A Textual Study of the Editions of *Capital*

In his speech at the ceremony commemorating the 200th anniversary of Marx’s birth, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “*Capital*, published in 1867, is the most substantial and richest of Marx’s works, and is hailed as ‘the Bible of the working class.’” Since its publication, this work has demonstrated a powerful vitality amid the turbulent changes of the world over more than 150 years, has withstood the test of the times, and has always shone with the brilliance of truth. Collecting and studying the editions of Marxist theoretical works is the foundational work of Marxist theoretical research. On the occasion of the 155th anniversary of the publication of Volume 1 of *Capital*, we have sorted out the main editions that emerged during the widespread dissemination of *Capital* in the world, introduced the basic circumstances and main characteristics of these editions, and reviewed the dissemination history of *Capital* in the world from the perspective of editions.

习近平总书记在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上的讲话中指出：“1867年问世的《资本论》是马克思主义最厚重、最丰富的著作，被誉为‘工人阶级的圣经’。”这部著作自问世以来，在150多年波澜壮阔的世界变革中，显示出强大的生命力，经受住了时代的考验，始终闪耀着真理的光辉。收集、研究马克思主义理论著作的版本是马克思主义理论研究的基础工作。在《资本论》第1卷出版155周年之际，我们梳理了《资本论》在世界广泛传播过程中产生的主要版本，介绍了这些版本的基本情况和主要特点，从版本的角度回顾了《资本论》在世界的传播历程。

I. German Editions of *Capital*

一、《资本论》德文版本

German was Marx’s mother tongue and the main language he used when writing *Capital*. In the process of translating and disseminating *Capital* in various countries, the German edition was the main reference edition for translation and collation, which is the special value of the German edition that distinguishes it from editions in other languages.

德语是马克思的母语，是马克思写作《资本论》时使用的主要语言。各国在翻译传播《资本论》的过程中，德文版是其最主要的译校参考版本，这是德文版区别于其他语种版本的特殊价值所在。

(I) Marx’s Writing of *Capital* and the Birth of the German Edition of *Capital*

（一）马克思写作《资本论》与德文版《资本论》的诞生

*Capital* is a product of the capitalist era. It emerged when the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie was fully unfolding, to meet the needs of the proletarian revolutionary struggle. It was produced on the basis of critically inheriting British classical political economy and in the process of struggling against vulgar bourgeois economics.

《资本论》是资本主义时代的产物，是在无产阶级与资产阶级之间的阶级斗争充分展开的情况下为适应无产阶级革命斗争的需要而产生的，是在批判地继承英国古典政治经济学的基础上以及在与资产阶级庸俗经济学作斗争的过程中产生的。

From preparation and writing to publication, *Capital* went through a long process, which can be divided into three stages.

《资本论》从准备、写作到出版，经历了漫长的过程，这一过程可以分三个阶段。

The first stage: the stage of collecting materials and writing political economy notes and manuscripts. From October 1843 to the end of May 1858, Marx wrote the reading notes of 1843–1847, the reading notes of 1850–1853, and the *Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858*, the latter being the first draft of *Capital*.

第一阶段：搜集材料、写作政治经济学笔记和手稿阶段。从1843年10月到1858年5月底，马克思撰写了1843—1847年读书笔记、1850—1853年读书笔记和《1857—1858年经济学手稿》，后者是《资本论》的第一个稿本。

The second stage: the stage of writing and publishing *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*. From June 1858 to August 1863, Marx first wrote the *Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863* under the title *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*, but during the writing process he changed his plan and decided to use *Capital* as the title, with “Critique of Political Economy” as the subtitle. The *Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863* thus became the second draft of *Capital* (a total of 23 notebooks).

第二阶段：写作和出版《政治经济学批判》阶段。自1858年6月到1863年8月，马克思先是以《政治经济学批判》为书名写下了《1861—1863年经济学手稿》，但在写作的过程中又改变了计划，决定以《资本论》为书名，以“政治经济学批判”为副标题。《1861—1863年经济学手稿》也就成了《资本论》的第二个稿本（共23个笔记本）。

The third stage: the stage of arranging for typesetting and publishing *Capital*. In January 1865, Marx found the publisher Otto Meissner. They initially agreed to publish the entire work in two volumes at once, but later, due to the expansion of content, the publisher agreed to publish it in three volumes successively. In a letter to Dr. Ludwig Kugelmann on October 13, 1866, Marx said:

第三阶段：整理付排和出版《资本论》阶段。1865年1月，马克思找到了出版商奥托·迈斯纳。他们最初商定将全部著作分两卷一次性出齐，后因内容扩充，出版商同意分为三卷陆续出版。马克思在1866年10月13日写给路德维希·库格曼医生的信中说：

My circumstances (physical condition and the constant interruption of work by everyday affairs) force me to publish the first volume first, rather than both volumes together as I originally envisaged. Moreover, it now appears that there may be three volumes in total.

我的情况（身体情况和日常生活中的事情老是把工作打断）迫使我只好先出版第一卷，而不是像我起初设想的那样两卷一起出版。而且现在看来总共可能有三卷。

That is to say, the entire work is divided into the following parts:

这就是说，全部著作分为以下几部分：

Book I: The Process of Production of Capital.

第一册 资本的生产过程。

Book II: The Process of Circulation of Capital.

第二册 资本的流通过程。

Book III: The Forms of the Total Process.

第三册 总过程的各种形式。

Book IV: The History of the Theory.

第四册 理论史。

Volume I includes the first two books.

第一卷包括头两册。

I intend to compile Book III as Volume II and Book IV as Volume III.

我想把第三册编做第二卷，第四册编做第三卷。

But in fact, in 1867, Marx published only Book I as Volume I, and announced that Books II and III would be combined into Volume II, with Book IV still as Volume III.

但实际上，1867年，马克思只把第1册作为第1卷出版，并预告将第2册和第3册合编为第2卷，第4册仍作为第3卷。

From 1866 to 1867, Marx began the typesetting work for Volume 1 of *Capital* and completed it on April 2, 1867. On September 14, 1867, Volume 1 of *Capital* was published by Meissner Publishing House in Hamburg, Germany, with a first print run of 1,000 copies. The entire volume was divided into 6 chapters and 22 sections, which laid the foundation for the structure of later editions of Volume 1. The publication of Volume 1 of *Capital* was an important milestone in the history of the international communist movement. Engels gave a high evaluation of the publication of *Capital*, saying, “Since the world has had capitalists and workers, no book has been as important for the workers as the one before us.”

自1866年到1867年，马克思开始着手《资本论》第1卷的付排工作，并于1867年4月2日完成。1867年9月14日，《资本论》第1卷在德国汉堡由迈斯纳出版社出版发行，首版印行了1000册。全书分为6章22节，这为第1卷以后各版的结构打下了基础。《资本论》第1卷的出版是国际共产主义运动史上一个重要的里程碑。恩格斯对《资本论》的出版给予了高度评价，称“自从世界上有资本家和工人以来，没有一本书像我们面前这本书那样，对于工人具有如此重要的意义”。

In the autumn of 1871, the first German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* sold out. With the outbreak of the Paris Commune revolution, the workers’ movements in Germany and internationally became active, urgently requiring the armament of revolutionary theory. Marx immediately set about revising the first edition: on the one hand, he changed the chapter and section structure from 6 chapters and 22 sections to 7 parts and 25 chapters; on the other hand, he revised many expositions to make them more scientific and more popular, enriching the content of the entire work and making its system more rigorous. In July 1872, the second German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* was published in Hamburg, in a total of 9 fascicles, with the last fascicle not published until June 1873; the bound volume was printed in 1873. This was the last German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* revised and published by Marx himself during his lifetime. All subsequent editions of Volume 1 have been based on this edition.

1871年秋，《资本论》第1卷德文第1版售罄。而随着巴黎公社革命的爆发，国际和德国的工人运动活跃起来，迫切需要革命理论的武装。马克思立即着手对第1版进行修订，一方面将篇章结构由6章22节改为7篇25章，另一方面将许多论述修改得更加科学、更加通俗化，使整部著作的内容愈加丰富、体系也愈加严密。1872年7月，《资本论》第1卷德文第2版在汉堡出版，全卷共9个分册，最后一个分册至1873年6月才出版，合订本于1873年印出。这是马克思生前亲自修改出版的《资本论》第1卷最后一个德文版。此后出版的第1卷各种版本均以此版为蓝本。

Marx once told Engels that Volume II (Books II and III) would be completed by the end of autumn 1867 at the latest, and Volume III (Book IV) should be finished in the winter, which shows Marx’s urgent desire to write the subsequent volumes at that time. However, due to Marx’s poor health and numerous affairs, the writing was interrupted. From 1867 until his death, Marx successively wrote several manuscripts for Books II and III of *Capital*. As capitalist society entered a new period of development, Marx hoped to supplement *Capital* with new practical materials and theoretical achievements. In a letter to Nikolai Danielson (the translator of the Russian edition of *Capital*) on April 10, 1879, he wrote: “I will not publish the second volume until the current industrial crisis in England has reached its peak,” and “it is necessary to watch the course of events until they are fully mature, and then ‘consume’ them in production, I mean ‘theoretically’.” This truly reflects Marx’s scientific attitude and revolutionary spirit. At the last moment of his life, when Marx’s heart stopped beating in his study, on the desk in front of him lay the manuscripts of the subsequent volumes of *Capital* that he was still revising.

马克思曾对恩格斯表示，第2卷（第2、3册）最迟在1867年秋末完成，冬天应该完成第3卷（第4册），可见马克思当时写作后续各卷的迫切心情。但是，由于马克思的身体状况欠佳且事务繁杂，写作被迫中断。自1867年至去世前，马克思陆续为《资本论》第2、3册写下了多份手稿。随着资本主义社会进入新的发展时期，马克思希望为《资本论》补充新的现实材料和理论成果，他在1879年4月10日致尼·弗·丹尼尔逊（《资本论》俄文版译者）的信中写道：“在英国目前的工业危机还没有达到顶峰之前，我决不出版第二卷”，“必须注意目前事件的进展，直到它们完全成熟，然后才能把它们‘消费到生产上’，我的意思是‘理论上’”。这真实地反映了马克思的科学态度和革命精神。在生命的最后时刻，当坐在书房的马克思心脏停止跳动时，他面前的书桌上还放着正在修改的《资本论》后续卷次的手稿。

(II) Engels’ Revision and Publication of the Third and Fourth German Editions of Volume 1 of *Capital* and His Editing and Publication of Volumes II and III of *Capital*

（二）恩格斯修订出版《资本论》德文第1卷第3、4版及编辑出版《资本论》第2、3卷

Before his death, Marx entrusted his economic manuscripts to Engels, hoping that Engels would “make something” out of these materials. After Marx’s death, Engels unhesitatingly set aside his own research work of many years and took on the responsibility of sorting out and publishing the posthumous manuscripts of *Capital*. Engels said: “Of all the living people, only I am competent to do it. If I were to die before completing this work, there would be no one else who could decipher these manuscripts; even Marx himself often could not recognize them afterwards; probably only his wife and I could.”

马克思临终前把他的经济学手稿托付给恩格斯，希望恩格斯根据这些材料“做出点什么”来。马克思逝世后，恩格斯毫不犹豫地放下了自己多年的研究工作，担负起整理和出版《资本论》遗稿的责任。恩格斯说：“在所有健在的人中间只有我能胜任。如果我没有完成这些工作就去世的话，那就没有其他人能够辨认这些手稿，这些手稿连马克思本人也往往在事后认不出来，大概只有他的夫人和我才能够辨认。”

Marx had planned to revise and publish the third German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* based on the changes in the French edition, but he did not complete this work. Engels completed the revision based on Marx’s notes and relevant materials, publishing the third German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* at the end of 1883, and wrote a preface.

马克思曾计划根据《资本论》法文版的改动修订出版《资本论》第1卷德文第3版，但他并没有完成这一工作。恩格斯根据马克思的笔记和相关资料完成了修订工作，于1883年底出版了《资本论》第1卷德文第3版，并撰写了序言。

In September 1889, Engels began preparing a new collation of the content of Volume 1 of *Capital*, hoping to create a standard edition. He once again revised it against the French edition, the English edition, and Marx’s notes, publishing the fourth German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* in December 1890, and wrote a preface. This was the last German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* revised under Engels’ supervision, and it is the internationally accepted and most widely disseminated edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*.

1889年9月，恩格斯开始准备对《资本论》第1卷的内容进行新的校订，希望形成一个标准版本。他再一次对照法文版、英文版和马克思的笔记进行修订，于1890年12月出版了《资本论》第1卷德文第4版，并撰写了序言。这是恩格斯主持修订的最后一版《资本论》第1卷德文版，也是国际上通行且传播最广的《资本论》第1卷版本。

While revising and publishing Volume 1 of *Capital*, Engels discovered through his collation that the manuscripts left by Marx were sufficient to expand Volume 2 into Volumes 2 and 3. On March 31, 1884, in a letter to Marx’s second daughter, Laura, Engels explicitly proposed first publishing the second book separately, and then publishing the third book and *Theories of Surplus Value* separately. It can be said that by this point, the four-volume structure of *Capital* was finalized. During the editing process, Engels placed great importance on Marx’s original manuscripts. In order to “make the book both a coherent, as complete as possible work, and a work that is only the author’s and not the editor’s,” Engels restricted his work as much as possible to mere selection and arrangement of the texts, and wherever changes beyond the scope of editing were necessary, he marked them. As he said: “In matters of style, I have altered only what Marx himself would have altered; only where it was absolutely necessary and the meaning could not give rise to doubt have I inserted a few explanatory sentences and connecting phrases. Wherever the meaning was even slightly doubtful, I preferred to leave the text as it was and include it unchanged.”

在修订出版《资本论》第1卷的同时，恩格斯经过整理发现，马克思留下的手稿足够将第2卷扩大为第2卷和第3卷。1884年3月31日，恩格斯在致马克思的二女儿劳拉的信中明确提出先单独出版第2册，而后再分别出版第3册和《剩余价值理论》。可以说，到这时，《资本论》的4卷结构得以确定下来。在编辑过程中，恩格斯高度重视马克思的原稿，为了“使本书既成为一部连贯的、尽可能完整的著作，又成为一部只是作者的而不是编者的著作”，恩格斯尽可能将他的工作限制在单纯的文稿选择和编辑方面，而在必须要超出编辑范围进行变动的地方，他都做了标注。如他所说：“在文体上，仅仅改动了马克思自己也会改动的地方，只是在绝对必要而且意思不会引起怀疑的地方，才加进几句解释性的话和承上启下的字句。意思上只要略有疑难的句子，我就宁愿原封不动地编入。”

In June 1884, Engels began the editorial work on the manuscript for Volume 2 of *Capital*. Based on the basic structure of Marx’s manuscripts, he tried as much as possible to select the most recent manuscripts for editing, and edited Marx’s planned second book of *Capital*, “The Circulation Process of Capital,” into Volume 2 of *Capital* (comprising 3 parts and 21 chapters). Through Engels’ efforts, this edition was published in Hamburg in July 1885. At the end of 1892, Engels corrected the printing errors in the first edition of Volume 2, deleted some repetitive content, wrote a brief “Preface,” and published the second edition of Volume 2 in July 1893.

1884年6月，恩格斯着手进行《资本论》第2卷手稿的编辑工作，他依据马克思手稿中的基本架构，尽量从众多手稿中选择最新的文稿进行编辑，将马克思计划中的《资本论》第2册“资本的流通过程”编辑为《资本论》第2卷（共3篇21章）。经过恩格斯的努力，这一版于1885年7月在汉堡出版。1892年底，恩格斯对第2卷第1版的印刷错误进行了修正，删掉了部分重复的内容，并写了简短的“序言”，于1893年7月出版了第2卷第2版。

At the beginning of 1885, Engels began editing Volume 3 of *Capital*. In his lifetime, Marx left 17 manuscripts for the third book, including 16 fragmentary manuscripts and one complete draft of the entire volume. Although the overall structure of the book was complete (seven major chapters), the theoretical exposition within it was not fully developed, often bearing the character of a draft. Therefore, the editorial work for Volume 3 was not easy, to the extent that it consumed ten years of Engels’ time, only being completed the year before his death. In November 1894, the first German edition of Volume 3 of *Capital*, edited and prefaced by Engels, was published in Hamburg.

1885年初，恩格斯开始编辑《资本论》第3卷。马克思一生为第3册留下了17份手稿，包括16份片段手稿和1份全卷稿，虽然全书结构是完备的（七大章），但其中的理论论述并不完全，多带有草稿的性质。因此，第3卷的编辑工作并不轻松，以至于耗费了恩格斯10年时间，直到他逝世的前一年才完成。1894年11月，经恩格斯编辑并作序的《资本论》第3卷德文第1版在汉堡出版。

Lenin once quoted someone else’s words: “By publishing Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital*, Engels erected a majestic monument to his genius friend, and unintentionally inscribed his own name indelibly upon it. Indeed, these two volumes of *Capital* are the work of both Marx and Engels.”

列宁曾引用别人的话说：“恩格斯出版《资本论》第2卷和第3卷，就是替他的天才朋友建立了一座庄严宏伟的纪念碑，无意中也把自己的名字不可磨灭地铭刻在上面了。的确，这两卷《资本论》是马克思和恩格斯两人的著作。”

(III) Kautsky’s Editing and Publication of *Theories of Surplus Value*

（三）考茨基编辑出版《剩余价值理论》

Although Engels did not have time to complete the editorial work on the final volume, the part on the history of theory, he made preparations for the publication of Volume 4 of *Capital*. *Theories of Surplus Value* is generally regarded as Volume 4 of *Capital*. Marx originally planned to discuss the “history of political economy” in the fourth book of *Capital*, restating the theories of the first three books in “historical form.” In 1895, before his death, Engels entrusted the task of collating the manuscripts to Karl Kautsky, a theorist of the German and international workers’ movement and one of the leaders of the Second International, for publication as Volume 4. Kautsky spent over ten years editing Marx’s manuscripts into three volumes in four books (Volume 2 was divided into two books), which were published from 1905 to 1910 by Dietz Verlag, the publishing house of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

恩格斯虽然没来得及完成最后一卷理论史部分的编辑工作，但为《资本论》第4卷的出版作了准备。《剩余价值理论》通常被看作《资本论》第4卷。马克思原计划在《资本论》第4册中论述“政治经济学史”，以“历史的形式”对前三册的理论进行重述。1895年，恩格斯在临终前曾委托德国和国际工人运动理论家、第二国际领导人之一卡尔·考茨基整理原稿，作为第4卷出版。考茨基历经10余年将马克思的手稿编辑为三卷四册（第2卷分为两册），于1905—1910年由德国社会民主党的出版机构迪茨出版社出版。

(IV) Other German Editions of *Capital*

（四）《资本论》德文其他版本

It is generally believed that the most widely circulated standard editions of *Capital* are the fourth German edition of Volume 1 (1890), the second German edition of Volume 2 (1893), and the first German edition of Volume 3 (1894). From 1903 to 1904, Meissner Verlag published the first three-volume German edition of *Capital*, which was reprinted many times. From 1947 to 1949, Dietz Verlag published a three-volume German edition of *Capital*, which was also reprinted many times later. From 1969 to 1971, Ullstein Verlag published the first three-volume German edition of *Capital* in West Germany. This set was very popular and was reprinted many times; Volume 1 alone sold over 100,000 copies in West Germany.

一般认为，《资本论》影响力最广泛的通行版本是第1卷1890年德文第4版、第2卷1893年德文第2版和第3卷1894年德文第1版。1903—1904年，迈斯纳出版社首次出版了三卷本《资本论》德文版，并多次再版。1947—1949年，迪茨出版社出版了三卷本《资本论》德文版，后来又多次重印。1969—1971年，乌尔斯坦出版社在联邦德国首次出版了三卷本《资本论》德文版，这套书很受欢迎，曾多次重印，仅第1卷就在联邦德国销售超过10万册。

Starting in 1956, the Institute for Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany edited and published the German edition of the *Marx-Engels Collected Works* (MEW) based on the second Russian edition of the *Marx-Engels Collected Works*. Volumes 23–26 of this edition contain the three volumes of *Capital* and *Theories of Surplus Value*.

自1956年起，德国统一社会党中央马列主义研究院依据《马克思恩格斯全集》俄文第2版编辑出版了《马克思恩格斯全集》德文版（MEW），其中第23—26卷收入了三卷《资本论》及《剩余价值理论》。

After 1976, the historical-critical edition of the *Marx-Engels Collected Works* (MEGA²) successively published the relevant volumes of Part II, *Capital* and its preparatory materials. By 2012, this part was fully published, comprising a total of 15 volumes in 23 books, and is currently internationally recognized as the most authoritative and complete edition of *Capital*.

1976年之后，《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版（MEGA2）陆续推出了第二部分《资本论》及其准备材料的相关卷次。2012年，这一部分全部出齐，共计15卷23册，是目前国际公认的《资本论》最权威最完备的版本。

To enable as many readers as possible to understand the content of *Capital*, various popular and simplified editions emerged during the process of its publication and dissemination. German popular editions mainly include the earliest German popular edition, *Capital and Labor: A Popular Exposition of Karl Marx’s ‘Capital’* (1873), compiled by Johann Most, and the popular edition *The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx* (1886), compiled by Kautsky. Simplified editions mainly include the three-volume simplified edition of *Capital* (1914, 1926, 1929) compiled by Kautsky and his son, the three-volume simplified edition of *Capital* (1932–1934) compiled by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and the one-volume simplified edition of *Capital* (1919) compiled by Julian Borchardt.

为了让尽可能多的读者了解《资本论》的内容，《资本论》在出版传播的过程中还出现了各种通俗版和普及版。德文通俗版主要包括约翰·莫斯特编写的最早的德文通俗版《资本和劳动。卡尔·马克思〈资本论〉浅说》（1873）、考茨基编写的通俗版《卡尔·马克思的经济学说》（1886）。普及版主要包括考茨基父子编写的三卷本《资本论》普及版（1914、1926、1929）、苏共中央马克思恩格斯列宁研究院编写的三卷本《资本论》普及版（1932—1934）以及尤里安·博尔夏特编写的一卷本《资本论》普及版（1919）等。

II. Russian, French, English, and Other Editions of *Capital*

二、《资本论》俄文版、法文版、英文版等版本

As soon as *Capital* was published, it was widely welcomed by the working classes of various countries. Shortly after the publication of the first German edition of Volume 1, the organs of the International Workingmen’s Association and its various sections, as well as progressive newspapers, warmly congratulated Marx and published the prefaces to Volume 1 of *Capital* in English, French, and German. In 1868, the Brussels Congress of the International Workingmen’s Association adopted a special resolution on *Capital*, pointing out its great significance and calling for its translation into various languages for widespread dissemination. Subsequently, various translations emerged. During Engels’ lifetime, *Capital* had already been published in 22 editions in 9 languages: German, Russian, French, Italian, English, Polish, Danish, Dutch, and Spanish. By the 100th anniversary of the publication of Volume 1 of *Capital* in 1967, this work had been published in over 220 editions in 43 languages. Entering the 21st century, the upsurge in research on *Capital* has not subsided, and editions in various languages continue to appear, demonstrating its strong vitality.

《资本论》一经出版，就受到了各国工人阶级的广泛欢迎。在德文版第1卷出版之后，国际工人协会及其各个支部的机关报和进步报刊纷纷向马克思表示热烈祝贺，并用英文、法文、德文刊载《资本论》第1卷序言。1868年，国际工人协会布鲁塞尔代表大会作出了关于《资本论》的专项决议，指出了其重要意义，要求将其译成各种文字广为传播。随后，各种译本应运而生。在恩格斯生前，《资本论》已经用德、俄、法、意、英、波兰、丹麦、荷兰和西班牙等9种语言文字出版了22个版本。截至1967年《资本论》第1卷出版100周年时，这部著作已经以43种语言文字出版了220多种版本。进入21世纪，《资本论》研究的热潮未退，各种语言版本层出不穷，显示出强大的生命力。

(I) The Russian Edition of *Capital*

（一）《资本论》俄文版

The Russian edition was the first foreign-language edition of *Capital* and received great attention and praise from Marx and Engels. As soon as the first German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* was published, it had a great impact among Russian intellectuals. With the support and guidance of Marx and Engels, the Russian populist thinker and economist G. A. Lopatin and Nikolai Danielson, among others, completed the translation of Volume 1 of *Capital*. Marx supplemented the Russian translation with some notes. In April 1872, this edition was published in St. Petersburg, with an initial print run of 3,000 copies. Marx gave this translation a very high evaluation. In a letter to Danielson, he wrote: “The book is handsomely bound. The translation is excellent. I would also like a paperback copy to give to the British Museum.” In 1898, the translation by Danielson was published again in Russia.

俄文版是《资本论》的第一个外文版本，曾经受到马克思恩格斯的极大关注和赞赏。《资本论》第1卷德文版甫一出版，就在俄国知识分子当中产生了很大的影响。在马克思恩格斯的支持和指导下，俄国民粹派思想家、经济学家格·亚·洛帕廷和丹尼尔逊等人完成了《资本论》第1卷俄文版的翻译工作。马克思为俄文译本补充了部分注释。1872年4月，该版本在彼得堡问世，首版印行了3000册。马克思对这个译本给予了很高的评价，他在写给丹尼尔逊的信中讲道：“这本书装订得很美观。翻译得很出色。我还想要一本平装本，以便送给英国博物馆。”1898年，丹尼尔逊翻译的版本在俄国再次出版。

The Russian translation of Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital* was completed by Danielson and published in 1885 and 1896 respectively; these were also the earliest foreign-language editions of Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital*. *Capital* was described by the tsarist censors as a "purely academic" and "complicated, barely comprehensible" work, but after the Russian edition was published it aroused widespread repercussions in Russian society. Numerous influential journals successively carried news of the release of the Russian edition of *Capital*, and some journals even engaged in heated debates around the concepts of *Capital* on questions such as "whether Russia could take the capitalist road." Lenin commented on this: "Thus, as soon as *Capital* appeared, the question of the 'fate of Russian capitalism' became the principal theoretical question for Russian socialists." [1]1 Lenin, "What the 'Friends of the People' Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats," *Lenin Collected Works*, Vol. 1, p. 255.

《资本论》第2、3卷的俄文翻译工作由丹尼尔逊继续完成，分别于1885年和1896年出版，这也是《资本论》第2、3卷最早的外文版本。《资本论》曾被沙皇的检查机关称为“纯学术的”“复杂的、很少有人能看懂的”著作，但俄文版出版后却引起了俄国社会的广泛反响，众多有影响力的刊物相继刊登《资本论》俄文版发行的消息，一些刊物还围绕《资本论》的概念就“俄国能否走上资本主义道路”等问题展开激烈辩论。列宁对此评论说：“所以《资本论》一出现，‘俄国资本主义’的命运问题就成了俄国社会主义者的主要理论问题。”

Before the October Revolution, Russia also saw the appearance of a Russian edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* translated by Ye. A. Gurvich and Zak, with proofreading by Pyotr Struve (two editions, 1899 and 1905), and a complete three-volume Russian translation of *Capital* by Skvortsov-Stepanov (1907–1909). The Stepanov translation was the second complete Russian edition and exerted great influence in Russia and later the Soviet Union, going through multiple reprints. According to Lenin's research, Kautsky's *Theories of Surplus Value* also saw three Russian editions before the October Revolution: the 1906 St. Petersburg edition proofread by Plekhanov, the 1906 Kiev edition proofread by Zheleznov, and the 1907 Kiev edition proofread by Tuchapsky.

十月革命前，俄国还出现了叶·阿·古尔维奇和札克翻译、彼·司徒卢威校订的《资本论》第1卷俄文版（1899、1905两种版本），斯克沃佐夫·斯捷潘诺夫翻译的《资本论》三卷俄文全译本（1907—1909）。斯捷潘诺夫译本是第二个俄文全译本，在俄国及后来的苏联影响很大，并多次再版。根据列宁的考证，考茨基的《剩余价值理论》在十月革命前也相继出版了三个俄文版本，分别是普列汉诺夫校订的1906年圣彼得堡版、热列兹诺夫校订的1906年基辅版和图恰普斯基校订的1907年基辅版。

After the October Revolution, the dissemination of Marxism in Russia entered an entirely new period. A batch of Marxist works, including *Capital*, were edited and published by the Marx-Engels Institute and its successor institutions. From 1954 to 1962, the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the CPSU Central Committee edited a new Russian edition of *Theories of Surplus Value* based on Marx's manuscripts, and also published a new German edition of the work (1956–1962). In 1954, the Institute also launched the work of editing and publishing the second Russian edition of the *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*. Among these, Volumes 23–25 were the *Capital* volumes, with the translation based on the Stepanov edition, processed and revised; Volume 26 was the *Theories of Surplus Value* volume. In 1967, the Institute produced a new Russian translation based on the first German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* (1867).

十月革命后，马克思主义在俄国的传播进入了全新的时期，包括《资本论》在内的一批马克思主义著作由马克思恩格斯研究院及其后续机构编辑出版。1954—1962年，苏共中央马克思列宁主义研究院根据马克思的手稿编辑出了《剩余价值理论》俄文新版，并出版了该书的德文新版本（1956—1962）。1954年，研究院还启动了编辑出版《马克思恩格斯全集》俄文第2版的工作。其中，第23—25卷为《资本论》卷，译文以斯捷潘诺夫版为基础加工和修订，第26卷为《剩余价值理论》卷。1967年，研究院根据《资本论》第1卷1867年德文首版翻译出了新的俄译本。

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the publication of *Capital* fell into a period of stagnation. Entering the 21st century, especially since the outbreak of the financial crisis, *Capital* once again became a popular read. The translation by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the CPSU Central Committee was revised and reprinted multiple times. Valery Chekhovsky published a new translation based on the fourth German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* (2015). In addition, various abridged editions of *Capital* also received wide welcome. A Russian abridged edition of Volume 1 (2009), a Russian condensed edition of Volume 1 (2019), and others were published successively; a Russian translation of the popular edition of *Capital* edited by Borchardt was also published in 2018.

苏联解体后，《资本论》的出版一度陷入停滞。进入21世纪，特别是金融危机爆发以来，《资本论》再度成为热门读物。苏共中央马克思列宁主义研究院的译本多次修订再版。瓦列里·契诃夫斯基根据《资本论》第1卷德文第4版翻译出版了新译本（2015）。另外，《资本论》的各种简读本也受到了广泛欢迎。第1卷俄文节选本（2009）、第1卷俄文缩略本（2019）等相继出版，博尔夏特编辑的《资本论》普及版俄文译本也于2018年出版。

(II) The French Edition of *Capital*

（二）《资本论》法文版

The French translation of Volume 1 of *Capital* was the second foreign-language edition published after the Russian edition of Volume 1 that appeared in 1872, and it was also the last edition personally proofread and revised by Marx. At the beginning of 1872, Marx asked Joseph Roy, who had been praised for translating Feuerbach's works, to serve as the translator of the French edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*. At the same time, Marx signed a publishing contract with the French progressive publisher Maurice Lachâtre, agreeing to publish the French edition of *Capital* in fascicles. In 2021, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee acquired and deposited six original letters from Marx to Lachâtre and his son-in-law Henri Oriol. These letters truthfully record the historical scenes and specific details of Marx's personal participation in the translation and publication work of the French edition of *Capital*. For example, Marx agreed to publish in fascicles in order to make this work more accessible to the hands of the working class; Marx waged a tenacious struggle with the French publishing authorities to publish the French edition of *Capital* as early as possible, and so on.

《资本论》第1卷法文译本是继1872年问世的第1卷俄译本之后出版的第二个外文译本，也是由马克思亲自校订、修改的最后一个版本。1872年初，马克思请因翻译费尔巴哈的著作而受到赞扬的约瑟夫·鲁瓦担任《资本论》第1卷法文版的译者。同时，马克思与法国进步出版家莫里斯·拉沙特尔签订了出版合同，决定以分册形式出版《资本论》法文版。2021年，中共中央党史和文献研究院入藏了6封马克思致拉沙特尔及其女婿昂利·奥里奥尔的书信原件。这些书信真实记录了马克思亲自参与《资本论》法文版翻译出版工作的历史场景和具体经过。例如，马克思为使这部著作更容易到达工人阶级的手中而同意以分册形式出版，马克思为尽早出版《资本论》法文版而与法国出版当局展开顽强的斗争，等等。

The French edition was translated from the second German edition. Although Roy's translation was faithful to the original, it was obscure and difficult to understand. Marx personally made extensive rewrites and even retranslations of the translation. At the same time, Marx also added new content not present in the second German edition. For example, he for the first time clearly distinguished between the two concepts of "concentration of capital" and "centralization of capital." In addition, he also adjusted the chapter structure, changing it from 7 parts and 25 chapters to 8 parts and 33 chapters. These adjustments gave the French edition new theoretical developments compared to the German edition, so that it "has an independent scientific value apart from the original."

法文版根据德文第2版翻译而成，鲁瓦的译文虽然忠实于原著，但却晦涩难懂，马克思亲自对译文进行了大段改写甚至重译。与此同时，马克思还增加了德文第2版中没有的新内容，比如，他首次明确区分了“资本积聚”与“资本集中”两个概念。另外，他对篇章结构也进行了调整，从7篇25章改为8篇33章。这些调整使得法文版较德文版在理论上有了新发展，因而“在原本之外有独立的科学价值”。

The French edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* began publication by Lachâtre Publishing House in September 1872 and was completed by November 1875, comprising 44 fascicles bound into 9 booklets (the first 8 booklets each including 5 fascicles, the 9th booklets including 4 fascicles). According to the contract, the first French edition was printed in 10,000 copies. The French government did not permit propaganda for this work, but after the French edition of *Capital* was published, it quickly spread across the European continent. As the worker theorist Joseph Dietzgen said, with the publication of the French edition of *Capital*, Marx's theory finally occupied the international stage. By the end of the 19th century, the French edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* had been printed 6 times.

《资本论》第1卷法文版于1872年9月开始由拉沙特尔出版社出版，至1875年11月出齐，共44本分册，装订成9辑（前8辑每辑包括5本分册，第9辑包括4本分册）。按照合同规定，第1卷法文版共印1万册。法国政府不允许对这部著作进行宣传，但《资本论》法文版出版后却迅速在欧洲大陆传播开来。正如工人理论家约瑟夫·狄慈根所说，由于法文版《资本论》的出版，马克思的理论终于占据了国际舞台。到19世纪末，《资本论》第1卷法文版已印刷6次。

The French socialist Gabriel Deville published a popular French edition of *Capital* in 1883—*Karl Marx's 'Capital'*—which was an exposition of Volume 1 of *Capital*. Because Engels considered that the book "is indeed written rather hastily in many parts," on his suggestion Kautsky wrote and published *Karl Marx's Economic Doctrines* (1886).

法国社会主义者加布里埃尔·杰维尔于1883年推出了法文《资本论》通俗版——《卡尔·马克思的〈资本论〉》，这是关于《资本论》第1卷的解说。由于恩格斯认为该书“许多部分确实写的有些草率”，因此在他的建议下，考茨基写作出版了《卡尔·马克思的经济学说》（1886）。

In 1901–1902, the Parisian publishers Giard & Brière published a French edition of Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital* translated by the German SPD member Julian Borchardt and the socialist activist Hippolyte Vandendriessche; this was the earliest French edition of these two volumes.

1901—1902年，巴黎纪阿尔和布里埃尔出版社出版了由德国社民党成员朱利安·博尔查特和社会主义活动家希波利特·范德里特翻译的《资本论》第2、3卷法文版，这是这两卷最早的法文版。

With the help of the Communist International, the French Communist Party was founded in 1920, thereby creating conditions for the further dissemination of Marxism in France. Publishing institutions led by the French Communist Party, as well as some left-wing publishers, published various French editions of *Capital*, including: a three-volume French edition of *Capital* translated by Jacques Molitor (1924–1930); a three-volume French edition of *Capital* jointly translated by Erna Cogniot, Cohen-Solal, and Gilbert Badia (1948–1960, with Volume 1 still using the Roy translation, reprinted in 1976); a three-volume French edition of *Capital* included in the *Marxist Anthology* compiled by Maximilien Rubel (1963–1968, this edition was heavily abridged); and a French edition of Volume 1 translated by Jean-Pierre Lefebvre based on the fourth German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* (1983). In addition, Progress Publishers in Moscow published a three-volume French edition of *Capital* in 1982–1984.

在共产国际的帮助下，法国共产党于1920年成立，从而为马克思主义在法国的进一步传播创造了条件。法国共产党领导的出版机构以及一些左派出版社出版了《资本论》的各种法文版本，包括：雅克·莫里托翻译的三卷本《资本论》法文版（1924—1930），埃尔娜·柯涅奥、科恩-索拉尔和吉贝尔·巴第亚联合翻译的三卷本《资本论》法文版（1948—1960，第1卷依然沿用鲁瓦译本，1976年再版），马克西米利安·吕贝尔主持编译的《马克思主义文集》收录的三卷本《资本论》法文版（1963—1968，该版删减严重），让－皮埃尔·列斐弗尔依据《资本论》第1卷德文第4版翻译的法文版第1卷（1983）。另外，莫斯科进步出版社在1982—1984年出版了三卷本《资本论》法文版。

The Rubel translation and the Lefebvre translation were reprinted in 2008 and 2014 respectively. Currently, the French Communist Party is advancing the compilation project of the French edition of the *Great Marx-Engels Works* (GEME), which will also include the three-volume *Capital*.

吕贝尔译本和列斐弗尔译本分别于2008年和2014年再版，目前法共正在推进的法文版《马恩大典》（GEME）编纂工程也将收录三卷本《资本论》。

(III) The English Edition of *Capital*

（三）《资本论》英文版

The writing of *Capital* was completed by Marx during his residence in England. In writing *Capital*, he extensively cited data and cases of capitalist industrial and commercial development from English-speaking countries. At the same time, English is the most widely used language in the world; the publication of the English edition of *Capital* was evidently of great significance for the widespread dissemination of *Capital*.

《资本论》的写作是马克思在旅居英国期间完成的，他在写作《资本论》时大量引用了英语国家资本主义工商业发展的数据和案例。同时，英文是世界上使用最为广泛的语言，《资本论》英文版的出版显然对《资本论》的广泛传播具有重要意义。

Even before the German edition of *Capital* was published, Marx had considered translating *Capital* into English and had been actively seeking the best English translator. He even thought of inviting his most trusted Engels and Laura to play this role. However, for various reasons, Marx did not live to see the English edition of *Capital* published. After Marx's death, Engels set about promoting the publication of the English edition of *Capital*. Samuel Moore served as the translator, and he also assisted Engels in organizing the manuscripts for Volume 3 of *Capital* that used mathematical methods to explore surplus value and the rate of profit. Edward Aveling, the husband of Marx's youngest daughter Eleanor, also undertook part of the translation work. Eleanor checked a large number of quotations in the translation manuscript. Engels proofread the entire translation manuscript and wrote the preface. In January 1887, the first English edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* was published in two volumes in London, England. The first print run of 500 sets sold out quickly. In April of the same year, the two volumes were merged into one volume for a second edition. This edition was based on the third German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*, but its chapter structure followed the French edition, i.e., 8 parts and 33 chapters. The English edition of *Capital* was not only widely disseminated in Britain and the United States but also published in various editions in regions such as Canada and India.

早在《资本论》德文版出版之前，马克思就曾考虑将《资本论》翻译成英文，并一直积极寻找最佳的英文译者。他甚至想过邀请最为信任的恩格斯和劳拉担任这一角色。但因为种种原因，马克思直至去世都未能见到《资本论》英文版问世。马克思逝世后，恩格斯着手推动《资本论》英文版的出版工作，由塞缪尔·穆尔担任译者，他还协助恩格斯整理了《资本论》第3卷中用数学方式探讨剩余价值和利润率的手稿。马克思的小女儿爱琳娜的丈夫爱德华·艾威林也承担了一部分翻译工作。爱琳娜对译稿中的大量引文进行了复核。恩格斯对全部译稿进行了校订，并撰写了序言。1887年1月，《资本论》第1卷首个英文版在英国伦敦分两册出版，首版发行500套，很快销售一空。同年4月，上下两册被合并为1卷出版了第2版。该版依据的底本是《资本论》第1卷德文第3版，但篇章结构是按照法文版划分的，即8篇33章。《资本论》英文版不仅在英美广泛传播，在加拿大、印度等地区也出版了多种版本。

In 1889, a reprint of the English translation of Volume 1 of *Capital* by Moore and Aveling was published in New York, USA. This was the earliest complete translation of Volume 1 of *Capital* to appear in the United States. The first print run of 5,000 copies sold out quickly and was reprinted in 1890, but this edition was not authorized and was therefore called a "pirated edition" by Engels.

1889年，穆尔和艾威林翻译的《资本论》第1卷英文版的翻印版在美国纽约出版，这是美国出现的最早的《资本论》第1卷全译本，首版5000册很快销售一空，并于1890年再版，但这一版本并未得到授权，因此被恩格斯称作“海盗版”。

In 1906, the American socialist publishing house Charles H. Kerr & Company was authorized to reprint the Moore and Aveling translation and commissioned Ernest Untermann, a member of the editorial board of the *International Socialist Review* and a socialist writer, to translate Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital*. These two volumes were officially published in the United States in 1909. This was the earliest English edition of Volumes 2 and 3 of *Capital*.

1906年，美国社会主义著作出版机构查尔斯·H.科尔出版社获授权重印了穆尔和艾威林译本，并委托《国际社会主义评论》编辑委员会成员、社会主义作家欧内斯特·乌恩特曼翻译《资本论》第2卷和第3卷，这两卷于1909年在美国正式出版。这是《资本论》第2、3卷最早的英文版本。

In 1928, British socialist writers and translators Eden Paul and Cedar Paul translated an English edition of Volume 1 of *Capital* for George Allen & Unwin Ltd. This was the second attempt at a complete English translation of Volume 1 of *Capital*. The base text for this edition was the fourth German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*.

1928年，英国社会主义作家、翻译家伊登·保罗和塞达·保罗为艾伦与昂温出版公司翻译了《资本论》第1卷的英译本，这是对《资本论》第1卷进行完整的英文翻译的第二次尝试。这一版本所依据的底本是《资本论》第1卷德文第4版。

After World War II, the Soviet Union organized the publication of a series of foreign-language editions of Marxist works to expand the influence of Marxism around the world. From 1954 to 1959, the Foreign Languages Publishing House in Moscow published a three-volume English translation of *Capital*. This edition used the Moore and Aveling translation for Volume 1 and the Untermann translation for Volumes 2 and 3. These translations were reprinted by Progress Publishers in Moscow from 1956 to 1978 and in 1986. In 1967, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the publication of Volume 1 of *Capital*, Progress Publishers in Moscow reprinted the Moore and Aveling English translation of Volume 1 of *Capital*.

二战后，苏联组织出版了一系列马克思主义著作外文版本，以扩大马克思主义在世界各地的影响。1954—1959年，莫斯科外文出版社出版了三卷本《资本论》英译本。该版第1卷采用了穆尔和艾威林的译本，第2、3卷采用了乌恩特曼的译本。上述译本于1956—1978年及1986年由莫斯科进步出版社再版。1967年，为纪念《资本论》第1卷出版100周年，莫斯科进步出版社再版了穆尔和艾威林的《资本论》第1卷英译本。

In the 1970s, there was another surge in the translation and publication of *Capital* in the English-speaking world, with many new publishers joining in. The British Penguin Publishing Group, in conjunction with New Left Books, published a three-volume English translation of *Capital* translated by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach from 1976 to 1981. The purpose of publishing this edition was to "modernize" the English translation of *Capital* and correct certain errors in the original translation. This edition was reprinted multiple times in 1979, 1982, and 1990.

1970年代，英美世界出现了又一次翻译出版《资本论》的热潮，许多新出版商加入其中。英国企鹅出版集团联合新左翼出版社于1976—1981年出版了由本·福克斯和大卫·费恩巴赫翻译的三卷本《资本论》英译本，出版这个版本的目的是使《资本论》的英译本“现代化”，并且纠正原译文中的某些错误，该译本于1979年、1982年、1990年多次重印。

The most influential publication of this period was undoubtedly the English edition of the *Marx & Engels Collected Works* (MECW), the most complete collection of English translations of the works of Marx and Engels. This project was launched in 1975 and completed in 2005, publishing a total of 50 volumes. Among them, Volumes 35–37 are the *Capital* volumes, published from 1996 to 1998.

这一时期最具影响力的当属《马克思恩格斯全集》英文版（MECW）的出版，这是马克思恩格斯著作英译本的最全合集。该项目于1975年启动，2005年完成，共出版了50卷。其中第35—37卷为《资本论》卷，于1996—1998年出版。

In the 1990s, some left-wing publishing houses in Britain and the United States successively launched popular introductory works on *Capital* for the general public, such as *Marx's Capital: A Student Edition* (1992), an abridged version of Volume 1 of *Capital* edited by Chris Arthur, and an abridged English translation of *Capital* (1995) edited by David McLellan.

1990年代，英美的一些左翼出版社陆续推出了面向大众的《资本论》普及性读物，如克里斯·阿瑟编写的《资本论》第1卷缩写本《马克思〈资本论〉：学生版》（1992）、戴维·麦克莱伦编辑的《资本论》英文节译本（1995）等。

(4) Japanese Edition of *Capital*

（四）《资本论》日文版

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, *Capital* was introduced to Japan. After 1917, influenced by Taisho democracy and the October Revolution in Russia, the dissemination and study of socialism in Japanese intellectual circles entered a climax. A group of Marxist theorists and journals disseminating Marxism emerged one after another. Under the influence of figures such as Fukuda Tokuzō, Kawakami Hajime, Yamakawa Hitoshi, Kōtoku Shūsui, Sakai Toshihiko, Katayama Sen, and Takabatake Motoyuki, *Capital* entered the field of vision of Japanese scholars and quickly became a research hotspot. Against this background, Japanese editions of *Capital* were competitively translated and published.

19世纪末20世纪初，《资本论》传入日本。1917年以后，受大正民主主义和俄国十月革命的影响，日本思想界对社会主义的传播与研究进入了高潮，一批马克思主义理论家和传播马克思主义的刊物纷纷涌现。在福田德三、河上肇、山川均、幸德秋水、堺利彦、片山潜、高畠素之等人的影响下，《资本论》走进日本学者的视野并很快成为研究热点，《资本论》日文版也在这一背景下竞相翻译出版。

According to statistics from Japanese scholars, from the publication of the first Japanese edition of *Capital* in 1919 to before World War II, there were as many as 38 different Japanese editions of *Capital*. From September to December 1919, a translation of *Capital* by Matsuura Kaname (2 fascicles, Volume 1, Parts 1–3) was published, making it the first Japanese single-volume edition of *Capital* published in Japan. In December of the same year, a translation by Ikuta Chōkō (1 fascicle, Volume 1, Parts 1–2), based on the Engels-edited edition, was published. In 1920, a translation of *The Complete Works of Marx* (1 volume) by Yamamoto Yoshito was published, the second part of which was an excerpted translation of the main content of Volume 1, Parts 1–3 of *Capital*. From the 1920s to the 1930s, Japanese translations of *Capital* by Mizutani Chōzaburō, Kawakami Hajime and Miyakomi Minoru, the German-Japanese parallel edition translated by the Ōhara Institute for Social Research, the German-Japanese parallel edition annotated by the editorial board of *Under the Banner of Marxism*, the Japanese translation by Hasebe Bunshō, and the Japanese translation by Fuwa Shin'ichi were published successively, greatly promoting the dissemination of Marxism in Japan.

据日本学者统计，自1919年首部《资本论》日文版出版至二战前，《资本论》日文版本多达38种。1919年9—12月，松浦要翻译的《资本论》（2分册，第1卷第1—3篇）出版，这是日本出版的第一部《资本论》日文单行本。同年12月，以恩格斯编辑版为翻译底本的生田长江译本（1分册，第1卷第1—2篇）出版。1920年，山本义人翻译的《马克思全集》（全1册）出版，该书第二部分是《资本论》第1卷第1—3篇主要内容的摘译。1920—1930年代，水谷长三郎翻译的《资本论》日译本、河上肇和宫川实翻译的《资本论》日译本、大原社会问题研究所翻译的《资本论》德日对照版、《在马克思主义旗帜下》编辑部译注的《资本论》德日对照版、长谷部文雄翻译的《资本论》日译本、不破信一翻译的《资本论》日译本等相继出版，从而极大地促进了马克思主义在日本的传播。

The translation by Takabatake Motoyuki, published from 1920 to 1924, was the first complete Japanese three-volume translation of *Capital* and the only complete translation published in Japan before World War II. Initially, the Takabatake edition was published as part of *The Complete Works of Marx* (Daikaku-dō edition) (9 volumes in 10 books). In his "Translator's Preface," Takabatake stated that the base text for the translation was the German edition edited by Engels, while also referring to the English edition. After several revisions, a revised edition of 3 volumes in 5 books was published by Kaizōsha from 1927 to 1928. This was the final version of the Takabatake translation.

1920—1924年出版的高畠素之译本是第一个日文三卷本《资本论》全译本，也是二战前在日本出版的唯一一版全译本。最初，高畠版是作为《马克思全集》（大镫阁版）的一部分出版的（9卷10册）。高畠在“译者序”中称，翻译的底本是恩格斯编辑的德文版，同时参考了英文版。该译本经过数次修改，由改造社于1927—1928年出版了3卷5册的改订本，这是高畠译本的最终版。

Another popular work on *Capital* is worth mentioning. In 1931, Japanese Marxist, renowned playwright, and critic Sakamoto Masaru adapted *Capital* into a play script of over 300,000 characters and published it. This was the first time in the world that *Capital* was adapted into a stage play script.

另有一部《资本论》的普及性著作值得一提。1931年，日本马克思主义者、知名剧作家与评论家阪本胜将《资本论》改编为30多万字的剧本出版，这是世界上第一次将《资本论》改编成话剧剧本。

After World War II, the translation and research of *Capital*, which had been suppressed, began to revive. Various complete Japanese translations of *Capital* appeared one after another, including: the second complete Japanese translation by Hasebe Bunshō (11 fascicles, 1946–1950); the third Japanese translation by Sakisaka Itsurō (12 fascicles, 1947–1953, changed to 3 volumes in 4 books in 1967); the fourth complete Japanese translation by the Editorial Committee for the Complete Works of Marx and Engels (1961–1964, translated by Okazaki Tsunejirō based on the German edition of Volumes 23–25 of the *Marx-Engels Werke*, included in Volumes 23–25 of the Japanese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* in 1965–1967, a centenary edition of *Capital* published after revision by the translator in 1967, and a new edition published under the name of the Okazaki translation in 1972–1975); and the fifth complete Japanese translation by Miyakomi Minoru (1979–1982), among others.

二战后，曾受到打压的《资本论》翻译与研究事业开始复苏，相继出现了多种《资本论》日文全译本，包括：1946—1950年长谷部文雄翻译的第二个日文全译本（11分册）；1947—1953年向坂逸郎翻译的第三个日文译本（12分册，1967年改为3卷4册）；1961—1964年马克思恩格斯全集刊行委员会翻译的第四个日文全译本（由冈崎次郎依据《马克思恩格斯全集》德文版第23—25卷译出，1965—1967年被收入《马克思恩格斯全集》日文版第23—25卷，1967年经译者修订后出版了《资本论》100周年纪念版，1972—1975年又以冈崎译本的名义发行了新版本）；1979—1982年宫川实翻译的第五个日文全译本，等等。

From 1982 to 1989, the Social Science Research Institute of the Central Committee of the Japanese Communist Party organized several scholars to translate, proofread, and publish a new translation of all three volumes of *Capital*. In 2005, the Japanese Communist Party initiated a comprehensive revision of this edition, completing the publication of all 12 volumes from 2019 to 2021. This edition included Marx’s “theory of crisis” for the first time.

1982—1989年，日本共产党中央委员会社会科学研究所组织多位学者译校出版了《资本论》全三卷新译本。2005年，日本共产党启动对该版本的全面修订工作，于2019—2021年完成了全12册的出版。该版首次收入了马克思的“危机理论”。

(V) Other Foreign-Language Editions of *Capital*

（五）《资本论》其他外文版本

From the 1880s to the 1890s, Marxism spread widely in the international workers’ movement. Marxist political parties were established in various countries, which actively undertook the translation and publication of Marxist literature. During Engels’s lifetime, the following editions of *Capital* were also published: a Dutch abridged translation in 1881, a Polish translation from 1884 to 1889, Danish translations of Volumes 1 and 2 from 1885 to 1887, an Italian translation of Volume 1 in 1886, and a Spanish abridged translation of Volume 1 from 1886 to 1887, among others.

1880—1890年代，马克思主义在国际工人运动中得到广泛传播，各国纷纷建立起马克思主义政党，积极开展马克思主义文献的翻译和出版工作。在恩格斯生前，《资本论》还出版了以下版本：1881年《资本论》荷兰文摘译本，1884—1889年《资本论》波兰文译本，1885—1887年《资本论》第1、2卷丹麦文译本，1886年《资本论》第1卷意大利文译本，1886—1887年《资本论》第1卷西班牙文缩译本，等等。

From the 1930s to the 1970s, three-volume translations of *Capital* appeared successively in various relevant languages, including Spanish (1931), Bulgarian (1949–1951), Finnish (1950–1957), Polish (1951–1959), Italian (1952–1956), Czech (1956), Romanian (1956–1960), Korean (1958, 1965), and Vietnamese (1959–1963). From 1947 to 1948, Korean translations of Volumes 1 and 2 of *Capital* were published in South Korea. In 1956, an Arabic translation of the first nine chapters of Volume 1 of *Capital* was published in Syria. From 1965 to 1967, a Turkish translation of Volume 1 of *Capital* was published in Turkey. In 1978, a three-volume Turkish edition of *Capital* appeared.

1930—1970年代，各相关语种相继出现了三卷本《资本论》译本，包括西班牙文版（1931）、保加利亚文版（1949—1951）、芬兰文版（1950—1957）、波兰文版（1951—1959）、意大利文版（1952—1956）、捷克文版（1956）、罗马尼亚文版（1956—1960）、朝鲜文版（1958、1965）、越南文版（1959—1963）等。1947—1948年，韩国出版了《资本论》第1、2卷韩文版。1956年，叙利亚出版了《资本论》第1卷前9章阿拉伯文译本。1965—1967年，土耳其出版了《资本论》第1卷土耳其文译本。1978年，三卷本《资本论》土耳其文版问世。

III. The Publication of *Capital* in China

三、《资本论》在中国的出版情况

The dissemination of *Capital* in China is an indispensable part of the historical process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. After *Capital* was introduced into China, several generations of scholars worked tirelessly and wrote assiduously. In particular, after the establishment of the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, it continuously innovated and successively compiled and published numerous editions. The dissemination of *Capital* in China exhibits characteristics such as continuously improving translation quality, expanding scope of dissemination, and deepening research.

《资本论》在中国的传播是马克思主义中国化历史进程中不可或缺的一部分。《资本论》传入中国后，几代学者前赴后继、笔耕不辍，特别是中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局成立后，不断推陈出新，先后编译出版了众多版本。《资本论》在中国的传播呈现出译文质量不断提高、传播范围不断扩大、研究不断深入等特点。

(I) Chinese-Language Editions Published Before the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

（一）新中国成立前出版的中文版本

In Chinese history, the first person to mention Marx and *Capital* was Cai Erkang. Together with the British missionary Timothy Richard, he first mentioned Marx and his “capital” in the article “Datongxue” published in *The Review of the Times* in 1899. Later, Liang Qichao, in *Xinmin Congbao* in 1902 and 1903, and Ma Junwu, in *Yishu Huibian* in 1903, repeatedly mentioned Marx and the ideas of *Capital*. The first person in China to introduce the content of *Capital* in relative detail was Zhu Zhixin. In 1906, he published “A Brief Biography of German Social Revolutionaries” in *Minbao*, which reviewed *Capital*. The October Revolution fired a salvo, sending Marxism-Leninism to China. [18]18 “The October Revolution fired a salvo, sending Marxism-Leninism to China” is a standard Chinese Communist Party historical formulation, originating from Mao Zedong’s 1949 essay “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship,” which describes the Bolshevik Revolution as the event that brought Marxism-Leninism to China. Articles and translated works introducing and propagating Marxism and *Capital* emerged in abundance, the most important representative being Li Dazhao’s introduction of *Capital* in “My Marxist View” in 1919.

在中国历史上，最早提到马克思和《资本论》的人是蔡尔康。他与英国传教士李提摩太在1899年《万国公报》上发表的《大同学》一文中最早提及了马克思以及他的“资本”。后来，梁启超在1902年和1903年的《新民丛报》上，马君武在1903年的《译书汇编》上，均多次提到马克思及其《资本论》的思想观点。中国第一个较详细地介绍《资本论》内容的人是朱执信。1906年，他在《民报》上发表了《德意志社会革命家小传》，评介了《资本论》。十月革命一声炮响，给中国送来了马克思列宁主义，介绍和宣传马克思主义及《资本论》的文章、译著纷纷涌现，其中最重要的代表是1919年李大钊在《我的马克思主义观》中对《资本论》的介绍。

From the 1910s to the 1930s, *Capital* achieved a breakthrough development in China, moving from fragmentary excerpt translations, partial translations of individual volumes, to a complete translation of all three volumes. From June to November 1919, the supplement of Beijing’s *Morning Post* serialized Kautsky’s *The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx* (then translated as *Kozuki’s Explanation of Marx’s Capital*), translated by “Yuanquan” (i.e., Chen Boxian). These serialized contents were published by the Gongxue Society in 1920 under the title *Marx’s Economic Theory*, which is the earliest known Chinese translation of a popular edition of *Capital*. In 1930, a translation of Kautsky’s popular edition by Hong Tao and Wang Fuquan also appeared. In 1926, Li Ji’s translation of Borchardt’s *Popular Capital* (i.e., Borchardt’s popularized edition of *Capital*) was published by the Social Science Publishing House. In 1929, the Shanghai Kunlun Bookstore, founded by Li Da and Deng Chumin, published *An Explanation of Capital* by Bo Qiate, translated by Li Yun; this was a reprint of Li Ji’s 1926 translation of Borchardt’s *Popular Capital*.

1910—1930年代，《资本论》在中国实现了从碎片式摘译、分卷节译到三卷全译的突破式发展。1919年6—11月，北京《晨报》副刊连载了考茨基的《马克思的经济学说》（当时译作柯祖基《马氏资本论释义》），译者为“渊泉”（即陈溥贤）。这些连载内容于1920年由共学社出版，书名为《马克思经济学说》，这是目前所知最早的《资本论》通俗版的中文译本。1930年，考茨基通俗版还出现了洪涛、汪馥泉译本。1926年，李季翻译的博洽德的《通俗资本论》（即博尔夏特《资本论》普及版）由社会科学出版社出版。1929年，李达、邓初民创办的上海昆仑书店出版了由李云翻译的波洽特的《资本论解说》，这是1926年由李季翻译的博洽德《通俗资本论》的再版。

In October 1920, the second issue of the third volume of the monthly *Guomin* carried Fei Juetian’s translation of “The Author’s Preface to the First Edition” (i.e., the preface to the first German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*), which is the earliest Chinese excerpt translation of *Capital*.

1920年10月，《国民》月刊第2卷第3号上刊载了费觉天翻译的《资本论自叙》（即《资本论》第1卷德文第1版序言），这是《资本论》最早的中文节译本。

In the 1930s, various Chinese translations of *Capital* were published in competition. In 1930, the Kunlun Bookstore published Chen Qixiu’s (Chen Baoyin) translation of the first fascicle of Volume 1 of *Capital* (the first part of Volume 1), which is the earliest Chinese separate edition of *Capital*. Chen Qixiu’s translation was based on the eighth edition of Kautsky’s German popular edition of 1928, and also consulted the French translation, the English translation, and the Japanese translations by Kawakami Hajime and Takabatake Motoyuki. It also included explanatory articles such as “Kautsky’s Preface to the National Edition” and “Prefaces to the First and Second Editions of *Capital*.” Chen Qixiu originally planned to publish *Capital* in ten fascicles, but was unable to continue due to the difficult conditions at the time. Pan Dongzhou, who had joined the Communist Party of China in its early years, had studied in the Soviet Union, and was proficient in six languages, continued Chen Qixiu’s translation work. He translated the second and third fascicles of *Capital* (the second to fourth parts of Volume 1) in August 1932 and January 1933 respectively. This translation added a “Chinese-Foreign Language Comparison Table” in the appendix for the first time.

1930年代，《资本论》各中译本竞相出版。1930年，昆仑书店出版了陈启修（陈豹隐）翻译的《资本论》第1卷第1分册（第1卷第1篇），这是《资本论》最早的中文单行本。陈启修译本以1928年考茨基德文普及版第8版为底本，并参照了法译本、英译本以及河上肇、高畠素之的日译本，另附有《考茨基国民版序》《资本论第一、二版序言》等阐释文章。陈启修原计划分10册出版《资本论》，但囿于当时条件艰难未能继续。早年加入中国共产党并曾留学苏联、精通六国语言的潘冬舟接续陈启修的翻译工作，分别于1932年8月和1933年1月翻译出《资本论》第2、3分册（第1卷第2—4篇），该译本首次在附录中添加了“中西文字对照表”。

In September 1932, the first volume, first part of *Capital*, translated jointly by Hou Wailu and Wang Shenming (Wang Sihua), was printed and distributed under the name of the “Beijing International Scholarly Society.” In June 1936, they published the first volume, second and third parts, as well as the first volume combined edition, under the name of the “World Famous Works Translation Series.” According to Hou Wailu’s recollection, this translation “was based on the fourth German edition of 1928, with reference to English, French, and Japanese translations.” It is worth noting that this translation was the first to confirm that the only Chinese person mentioned in *Capital*, “Wan-Mao-In,” was Wang Maoyin, a Vice Minister of the Board of Revenue in the Qing Dynasty. [19]19 Wang Maoyin (1798–1865) was a Qing Dynasty official who proposed monetary reforms involving the issuance of paper currency. Marx mentions him in a footnote in Volume 1 of *Capital* (Chapter 2, Section 2, note 83) as an example of a government official whose sensible economic proposals were ignored.

1932年9月，侯外庐与王慎明（王思华）合作翻译的《资本论》第1卷上册以“北京国际学社”的名义印刷发行。1936年6月，他们又以“世界名著译丛”的名义出版了第1卷中、下册，以及第1卷合订本。据侯外庐回忆，该译本“以德文1928年第四版为依据，找来英文、法文、日文译本为参考”。值得一提的是，该译本首次确证了《资本论》中提及的唯一一个中国人“Wan-Mao-In”是清朝户部侍郎王茂荫。

In May 1934, the Commercial Press published the first fascicle of Volume 1 of *Capital* (the first and second parts of Volume 1), translated by Wu Bannong and proofread by Qian Jiaju. The base text for this translation was the English translation by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul, and it was proofread against the eighth edition of Kautsky’s German popular edition of 1928. This translation was organized by the Translation and Compilation Committee of the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, and was the only *Capital* translation organized by an institution during the Republican period. Due to its small print run, it did not have a significant impact.

1934年5月，商务印书馆出版了由吴半农译、千家驹校的《资本论》第1卷第1分册（第1卷第1、2篇），该译本的翻译底本是伊登·保罗和塞达·保罗夫妇的英译本，并对照1928年考茨基德文普及版第8版进行了校对。这一译本由中华教育文化基金董事会编译委员会组织翻译，是民国时期唯一由机构组织翻译的《资本论》，由于发行量不大，并未产生较大影响。

From August to September 1938, the Shanghai Life-Reading Bookstore published the three-volume *Capital* translated by Guo Dali and Wang Yanan over ten years. This was the first complete Chinese translation of *Capital*. The base text was the latest German edition, proofread by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1932 to 1934, and it also consulted English and Japanese translations. This translation was the most complete Chinese edition at the time and greatly promoted the dissemination and study of Marxism in China. It was reprinted multiple times by the Life-Reading Bookstore, the Northeast Guanghua Bookstore, the Joint Publishing Company, and the People’s Publishing House. Starting in 1940, Guo Dali also began translating *Theories of Surplus Value*, which was published in June 1949 by the Shanghai Joint Publishing Company and the New China Bookstore.

1938年8—9月，上海读书生活出版社出版了郭大力、王亚南历经10年翻译的三卷本《资本论》，这是《资本论》首个中文全译本，依据的底本是1932—1934年由苏共中央马克思恩格斯列宁研究院校订过的最新德文版，并参照了英译本和日译本。该译本是当时中国最完整的译本，对马克思主义在中国的传播和研究起到了极大的推动作用。读书生活出版社、东北光华书店、三联书店、人民出版社等对其多次再版。自1940年起，郭大力还着手翻译了《剩余价值学说史》，并于1949年6月由上海三联书店和新中国书局出版。

In April 1949, a theatrical version of *Capital* compiled by Sakamoto Masaru was translated into Chinese as *Dramatic Capital* by Fei Mingjun and published by the Shanghai Social Science Research Society. In 1950, the book was reprinted and distributed. This made the scientific work *Capital* more vivid and concrete, and to a certain extent promoted the popularization of Marxism in China.

1949年4月，坂本胜编著的话剧版《资本论》经费明君翻译为中文版《戏剧资本论》，由上海社会科学研究社出版。1950年，该书重印发行。这使《资本论》这部科学著作更加形象化、具体化，一定程度上促进了马克思主义在中国的大众化传播。

(II) The Translation and Dissemination of *Capital* in China after the Founding of the People’s Republic

（二）新中国成立后《资本论》在中国的翻译和传播

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the translation and dissemination of *Capital* in China entered a completely new stage. In response to the nationwide upsurge in studying Marxist-Leninist theory and *Capital*, and to better serve theoretical study, Guo Dali carried out two comprehensive revisions of the three-volume *Capital*, published by the People’s Publishing House in 1953 and 1963–1966 respectively. To facilitate the study of Marxist theory by leading cadres, the People’s Publishing House also published a number of large-character editions of Marxist classics during this period. Among them, in May 1968, the People’s Publishing House published the Guo Dali and Wang Yanan edition of *Capital* in 29 volumes in a 16-mo large-character format. This edition became the final version of *Capital* that Mao Zedong read.

新中国成立后，《资本论》在中国的翻译和传播进入了全新的阶段。针对全国学习马列主义理论和《资本论》的热潮，为更好地服务于理论学习，郭大力对三卷本《资本论》进行了两次全面修订，分别于1953年、1963—1966年由人民出版社出版。为方便领导干部学习马克思主义理论，人民出版社在这一时期还出版了一批马克思主义经典著作的大字本。其中，1968年5月，人民出版社分29册出版了16开大字本的郭大力、王亚南版《资本论》。这一版本成为毛泽东阅读《资本论》的最后一个版本。

In January 1953, upon Mao Zedong’s instruction, the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Central Compilation and Translation Bureau”) was established. The Central Compilation and Translation Bureau is a direct agency of the Party Central Committee established by the Communist Party of China specifically for the translation of classical works, with the task of systematically and methodically translating the complete works of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin.

1953年1月，经毛泽东批示，中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局（简称“中央编译局”）成立。中央编译局是中国共产党设立的专门从事经典著作翻译的党中央直属机构，其任务是系统地、有计划地翻译马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林的全部著作。

One of the important tasks after the establishment of the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau was the translation of the Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*. In the second year after officially commencing the translation of the Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, i.e., 1956, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau began translating Volume 1 of *Capital* based on the Stepanov Russian translation. However, considering that a new translation of *Capital* should not be rendered via a Russian intermediary, this translation was not formally published. Subsequently, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, using the German edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* (the edition containing Volume 1 of *Capital* as the 4th German edition of 1890) as the base text, and referencing the Guo Dali and Wang Yanan translation, recommenced the translation work on *Capital*. After several years of effort, from 1972 to 1974, Volumes 23–25 of the Chinese 1st edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, containing Volumes 1–3 of *Capital*, were published. Simultaneously, Volume 26, containing *Theories of Surplus Value*, was also published in three separate volumes. On this basis, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau published a three-volume separate edition of *Capital* in 1975. In the 1980s, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau also translated the French edition and the 1st German edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*, published by China Social Sciences Press and Economic Science Press in 1983 and 1987 respectively.

中央编译局成立后的重要任务之一就是翻译《马克思恩格斯全集》中文版。在正式开启翻译《马克思恩格斯全集》中文版的第二年，即1956年，中央编译局就开始依据斯捷潘诺夫俄文译本翻译《资本论》第1卷。但考虑到《资本论》的新译文不宜通过俄文转译，故这一译本并未正式出版。此后，中央编译局以《马克思恩格斯全集》德文版（该版本收录的《资本论》第1卷为1890年德文第4版）为底本，并参考郭大力、王亚南译本，重新展开《资本论》的翻译工作。经过数年的努力，1972—1974年，刊载《资本论》第1—3卷的《马克思恩格斯全集》中文第1版第23—25卷出版。同时，刊载《剩余价值理论》的第26卷也分3册出版。在此基础上，中央编译局又于1975年出版了三卷《资本论》单行本。1980年代，中央编译局还翻译了《资本论》第1卷法文版和德文第1版，分别于1983年和1987年由中国社会科学出版社和经济科学出版社出版。

In 1986, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau initiated the editorial work for the Chinese 2nd edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, with the main base text being the Historical-Critical Edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, while also referencing the German, English, and Russian editions. Among these, Volumes 44–46 correspond to Volumes 1, 2, and 3 of *Capital*, published between 2001 and 2003. In 2004, a new three-volume separate edition of *Capital* was published. In 2009, Volumes 5–7 of the *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, containing the three volumes of *Capital*, were published. In 2012, selections from the three volumes of *Capital* edited on the basis of the new translation were included in Volume 2 of the 3rd edition of the *Selected Works of Marx and Engels*. In 2016, a separate edition of selections from *Capital* was published. In March 2018, a commemorative edition of *Capital* for the 200th anniversary of Marx’s birth was published. Additionally, in 2016, the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau translated new versions based on the 1st German edition and the French edition of Volume 1 of *Capital*, included in Volumes 42 and 43 of the Chinese 2nd edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* respectively.

1986年，中央编译局启动了《马克思恩格斯全集》中文第2版编辑工作，主要底本为《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版，同时参考德文版、英文版、俄文版等版本。其中，第44—46卷分别为《资本论》第1、2、3卷，已于2001—2003年出版。2004年，新的三卷本《资本论》单行本出版。2009年，收入《资本论》三卷的《马克思恩格斯文集》第5—7卷出版。2012年，在新译本基础上编辑的《资本论》三卷节选被收录于《马克思恩格斯选集》第3版第2卷中。2016年，《资本论》节选单行本出版。2018年3月，马克思诞辰200周年《资本论》纪念版出版。此外，2016年，中央编译局还根据《资本论》第1卷德文第1版和法文版翻译了新译本，分别收录于《马克思恩格斯全集》中文第2版第42、43卷。

During the dissemination of *Capital*, China also saw the emergence of a series of popularizing works, including Hong Yuanpeng’s *A Popular Guide to Capital* (1985), Gu Hailiang’s (chief editor) *Capital in Pictures* (1995), Lin Mingxing’s translation of *Capital in Cartoons* (2011), and Dai Dunbang’s *Illustrated Capital* (2021).

在《资本论》的传播过程中，中国还涌现出一系列普及性作品，包括洪远朋的《通俗〈资本论〉》（1985）、顾海良主编的《画说〈资本论〉》（1995）、林明星翻译的《漫画〈资本论〉》（2011）、戴敦邦绘制的《〈资本论〉绘本》（2021）等。

(III) The Publication of *Capital* in Ethnic Minority Regions and the Taiwan Region

（三）《资本论》在少数民族和台湾地区的出版情况

The Party and the state have attached great importance to the translation and dissemination of Marxist classics in ethnic minority regions. Starting from the mid-1970s, the China National Translation Bureau for Ethnic Minority Languages, acting on central directives and the needs of the broad masses of cadres and people in ethnic minority regions, translated and published texts of *Capital* in seven languages—Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazakh, Korean, Yi, and Zhuang—based on the Chinese editions compiled by the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau.

党和国家高度重视马克思主义经典著作在少数民族地区的翻译和宣传工作。自1970年代中期开始，中国民族语文翻译局根据中央指示和民族地区广大干部群众的需求，对照中央编译局编译的中文版，翻译出版了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、朝鲜、彝、壮等7个语种的《资本论》文本。

From 1981 to 1989, Volume 2 of the 1st edition of the *Selected Works of Marx and Engels* was translated into Uyghur, Korean, and Mongolian. The selections from *Capital* included in it became the earliest translations of *Capital* into ethnic minority languages in China.

1981—1989年，《马克思恩格斯选集》第1版第2卷被翻译为维吾尔文、朝鲜文和蒙古文，其中收录的《资本论》节选内容成为《资本论》在中国最早的少数民族语言译文。

From 1986 to 2002, the 1975 edition of the three-volume separate edition of *Capital* was translated and published in Mongolian and Korean. Among these, only Volumes 1 and 2 were published in Korean. The *Capital (Selected Edition)* published by the Central Party School Press in 1983 was translated into Korean and Mongolian, published in 1986 and 1987 respectively.

1986—2002年，1975年版三卷本《资本论》单行本被翻译为蒙古文和朝鲜文出版，其中，朝鲜文仅出版了第1、2卷。中央党校出版社1983年出版的《资本论》（节选本）被译为朝鲜文和蒙古文，分别于1986年和1987年出版。

Starting from 2007, the 2004 edition of the three-volume separate edition of *Capital* was successively translated and published in seven ethnic minority scripts. Among these, the translation and publication of all three volumes have been completed in Mongolian, Kazakh, Korean, Yi, and Zhuang, while the publication of Volumes 1 and 2 has been completed in Tibetan and Uyghur.

自2007年起，2004年版三卷本《资本论》单行本相继被翻译为7种民族文字出版。其中，蒙古文、哈萨克文、朝鲜文、彝文、壮文已完成全部三卷的翻译出版，藏文和维吾尔文完成了第1、2卷的出版。

The dissemination of *Capital* in the Taiwan region was extremely tortuous. From 1949 to the mid-1980s, the Taiwan authorities enforced a “ban on political parties” and a “ban on newspapers,” strictly restricting the publication of Marxist books. [20]20 The “ban on political parties” (党禁, *dangjin*) and “ban on newspapers” (报禁, *baojin*) refer to the restrictions imposed by the Kuomintang authorities in Taiwan after 1949, which prohibited the formation of new political parties and the registration of new newspapers, effectively suppressing political opposition and dissenting voices. In 1987, the Taiwan authorities lifted martial law, and Marxism gained some space for development in the Taiwan region. In 1990, Taiwan’s China Times Publishing Company launched a traditional-character edition of *Capital*, with the translator credited as “Wu Jiasi,” which was in fact a reprint of the 1975 Central Compilation and Translation Bureau edition published by the People’s Publishing House. In 2017, Taiwan’s Linking Publishing Company published a three-volume traditional-character edition of *Capital* based on the 2004 Central Compilation and Translation Bureau translation. To suit the reading habits of readers in the Taiwan region, this edition underwent re-proofreading and a new index was created.

《资本论》在台湾地区的传播极其曲折。1949年至1980年代中期，台湾当局施行“党禁”和“报禁”，严格限制马克思主义图书的出版。1987年，台湾当局解除戒严，马克思主义在台湾地区获得了一定的发展空间。1990年，台湾时报文化出版企业有限公司推出繁体字版《资本论》，该书译者署名“吴家驷”，实际上是人民出版社出版的1975年中央编译局译本的翻印本。2017年，台湾联经出版事业公司依据2004年中央编译局译本出版了三卷本《资本论》繁体字版。为了适应台湾读者的阅读习惯，该版本经过重新校对，还重新制作了索引。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

*Capital* embodies Marx’s sharp insight into and scientific analysis of the capitalist mode of production. After its publication, *Capital* gradually spread throughout the capitalist countries of Europe and America. Under the influence of the October Revolution, *Capital* not only spread further in Europe and America but also saw multiple translations emerge in Asia, in places such as Japan and China. After World War II, with the development of the international workers’ movement, the scope of *Capital*’s dissemination expanded further. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the publication and dissemination of *Capital* worldwide fell into a period of silence. Since the beginning of the 21st century, *Capital* has once again become a popular reading material. It stands like a monument in the history of human civilization, guiding the direction of the times with its grand momentum, meticulous logic, and scientific conclusions.

《资本论》体现了马克思对资本主义生产方式的锐利洞察与科学分析。《资本论》问世后，它逐步在欧美资本主义国家传播开来。在十月革命的影响下，《资本论》不仅在欧美地区得到进一步传播，在亚洲的日本、中国等地也先后出现了多种译本。第二次世界大战后，随着国际工人运动的发展，《资本论》的传播范围进一步拓展。苏联解体、东欧剧变后，《资本论》在世界范围内的出版、传播一度陷入沉寂。进入21世纪以来，《资本论》再度成为热门读物。它如矗立在人类文明发展史上的一座丰碑，以恢宏的气势、缜密的逻辑、科学的论断指引着时代前进的方向。

There is no end to practical development, nor is there an end to theoretical innovation. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “To uphold and develop the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must be guided by Marxist political economy,” and “The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics can only be enriched and developed in practice, while also being tested by practice, and thereby guiding practice.” [21]21 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the 28th group study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 23, 2015, on Marxist political economy and its application in China. Guided by the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s economic thought as our guide, deeply study and master the basic principles and research methods of Marxist political economy, and continuously promote the innovative development of economic theory in the process of serving the construction of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics.

实践发展没有止境，理论创新也没有止境。正如习近平总书记指出的，“坚持和发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学，要以马克思主义政治经济学为指导”，“中国特色社会主义政治经济学只能在实践中丰富和发展，又要经受实践的检验，进而指导实践”。在党的二十大精神指引下，我们要坚持以习近平经济思想为指导，深入学习掌握马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和研究方法，在服务中国特色社会主义经济建设的过程中推动经济学理论不断创新发展。

(Authors: Cui Youping, Hu Yi, Feng Jin, Xu Meng, Information and Data Department, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China)

（作者：崔友平、胡毅、冯瑾、许萌，中央党史和文献研究院信息资料馆）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心