引力不仅受到左翼人士和社会主义者的关注，就连最有“远见”的反社会主义者，也认为自由资本主义意识形态的霸权地位受到来自中国的挑战。“来自中国的真正危险根本不在军事或地缘政治，而在于意识形态。中国的持续成功对美国的政治制度构成了最大威胁”,华盛顿五角大楼“国防优先”智库的理查德·哈纳尼亚(Richard Hanania)在《钯金杂志》中如是写道。《外交事务》杂志的作者扎克·库珀(Zach Cooper)和劳拉·罗森伯格(Laura Rosenberger)对此表示赞同，“在与威权主义的斗争中，美国必须意识到自己的优势在于民主价值观……尤其是中国和俄罗斯，在政治、经济、技术和信息空间等领域抢占了先机。在全世界，美国的领导力都在衰退”。

Since Biden took office, hostility toward China and its socialist ideology has not diminished in the slightest. Washington has confirmed in both word and deed the predictions of so-called experts that under Biden, the United States will intensify its confrontation with China while maintaining hostility toward Russia. Thus, in the *Interim National Security Strategic Guidance* document signed by the 46th President of the United States on March 3, 2021, it is written in black and white that China is the only competitor of the United States, capable of using its economic, diplomatic, military, and technological strength to challenge the stable and open existing international order. Almost simultaneously, Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated in a policy speech on national foreign policy that China is the greatest challenge the United States faces in the 21st century, a challenge surpassing that from Russia or the Middle East.

自拜登上台以来，对中国及其社会主义意识形态的敌意丝毫未减。华盛顿在言行上印证了所谓专家的预测，即在拜登的领导下，美国将加大对抗中国的力度，同时保持对俄罗斯的敌意。所以，在美国第46任总统于2021年3月3日签署的《过渡时期国家安全战略指南》文件中白纸黑字地写道，中国是美国唯一的竞争者，有能力利用自己在经济、外交、军事和技术上的实力挑战稳定开放的现有国际秩序。几乎同时，国务卿安东尼·布林肯(Antony John Blinken)就国家外交政策发表政策声明指出，中国是美国在21世纪面临的最大挑战，这一挑战超过了来自俄罗斯或中东的挑战。

Washington is not without reason in viewing a rising China as the greatest challenge to a declining America. In 2020, for the first time in Chinese history and world history, absolute poverty was eliminated; in China, the COVID-19 pandemic was effectively brought under control, and economic and social life returned to normal. The Chinese people demonstrated strong discipline and a spirit of unity. At the same time, the U.S. government, built on the foundation of liberal ideology, displayed incompetence: the pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, unemployment rates soared, and mobs ran rampant under the slogans of “universal values” and “multiculturalism.” The decay of the electoral system cast doubt on the Democratic Party’s electoral victory and led to unprecedented riots and the occupation of the Capitol building.

华盛顿并非无故将崛起的中国视为衰败的美国的最大挑战。2020年，在中国历史和世界历史上，绝对贫困第一次被消除；在中国，新冠肺炎疫情得到有效控制，经济和社会生活恢复正常。中国人民表现出强大的纪律性和团结一致的精神。与此同时，建立在自由主义意识形态基础上的美国政府则表现无能，疫情造成几十万人死亡，失业率飙升，在“普世价值”和“多元文化”的口号下暴徒猖獗。选举制度的破败引发了人们对民主党选举获胜的质疑，并导致前所未有的骚乱和国会大厦被占领。

President Biden, who became a “lame duck” as soon as he took office, first affirmed the Trump administration’s “Cold War” approach toward China. However, unlike his predecessor, Biden’s focus is not on the growth of China’s trade surplus or so-called “technology borrowing,” but on China’s socialist ideology. As its name suggests, the Democratic Party has always been relatively concerned with ideological issues, with neoconservatives becoming the mainstream in its leadership. Traditionally, they have wielded strong influence in U.S. political circles, intelligence agencies, the media, and Hollywood. The core circle of the Biden administration includes influential veteran neoconservatives from the Clinton and Obama eras, as well as their former aides, now senior officials, such as Antony Blinken and Jake Sullivan. They are now pushing Biden to restore the influence the United States lost in international organizations during the Trump era and to form new military-political alliances, such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) comprising the U.S., Japan, India, and Australia, and the AUKUS trilateral security pact.

上任伊始就成了“跛脚鸭”的拜登总统首先肯定了特朗普对华“冷战”的方针。但是，与其前任不同，拜登关注的不是中国贸易顺差的增长或所谓“技术借用”,而是中国的社会主义意识形态。正如其名，民主党一直比较关注意识形态问题，新保守派成为其领导层的主流。传统意义上，他们在美国政界、情报部门、媒体界和好莱坞有着强大的影响力。拜登统治集团的核心圈子包括克林顿和奥巴马时期有影响力的资深新保守派，以及他们当时的助手、现在的高级官员，如安东尼·布林肯和杰克·沙利文(Jake Sullivan)等。他们正在着手推动拜登恢复特朗普时期美国在国际组织中失去的影响力，组建新的军事政治联盟，如由美日印澳组成的“四国联盟”和由美英澳组成的“三边安保联盟”。

The “Summit for Democracy” held on December 9–10, 2021, was convened under the slogan of “stopping the retreat of democracy and human rights,” revealing a great fear of socialism. The United States invited more than 100 countries to participate in this meeting, believing its own strength sufficient to counter its adversaries. Currently, Washington’s main adversaries are China and Russia. But in the foreseeable future, China, which holds high the banner of socialism and is successfully advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, will become its primary target, because today’s Russia does not generate ideas of world significance or ideas capable of threatening “democracy with American characteristics.”

2021年12月9～10日，世界“民主峰会”是在“停止民主和人权倒退”的口号下举行的，表现出对社会主义的极大恐惧。美国邀请100多个国家参加这一会议，认为自己的力量足以抵抗对手。当前，华盛顿的主要对手是中国和俄罗斯。但在可预见的未来，高举社会主义旗帜、成功推进新时代中国特色社会主义的中国将成为其主要目标，因为今天的俄罗斯不会产生具有世界意义的思想和足以威胁“具有美国特色的民主”的思想。

This is not the first time the United States has rallied allies to contain China. During the Korean War, troops from 15 countries were assembled to support the United States. In the Vietnam War, also launched to contain China, eight countries participated. But these were regional wars. Now, Washington has convened the “Summit for Democracy,” attempting to cobble together something akin to an “anti-China International” from more than 100 countries on a global scale. The United States has pledged $424.4 million in so-called “foreign aid” funds to protect press freedom around the world, combat corruption, and support free elections.

这不是美国第一次召集盟友来遏制中国。在朝鲜战争中，来自15个国家的军队纠集在一起支援美国。在同样为遏制中国而发动的越南战争中有8个国家参加。但这些都是地区战争。现在，华盛顿召开“民主峰会”,企图在全球范围内从100多个国家中拼凑出一个类似“反华国际”的东西。美国承诺提供4.244亿美元的所谓“对外援助”资金，以保护世界各地的新闻自由、打击腐败和支持自由选举。

However, Biden and his neoconservatives have little chance or time to implement such a long-term plan, and this is unrelated to the dubious prospect of the Democratic Party retaining power after the next election. The reason lies in the fact that a growing number of countries are questioning the democratic values promoted by the United States and are disappointed with America’s global governance capabilities. The U.S. debacle in Afghanistan recalls the consequences of the Korean and Vietnam Wars, once again proving that even outdated rifles can defeat a “paper tiger.” [4]4 The *Resolution* refers to the *Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century*, adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC in November 2021. Another reason is that more and more countries are linking their own development and prosperity to China and planning to expand their economic and trade relations with China. Undoubtedly, a powerful China has become an important market for most economies, including America’s closest allies.

然而，拜登及其新保守派几乎没有可能和时间来实施这样一个长期计划，这与民主党在下次选举后继续掌权的可疑前景无关。原因在于，越来越多的国家对美国宣扬的那套民主价值观产生质疑，对美国的全球治理能力感到失望。美国在阿富汗的惨败让人想起朝鲜战争和越南战争的后果，又一次证明即使用过时的步枪也可以打败“纸老虎”。另一个原因是越来越多的国家将本国的发展和繁荣与中国联系在一起，计划扩大与中国的经贸关系。毫无疑问，强大的中国已经成为包括美国最亲密盟友在内的大多数经济体的重要市场。

There is also a crucial reason why a comprehensive U.S. geopolitical encirclement of China is almost impossible to achieve. Russia, which shares a border of

还存在一个至关重要的原因，令美国对中国的全方位地缘政治包围几乎是不可能实现的。与中国拥有4000多公里共同边界线的俄罗斯，将不会参与美国的冒险行动。俄中两国关系持续靠近，俄罗斯继续远离西方，甚至苏联解体后涌入的西方“道德价值观”也日益贬值。俄罗斯正在积极寻找本国的发展模式，即“具有俄罗斯特色的民主”。在俄罗斯，关于社会正义和民主的传统观念正在复兴，但“具有美国特色的资本主义”价值观在未来俄罗斯的发展模式中将不会存在。现阶段，俄罗斯对强调传统价值观的中间道路感到满意，它被普京总统称为“健康的保守主义”。

The possibility of creating a global "anti-China international" based on American "democratic values" is vanishingly small. For the foundation of the American version of "democracy" is undergoing self-destruction: national history is being erased, normal life disrupted, social morality and norms of conduct destroyed, national disintegration is becoming a reality, and civil war seems imminent. Countries around the world are terrified at the prospect of such chaos being transferred to their own soil under the label of so-called "democracy." In this context, the "Summit for Democracy" appears all the more absurd.

在全球创建一个基于美国“民主价值观”的“反华国际”的可能性微乎其微。因为美国版本的“民主”基础正在发生自我毁灭：民族历史被清除，正常生活被扰乱，社会道德、行为规范遭到破坏，国家分裂正在演变为现实，内战似乎近在眼前。世界各国对这样的混乱现象以所谓的“民主”标签转移到本国土地上倍感恐惧。在这种情况下，“民主峰会”看起来更是荒诞不经。

China does not impose its own development model on other countries. At first glance, this social system and social structure are as unusual and difficult to understand as Chinese characters. The Chinese language has no alphabet, no ABCs; every word or concept is written in pictographs. The modern political system of the People's Republic of China differs from Western forms just as pictographs differ from alphabets. But this does not mean that this system is backward

中国不会把自己的发展模式强加于其他国家。初看这种社会制度与社会结构，就像汉字一样非比寻常和难以理解。中文没有字母，没有字母表，任何词语或概念都用象形文字写成。中华人民共和国的现代政治制度与西方的形式不同，就像象形文字区别于字母一样。但这并不意味着这一制度是落后而无效的。中国的政治传统和民主形式，不仅针对个人，更着眼于整个社会。中国的政治制度基于“以人为本”原则，并在多个方面取得了巨大成功。在这一制度基础上，中国创造了繁荣的经济，在短时间内崛起为世界第二大经济体。在过去的10年间，中国消除了绝对贫困，实现了国家GDP和人均收入翻一番的目标，中等收入群体的人数超过4亿。诚然，中国各个社会群体和各地区以及城乡之间的收入仍存在明显差距，但随着各种利民政策的出台，这一差距开始迅速缩小。

The Chinese Communist Party is clear that the socialist path China takes is fundamentally different from the path of liberal capitalism. Several sentences in the *Resolution* adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC are especially important: "Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out that the great social transformation in contemporary China is not a simple continuation of the master copy of our history and culture, not a simple application of the template envisioned by the classical writers of Marxism, not a reprint of the socialist practices of other countries, and not a copy of the development of modernization abroad. As long as we have the courage to combine new practice and continuously advance theoretical innovation, and are adept at using new theory to guide new practice, we will surely enable Marxism to display a more powerful and more persuasive force of truth on Chinese soil."

中国共产党清楚中国所走的社会主义道路与自由资本主义道路是截然不同的。中共十九届六中全会通过的《决议》中有几句话格外重要：“习近平同志指出，当代中国的伟大社会变革，不是简单延续我国历史文化的母版，不是简单套用马克思主义经典作家设想的模板，不是其他国家社会主义实践的再版，也不是国外现代化发展的翻版。只要我们勇于结合新的实践不断推进理论创新、善于用新的理论指导新的实践，就一定能够让马克思主义在中国大地上展现出更强大、更有说服力的真理力量。”

The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC not only highly affirmed the path that General Secretary Xi Jinping has led the entire Party and the entire nation to take since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, but also clarified the goal of continuing to strive for the realization of the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Under these circumstances, it is especially important to always emphasize "resolutely upholding Comrade Xi Jinping's status as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the entire Party, and resolutely upholding the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership." The Chinese people, as well as all those who support the socialist path and the cause of human progress, are very clear that to effectively govern the world's largest political party and the most populous country, it is necessary to defend the comprehensive leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, and especially the core leadership position of Comrade Xi Jinping.

中共十九届六中全会不仅高度肯定了中共十八大以来习近平总书记带领全党全中国所走的道路，还明确了要继续为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力奋斗的目标。在这种情况下，始终强调“坚决维护习近平同志党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导”格外重要。中国人民以及所有支持社会主义道路、支持人类进步事业的人都非常清楚，要有效治理世界上最大的政党和人口最多的国家，必须捍卫中国共产党的全面领导，特别是习近平同志的核心领导地位。

The plan for the "Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation" has entered the next important strategic stage — to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035. The convening of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC and the adoption of the *Resolution* are the guarantee for the success of this key stage and for the realization of the goal of great rejuvenation by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

“中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦”规划进入了下一个重要战略阶段——到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化。中共十九届六中全会的召开和《决议》的通过是这一关键阶段取得成功以及到2049年中华人民共和国成立100年时实现伟大复兴目标的保证。

[Author’s biography: Yuri Tavrovsky (Юрий Тавровский), professor at the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, head of the “Russian Dream and Chinese Dream” research center at Russia’s Izborsk Club; translator’s affiliation: Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]

【作者简介：尤里·塔夫罗夫斯基(Юрий Тавровский),系俄罗斯人民友谊大学教授、俄罗斯“伊兹博尔斯克俱乐部”“俄罗斯梦与中国梦”研究中心负责人;译者单位：中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院】

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑