Steadfastly Marching on the Road of Promoting Human Progress and Development

In 2022, amid a world of interwoven changes, turmoil and instability, foreign communist parties held fast to their ideals and convictions, raised high the torch of truth, and advanced unswervingly and resolutely on the road of seeking progress for the world and liberation for humanity. Under complex and volatile circumstances, actively disseminating their own values, striving to expand their space for survival, clarifying their direction and priorities for action, expanding mutual exchanges and contacts, and defending the cause of peace and justice became important elements of the activities and struggles of foreign communist parties in 2022.

2022年，在变乱交织、动荡不定的世界中，外国共产党坚守理想信念，高擎真理火炬，在为世界谋进步、为人类求解放的道路上一往无前、坚定前行。在错综复杂的形势下，积极传播自身价值理念，努力拓展生存空间，明确行动方向和重点，扩大相互交流和联系，捍卫和平正义事业，成为2022年外国共产党活动和斗争的重要内容。

Recalling Glorious History to Inspire the Spirit of Struggle

回溯光辉历史激励奋斗精神

In 2022, commemorations and reflections on the history of socialist development intertwined with celebrations of party founding anniversaries, forming the main thread of commemorative activities by foreign communist parties.

2022年，纪念反思社会主义发展历史与庆祝建党周年交织互映，构成外国共产党纪念活动的主线。

Two events solemnly commemorated by foreign communist parties this year were directly related to Soviet socialist development. The first was the 105th anniversary of the October Revolution. Communist parties in many countries marked this great breakthrough and critical moment in human history in various forms. Amarjeet Kaur, Secretary of the National Council of the Communist Party of India, delivered a commemorative speech at the party headquarters and laid a wreath at the statue of Lenin, pointing out that even today the October Revolution remains a guide to action for all those struggling to cast off exploitation and oppression throughout the world. The Labour Party of Austria and its youth front organized celebratory activities, using speeches, themed evening parties, and the playing of Soviet revolutionary songs and films to tell people about the great achievements of the October Socialist Revolution. The Communist Party of Poland issued a statement, emphasizing the great historical significance of the October Revolution while also pointing out that the October Revolution is still regarded as a threat by global capitalism and is therefore slandered in new anti-communist historical versions, calling on communists worldwide to remember that the only effective method of opposing capitalism is to organize the working class.

外国共产党在本年度隆重纪念的两个事件，均与苏联社会主义发展直接相关。一是十月革命105周年。多国共产党以多种形式纪念这一人类历史上的伟大突破和关键时刻。印度共产党全国委员会书记处书记阿玛吉特·考尔在该党总部发表纪念讲话，并为列宁雕像敬献花环，指出即使在今天，十月革命仍然是全世界所有为摆脱剥削和压迫而斗争的人们的行动指针。奥地利劳动党及其青年阵线组织庆祝活动，通过发表演讲、主办主题晚会、播放苏联革命歌曲及电影等形式，向人们讲述十月社会主义革命的伟大成就。波兰共产党发表声明，强调十月革命的重大历史意义，同时也指出十月革命迄今仍然被全球资本主义视为威胁，因而在新的反共历史版本中遭到诽谤，呼吁世界共产党人牢记反对资本主义的唯一有效方法就是将工人阶级组织起来。

The second was the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Soviet Union. To commemorate this important date, Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, delivered a lengthy report at the party's Central Committee plenum in November 2022, summarizing the achievements of Soviet socialist construction from twelve aspects, deeply analyzing the reasons for Russia's current predicament, and issuing a call to the entire party and all Russian people to "strive for the victory of socialism." From December 5-6, the "Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties of Europe" organized an online commemorative meeting, with representatives from communist parties of many countries attending. In his speech, Dimitris Koutsoumpas, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece, highly evaluated the great contributions of Soviet socialism, pointing out that the dissolution of the Soviet Union has not changed the characteristics of the era, and the 21st century will surely be the century of a new upsurge in the world revolutionary movement and new social revolutions.

二是苏联成立100周年。为纪念这一重要日子，俄罗斯联邦共产党中央主席久加诺夫在2022年11月召开的该党中央全会上作长篇报告，从十二个方面总结苏联社会主义建设的成就，深入分析当前俄罗斯陷入困境的原因，并向全党、全体俄罗斯人民发出“争取社会主义胜利”的呼吁。12月5—6日，“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”组织网络纪念会议，多国共产党代表与会。希腊共产党总书记库楚巴斯在发言中高度评价苏联社会主义的巨大贡献，指出苏联解体并没有改变时代特征，21世纪必将是世界革命运动新高潮和新的社会革命的世纪。

In 2022, communist parties in many countries held activities to commemorate their founding. To celebrate its centenary, the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) carried out a series of activities including designing a centennial party emblem, launching the centennial slogan "A century of love and courage for Brazil," continuously publishing centennial news on its official website, publishing a poetry collection, filming a commemorative short film, and holding related photo exhibitions. The Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) organized a five-day party history seminar, followed by a commemorative statement, shouting the slogan "For people's power, towards socialism," emphasizing that only through revolutionary struggle can the injustices of capitalism be overcome and a society without exploitation be built.

2022年，多国共产党举办纪念建党活动。为庆祝建党百年，巴西共产党（PCdoB）开展了设计百年党标，推出“对巴西的百年热爱和勇气”的百年口号，在官网上连续发布建党百年新闻，出版诗集、拍摄纪念短片并进行相关图片展等系列活动。巴西的共产党（PCB）组织了为期5天的党史研讨会，并在随后发表纪念声明，高呼“为了人民政权，走向社会主义”的口号，强调只有进行革命斗争，才能克服资本主义的不公正，建设一个没有剥削的社会。

The Japanese Communist Party held a grand centennial celebration at its Tokyo headquarters on September 17, 2022, with分会场 [branch venues] set up across the country for online streaming. JCP Chairperson Kazuo Shii delivered a commemorative speech titled "On the 100-Year History and Program of the Japanese Communist Party," comprehensively summarizing the JCP's century-long development history, and calling on the JCP to continue to carry forward the spirit of indomitable perseverance, self-reliance, and unity to create a future full of hope.

日本共产党于2022 年9月17日在东京总部举行庆祝建党百年大会，并在各地设立分会场进行网络直播。日共委员长志位和夫发表题为《谈日本共产党的百年历史和纲领》的纪念演讲，全面总结了日共百年发展历史，呼吁日共继续发扬百折不挠、自强不息、团结一致的精神，创造一个充满希望的未来。

The New Communist Party of the Netherlands is the successor party to the once-glorious Communist Party of the Netherlands, having been re-established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and having traversed a 30-year development path. On November 4, 2022, the New Communist Party of the Netherlands held a theoretical seminar and celebration, releasing a party history booklet that comprehensively reviewed the over-century-long struggle from the Communist Party of the Netherlands to the New Communist Party, summarized the valuable experiences of the Dutch and international communist movements, mourned the deceased, paid tribute to heroes, and expressed the determination to struggle for a better future and for socialism and communism.

荷兰新共产党是曾拥有辉煌历史的荷兰共产党的继任党，因苏联解体而重新组建后已经走过30年发展历程。2022年11月4日，荷兰新共产党召开理论研讨会暨庆祝大会，发布党史小册子，全面回顾从荷兰共产党到新共产党百余年的斗争历程，总结荷兰及国际共产主义运动的宝贵经验，致哀逝者、致敬英雄，表达为美好未来以及社会主义和共产主义而斗争的决心。

In addition, communist parties in many countries carried out various activities to commemorate their own important leaders and revolutionary pioneers, such as the 100th anniversary of the birth of Italian Communist Party leader Enrico Berlinguer and the 80th anniversary of the death of early Spanish Communist Party activist Matilde Landa. At the same time, several important leaders of communist parties passed away this year, such as José María Sison, founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, which to some extent brought losses to the international communist movement. Among them, the death of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, attracted widespread attention and complex commentary. The evaluations by communist parties of various countries were mostly negative; for example, Zyuganov believed that Gorbachev's assumption of power was a great tragedy that buried the Soviet Union and led to the chaos of the current world security order.

此外，多国共产党开展了多种活动纪念本国重要领导人和革命先驱，如意大利共产党领导人贝林格诞辰100周年、西班牙共产党早期活动家马蒂尔德·兰达逝世80周年等。同时，还有多位共产党重要领导人在本年度逝世，如菲律宾共产党创始人何塞·马利亚·西松等，这在一定程度上给国际共产主义运动带来损失。其中，苏联最后一位领导人戈尔巴乔夫的去世引发广泛关注和复杂评说。而各国共产党对其评价负面居多，比如久加诺夫认为，戈尔巴乔夫执掌政权是一场巨大的悲剧，葬送了苏联，导致当今世界安全秩序的混乱。

Encountering Electoral Setbacks, Parliamentary Struggle Enters a Predicament

遭遇选举挫折议会斗争陷入困局

In 2022, problems became prominent for foreign communist parties in elections at various levels, with support rates declining to varying degrees, overall results being dismal, and facing a predicament in parliamentary struggle.

2022年，外国共产党在各层级选举中问题凸显，支持率呈现不同程度下滑，整体战绩惨淡，面临议会斗争困局。

In Europe, traditional major communist parties were deeply mired in the quagmire of parliamentary politics. In the Portuguese general election held in early 2022, the Unitary Democratic Coalition led by the Portuguese Communist Party received only 4.4% of the vote and 6 parliamentary seats, becoming the worst result in the PCP's history. Fifteen years after the party last fielded an independent presidential candidate, current National Secretary Fabien Roussel ran as the candidate of the French Communist Party in the French presidential election held in April 2022. Roussel proposed the campaign slogan "Happy Times" (Les Jours Heureux), rich in historical connotations, aiming to recreate the golden age of the PCF after World War II, but received only 2% of the vote in the first round. In the subsequent second round of the French National Assembly elections, the PCF participated in the broad left-wing alliance "New Ecological and Social People's Union" (NUPES) led by Jean-Luc Mélenchon, winning 12 seats, an increase of 2 seats compared to 2017. In September 2022, the fragmented Italian communist movement faced a new round of national parliamentary elections. In this election, Italy's three main communist forces belonged to different left-wing camps: the Communist Refoundation Party joined the "People's Union," the Italian Communist Party, affiliated with "Popular Unity," ran independently in some constituencies, and the Communist Party (Italy) joined the "Sovereign and Popular Italy" alliance. These electoral alliances and independent candidates performed poorly, with support rates mostly fluctuating between 1% and 1.5%, and failing to win any seats. In recent years, although relevant communist parties have made considerable efforts to bridge differences and strengthen cooperation, they have not achieved substantial progress. The split within the Italian communist movement is difficult to reverse in the short term, and opposition and mutual exclusion remain the main characteristics of the annual development of Italian communist parties.

在欧洲，传统共产主义大党深陷议会政治泥淖。在2022年初举行的葡萄牙大选中，葡萄牙共产党领导的“团结民主联盟”仅获得4.4%的支持率和6个议席，这也成为葡共有史以来的最差战绩。在距离上一次独立参选15年之后，现任全国书记法比恩·罗塞尔作为法国共产党的候选人参加了2022年4月举行的法国总统选举。罗塞尔提出了“幸福时光”这一具有丰富历史内涵的竞选口号，旨在重现二战后法共的黄金岁月，但在第一轮选举中仅获2%的支持率。在随后举行的法国国民议会第二轮选举中，法共参加了由梅朗雄领导的泛左翼联盟“生态和社会人民新联盟”，并获得12个议席，较2017年增加2个席位。2022年9月，四分五裂的意大利共产主义运动迎来新一轮全国议会选举。在此次选举中，意大利的三支主要共产主义力量分属不同左派阵营，其中意大利重建共产党加入“人民联盟”，归属“人民团结”的意大利共产党在部分选区以独立身份参选，共产党（意大利）则加入“主权和人民的意大利”联盟。这些选举联盟和独立选举成绩糟糕，支持率大多在1%—1.5%之间波动，且未能获得任何议席。近年来，尽管相关共产主义政党为弥合分歧、加强协作付出了诸多努力，但一直未能取得实质性进展，意大利共产主义运动的分裂态势在短期内难以扭转，对立与互斥仍然是意大利共产主义政党年度发展的主要特征。

In the Brazilian presidential election held in October 2022, the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) joined the "Brazil of Hope" coalition led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, while another communist organization, the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB), fielded economist Sofia Manzano as its presidential candidate, proposing a political platform with distinct anti-capitalist characteristics. In the simultaneous Chamber of Deputies elections, the PCdoB won 6 seats, a decrease of 4 seats compared to 2018. The PCdoB subsequently analyzed the election results and the challenges of expanding social integration, emphasizing the need for extensive debate in 2023 to deeply reflect on the changes in the world of labor and the profound impact of the capitalist crisis on social struggles.

在2022年10月举行的巴西总统选举中，巴西共产党加入卢拉领导的“巴西希望”联盟，而另一个共产党组织——巴西的共产党则推举经济学家索菲亚·曼萨诺作为该党总统候选人，并提出了具有鲜明反资本主义特征的政治纲领。在同时举行的众议院选举中，巴西共产党获得6个议席，较2018年减少4席。巴西共产党随后分析了选举结果及扩大社会融合面临的挑战，强调有必要在2023年进行广泛辩论，深入思考劳动世界的变化及资本主义危机对社会斗争带来的深远影响。

In addition, in July 2022, during the 26th House of Councillors election in the Japanese Diet, the Japanese Communist Party won 11 seats, a decrease of 2 seats compared to 2019. In the Czech municipal elections held in September 2022, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, which had suffered a major setback in the 2021 national elections, fell into a sustained decline, winning only 466 seats (previously holding over 1,000 seats). In the Russian regional elections held the same month, although the Communist Party of the Russian Federation saw some increase in votes and support at the state level, it mostly ranked behind United Russia, and performed poorly in city council elections, with declining support in multiple localities.

此外，2022年7月，在日本国会第26届参议院选举中，日本共产党获得11席，较2019年减少2席。在2022年9月举行的捷克市政选举中，2021年在全国大选中遭遇巨大挫折的捷克和摩拉维亚共产党陷入持续衰退，仅获得466个席位（此前拥有1000多个议席）。在同月举行的俄罗斯联邦地区选举中，俄罗斯联邦共产党在州一级的选票数和支持率虽然有所增加，但大都排在统一俄罗斯党之后，而在市议会选举中则表现不佳，在多地出现支持率下降现象。

By the end of 2022, Nepal’s communist parties unexpectedly succeeded in reuniting and returning to the governing stage, adding a bright spot to the otherwise bleak parliamentary performance of foreign communist parties that year. Since the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) parted ways at the end of 2020 and the communist parties lost their governing status, the overall strength of Nepal’s communist movement had been greatly weakened. In the November 2022 federal House of Representatives election, the Nepali Congress, CPN (UML), and CPN (Maoist Centre) won 89, 78, and 32 seats respectively, none reaching the threshold to govern alone. After extensive communication and negotiations, the CPN (Maoist Centre) and CPN (UML) set aside past differences and formed a new alliance, thereby securing the half-plus-one seats needed to govern. At the end of December, CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal became Nepal’s prime minister for the third time, and the communist-party-led coalition regained power. However, at present, the alliance between the two parties appears largely a temporary expedient for gaining power. The potential fragility of the coalition casts a shadow over the development prospects of Nepal’s communist movement.

时至2022年岁末，尼泊尔共产主义政党出人意料地再次成功实现联合并重登执政舞台，从而为本年度外国共产党惨淡的议会成绩增添了一抹亮色。自2020年末尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）和尼泊尔共产党（毛主义中心）分道扬镳、共产主义政党丧失执政地位以来，尼泊尔共产主义运动整体力量遭到极大削弱。在2022年11月的联邦议会众议院选举中，尼泊尔大会党、尼共（联合马列）和尼共（毛主义中心）分别获得89、78和32个议席，均未达到单独执政条件。经多方沟通和谈判，尼共（毛主义中心）与尼共（联合马列）摒弃前嫌，再次结成新联盟，从而确保了执政所需的半数议席。12月末，尼共（毛主义中心）主席普拉昌达第三次出任尼泊尔总理，共产主义政党主导的联盟重新掌握政权。但从目前看，两党联盟在很大程度上是基于争取执政的权宜之计。联盟潜在的脆弱性，给尼泊尔共产主义运动的发展前景蒙上了一层阴影。

Clarifying Development Thinking, Stepping onto a New Journey

明确发展思路迈步走向新征途

Party congresses were a keyword for foreign communist parties in 2022. Communist parties in many countries around the world held national congresses or central committee plenums, summing up their work at the current stage, analyzing and reflecting on existing problems, setting the tone for future development directions and goals, and determining action plans for the next phase.

党代会是2022年外国共产党发展的关键词。世界多国共产党召开了全国代表大会或中央全会，总结阶段性发展工作，分析和反思存在的问题，为未来发展方向和目标定调，确定下一阶段的行动计划。

2022 was the first year after the ruling communist parties in socialist countries held their national congresses. Each party successively convened central committee plenary sessions to implement the spirit of the national congress and plan key tasks for the new stage of development. The Communist Party of Vietnam held its 13th Central Committee’s 5th and 6th plenums, discussing important topics such as agricultural and rural development, the collective economy, Party building, and advancing national industrialization and modernization, building a socialist rule-of-law state, and reforming the Party’s leadership methods, committed to continuing to advance the overall goal of building a socialist rule-of-law state led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. The Communist Party of Cuba held the 4th and 5th plenums of its 8th Central Committee, prioritizing discussion of the economic situation, especially assessing the progress of updating the economic model, in order to cope with the worsening world economic difficulties exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the further intensified U.S. blockade against Cuba. The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party held the 4th and 5th plenums of its 11th Central Committee, directly confronting the challenges facing the economy and society, emphasizing the need to enhance social responsibility, pay attention to developments and changes in the international security situation, and avoid falling into international risks. The Workers’ Party of Korea held the 5th and 6th plenums of its 8th Central Committee, clarifying the main tone of continuing to strengthen national defense construction, reiterating that the right to self-defense is the right to safeguard national sovereignty, and that it must adhere to the “principle of struggle with strength against strength and frontal assault.”

2022年是社会主义国家执政的共产党召开全国代表大会后的第一个年头。各党陆续举行中央委员会全体会议，落实全国代表大会精神，谋划新阶段发展重点任务。越南共产党分别召开十三届五中和六中全会，讨论了农业农村发展、集体经济、党建以及推进国家工业化和现代化、建设社会主义法治国家、革新党的领导方式等重要议题，致力于继续推进建设由越南共产党领导的社会主义法治国家的总目标。古巴共产党召开八届四中和五中全会，优先讨论经济形势，尤其对经济模式更新情况进行了评估，以应对因新冠疫情而加剧的世界经济困境以及美国对古巴进一步强化的封锁。老挝人民革命党召开了十一届四中和五中全会，直面经济社会面临的挑战，强调要增强社会责任，关注国际安全形势发展变化，避免陷入国际风险。朝鲜劳动党召开了八届五中和六中全会，明确继续加强国防建设的主基调，重申自卫权就是维护国家的主权，必须坚持“以强对强、正面突击的斗争原则”。

In developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, the Colombian Communist Party, the Communist Party of India, and the Tudeh Party of Iran all held new party congresses. Other representative meetings were also held successively: From April 6 to 10, 2022, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) held its 23rd National Congress in Kannur, Kerala, with Sitaram Yechury re-elected as general secretary for the third consecutive term. In mid-July 2022, the South African Communist Party held its 15th National Congress; former deputy general secretary Solly Mapaila was elected general secretary, and Blade Nzimande, who had served as general secretary since 1998, was elected party chairperson. The congress adopted a political report titled “Let Us Build a Powerful Socialist Movement of Workers and the Poor,” proposing the goal of building the SACP into a vanguard of the working class fighting for socialism. From November 3 to 5, 2022, the Communist Party of Venezuela held its 16th National Congress. The congress re-elected Oscar Figuera as general secretary, further clarified the ideological direction of Marxism-Leninism, and committed to deepening the action line of worker alliances and broad unity of people’s movements, in order to enhance the party’s cohesion in future struggles. From December 16 to 18, 2022, the Communist Party of Mexico held its 7th National Congress, with the theme “For a Socialist Revolution: A Strong, Class-Based, and Internationalist Communist Party,” proposing to deepen criticism and confrontation with the current government and seek to strengthen its own forces to advance the urgent and necessary revolutionary transformation of Mexico.

在亚非拉发展中地区，孟加拉国共产党、哥伦比亚共产党、印度共产党、伊朗图德党等均召开了新一届党代会。还有其他具有代表性的会议也先后召开：2022年4月6—10日，印度共产党（马克思主义）在喀拉拉邦坎努尔召开第二十三次全国代表大会，西塔拉姆·亚丘里连续第三次当选党的总书记。2022年7月中旬，南非共产党召开第十五次全国代表大会，原副总书记索利·马派拉当选总书记，自1998年以来一直担任总书记的布莱德·恩齐曼迪当选党主席。大会通过了题为《让我们一起建立一个强大的工人和穷人的社会主义运动》的政治报告，提出了将南非共建设成为社会主义而斗争的工人阶级先锋队的奋斗目标。2022年11月3—5日，委内瑞拉共产党召开第十六次全国代表大会。大会再次选举奥斯卡·菲格拉担任总书记，进一步明确了马列主义思想方向，致力于深化工人联盟和人民运动广泛团结的行动路线，以增强该党在未来斗争中的凝聚力。2022年12月16—18日，墨西哥共产党召开了第七次党代会，大会以“为了社会主义革命：一个强大的、阶级的和国际主义的共产党”为主题，提出将深化对现政府的批评和对抗，寻求加强自身力量，以推进墨西哥迫切而必要的革命性变革。

In developed capitalist regions, from February 25 to 27, 2022, the Communist Party of Australia held its 14th National Congress, putting forward the slogan “Build the Party for a Socialist Future,” emphasizing the strategic role of the communist party in seizing power and constructing socialism. At this meeting, Andrew Owen was re-elected as the party’s general secretary, and Vinnie Molina was elected national chairperson. From June 11 to 12, 2022, the Communist Party of Finland held a party congress with the theme “For Class Struggle and Peace,” updating the party program based on new changes in Finland’s domestic and world situations, adopting amendments to the party constitution and political documents such as “The World Needs Peace, Peace Needs Builders”; retired senior medical official Liisa Taskinen was elected the new party chairperson. From July 8 to 10, 2022, the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of Spain was held in Madrid. The political document adopted by the congress analyzed the current characteristics of global capitalist development, as well as Spain’s position in the global capitalist system and the domestic class struggle situation, proposing for the first time the future goal of building a party of workers, feminists, and environmentalists. At this congress, Enrique Santiago was re-elected as general secretary, and Centella was re-elected as party chairperson. On November 12, 2022, the Portuguese Communist Party held a political meeting titled “Take Political Action, Strengthen the Party’s Forces, Respond to New Developments,” achieving a transition between old and new in the party’s top leadership position; Jerónimo de Sousa, who had served as general secretary for 18 years, stepped down, and 46-year-old Paulo Raimundo became the seventh general secretary in the PCP’s over-100-year history. In addition, the Communist Party of Denmark, the Communist Party of Norway, the New Communist Party of the Netherlands, the Labour Party of Austria, the Communist Party of Ireland, the Italian Communist Party, and the Communist Party of Canada also held national congresses.

在发达资本主义地区，2022年2月25—27日，澳大利亚共产党召开第十四次党代会，提出“为社会主义未来而建设党”的口号，强调共产党在夺取政权和构建社会主义中的战略作用。在这次会议上，安德鲁·欧文再次当选该党总书记，温尼·莫利纳当选该党全国主席。2022年6月11—12日，芬兰共产党召开了主题为“为了阶级斗争与和平”的党代会，基于芬兰国内和世界形势的新变化更新了党纲，通过了党章修正案和《世界需要和平，和平需要建设者》等政治文件，退休高级医疗官员丽莎·塔斯基宁当选新一任党主席。2022年7月8—10日，西班牙共产党第二十一次党代会在马德里召开。大会通过的政治文件分析了现阶段全球资本主义的发展特点，以及西班牙在全球资本主义体系中的地位和国内阶级斗争情况，首次提出建立一个劳动者的、女权主义、环保主义政党的未来目标。在这次大会上，恩里克·圣地亚哥再次当选总书记，森特利亚再次当选党主席。2022年11月12日，葡萄牙共产党召开题为“采取政治行动、加强党的力量、应对新的事态发展”的政治会议，实现了该党最高领导职位的新老交接，担任总书记18年之久的德索萨卸任，46岁的保罗·雷蒙多成为葡萄牙共产党100多年历史上第七任总书记。此外，丹麦共产党、挪威共产党、荷兰新共产党、奥地利劳动党、爱尔兰共产党、意大利共产党、加拿大共产党等也召开了全国代表大会。

The Party of the European Left, a regional organization uniting communist parties and other radical left forces, held its 7th Congress in Vienna, Austria, from December 9 to 11, 2022. More than 350 delegates from member parties across Europe and over 40 political parties from around the world attended. The congress was committed to building a social, ecological, democratic, and peaceful world, putting forward the slogan “Peace, Bread, and Roses,” calling for peace and disarmament, striving for decent living conditions, and fighting against discrimination and for a good life for all people. The congress elected Walter Baier, general coordinator of the “Transform! Europe” think tank and a member of the Communist Party of Austria, to succeed Heinz Bierbaum as the new chairperson of the Party of the European Left.

作为地区性共产党及其他激进左翼力量联合组织的欧洲左翼党，于2022年12月9—11日在奥地利维也纳召开了第七次党代会。来自欧洲各成员党及全球各地40多个政党的350余名代表与会。大会致力于构建一个社会、生态、民主与和平的世界，提出了“和平、面包和玫瑰”的口号，呼吁和平与裁军、争取体面的生活条件、为反对歧视和所有人的美好生活而斗争。大会选举“欧洲转型”智库总协调人、来自奥地利共产党的沃尔特·拜尔接替海因茨·比尔鲍姆出任欧洲左翼党的新任主席。

Striving to Seek Consensus, Internal Differences Hard to Bridge

努力寻求共识内部分歧难弥

In 2022, foreign communist parties actively strengthened their ties, promoting cooperation and common development through bilateral and multilateral exchanges and communication. In particular, the successful convening of numerous international conferences demonstrated the efforts of communist parties in various countries to seek the greatest possible consensus. For example, in June 2022, the "Roundtable of Mediterranean and European Left-wing Parties" was held in Brussels, where communist parties from multiple countries engaged in in-depth discussions on the regional situation under the background of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the necessity of unity and mutual support among left-wing parties. In North America, the Communist Party of the United States hosted the First International Anti-Imperialist Conference in September 2022. Through speeches and other activities, it organized communists from various countries to conduct in-depth analysis of the new developments of 21st-century imperialism and counter-strategies, elucidating the extreme importance of internationalism and solidarity. In South America, the Communist Party of Venezuela hosted the Third International Ideological Seminar, discussing topics such as the current capitalist crisis, the role of the proletariat, communist parties and social movements, and the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the global restructuring of power, thereby deepening and advancing the understanding and struggle over international ideological issues.

2022年，外国共产党积极加强联系，通过双边、多边交流和沟通推动合作与共同发展。尤其是诸多国际会议的成功召开，彰显了各国共产党为最大程度寻求共识而付出的努力。比如，2022年6月在布鲁塞尔举行“地中海和欧洲左翼政党圆桌会议”，多国共产党深入讨论了俄乌冲突背景下的地区局势及左翼政党团结和相互支持的必要性问题。在北美，美国共产党2022年9月主办了第一届国际反帝大会，通过演讲等活动形式，组织各国共产党人深入分析21世纪帝国主义的新发展及应对策略，阐释国际主义和团结的极端重要性。在南美，委内瑞拉共产党主办了第三届国际意识形态研讨会，围绕当前资本主义危机，无产阶级、共产党和社会运动的作用，俄乌冲突对全球权力重组的影响等议题进行了讨论，深化并推动了对国际意识形态问题的认识和斗争。

The International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, an important symbol of current international communist unity and cooperation, held its 22nd meeting in Havana, Cuba, in October 2022, after being suspended for several years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 145 delegates from 78 communist and workers' parties across 60 countries attended the meeting. The meeting reflected on how to strengthen the unity, solidarity and coordination of the world's communist and workers' parties, and exchanged views on the international situation and the problems faced by each party. The meeting issued a "Final Declaration," clarifying the action plan for the next stage, and called on communists to strengthen unity and defend peace, the environment, workers' rights, solidarity and socialism.

作为当前国际共产主义团结合作重要标志的共产党工人党国际会议，在因新冠疫情而暂停举办多年之后，于2022年10月在古巴哈瓦那举行了第二十二次会议。来自60个国家、78个共产主义和工人党的145名代表出席会议。会议就如何加强世界共产党工人党的统一、团结和协调进行了反思，就国际形势及各党面临的问题交换意见。会议发表了《最后宣言》，明确了下一阶段的行动计划，号召共产党人加强团结，捍卫和平、环境、工人权利、团结和社会主义。

At the same time, however, divergences among foreign communist parties on some major theoretical and practical issues have become increasingly clear. In 2022, two relatively concentrated debates occurred among foreign communist parties. The first revolved around important issues such as ideology, unity and cooperation. At the beginning of the year, the Communist Party of Greece published an article titled "Ideological-Political Struggle in the International Communist Movement" in its party newspaper *Rizospastis*, openly naming and criticizing some communist parties and left-wing forces, proposing that the international communist movement should be revolutionarily reorganized on the basis of Marxism-Leninism. In response, the Hungarian Workers' Party issued an open letter in reply, emphasizing that Marxism is not a dogma, and that defending Marxism is not the patent of any single party or faction, but the responsibility of all communists. Communist parties in various countries must creatively apply and develop Marxism based on the actual conditions of the current situation, unite all anti-capitalist forces, draw lessons and continuously learn from new experiences, in order to gain the strength to move forward.

但与此同时，外国共产党在一些重大理论和实践问题上的分歧也越来越清晰地表现出来。2022年，外国共产党之间发生了两次较为集中的争论：一次是围绕意识形态、团结合作等重要问题。年初，希腊共产党在党报《激进者报》刊发《国际共产主义运动中的意识形态——政治斗争》一文，公开点名批评一些共产党和左翼力量，提出应以马列主义为基础对国际共运进行革命性重组。对此，匈牙利工人党发表公开信进行回应，强调马克思主义不是教条，捍卫马克思主义并非一党一派的专利，而是所有共产党人的责任。各国共产党需从当前实际情况出发，创造性地运用和发展马克思主义，将一切反资本主义力量团结起来，汲取教训并不断学习新的经验，才能获得继续前行的力量。

The other debate centered on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Over a period of time, foreign communist parties have formed two different positions and propositions on this issue. One view is that, during the 22nd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, a joint statement initiated by the Russian Workers' Communist Party and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and co-signed by 23 communist and workers' parties, condemned the United States and NATO for resorting to provocation and conflict, pointing out that their aim is to establish US world hegemony in the 21st century, and called on communist and workers' parties of all countries to unite against the fascism, anti-Sovietism and Russophobic policies of the EU and NATO. The other view is that, in July 2022, the communist parties of Greece, Spain, Mexico and Turkey held a meeting to focus on the Russia-Ukraine issue. During the 22nd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, the Communist Party of Greece, together with several other communist parties, jointly signed a resolution, publicly stating that this is an imperialist war, criticizing the United States, the EU, NATO and all parties involved in the war, and proposing that the task of communists is to end capitalism, and that only by ending capitalism can wars be ended. These two debates are a concentrated manifestation of the different positions and tendencies of foreign communist parties in recent years, reflecting the expanding trend of internal contradictions within the international communist movement.

另一次则是围绕俄乌冲突展开。一段时期以来，外国共产党在这个问题上形成了两种不同的立场和主张。一种观点是，在第二十二次共产党工人党国际会议期间，由俄罗斯工人共产党和俄罗斯联邦共产党发起、23个共产党工人党共同发表联合声明，谴责美国和北约诉诸挑衅和冲突，指出其目的是在21世纪建立美国的世界霸权，呼吁各国共产党工人党团结起来反对欧盟和北约的法西斯主义、反苏主义和仇俄政策。另一种观点是，在2022年7月，希腊、西班牙、墨西哥、土耳其等4国共产党举行会议集中讨论俄乌问题，在第二十二次共产党工人党国际会议期间，希腊共产党又联合多个共产党共同签署了一份决议，公开表态认为这是一场帝国主义战争，批评美国、欧盟、北约及参战各方，提出共产党人的任务是终结资本主义，而只有终结资本主义才能终结战争。这两场争论是近年来外国共产党不同立场倾向的集中呈现，反映了国际共产主义运动内部矛盾的扩大化态势。

Striving for Peace and Progress, Defending Social Fairness and Justice

争取和平与进步捍卫社会公平正义

In 2022, foreign communist parties continued their unremitting efforts to oppose hegemonism, maintain peace, defend social fairness and justice, and forge ahead courageously on the road of promoting human development and progress. Representative actions include the following aspects.

2022年，外国共产党继续坚持不懈反对霸权主义，维护和平，捍卫社会公平正义，勇毅奋进于推动人类发展与进步的道路上。具有代表性的行动包括以下几个方面。

First, organizing and leading various forms of activities to protest against the United States and NATO for provoking and continuously escalating the Russia-Ukraine conflict. For example, during the NATO summit from June 24 to 26, 2022, communists from multiple countries participated in a peace summit held in Madrid, analyzing NATO's threat to global peace and security and seeking alternatives based on peace, non-violence and global justice.

一是组织和领导多种形式活动，抗议美国和北约挑起并不断激化俄乌冲突。比如，在2022年6月24—26日北约峰会期间，多国共产党人参加在马德里举行的和平峰会，分析北约对全球和平与安全的威胁，寻求基于和平、非暴力和全球正义的替代方案。

Second, organizing and carrying out struggles to defend the interests of the working people. For instance, in response to the worsening living conditions of the people caused by the energy and economic crises exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict, communist party organizations in several European countries led protest actions, opposing the EU's "green" transition plans, and calling for lowering energy, fuel and food prices, as well as abolishing anti-people taxes to alleviate the burden on workers.

二是组织开展捍卫劳动人民利益的斗争。比如，针对因俄乌冲突不断加剧能源和经济危机而导致民众生活恶化，多个欧洲共产党组织领导抗议行动，反对欧盟的“绿色”转型计划，呼吁降低能源、燃料和食品价格以及废除反人民的税收来减轻工人的负担。

Third, vigorously resisting the anti-communist persecution actions of the ruling authorities in some countries. For example, communist parties from multiple countries issued statements condemning the US blockade of Cuba, which has lasted for 60 years. The German Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), after erecting the first Lenin statue in the German city of Gelsenkirchen in 2020, erected a Marx statue next to the Lenin statue in August 2022, to protest the dismantling of Soviet-era monuments in the Baltic states.

三是大力抵制一些国家执政当局的反共迫害行径。比如多国共产党发表声明，谴责美国对古巴长达60年的封锁。德国共产党（马列）继2020年在德国小城盖尔森基兴首次竖立起列宁雕像后，又于2022年8月在列宁雕像旁边竖起马克思雕像，以对波罗的海沿岸国家拆除苏联时期纪念碑表达抗议。

Fourth, actively voicing support for defending the basic rights and interests of women. For instance, after the US Supreme Court ruled to overturn *Roe v. Wade*, the Communist Party of the United States issued a statement criticizing the human rights situation in the United States, calling on people to "organize in communities, unions, schools and workplaces" to build a more broadly inclusive and militant movement to defend women's right to abortion, among other things.

四是积极发声维护女性基本权益。比如，在美国最高法院裁决推翻罗诉韦德案后，美国共产党发表声明，抨击美国人权状况，号召人们“在社区、工会、学校和工作场所组织起来”，建立一个更具广泛包容性、战斗性的运动，捍卫女性堕胎权，等等。

Conclusion

结语

In 2022, foreign communist parties began to enter a new development cycle. This year, communist parties in various countries actively engaged in offline contacts, increased the frequency of exchanges, and returned more to traditional forms of activity. Their struggle objectives were concentrated, and their action directions were clear, prominently reflecting the distinctive characteristics of communist parties. Currently, the phased trend characteristics of foreign communist parties advancing in the low tide, surviving in the cracks, and seeking development in adversity remain significant, and long-standing internal contradictions have become more prominent. In particular, fundamental divergences in positions and viewpoints on major theoretical and practical issues have become an endogenous obstacle to strengthening unity and cooperation among communist parties in various countries, greatly constraining the pace of development and progress of the world's communist and workers' parties. Clearly, only by mutually respecting each other, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and striving to find the "greatest common divisor" [4]4 The "greatest common divisor" (最大公约数) is a mathematical term used metaphorically in Chinese political discourse to refer to the broadest possible consensus or common ground that can be reached among different parties or groups. can communist parties in various countries bridge their differences to the greatest extent, promote collaboration, and open up a brighter prospect for the revitalization of world socialism. (Notes omitted)

2022年，外国共产党开始步入一个新的发展周期。本年度各国共产党积极开展线下联系，提高交流频率，更多回归传统活动形式；斗争目标集中，行动指向明确，突出体现了共产主义政党的鲜明特质。当前，外国共产党在低潮中奋进、在夹缝中求生存、在逆境中求发展的阶段性趋势特征依然显著，且长期存在的内部矛盾愈加凸显出来。尤其是在重大理论和实践问题上立场观点的根本性分歧，成为各国共产党加强团结与合作的内生性阻碍，极大制约着世界共产党工人党发展前进的步伐。显然，各国共产党唯有相互尊重、求同存异，努力寻求“最大公约数”，才能最大程度地弥合分歧、推动协作，为世界社会主义走向振兴开辟更加光明的前景。（注释略）

(The author is a professor at the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a researcher at the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院大学教授，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员）

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑