The Essence of U.S. Foreign “Political Infiltration”

The so-called “political infiltration” refers to a country’s use of political means, while integrating its economic, military, cultural, diplomatic and other resources, to influence the ideology, political cognition and behavior of the leadership, elites and populace of a target country through “all means short of war,” thereby promoting the realization of its own national interests. Whether in the era of imperialism expanding from the Western Hemisphere to the globe, or in the post-Cold War era of a unipolar world, the United States has consistently attached great importance to the extreme application of “political infiltration” in the formulation and implementation of its foreign policy. The main objectives of U.S. foreign “political infiltration” are to dominate the world order, consolidate the capitalist world system, and promote the “peaceful evolution” of socialist countries. Since the end of World War II to the present, the pace of U.S. foreign “political infiltration” has never ceased. Although U.S. President Joe Biden has repeatedly pledged that the U.S. does not seek a new Cold War, a review of the historical trajectory of U.S. foreign “political infiltration” reveals its hypocrisy and deceitfulness. In the introduction to the 2013 English edition of his book *Democracy: America’s Deadliest Export*, American diplomatic scholar William Blum summarized U.S. actions since the end of World War II: working to overthrow more than 50 foreign governments, most of which were democratically elected; grossly interfering in democratic elections in at least 30 countries; attempting to assassinate more than 50 foreign leaders; dropping bombs on the populations of more than 30 countries; and attempting to suppress populist or nationalist movements in 20 countries. Against the backdrop of U.S. foreign “political infiltration,” China can adopt practical and effective countermeasures to thwart external “political infiltration” and safeguard national political security.

所谓“政治渗透”是指一国通过政治手段，同时整合其经济、军事、文化、外交等资源，通过“战争以外的一切手段”影响对象国领导、精英和民众的意识形态和政治认知及行为，促进本国国家利益的实现。无论是从西半球向全球扩张的帝国主义时代，还是单极世界的后冷战时代，美国在对外政策制定和实施过程中都高度重视“政治渗透”的极致运用。美国对外“政治渗透”的主要目标是主导世界秩序、巩固资本主义世界体系、促使社会主义国家“和平演变”。第二次世界大战后至今，美国对外“政治渗透”的步伐始终未曾停止过。尽管美国总统拜登多次承诺，美方不寻求新冷战，然而如果我们将美国对外“政治渗透”的历史演变轨迹做一下回顾，就能认清其虚伪性和欺骗性。美国外交学者威廉·布鲁姆在2013年出版的英文版《民主：美国最致命的输出》一书的引言中，总结了二战结束以来美国的所作所为：致力于推翻50多个外国政府，其中大部分是民主选举产生的；粗暴干涉至少30个国家的民主选举；试图暗杀50余位外国领导人；向30多个国家的民众投掷炸弹；试图镇压20个国家的民粹主义或民族主义运动。在美国对外“政治渗透”的背景之下，中国可以采取切实有力对策，挫败外部“政治渗透”，维护国家政治安全。

The Historical Evolution of U.S. Foreign “Political Infiltration”

美国对外“政治渗透”的历史嬗变

Early-stage U.S. foreign “political infiltration.” U.S. foreign “political infiltration” germinated in the 1820s, when the United States, under the banner of the “Monroe Doctrine,” [1]1 The Monroe Doctrine, articulated by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823, declared the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization and intervention, while asserting U.S. hegemony in the region. targeted its foreign “political infiltration” at its “backyard”—Latin America. In the late 19th century, the first object of U.S. infiltration and intervention attempts in Latin America was the Caribbean region, giving rise to the so-called “Caribbean version,” whose basic method was: first, military occupation of the region; second, gradual support for pro-U.S. governments; and finally, the export of the U.S. democratic system. This practice gradually became a template for U.S. “political infiltration” worldwide. The Spanish-American War [2]2 The Spanish-American War (1898) resulted in U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking the United States’ emergence as a global imperial power. opened the curtain on U.S. foreign intervention and democracy promotion, and the 28th U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, further incorporated democracy promotion into foreign policy. From 1914 to 1916, the United States interfered in Mexico’s internal affairs through military threats, forcing Mexico to promulgate a new constitution and achieve universal suffrage. After the October Revolution in Russia [3]3 The October Revolution (1917) brought the Bolsheviks to power in Russia, establishing the world’s first socialist state. gave birth to the world’s first socialist state, breaking the pattern of capitalist dominance, the U.S. bourgeoisie regarded it as a scourge and adopted an extremely hostile attitude. The Wilson administration at the time launched a nationwide wave of “Red Scare” [4]4 The “Red Scare” refers to a period of intense anti-communist hysteria in the United States following the Russian Revolution, marked by government raids and persecution of suspected radicals. targeting “Reds.” To slander the October Revolution, in 1918 the U.S. government forged a “Sisson Document.” [5]5 The “Sisson Documents” were a set of forged papers published by the U.S. government in 1918, purporting to show German funding of the Bolsheviks, later exposed as fraudulent. This document deliberately distorted the facts, falsely claiming that the October Revolution was orchestrated by the German High Command. The then U.S. ambassador to Russia, David R. Francis, depicted the Bolsheviks as a group of radical revolutionaries pursuing extreme social objectives. After the establishment of the Soviet regime, the United States also participated in the Allied armed intervention in Russia, attempting to use this opportunity to overthrow the Soviet government.

早期阶段的美国对外“政治渗透”。美国对外“政治渗透”萌芽于19世纪20年代，美国打着“门罗主义”旗号将对外“政治渗透”的目标瞄准其“后院”——拉丁美洲。19世纪末，美国在拉丁美洲进行渗透干涉尝试的第一个对象是加勒比海地区，并形成了所谓“加勒比海版本”，其基本方式是：首先对该地区进行军事占领；其次逐步扶植亲美政府；最后是输出美国民主制度。这种做法逐渐成为美国向全世界“政治渗透”的模板。美西战争拉开了美国对外干预和促进民主的序幕，第28任美国总统威尔逊进一步将促进民主纳入外交政策。1914年至1916年，美国以军事威胁方式干涉墨西哥内政，逼迫墨西哥颁布新宪法，实现墨西哥全民普选。俄国十月革命后诞生了世界上第一个社会主义国家，打破了资本主义一统天下的格局，美国资产阶级视之为洪水猛兽，采取了极端敌视的态度。时任美国威尔逊政府在全国范围内掀起了一场打击“赤色分子”的“红色恐惧”浪潮。为了诋毁俄国十月革命，1918年，美国政府伪造了一份“西松文件”。这份文件刻意歪曲事实，污称十月革命是德国总司令部一手策划的。时任美国驻俄大使弗朗西斯将布尔什维克描绘成是一群追逐极端社会目的的激进革命分子。苏维埃政权建立后，美国还参与了协约国对俄国的武装干涉，并试图借此机会推翻苏维埃政权。

Against the backdrop of the Cold War, U.S. foreign “political infiltration” entered a new historical stage. After the end of World War II, the two major camps of capitalism and socialism, represented by the United States and the Soviet Union, engaged in a comprehensive global confrontation. In the process of U.S. foreign “political infiltration,” the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) played the role of a vanguard. When military intervention was too heavy-handed and diplomatic means too weak, the CIA’s subversive infiltration of socialist countries became the U.S. government’s third option. The first 20-plus years after the CIA’s founding were its most active period for “covert action.” The so-called “covert action” mainly included all activities implemented or sponsored by the U.S. government against hostile countries or groups, or in support of friendly countries or groups, aimed at influencing foreign governments, organizations, individuals, or events. In 1954, then U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the NSC 5412 series of documents. [6]6 NSC 5412 was a National Security Council directive authorizing the CIA to conduct covert operations against international communism. These documents required that, under the responsibility of the National Security Council, the CIA implement all espionage and counter-espionage actions to oppose and contain “international communist activities.” The specific goal of this secret operation was “to create trouble for the international communist movement and to develop underground resistance forces in areas threatened and dominated by international communism.”

冷战背景下，美国对外“政治渗透”进入了新的历史阶段。第二次世界大战结束后，美苏分别代表的资本主义和社会主义两大阵营在全球展开全面对峙。在美国对外“政治渗透”过程中，美国中央情报局扮演了急先锋的角色。在军事干涉过于强硬、外交手段又软弱无力时，美国中央情报局对社会主义国家进行颠覆渗透便成了美国政府的第三种选择。美国中央情报局在成立之初的20多年内是其“隐蔽行动”最为频繁的时期。所谓“隐蔽行动”，主要包括美国政府实施或赞助的反对敌对国家或集团、支持友好国家或集团的一切活动，旨在影响外国政府、组织、个人或事件。1954年，时任美国总统艾森豪威尔批准NSC5412系列文件。该文件要求在国家安全委员会负责下，由美国中央情报局实施反对和遏制“国际共产主义行动”的全部间谍和反间谍行动。这项秘密行动的具体目标是“为国际共产主义运动制造麻烦，在受到国际共产主义威胁和统治的地区发展地下抵抗力量。

In addition, the CIA also interfered in the 1964 Chilean election. Eduardo Frei, the candidate of the right-leaning Christian Democratic Party, and Salvador Allende, the socialist-leaning leader of the Socialist Party, engaged in a fierce contest. To prevent a communist-influenced government from emerging in its backyard, the CIA fully supported Frei, providing most of his campaign funds, while simultaneously deploying its propaganda machine to viciously slander Allende. A propaganda team funded by the CIA posted 3,000 posters daily opposing and vilifying Allende. One widely circulated poster depicted a hammer and sickle striking a child’s forehead, its intent unmistakable. A right-wing radio station funded by the CIA also “carefully” produced various programs attacking the left. At the time, a campaign broadcast recording went out: after a burst of machine-gun fire, a woman’s cry was heard: “They killed my child, those communists.” Then the announcer said indignantly, “Communism brings only casualties and pain. To prevent suffering, we must elect Eduardo Frei as president.” The CIA ultimately influenced the outcome of the Chilean election; Allende lost, and Frei ultimately won.

除此之外，美国中央情报局还插手1964年智利选举活动。具有右翼倾向的基督民主党的候选人爱德华多·弗雷和社会主义倾向的社会党领导人萨尔瓦多·阿连德展开了激烈的角逐。为防止后院出现一个受共产主义影响的政府，美国中央情报局一方面全力支持弗雷，并为其提供大部分竞选经费；另一方面又开动宣传机器极力诋毁阿连德。美国中央情报局资助的宣传小组每天张贴3000张海报反对和丑化阿连德。其中有一张传播范围颇广的海报，上面绘有锤子和镰刀挥向孩子额头的图样，用意昭然若揭。美国中央情报局资助的右翼广播电台也“精心”制作各类攻击左派的节目。当时传出这样一段竞选广播录音：一阵机关枪响过后伴随一个女人哭喊，“他们杀了我的孩子，那些共产主义者”。随后广播员激愤地说，“共产主义只能带来伤亡和痛苦，想要阻止苦难的发生，我们必须选举爱德华多·弗雷为总统”。美国中央情报局最终左右了智利的选举结果，阿连德落选，弗雷最终胜出。

The failure of the U.S. war in Vietnam [7]7 The Vietnam War (1955-1975) ended in U.S. military withdrawal and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. and successive setbacks in intervention policies in other parts of the world forced the United States to change its strategy. After the Carter administration came to power, it began to conduct “political infiltration” through a human rights foreign policy. On February 17, 1978, then U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the *Presidential Directive on Human Rights: NSC-30*, which systematically elaborated the U.S. policy and strategy for implementing human rights diplomacy toward other countries, proclaiming that “promoting respect for human rights throughout the world is a major objective of U.S. foreign policy.” The series of measures adopted by the Carter administration in advancing human rights diplomacy had a significant impact on subsequent U.S. foreign “political infiltration.” In 1983, then U.S. President Ronald Reagan’s most prominent contribution to foreign “political infiltration” was the establishment of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). [8]8 The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a U.S. government-funded private nonprofit that provides grants to support pro-democracy groups abroad, often criticized as a vehicle for political intervention. Although a non-profit organization, the NED receives appropriations from the U.S. Congress and has played a huge role in advancing U.S. foreign “political infiltration.” Its main task is to follow U.S. government orders, using financial grants to manipulate and direct numerous social organizations worldwide to export U.S. values to target countries and regions, carry out subversive infiltration and sabotage, and incite so-called “democracy movements.” The NED’s activities involve more than 100 countries; under the guise of “promoting democracy,” it seeks to overthrow foreign governments by buying off foreign opposition forces.

美国侵越战争的失败以及对世界其他地区干涉政策接连受挫，迫使美国改变策略。美国卡特政府上台后，开始通过人权外交政策进行“政治渗透”，1978年2月17日，时任美国总统卡特签署《总统人权命令：NSC-30号文件》，该文件系统地阐述了美国对其他国家实施人权外交的方针政策，标榜“在全世界促进尊重人权是美国外交政策的主要目标”。卡特政府在推进人权外交时所采取的一系列手段对日后美国对外“政治渗透”产生了重大影响。1983年，时任美国总统里根在对外“政治渗透”方面最突出的表现是成立了美国国家民主基金会。该基金会虽为非营利机构，却接受美国国会拨款，在推动美国对外“政治渗透”进程中发挥了巨大作用。其主要任务是遵照美国政府命令，以资金资助形式操纵、指挥全球多家社会组织向目标国家和地区输出美国价值观、实施颠覆渗透破坏、煽动所谓“民主运动”。该基金会的活动涉及100多个国家，它以“推广民主”的名义，通过收买外国反对力量企图颠覆外国政权。

U.S. foreign "political infiltration" in the post-Cold War era. After the end of the Cold War, the U.S. foreign "political infiltration" strategy exhibited a series of new changes. For the United States, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the true goal of its foreign "political infiltration" was to maintain its leadership position in the world and establish a new world order dominated by the United States. After the Cold War, the "Bush Doctrine" [9]9 The Bush Doctrine refers to the foreign policy principles articulated by U.S. President George W. Bush after the September 11, 2001 attacks, emphasizing preemptive military action and the promotion of democracy abroad. held sway, resting on two pillars: first, insisting on the U.S. right to launch preemptive strikes, and second, using the means of "regime change" to expand democracy. In 1993, then-U.S. President Bill Clinton explicitly stated that the core objective of the U.S. foreign "political infiltration" strategy was to pursue "global democratization" and to isolate and attack so-called "countries that go against the tide." [10]10 "Countries that go against the tide" is a phrase used by the Clinton administration to describe states resisting the perceived global trend toward democratization and market liberalization. Driven by the new interventionism, the U.S. government actively and proactively intervened in countries thrown into chaos by internal conflicts that triggered humanitarian disasters, striving to "rescue" these "failed" states and export democracy to them. The approach was first to quell conflicts in these countries through military means, then to station a certain level of armed forces to monitor and maintain peace in the region, and finally to use the stationed troops to promote the establishment of democratic institutions and free markets in the target country as desired by the United States. After the 9/11 attacks, the United States carried out "political infiltration" under the banner of the war on terror, launching the "Greater Middle East Initiative." [11]11 The Greater Middle East Initiative was a U.S. proposal launched in 2004 to promote political, economic, and social reform across a broad region including the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Central and South Asia. In the view of the Bush administration, "dictatorial" regimes and "authoritarian" systems in the Middle East were breeding grounds for terrorism. Only by overthrowing "dictatorial" regimes in the Middle East and achieving democracy universally in the region could the root causes of terrorism be eliminated, ultimately benefiting U.S. control over the Middle East. At the end of 2010, the "Arab Spring" [12]12 The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. rapidly swept through Arab countries in the Middle East, with anti-government movements emerging successively in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Syria, and other nations. U.S. foreign "political infiltration" was a significant contributing factor to the "Arab Spring."

冷战后时代的美国对外“政治渗透”。冷战结束后，美国对外“政治渗透”战略呈现出一系列新变化。对于美国来说，随着苏联解体，美国对外“政治渗透”的真正目标是维护其在世界上的领导地位，建立美国主导的世界新秩序。冷战结束后，“布什主义”大行其道，它有两大支柱，一是坚持美国有权进行先发制人的打击，二是运用“政权更迭”的手段扩展民主。1993年，时任美国总统克林顿明确提出了美国对外“政治渗透”战略的核心目标是追求“全球民主化”，孤立和打击所谓“逆潮流而动的国家”。在新干涉主义驱动下，美国政府积极主动介入一些因内部冲突导致混乱、引发人道主义灾难的国家，力图“挽救”这些“失败”的国家，并对其输出民主。先是通过军事手段平息这些国家的冲突，然后驻扎一定程度的武装力量来监督和维持这一地区的和平，最后用驻军来推进对象国建立美国所希望的民主机制和自由市场。“9·11”事件之后，美国以反恐战争的名义进行“政治渗透”，推出“大中东计划”。在美国布什政府看来，中东地区的“独裁”政权和“专制”政体是滋生恐怖主义的温床。只有推翻中东地区的“独裁”政权，在该地区普遍实现民主，才能消除恐怖主义的根源，最终有利于美国对中东的控制。2010年底，“阿拉伯之春”迅速席卷中东阿拉伯国家，突尼斯、埃及、也门、叙利亚等国家相继出现了反政府运动，美国的对外“政治渗透”是助推“阿拉伯之春”的重要诱因。

The essence of U.S. foreign "political infiltration"

美国对外“政治渗透”的本质

The essence of the U.S. foreign "political infiltration" strategy is to take the unique ideology of the United States as its direction, take national systems and cultural values as its core content, and take the realization of national interests as its fundamental purpose. On the basis of "Americanizing" the world, it aims to establish and maintain the dominant position of the United States in the spectrum of world order.

美国对外“政治渗透”战略的实质是以美国特有的意识形态为指向，以国家制度及文化价值观为核心内涵，以实现国家利益为根本宗旨，在使世界“美国化”的基础上，确立和维护美国在世界秩序谱系中的主宰地位。

U.S. foreign "political infiltration" is a tool for consolidating its own hegemony. National interests are always the primary factor determining a country's foreign behavior. The policy of foreign "political infiltration" by a hegemonic state can only serve its hegemonic interests. The ultimate goal of the United States in establishing pro-American regimes worldwide is to consolidate its hegemonic position. As the sole superpower in the world today, the United States has always possessed a strong "crisis consciousness." In different historical periods, the United States has always, on the pretext of safeguarding national security, designated countries that might pose a threat to its strategic interests as "imaginary enemies" and subjected them to all-round suppression. The essence and ultimate purpose of U.S. foreign "political infiltration" is to make the rulers of the United States the rulers of the world and to attempt to perpetuate this dominant position indefinitely. The frequent "political infiltration" of China by the United States since the Biden administration came to power best reflects this essential characteristic. As the relative strength of the United States declines, it increasingly emphasizes that China poses a serious challenge to U.S. hegemony. U.S. President Joe Biden has claimed that the United States' "biggest competitor is China." To maintain its hegemonic position, while containing China economically, technologically, and militarily, the Biden administration places greater emphasis on intensifying "political infiltration" of China in the political sphere.

美国对外“政治渗透”是巩固自身霸权的工具。国家利益永远是决定国家对外行为的最主要因素，霸权国家对外“政治渗透”的政策只能也只是服务于它的霸权利益。美国在全世界建立亲美政权的最终目的是巩固其霸权地位。美国作为现今世界上唯一的超级大国，始终具有强烈的“危机意识”。在不同历史时期，美国总是以维护国家安全为由，将可能对其战略利益构成威胁的国家树立为“假想敌”，并进行全方位打压。美国对外“政治渗透”的实质和最终目的，是使美国的统治者成为世界的统治者，并试图将这种统治地位长久延续下去。拜登政府上台后美国对华频繁的“政治渗透”最能体现出这一本质特征。随着美国相对实力的削弱，美国更加强调中国对美国霸权构成了严峻挑战。美国总统拜登声称，美国“最大的竞争对手是中国”。为了维系美国的霸权地位，拜登政府在经贸、科技及军事上遏制中国的同时，更注重在政治领域加大对中国的“政治渗透”力度。

The core content of U.S. foreign "political infiltration" is peddling American-style "democracy," and its core task is "exporting democracy." This essentially means using economic, political, military, and other means to spread one's own values and democratic system to other countries, promoting the "democratization" process in the target countries. The export of democratic systems aims to achieve the goals of safeguarding one's own national interests and national security by disseminating democratic systems and ideas to the target countries. The U.S. export of democratic systems involves transplanting the U.S. democratic system to other countries around the world, making other countries advance the democratic process according to the will of the United States. Its basic path: first, fostering pro-American regimes to power, making them subservient to U.S. foreign strategy and completely under U.S. control; second, on this basis, exporting democratic systems to establish American-style democratic regimes, reflecting Americanization in every corner.

美国对外“政治渗透”的核心内容是兜售美式“民主”，核心任务是“输出民主”，其实就是利用经济、政治、军事等手段，把本国的价值观和民主制度传播到其他国家，促进被输出国的“民主化”进程。民主制度输出是为了达到维护本国利益和国家安全的目的，向被输出国传播民主制度和理念。美国的民主制度输出就是把美国的民主制度移植到世界其他国家，使其他国家按照美国的意志来推进民主进程。其基本路径：一是扶植亲美政权执政，使其服从于美国对外战略，完全在美国的掌控之下；二是在此基础上输出民主制度，建立美国式的民主政权，在每个角落都能体现美国化。

The goal of U.S. foreign "political infiltration" is to maintain the "absolute security" of U.S. ideology. The United States is a country with a strong ideological color and has always attached great importance to ideological security. While consolidating core mainstream values domestically, the United States externally uses political vilification, military threats, economic inducement, cultural infiltration, and other means to carry out ideological infiltration and offensive. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has maintained a posture of high vigilance, criticism, and even hostility toward countries with ideologies different from its own. However, the new form of human civilization created by the Communist Party of China has caused unease in the United States. The "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century" [13]13 This is the third historical resolution of the CPC, adopted in November 2021, summarizing the Party's achievements and experience over its century-long history. adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [14]14 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2021 in Beijing. states: "The Party has led the people in successfully embarking on a Chinese-path modernization, creating a new form of human civilization." This represents a transcendence of Western capitalist civilization. The United States regards this transcendence as a serious threat and challenge. To ensure the absolute security of American and Western ideology, in recent years, the expansionary and interventionist nature of the United States and the West in the sphere of "political infiltration" of China has become particularly evident, and their anxiety over China's growing international political influence is especially pronounced. The "Five Eyes Alliance" [15]15 The Five Eyes Alliance is an intelligence-sharing alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. is planning to fabricate a series of so-called "China's political infiltration of the West" rumors to slander China's international image, revealing the extent of their anxiety.

美国对外“政治渗透”的目标是维护美国意识形态的“绝对安全”。美国是世界上意识形态色彩浓厚的国家，历来高度重视意识形态安全问题。美国在国内巩固主流核心价值观的同时，对外利用政治丑化、军事威胁、经济诱导、文化渗透等方式进行意识形态渗透和进攻。冷战结束以来，美国对迥异于其自身意识形态的国家始终保持着高度警觉、批判甚至敌视的姿态。然而，中国共产党创造的人类文明新形态引起了美国的不安。党的十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》指出：“党领导人民成功走出中国式现代化道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”这是对西方资本主义文明的超越。美国将这种超越视为严重威胁和挑战，为了保证美西方意识形态的绝对安全，近年来，美西方在对华“政治渗透”领域表现出的扩张性和干预性分外明显，对中国在国际上日益增长的政治影响力显得格外焦虑。“五眼联盟”正计划炮制一系列所谓“中国对西方进行政治渗透”的谣言，以诋毁中国的国际形象，其焦虑程度可见一斑。

Counter-infiltration measures by various countries against U.S. foreign "political infiltration"

各国应对美国对外“政治渗透”的反渗透措施

Over the years, although U.S. foreign "political infiltration" has encountered setbacks everywhere and gained a notorious reputation, it has also frequently succeeded, exerting a very negative impact on the security and stability of the infiltrated regions. In Europe, the "color revolutions" [16]16 Color revolutions are a series of popular uprisings in post-Soviet states and elsewhere in the 2000s, often characterized by the use of a color or flower as a symbol, which were widely seen as being supported or instigated by Western powers. instigated by the United States have continuously triggered geopolitical crises; in the Middle East, the democratic transformation promoted by the United States has not improved the situation in the relevant countries but has instead plunged them into the quagmire of "democratization" to varying degrees; in Asia, the United States has been frequently active, posing threats to China's sovereignty integrity, regime stability, and the security of its surrounding environment. At the same time, countries have not passively accepted or allowed U.S. "political infiltration" but have actively responded to it and resisted its negative effects.

多年来，美国对外“政治渗透”虽然四处碰壁、声名狼藉，但也屡屡得手，对被渗透地区的安全稳定造成了十分消极的影响。在欧洲，美国策动的“颜色革命”不断引发地缘政治危机；在中东地区，美国推动的中东民主转型并未使相关国家情况好转，反而使相关国家不同程度地陷入“民主化”泥沼；在亚洲，美国动作频频，对我国主权完整、政权稳定和周边环境安全造成威胁。同时，各国并非被动接受或放任美国的“政治渗透”，而是予以积极应对，抵制其负面影响。

Anti-“political infiltration” measures in CIS countries. Russia has accumulated rich experience in resisting US “political infiltration.” First, it strictly controls the political activities of social organizations through legislation. From 1995 to 1996, the Russian government successively enacted the *Federal Law on Public Associations of the Russian Federation*, the *Federal Law on Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations of the Russian Federation*, and the *Federal Law on Non-Commercial Organizations of the Russian Federation*, marking the beginning of Russia’s legislative regulation of social organizations. In July 2012, Russia issued the *Federal Law on Amendments to the Federal Law on Non-Commercial Organizations Performing the Functions of a Foreign Agent*, explicitly designating social organizations of the “foreign agent” type as separate legal targets for supervision. In 2015, Russia also enacted the *Law on Undesirable Organizations*, further strengthening oversight of foreign and international social organizations to prevent them from engaging in activities harmful to Russia’s national sovereignty interests and security. Second, it controls internet infiltration through legislation. On July 4, 2014, the Russian State Duma approved a law stipulating that, two years later, domestic citizens would be prohibited from storing their data on foreign servers. This new regulation was seen by opponents as a move to sideline US social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. In May 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the “Sovereign Internet Law,” aimed at preventing foreign interference. The law stipulates that when the Russian network is threatened, Russia’s Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media may shut down external network connections. Kazakhstan has also followed Russia in regulating social organizations, passing the *Law on Countering Extremism* in 2005, which stipulates that “Kazakhstan’s prosecutorial authorities have the right to designate domestic and foreign organizations within Kazakhstan as extremist organizations.” Kazakhstan and Belarus have also handled relations with the opposition appropriately. In its strategy toward the opposition, Kazakhstan generally adopts a tactic of both uniting with and struggling against it. In Belarus, a strict registration system and activity approval process are implemented for opposition publications and organizations.

独联体国家的反“政治渗透”措施。俄罗斯在抵制美国“政治渗透”方面积累了丰富的经验。首先，通过立法对社会组织参与的政治活动进行严格管控。1995年至1996年，俄罗斯政府先后出台了《俄罗斯联邦社会团体法》《俄罗斯联邦慈善活动和慈善组织法》和《俄罗斯联邦非商业组织法》，拉开了俄罗斯对社会组织立法的序幕。2012年7月，俄罗斯出台《从事外国代理活动的非商业组织的联邦法律修正案》，明确把“外国代理人”一类的社会组织单独划为法律监管对象。2015年，俄罗斯还出台《不受欢迎组织法》，进一步加强对外国和国际社会组织的监管，防止其从事危害俄罗斯国家主权利益和安全的活动。其次，通过立法管制互联网渗透。2014年7月4日，俄罗斯国家杜马批准一项法律，规定两年后禁止本国公民数据存储于国外服务器。这一新规，被反对者看成是对脸书、推特等美国社交网站的排挤。2019年5月，俄罗斯总统普京签署“主权网络法”，目的在于预防外国势力干预。该法规定，当俄罗斯网络遭到威胁时，俄罗斯国家信息科技、通讯及大众传媒监察机构，可关闭外部网络联系。哈萨克斯坦也效仿俄罗斯管制社会组织，在2005年通过了《反极端主义法》，该法规定，“哈萨克斯坦检察机关有权认定哈境内的国内外组织为极端组织”。哈萨克斯坦和白俄罗斯还妥善处理与反对派的关系。在对待反对派的策略上，哈萨克斯坦一般采用既团结又斗争的策略。在白俄罗斯，实行对反对派刊物和组织的严格登记制与活动审批制。

Anti-“political infiltration” measures in Latin American countries. Cuba’s basic approach is to struggle against various erroneous ideas and ideological trends, consolidating the position of mainstream ideology. Cuba’s first supreme leader, Fidel Castro, revealed the essence of ideological infiltration by capitalist countries through neoliberalism, namely, “neoliberalism is the ideology of imperialism in its stage of global hegemony.” [17]17 Fidel Castro (1926–2016) was the leader of the Cuban Revolution and the first leader of the Republic of Cuba, serving as Prime Minister (1959–1976) and President (1976–2008). The *Constitution of the Communist Party of Cuba*, adopted at the Fifth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba in 1997, more explicitly emphasizes the need to struggle against bourgeois ideology and any form of crime and antisocial behavior. In response to ideological infiltration and “peaceful evolution” by capitalist countries represented by the United States, following the “Elián González incident” in 1999, [18]18 The “Elián González incident” (1999–2000) was a custody dispute over a six-year-old Cuban boy who survived a shipwreck while fleeing to the US, which became a major political confrontation between Cuba and the US, with Cuba mobilizing mass protests to demand his return. the Communist Party of Cuba also launched an “ideological battle” nationwide. The Communist Party of Cuba mobilized the masses to conduct large-scale marches and demonstrations opposing US interference in Cuba’s internal affairs, which both stimulated the patriotic enthusiasm of the masses and enhanced their identification with mainstream ideology. Venezuela, Bolivia, and other countries have also strongly criticized neoliberalism.

拉美国家的反“政治渗透”措施。古巴的基本对策是同各种错误思想、思潮作斗争，巩固主流意识形态阵地。古巴第一任最高领导人菲德尔·卡斯特罗揭示了资本主义国家借助新自由主义进行意识形态渗透的本质，即“新自由主义是帝国主义在其世界霸权阶段的意识形态”。1997年古巴共产党“五大”通过的《古巴共产党章程》则更明确强调要同资产阶级思想和任何形式的犯罪和反社会行为作斗争。针对以美国为代表的资本主义国家的意识形态渗透与“和平演变”，在1999年“埃连事件”之后，古巴共产党还在全国范围内开展了“思想战”。古巴共产党发动群众开展了大规模的游行示威，反对美国对古巴内政的干涉，这既激发了群众的爱国热情，也提高群众对主流意识形态的认同。委内瑞拉、玻利维亚等国也对新自由主义予以强烈批判。

The approach of the Latin American left is to unite in resisting US-Western “political infiltration.” Entering the 21st century, with the rise of left-wing forces in the Latin American region, a left-wing alliance has in fact emerged among Latin American countries. Internally, it seeks the unity and self-strengthening of Latin American countries and advocates regional integration; externally, it opposes the so-called “universal values” of the United States and advocates for the diversification of foreign relations. To realize these propositions, the Latin American left has successively established the “Union of South American Nations” and the “Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.” In 2000 and 2005, Cuba and Venezuela twice signed the *Integration Agreement*, forming the “Cuba-Venezuela Alliance.” The “Cuba-Venezuela Alliance” has also linked some radical left-wing countries through the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America mechanism.

拉美左翼的做法是抱团抵制美西方的“政治渗透”。进入21世纪，伴随着拉美地区左翼势力的兴起，拉美国家在事实上出现了一个左翼联盟，对内谋求拉美国家团结自强，主张区域一体化；对外反对美国的所谓“普世价值”，主张外交关系多元化。为实现上述主张，拉美左翼先后建立了“南美洲国家联盟”和“拉美和加勒比国家共同体”。2000年和2005年古巴和委内瑞拉两国两次签订的《一体化协议》构建了“古巴—委内瑞拉联盟”。“古巴—委内瑞拉联盟”还通过美洲玻利瓦尔联盟机制将一些激进的左翼国家联系在一起。

The Communist Party of China attaches great importance to political security. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [19]19 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to political security, particularly emphasizing that upholding a holistic approach to national security must take political security as its foundation, and that safeguarding national political security, especially regime security and institutional security, must be placed first. In the face of the US “whole-of-government” “political infiltration” offensive against China, China can respond from the following aspects: First, taking the initiative, continuously developing and perfecting China’s whole-process people’s democracy is the fundamental solution for safeguarding national political security. Second, to effectively respond to US “political infiltration,” China needs to construct a complete and multi-dimensional ideological security guarantee system. Regarding US actions that harm China’s sovereign independence and core national interests, it is necessary to thoroughly expose its strategic plot of “Westernizing” and “splitting” China and resolutely counterattack, safeguarding China’s ideological security. Finally, build an international united front to resist US-Western “political infiltration.” To counterbalance US hegemonism and power politics, construct an international united front focused on addressing the China-US political strategic game, and expand international society’s understanding and recognition of the concept of “building a community with a shared future for mankind” and the new form of human civilization.

中国共产党高度重视政治安全。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视政治安全，特别强调坚持总体国家安全观要以政治安全为根本，要把维护国家政治安全特别是政权安全、制度安全放在第一位。在美国对华“全政府”“政治渗透”攻势下，中国可以从以下几个方面予以应对：首先，以我为主，不断发展和完善中国的全过程人民民主是维护国家政治安全的治本之策。其次，为有效应对美国的“政治渗透”，中国有必要构建完整、立体的意识形态安全保障体系。对美国危害我国主权独立和国家核心利益的行为，深刻揭露其“西化”“分化”中国的战略图谋并予以坚决的回击，维护我国的意识形态安全。最后，构建抵制美西方“政治渗透”的国际统一战线。为制衡美国的霸权主义和强权政治，构建以应对中美政治战略博弈为焦点的国际统一战线，扩大国际社会对“构建人类命运共同体”理念和人类文明新形态的认知及认可。

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑