*A Study of Rare Editions of “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific”*

*Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* was called by Marx “the introduction to scientific socialism.” This work, not long in length, is an excerpt compiled by Engels from a portion of his classic work *Anti-Dühring*. At the time, in order to refute the so-called “socialist theory” of Eugen Dühring and to defend the revolutionary forces of the German Social Democratic Party, Engels criticized Dühring’s views from the perspectives of philosophy, political economy, and scientific socialism. Later, in order to fully expound Marx’s principles of scientific socialism and better guide the practice of the workers’ movement in various countries, Engels, at the request of Paul Lafargue, extracted and revised the content on scientific socialism and materialism from *Anti-Dühring*, forming a completely new blueprint for *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*.

《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》被马克思称为“科学社会主义的入门”，这部篇幅不长的著作是恩格斯对其经典著作《反杜林论》中的一部分内容的摘编。当时，为了驳斥欧根·杜林所谓的“社会主义理论”，维护德国社会党的革命力量，恩格斯从哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义等方面对杜林的观点进行了批判。后来，为了完整地阐释马克思的科学社会主义原理，更好地指导各国工人运动的实践，恩格斯应保尔·拉法格的请求，将《反杜林论》中有关科学社会主义和唯物主义的内容摘引出来并加以修订，形成了《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》的全新蓝本。

This pamphlet, possessing both theoretical and revolutionary character, was widely esteemed by progressive forces in various countries as soon as it was published. In the preface to the fourth German edition of 1891, Engels wrote: “At least since the first edition appeared in March 1883, three editions have been printed, totaling 10,000 copies.” In the introduction to the English edition of 1892, he further wrote: “The Polish and Spanish editions are translated from this French text… From this German text, translations have also been published in Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Romanian. Thus, together with the present English edition, this little book has been circulated in ten languages. As far as I know, no other socialist work, not even our *Communist Manifesto* of 1848 or Marx’s *Capital*, has had so many translations.” At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the scientific socialist theory of Marx and Engels was introduced into China as a progressive ideology. Because it met the practical needs of the Chinese revolution, it was gradually accepted by China’s advanced intellectuals and developed into the ideological banner guiding the Chinese revolutionary struggle. During this period, the relevant works of Marx and Engels were also extensively translated and disseminated in China, including *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*.

这本小册子兼具理论性和革命性，一经发行便广受各国进步力量推崇。在1891年德文第四版序言中，恩格斯写道：“至少从1883年3月第一版问世以来已经印行了三版，总数达1万册。”在1892年英文版导言中，他又写道：“波兰文版和西班牙文版就是根据这个法文本译出的……根据这个德文本又出版了意大利文、俄文、丹麦文、荷兰文和罗马尼亚文的译本。这样，连同现在这个英文版在内，这本小书已经用10种文字流传开了。据我所知，其他任何社会主义著作，甚至我们的1848年出版的《共产主义宣言》和马克思的《资本论》，也没有这么多的译本。”19世纪末20世纪初，马克思恩格斯的科学社会主义理论作为一种进步思想传入中国，因符合中国革命实际的需要而逐渐被中国的先进知识分子所接受，发展成为指导中国革命斗争的思想旗帜。在这一时期，马克思恩格斯的相关著作也在中国得到大量译介和传播，其中就包括《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》。

This article, based on various language editions published before 1949 that the author has examined, aims to introduce and compare the differences in publication origins, distribution forms, and main content among editions in different languages, providing a reference for our exploration of the global dissemination of Marxist classic works, understanding the tortuous course of the development of world socialism, and the theoretical sources of Marxism adapted to the Chinese context.

本文拟以笔者查考到的1949年以前出版的各语种版本为基础，介绍并对比不同语种版本在出版源流、发行形式和主要内容上存在的差异，为我们探索马克思主义经典著作在世界传播的脉络、了解世界社会主义发展的曲折历程以及中国化马克思主义的理论源泉提供参考。

I. French Editions

一、法文版本

*Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* was originally a separate work formed by Engels, at Lafargue’s request, by extracting the content on scientific socialism and materialism from *Anti-Dühring*, deleting the passages polemicizing with Dühring, and rearranging and revising them. Lafargue translated it into French and named it *Socialisme Utopique et Socialisme Scientifique* (Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism); its separate edition was first published in 1880. Therefore, the preciousness of this edition is self-evident. In 1980, Berlin’s Dietz Verlag published a facsimile of the original 1880 edition, thus reproducing for us the original appearance of this work. This edition contains only a preface signed “P.L” (according to research, this preface was written by Marx but signed with Paul Lafargue’s name) and the main text without chapter divisions; this was the initial presentation of Engels’s scientific socialist work in French society.

《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》最初是恩格斯应拉法格的请求，将《反杜林论》中有关科学社会主义和唯物主义的内容摘引出来，删除了与杜林论战的段落，重新编排、修改而成的一部独立著作。拉法格据此翻译为法文，并命名为《空想社会主义和科学社会主义》（Socialisme Utopique et Socialisme Scientifique），其单行本最早发行于1880年。因此，这一版本的珍贵程度不言而喻。1980年，柏林狄茨出版社出版了1880年初版影印本，从而为我们再现了这本著作的最初原貌。这一版本只收入了署名为“P.L”的前言（据考证，这个前言由马克思撰写，但署名为保尔·拉法格）和未分章节的正文，这是恩格斯的科学社会主义著作在法国社会的最初呈现。

Additionally, in 1924, the Paris bookstore “La Librairie de l’Humanité” published a revised French edition. This revised edition includes the introduction Engels wrote for the 1892 English edition, naming it “l’Angleterre et le Materialisme” (England and Materialism). The main text is divided into two parts, “Utopian Socialism” and “Scientific Socialism,” each part further subdivided into different sections, with summarizing titles added. In terms of specific content, this edition carefully revised Lafargue’s French translation and added some explanatory notes and Lafargue’s own notes as annotations. This edition also includes a short biography of Engels written by Marx’s youngest daughter, Eleanor Marx, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Engels’s birth.

另外，1924年，巴黎人文书店出版了法文修订版。该修订版收录了恩格斯写于1892年的英文版导言，将之命名为“英格兰与唯物主义”（l’Angleterre et le Materialisme），正文部分分为“空想社会主义”和“科学社会主义”两部分，每部分又再分为不同小节，并添加了提炼性标题。在具体内容方面，该版对拉法格的法文译文进行了仔细审定，并添加了一部分解释性说明和拉法格的笔记作为注释。此版还收入了马克思的小女儿爱琳娜·马克思为纪念恩格斯诞辰70周年而撰写的恩格斯小传。

II. German Editions

二、德文版本

In the preface to the first German edition of this book, Engels introduced that, based on two reasons—the unexpected success of *Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism* in French-speaking countries and the widespread need within the German Social Democratic Party for new propaganda pamphlets—he edited and revised the text (both in form and content) according to the needs of German society. This shows that the German and French editions differ in both form and content. This is also confirmed in Engels’s letter to Lafargue dated October 30, 1882. In the letter, Engels mentioned that the German edition, having been substantially supplemented, was about twice the length of the French edition translated by Lafargue, and asked Lafargue whether it might be possible to publish a new French edition based on the German one. The title of the German edition is *Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft* (The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science); its separate edition was first published in 1883.

恩格斯在本书德文第一版序言中曾介绍说，基于《空想社会主义和科学社会主义》在法语国家获得了意外成功以及德国社会民主党内普遍感到迫切需要出版新的宣传小册子两个原因，他根据德国社会的需要对文章进行了编辑和修改（包括形式与内容）。由此可见，德文版与法文版在形式和内容上都有所不同。这也在1882年10月30日恩格斯致拉法格的信中得到了确证。恩格斯在信中提及，经过大量补充的德文版比拉法格翻译的法文版大约增加了一倍内容，并询问拉法格是否有可能根据德文版出版新的法文版。该书德文版标题为《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》（Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft），单行本最初发行于1883年。

The earliest German edition the author has verified is the 1919 edition published by Berlin’s Vorwärts bookstore. This edition includes Engels’s preface to the first German edition of 1882 and his preface to the fourth German edition of 1891, Karl Kautsky’s preface to the fifth German edition of 1907, the main text, and an appendix, “The Mark” (a long article Engels wrote to disseminate basic knowledge about the history and development of German land ownership within the German Social Democratic Party). The main text adopts a chapter structure different from the French edition, namely the currently standard three-chapter structure.

笔者考证到的最早德文版为1919年柏林前进书店出版的版本。该版包括恩格斯的1882年德文第一版序言和1891年德文第四版序言、卡尔·考茨基写于1907年的德文第五版序言、正文以及附录《马尔克》（恩格斯为在德国社会党内传播关于德国土地所有制的历史和发展的基本知识而写的一篇长文）。正文部分采取了与法文版不同的章节形式，也即目前通行的三章节结构。

Furthermore, the author has also discovered the following German editions preserved domestically.

此外，笔者还发现了国内保存的以下几种德文版本。

The 1925 edition published by Dietz Verlag. This edition has the same structure as the 1919 edition.

1925年狄茨出版社出版的版本。此版与1919年的版本结构相同。

The 1932 edition published by Internationaler Arbeiter-Verlag (International Workers’ Press). This edition was edited by the German Social Democrat Hermann Duncker. It includes the three chapters of Engels’s main text, preceded by introductions written by Duncker for the 1924 and 1929 editions, and includes as an appendix the article “*Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Wissenschaft zur Tat*” (The Development of Socialism from Science to Action) written in 1918 by the early Comintern leader Karl Radek. The article makes new judgments and explanations regarding the development of the proletarian revolution from theory to practice after the First World War. In this edition, the editor also added a large number of annotations helpful for reader understanding, including discussions of Marx’s *Capital* and *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*, as well as citations from the correspondence between Marx and Engels.

1932年国际工人出版社出版的版本。该版本由德国社会民主党人赫尔曼·敦克尔（Hermann Duncker）编辑，收入了恩格斯的正文三章内容，前附敦克尔撰写的1924年版和1929年版导言，并以附录的形式收入了共产国际早期领导人卡尔·拉狄克（Karl Radek）写于1918年的《社会主义从科学到行动的发展》（Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Wissenschaft zur Tat）一文，文章对第一次世界大战后无产阶级革命从理论到实践的发展做出了新的预判和说明。在该版本中，编者还添加了大量有助于读者理解的注释，包括对马克思《资本论》《政治经济学批判》的论述以及对马克思恩格斯通信内容的引用。

The 1945 standard edition published by Berlin’s Neuer Weg Verlag. The content of this edition includes the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, the introduction to the English edition, the three chapters of the main text, and the appendix “The Mark.”

1945年柏林新道路出版社出版的通行版本。该版本内容包括德文第一版和第四版序言、英文版导言、正文三章以及附录《马尔克》。

Additionally, a 1930 collection of works by Engels and Lenin published by Internationaler Arbeiter-Verlag includes the Duncker edition, along with Engels’s *The Peasant War in Germany*, and Lenin’s *“Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder* and *The State and Revolution*.

另外，国际工人出版社于1930年出版的一部恩格斯与列宁著作合辑中包含了敦克尔版本，还收入了恩格斯的《德国农民战争》、列宁的《共产主义运动中的“左派”幼稚病》和《国家与革命》。

III. English Editions

三、英文版本

According to the author’s investigation, the earliest English translator was Edward Aveling. This edition was published simultaneously in 1892 by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. in London and Charles Scribner’s Sons in New York (the introduction notes to the 1924 French revised edition also indicate that the London and New York editions were published at the same time), under the title *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*. Engels attached great importance to the dissemination of the theory of scientific socialism in England and personally wrote an introduction no shorter than the main text, namely the 1892 English edition introduction.

据笔者查考，最早的英文版译者是爱德华·艾威林（Edward Aveling），该版本于1892年由伦敦斯旺·桑南夏恩公司和纽约查尔斯·斯克里布纳之子公司同时出版（1924年法文修订版所附的英文版导言注释也表明，伦敦版和纽约版为同一时间出版），书名为《空想社会主义和科学社会主义》（Socialism: Utopian and Scientific）。恩格斯对在英国传播科学社会主义理论非常重视，亲自撰写了篇幅不少于正文的导言，即1892年英文版导言。

In addition to the earliest English edition, the early English editions preserved in China that the author has investigated also include the following.

除了最早的英文版本外，笔者查考到的国内保存的早期英文版还包括以下几种。

The 1901 edition published by the New York Labor News Company. The title of this edition is *Socialism, Utopian and Scientific*, and it includes the 1892 English edition introduction and the appendix “The Mark.” Compared with the 1892 British edition, this American edition has the following differences: the three chapters of the main text are given major headings, namely “Utopian Socialism,” “Historical Materialism,” and “Scientific Socialism”; a table of contents with detailed summaries is added; and notes on the concepts of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are added, written by Lucien Sanial, a pioneer of Marxist theory in the United States. In addition, the explanatory notes of this edition also mention that Daniel De Leon, leader of the Socialist Labor Party of America, once translated the main text of the book, which was published in the party newspaper *The People* weekly in earlier years, and later produced as a separate pamphlet under the title *The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science*. It is noteworthy that this American edition also includes a publisher’s note from the New York Labor News Company, stating that this edition was translated from the German by Aveling, proofread by Engels, is the complete authoritative English edition, and is the first complete English edition published in the United States. However, this note is not dated, so it is difficult to determine whether it is the note for the 1901 edition. Therefore, the author believes that the edition jointly published in London and New York in 1892 is the earliest American edition.

1901年纽约劳工新闻公司出版的版本。该版本书名为《空想社会主义和科学社会主义》（Socialism, Utopian and Scientific），附有1892年英文版导言以及附录《马尔克》。与1892年的英国版本相比，该美国版本有如下不同之处：正文的三个章节添加了大标题，即“空想社会主义”、“历史唯物主义”和“科学社会主义”；添加了有详细内容提要的目录；添加了关于资产阶级和无产阶级概念的注释，由美国马克思主义理论的先驱吕西安·桑尼尔（Lucien Sanial）撰写。另外，该版在说明中还提到，美国社会主义劳工党领导人丹尼尔·德莱昂（Daniel De Leon）曾翻译过该书的正文部分，并于早年发表在党报《人民》周刊上，后以《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》（The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science）为题制作成小册子独立印发。值得注意的是，该美国版本还附有纽约劳工新闻公司的出版说明，表明此版由艾威林依据德文翻译、恩格斯校阅，是完整的权威英文版，且是在美国出版的第一个完整的英文版本。但是，该说明并未标注时间，故很难确定这是1901年版的说明。因此，笔者认为，1892年由伦敦和纽约联合出版的版本才是最早的美国版本。

Two editions published by International Publishers in the United States in 1935, one of which adds the preface to the first German edition and editor’s notes; and a reprint edition published by International Publishers in 1945, which contains only the three chapters of the main text and was published to commemorate the 125th anniversary of Engels’s birth and the 50th anniversary of his death. These editions are all translated by Aveling.

1935年美国国际出版社出版的两种版本，其中一版添加了德文第一版序言和编者注；以及1945年国际出版社再版的版本，该版本只有正文三章，是为了纪念恩格斯诞辰125周年及逝世50周年而出版的。这几个版本皆为艾威林翻译。

In 1925, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. in the United Kingdom published a sixth edition in hardcover and paperback. This edition is the standard English edition, containing the 1892 English edition introduction, the three chapters of the main text, and the appendix “The Mark.”

1925年，英国的乔治·艾伦与昂温有限公司出版的第六版精装本和平装本。此版为通行的英文版本，即包含1892年英文版导言、正文三章以及附录《马尔克》。

IV. Japanese Editions

四、日文版本

In the early period of the introduction of Marxism into China, a large number of Marxist works were translated into Chinese via Japanese editions. The Japanese editions that the author has investigated in China are introduced below.

在马克思主义传入中国的早期，大量马克思主义著作都是经由日文版本译介为中文的。现将笔者在国内查考到的日文版本介绍如下。

The Sakai Toshihiko edition. It is generally believed that the earliest Japanese edition was translated by Sakai Toshihiko, an early Japanese socialist activist. The edition the author has currently investigated is the 1924 edition published by Hakuyōsha, under the title *From Utopia to Science: Utopian and Scientific Socialism* (空想から科学へ：空想的及科學的社會主義). Before the separate volume, Sakai Toshihiko had translated the main text and published it in 1906 in *Socialist Studies* (社会主義研究) No. 4 (believed to be the earliest Japanese edition). More than ten years later, because this journal had become difficult to find, Sakai Toshihiko republished the translation in 1918 in *New Society* (新社会) Vol. 4, Nos. 6 and 7, but part of the third chapter was prohibited from publication. Later, Kawakami Hajime, a pioneer of Marxist studies in Japan, published the third chapter in 1920 in *Social Problems Research* (社会問題研究) No. 17. The 1924 Sakai Toshihiko edition we now see also clearly shows traces of deletions and obliterations from publication censorship, indicating that the Japanese authorities strictly controlled socialist doctrines at that time. In terms of content, the 1924 Sakai Toshihiko edition was translated from the English translation, so its paragraph structure is similar to the English edition. In 1921, Sakai Toshihiko retranslated and revised the old 1906 manuscript, also translated the 1892 English edition introduction, naming it “Materialism and Religious Thought” (唯物论と宗教思想), thereby publishing the 1921 Daidōkaku edition, and then the 1924 Hakuyōsha edition. The unique feature of this revised edition is that Sakai Toshihiko subdivided the English edition introduction and the three chapters of the main text into different sections based on content, and added summarizing headings for each chapter (including the introduction) and each section. For readers, especially those encountering socialist theory for the first time, this summarization has a guiding significance. The Hakuyōsha edition was released in September 1924, reprinted in October, and printed a third edition in November, demonstrating the broad influence of this edition in Japan.

堺利彦版。一般认为，日文版最早是由日本早期社会主义活动家堺利彦翻译的。目前笔者查考到的版本为1924年白杨社出版的版本，书名为《从空想到科学：空想的和科学的社会主义》（空想から科学へ：空想的及科學的社會主義）。在单行本之前，堺利彦曾于1906年将正文翻译并刊载于《社会主义研究》第4号（据考为最早的日文版本）。10余年后，由于此刊已难觅踪迹，堺利彦又于1918年重新将译文刊发在《新社会》第4卷第6、7号上，但第三章部分内容被禁止刊发。后来，日本马克思主义研究的先驱河上肇于1920年将第三章发表于《社会问题研究》第17册。我们现在看到的1924年堺利彦版也清晰地显示着出版审查中删减和涂抹的痕迹，这说明当时日本当局对社会主义学说实施了严格管控。在内容方面，1924年堺利彦版是根据英译文翻译而来的，故段落结构与英文版类似。1921年，堺利彦对1906年的旧稿进行了重译和修订，又翻译出1892年英文版导言，命名为“唯物论和宗教思想”（唯物论と宗教思想），从而出版了1921年大镫阁版，又于1924年出版了白杨社版。此修订版的独特之处在于，堺利彦根据内容将英文版导言和三章正文细分为不同的小节，且对每一章（包括导言）及各小节添加了提炼性标题。对于读者、尤其是初次接触社会主义理论的人来说，这种提炼具有引导意义。白杨社版于1924年9月发行，10月即再版，11月又印刷了第三版，可见此版本对于日本的广泛影响。

The Asano Akira edition. In September 1930, Iwanami Shoten’s “Iwanami Bunko” series published an edition translated by Asano Akira, under the title *From Utopia to Science* (空想よリ科學へ). According to 1987 statistics, this book was listed as one of the ten best-selling books in the 60-year history of the “Iwanami Bunko” series. In this 100-page booklet, Asano provided the complete Japanese text of the English edition introduction and the three chapters of the main text, and in the “Translator’s Afterword” he translated almost the entirety of Lenin’s 1913 article “The Historical Destiny of the Doctrine of Karl Marx,” and also partially quoted the report on the Soviet Union’s first Five-Year Plan adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on May 12, 1930. As a member of the Japanese Communist Party, Asano believed that the victory of the Russian Revolution in 1917 enabled the proletariat to finally sing the triumphal song of Marxism, ushering the world into a fourth great era. Compared with the collapse of the capitalist world, Soviet socialist construction, especially the implementation of the Five-Year Plan, became the most direct and most successful practice of the proletariat.

浅野晃版。1930年9月，岩波书店策划的“岩波文库”出版了由浅野晃翻译的版本，书名为《从空想到科学》（空想よリ科學へ）。根据1987年统计，该书被列为“岩波文库”60年内最畅销的10种图书之一。在这本100页的小册子里，浅野提供了完整的英文版导言以及正文三章的日语文本，并在“译者后记”中几乎全文翻译了列宁在1913年所写的《马克思学说的历史命运》，还部分引用了1930年5月12日联共（布）中央委员会政治局通过的苏联第一个五年计划报告。作为日共成员，浅野认为，1917年俄国革命的胜利使无产阶级终于可以高唱马克思主义的凯歌，使世界进入到第四个伟大的时代。与资本主义世界走向崩溃相比，苏联社会主义建设、尤其是五年计划的实施成为无产阶级最直接和最成功的实践。

The Takenuma Hayato edition. In January 1931, Kibōkaku published an edition translated by Takenuma Hayato, under the title *The Development of Socialism* (社會主義の發展). This edition followed the practice of the Sakai Toshihiko edition in dividing the main text into sections, with only partial modifications to the headings. This edition may be the first Japanese edition to completely translate the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, the English edition introduction, and the appendix “The Mark.”

竹沼隼人版。1931年1月，希望阁出版了由竹沼隼人翻译的版本，书名为《社会主义的发展》（社會主義の發展）。该版本沿用了堺利彦版本对正文进行分节的做法，只对标题做了部分修改。此版本可能是首个完整译出德文第一版和第四版序言、英文版导言以及附录《马尔克》的日文版本。

The Yamagishi Tatsuzō edition. In August 1946, the Socialist Works Publishing Association published an edition translated by Yamagishi Tatsuzō (the pen name of Japanese Marxist philosopher Yamada Sakihito), under the title *The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science* (空想から科學への社會主義の發展). This edition was reprinted in October of the same year, and a third edition was issued in February 1949, showing the influence of socialist thought in Japan at that time. The content of this edition includes the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, “On Historical Materialism,” the three chapters of the main text, and a “Translator’s Afterword,” most of which were translated from the German edition edited by Dunker and the fifth German edition edited by Kautsky. The article “On Historical Materialism” was Engels’s translation of the English edition introduction into German at Kautsky’s request, with the first seven paragraphs deleted and relevant terms and notes modified to better suit German readers, published in the 1892 journal *Die Neue Zeit*. As the only work by Engels titled “Historical Materialism,” this article was quickly translated into various languages. In the Yamagishi Tatsuzō edition, this part was translated from the English translation published by the New York Labor News Company in 1919.

山岸辰藏版。1946年8月，社会主义著作刊行会出版了由山岸辰藏（即日本马克思主义哲学家山田坂仁）翻译的版本，书名为《从空想到科学的社会主义的发展》（空想から科學への社會主義の發展）。该版本于当年10月再版，1949年2月又发行了第三版，可见当时社会主义思潮在日本的影响。该版本内容包括德文第一版和第四版序言、《论历史唯物主义》、正文三章以及“译者后记”，其中大部分是根据敦克尔编辑的德文版以及考茨基编辑的德文第五版译出。《论历史唯物主义》一文是恩格斯根据考茨基的要求，将英文版导言翻译为德文，删减了前七个段落并对相关术语和注释做了改动，以更符合德国读者需求的形式发表在1892年《新时代》杂志上的。作为恩格斯唯一以“历史唯物主义”命名的著述，该文被迅速翻译为各种文字，山岸辰藏版中此部分内容是根据1919年纽约劳工新闻公司出版的英译本翻译而来的。

The Katō Tadashi edition. In 1949, the Science Society, as part of its “Marxist Classical Expository Series,” published a translation by Katō Tadashi, titled *The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science* (空想から科學への社會主義の發展). This translation includes the preface to the first German edition, the first six paragraphs of the introduction to the English edition, and the three chapters of the main text, and adds extensive annotations, including interpretations of Hegel’s “theory of ideas” and Darwin’s theory, as well as citations from Lenin’s *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism* to expound capitalism’s “transition from free competition to monopoly.” It also calculates the wealth of Great Britain for the years 1885, 1895, 1905, and 1913 based on the theories of the renowned British economist Robert Giffen, as a supplement to the data cited by Engels. Given that the Japanese Science Society primarily published Russian-language works and was regarded as the “official” publishing organ of the Soviet Union’s famous Science Press in Japan, we can infer that the Katō Tadashi edition was based on the Russian version of the book.

加藤正版。1949年，科学社推出的“马克思主义古典解说丛书”出版了由加藤正翻译的版本，书名为《从空想到科学的社会主义的发展》（空想から科學への社會主義の發展）。该译本包括德文第一版序言、英文版导言的前六段以及正文三章，并添加了大量注解，包括对黑格尔的“理念论”和达尔文学说的解读，还引用了列宁的《帝国主义论》来阐述资本主义“从自由竞争向垄断的转变”，并根据英国著名经济学家罗伯特·吉芬（Robert Giffen）的理论计算出1885年、1895年、1905年、1913年英国的财富状况，作为对恩格斯引用数据的补充。鉴于日本科学社以出版俄文著作为主，被视为苏联著名的科学出版社在日本的“御用”出版机构，我们可以推测加藤正版参照了该书的俄文版本。

V. Dutch-language editions

五、荷兰文版本

The author has identified three Dutch-language editions of *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* (De ontwikkeling van het Socialisme van Utopie tot Wetenschap) currently extant in China.

笔者查考到的国内现存荷兰文版《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》（De ontwikkeling van het Socialisme van Utopie tot Wetenschap）有三种。

The 1886 Hague edition published by Liebers, translated by Domela Nieuwenhuis. This translation divides Engels’s main text into four chapters: in addition to the original three chapters, Engels’s concluding summary on the historical development of human society and the historical mission of the modern proletariat is made into a separate chapter. The main text also includes annotations, and the article “The Mark” is appended. Engels mentioned in the preface to the fourth German edition that, since the first edition of this work was published, several foreign-language translations had appeared, including the 1886 Hague edition. Based on this, it may be inferred that this translation is the Hague edition to which Engels referred, but whether this is indeed the case remains to be further verified.

1886年海牙利伯斯出版社出版的多梅拉·纽文胡斯（Domela Nieuwenhuis）译本。该译本将恩格斯的正文部分分为四章，即除原三章外，将恩格斯最后关于人类社会历史发展进程和现代无产阶级历史使命的总结部分单独成章，且正文部分添加了注释，后附《马尔克》一文。恩格斯曾在德文第四版序言中提到，自该书第一版发行以来，又出版了几种外文译本，包括1886年荷兰海牙版。据此或可推测，此译本即为恩格斯提及的海牙版，但是否确实，仍有待进一步考证。

The Rotterdam edition published by the Awakening Press, translated by J.F. Ankersmit. This translation includes the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions and the three chapters of the main text. From this pamphlet of merely 51 pages, it is difficult to ascertain more content.

鹿特丹觉醒出版社出版的J.F.安克斯米特（J.F.Ankersmit）译本。该译本收入了恩格斯德文第一版和第四版序言以及正文的三章内容。我们从这本仅仅51页的小册子中难以查考到更多内容。

The 1934 Amsterdam edition published by Pegasus Press. This translation includes the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, the introduction to the English edition, the three chapters of the main text, and the appendix “The Mark.” The translator is unknown, but the introduction to the English edition contains numerous editorial notes and annotations marked “P.L” (presumably Lafargue). Based on this, it may be inferred that this translation was rendered from the French text.

1934年阿姆斯特丹飞马出版社出版的译本。该译本收入了恩格斯德文第一版和第四版序言、英文版导言、正文三章内容以及附录《马尔克》，译者未知，但英文版导言部分添加了大量编者说明和标为“P.L”（应为拉法格）的注释，据此或可推测此译本应由法文本译出。

VI. Chinese-language editions

六、中文版本

*Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* was introduced to China in the early 20th century. As early as 1912, before the October Revolution in Russia, the journal *New World*, the organ of the Shaoxing branch of the Chinese Socialist Party, serialized the first two chapters in full and part of the third chapter, translated by Shi Renrong, under the title “Ideal Socialism and Practical Socialism.” In 1925, the supplement *Awakening* of the Shanghai *Republic Daily* serialized a translation by Ms. Liying (Ke Bainian) titled “Utopian and Scientific Socialism,” which was the earliest complete Chinese translation of the work. In terms of separate editions, *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* enjoyed even wider dissemination in China. The author now introduces the early editions considered relatively important as follows.

《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》在20世纪初期传入我国。早在俄国十月革命之前的1912年，中国社会党绍兴支部刊物《新世界》就连载了施仁荣翻译的第一、二章全部内容和第三章部分内容，题为《理想社會主義和实行社會主義》。1925年，上海《民国日报》副刊《觉悟》连载了丽英女士（柯柏年）翻译的《空想的及科學的社會主義》，这是我国最早的中文全译文。在单行本方面，《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》在我国有着更为广泛的传播，现将笔者认为比较重要的早期版本介绍如下。

The Zheng Cichuan edition. In August 1920, Shanghai Junyi Book Society and Shanghai Evans Book Company jointly published *Scientific Socialism*, translated by Zheng Cichuan and proofread by Wang Xiulu. The main text of this book is divided into eight sections, which are in fact the content of the third chapter of Engels’s *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*, with a brief biography of Engels appended.

郑次川版。1920年8月，上海君益书社和上海伊文思图书公司联合出版了郑次川翻译、王岫庐校阅的《科學的社會主義》。该书正文分为八个章节，实为恩格斯《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》正文第三章内容，附录收有恩格斯略传。

The Zhu Jingwo edition. The Zhu Jingwo edition of *The Development of Socialism*, published by the Shanghai Creation Society Publishing Department, bears a publication date of May 30, 1925. However, the date of the “Translator’s Preface” in the book is “March 1928.” Based on this, it can be inferred that the book was printed no earlier than March 1928, and the publication date of “May 30, 1925” may have been a ruse to evade censorship. According to the “Translator’s Preface,” the Zhu Jingwo edition was translated from the German edition edited by “Duke” (i.e., Düncker). The entire book consists only of the three chapters of Engels’s main text, with annotations and section divisions following the German edition, but the detailed table of contents at the front follows the Japanese edition by Sakai Toshihiko.

朱镜我版。上海创造社出版部出版的朱镜我版《社会主义底发展》内标出版时间为1925年5月30日，然而书中“译者序”的时间为“1928年3月”。据此可推测，该书印刷时间不早于1928年3月，而其出版时间“1925年5月30日”或为躲避书刊检查之故。根据“译者序”可知，朱镜我版依据“杜克”（即敦克尔）所编的德文版翻译而来。全书仅包括恩格斯的正文三章内容，注释和分节遵从了德文版，但卷头目录所设细目则参照了堺利彦的日文版。

The Huang Siyue edition. The first edition of *Outline of the History of the Development of Socialism*, translated by Huang Siyue and published by Shanghai Taidong Book Company, was in 1928, with a second edition in April 1929. According to Huang Siyue, this book is a retranslation based on the Japanese edition by Sakai Toshihiko, with passages that had been expurgated in the Japanese edition restored by reference to the English edition. The book includes a preface by Sakai Toshihiko written in August 1928, which quotes the first six paragraphs of Engels’s 1892 introduction to the English edition, while passages overlapping with *On Historical Materialism* are deleted. In the preface, Sakai Toshihiko explains that this edition is a retranslation from the German edition of 1928, and is therefore a completely new edition different from his 1924 edition. According to the author’s investigation, this edition annotates some German proper nouns, and its citations of Marx’s relevant discussions in *Capital* and *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy* are largely identical to those in the Zhu Jingwo edition. Based on this, it may be inferred that Sakai Toshihiko also referred to Düncker’s German edition when translating this version. The structure of the Huang Siyue edition basically follows Sakai Toshihiko’s new edition, including the three chapters of the main text with subdivided section headings, as well as Sakai Toshihiko’s “Translator’s Preface” and “Postscript by the Retranslator.”

黄思越版。上海泰东书局出版的黄思越译《社會主義發展史綱》初版时间为1928年，1929年4月的再版。根据黄思越介绍，此书为参照堺利彦日文版的重译版本，日文版遭到涂抹的部分则参考英文版进行了恢复。书中收入了堺利彦写于1928年8月的序言，其中引用了恩格斯1892年英文版导言的前六段，与《论历史唯物主义》重合的部分则被删除。在序言中，堺利彦对此版进行了说明，即此版为1928年根据德文版的重译版本，因此是与1924年堺利彦版不同的全新版本。根据笔者查考，此版标注了部分德语专有名词，且对马克思在《资本论》、《政治经济学批判》中相关论述的引用与朱镜我版大致相同，据此或可推测，堺利彦在翻译此版时同样参照了敦克尔的德文版。黄思越版的结构基本参照了堺利彦新版，包含细分小节标题的正文三章内容，以及堺利彦的“译者序”和“重译者跋”。

The Lin Chaozhen edition. In October 1929, Hubin Book Company published *Religion, Philosophy, Socialism*, translated by Lin Chaozhen (i.e., Zheng Chaolin). This book includes three works by Engels: “On the History of Early Christianity,” “Utopian and Scientific Socialism,” and “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy.” The original text used for this edition is the French-language collection *Fr. Engels—Religion, Philosophie, Socialisme*, translated and edited by the Lafargues and published in 1901. As the translator states, the value of this edition lies in the following: first, at that time, apart from the main text of “Utopian and Scientific Socialism,” neither its introduction to the English edition nor the other two works by Engels had been translated into Chinese, and the lengthy introduction written by Engels himself for the English edition in 1892 plays an indispensable role; second, “Utopian and Scientific Socialism” was first published in French, and this French translation is not a word-for-word literal rendering of the German original; it was later personally proofread by Engels himself, giving the French edition a unique value—its format, textual variations, and the annotations added by the French translator can all be compared with the German edition, thereby aiding readers in understanding and research; third, during the process of translation and proofreading, the translator also referred to Russian-language works such as *Anti-Dühring* and *Historical Materialism*.

林超真版。1929年10月，沪滨书局出版了林超真（即郑超麟）翻译的《宗教、哲学、社會主義》一书，此书收入了恩格斯的三篇著作，分别为《原始基督教史论》《空想社會主義舆科學社會主義》《费兒巴赫与德国古典哲学的末日》。此书依据的原本为1901年出版的由拉法格夫妇翻译编辑的法文合辑《弗里德里希·恩格斯——宗教、哲学、社会主义》（Fr.Engels-Religion, Philosophie, Socialisme）。如译者所言，此版的价值在于：第一，当时除《空想社會主義舆科學社會主義》的正文部分外，其英文版导言以及恩格斯的另外两篇著作都不曾被翻译为中文，而1892年恩格斯为英文版亲自撰写的长篇导言具有不可忽视的作用；第二，《空想社會主義舆科學社會主義》最初就是以法文出版的，而这个法文译本并非对德文原文的逐字逐句直译，后来又经恩格斯本人亲自校阅，这就形成了法文版本的独特价值，其编排形式、字句上的出入以及法文译者所加注释都可以与德文版形成对照，从而有助于读者理解和研究；第三，译者在翻译校对的过程中还参照了《驳杜林》、《歴史的唯物论》等俄文著作。

The Wu Liping edition. In June 1938, Liberation Press published Wu Liping’s translation of *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*. This edition was printed in horizontal format and included the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, the introduction to the English edition, and the main text. Wu Liping once mentioned his original intention in translating this classic work by Engels, which is as renowned as the *Communist Manifesto*: the two Chinese translations he had seen both contained “imperfections,” and the main text had not translated the changes Engels made in the fourth German edition, so a new collation and revision were needed. The edition he relied on was the “Russian standard edition” of the *Selected Works of Marx and Engels* published by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and he also consulted the English edition of the selected works; where discrepancies existed, he mostly followed the Russian edition. In addition to this edition, the Wu Liping edition also includes: the November 1938 edition by China Press; the first edition in May 1946 and a reprint in October of the same year by Shanghai Sanlian Shenghuo Bookstore; and the June 1949 edition by Hong Kong New China Bookstore. The above editions were all printed in vertical format.

吴黎平版。1938年6月，解放社出版了吴黎平翻译的《社會主義從空想到科學的發展》。此版为横版印刷，收入了德文第一版和第四版序言、英文版导言以及正文部分。吴黎平曾提及他翻译恩格斯这部与《共产党宣言》齐名的经典文献的初衷，即他所见到的两种中译本皆有“未善之处”，正文中也未曾译出恩格斯在德文第四版中所做的改动，因此需要重新校译和完善。他所依据的版本为苏共中央马克思恩格斯列宁研究院出版的《马克思恩格斯选集》“俄文标准本”，并参考了选集英文版，对于存在出入的地方，则大部分以俄文版为准。除此版之外，吴黎平版还包括：中国出版社1938年11月版；上海三联生活书店1946年5月初版，同年10月再版；香港新中国书局1949年6月版。上述几种版本皆为竖版印刷。

The Bo Gu edition. In November 1943, Yan’an Liberation Press published an edition collated and translated by Bo Gu. This edition was translated from the first volume of the Russian edition of the *Selected Works of Marx and Engels* published by the State Political Literature Publishing House of the Soviet Union in 1940, and included the prefaces to the first and fourth German editions, the introduction to the English edition, and the three chapters of the main text. The notes in the book also incorporated, based on the Russian edition, discussions by Lenin and Stalin on free competition and monopoly. This edition was called the “corrected edition” and became the standard version of the “Required Reading for Cadres” series. It was subsequently reprinted in large quantities by Xinhua Bookstores in Central China, East China, Shandong, Hebei-Shandong-Henan, Northern Anhui, and other regions, as well as by the Political Departments of the Eastern Military Region and other units.

博古版。1943年11月，延安解放社出版了由博古校译的版本，该版本根据苏联国家政治书籍出版局1940年出版的俄文版《马克思恩格斯选集》第一卷译出，收入了德文第一版和第四版序言、英文版导言以及正文的三章内容。书中注释也根据俄文版加入了列宁、斯大林关于自由竞争与垄断等方面的论述。这一版本被称为“校正本”，成为“干部必读”丛书的通行版本，后经华中、华东、山东、冀鲁豫、皖北等地新华书店以及东部军区政治部等单位大量翻印出版。

VII. Conclusion

七、结语

*Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* has been widely disseminated throughout the world, esteemed by progressive intellectuals in various countries, and regarded as a revolutionary guide by the broad proletariat. However, due to differences between countries, historical contexts, and individual translators, there are also greater or lesser differences between editions in different languages. As for Engels himself, when preparing the manuscript for the French edition, he tried to adapt to the French “free style”; when editing the German edition, he strove to be “popular without damaging the content”; and when publishing the English edition, he made annotations and changes for the “English ‘respectable people.’” As for the translators and editors, each of them handled the original text differently according to their own understanding, their own circumstances, and the needs of the times. This determines that any language or edition of *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* is an independent work, possessing varying degrees of commonality and particularity, all reflecting from a textual perspective the different conditions of different eras, different countries, and different societies, and all having their research value and historical limitations. Therefore, only by placing different editions within historical changes and social structures can we fully and accurately understand their theoretical value and practical significance.

《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》在全世界得到了广泛传播，被各国进步知识分子所推崇，被广大无产阶级奉为革命指南。然而，由于不同国家、不同时代背景以及不同译者之间的差异，导致不同语种版本之间也存在或大或小的差别。就恩格斯来说，在为法文版准备文稿时试图适应法国人“自由的风格”，在编辑德文版时力争“通俗而又不损害内容”，在出版英文版时为“英国‘体面人物’”做了注释和改动。就译者和编者来说，他们中的每一位都依据自己的理解、自身所处的环境以及时代的需要对原文做了不同的处置。这就决定了《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》的任何一个语种和版本都是一部独立的著作，都具有不同程度的共性与特性，都从文本的角度折射出不同时代、不同国家、不同社会的不同境况，都有其研究价值和历史局限。因此，我们只有将不同版本放在历史变迁和社会格局中，才能完整准确理解其理论价值和现实意义。

(Authors: Xu Meng, Information and Archives Department, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the CPC; Guo Xiaoli, School of Marxism, Shandong University of Finance and Economics)

（作者：许萌，中央党史和文献研究院信息资料馆；郭小丽，山东财经大学马克思主义学院）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心