The Centennial Development, Propositions, and Challenges of the Communist Party of Australia

In recent years, the international political and economic landscape has undergone accelerated transformation. The world is facing changes unseen in a century, and the trend of international power shifting from the West to the East has further developed, with Western countries’ anxiety about and hostility toward China increasingly intensifying. Against the backdrop of rising anti-China sentiment in Australia, the Communist Party of Australia (hereinafter referred to as the CPA) has adhered to a friendly stance toward China, sharply criticizing the anti-China actions of the Australian authorities, and has made important contributions to guiding the Australian people to correctly understand and view the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In 2022, the CPA convened its 14th National Congress, with the slogan “Building a Party for a Socialist Future.” This congress was the first national congress held after the CPA embarked on a new centennial journey. Taking this as an opportunity to study the CPA’s centennial development, theoretical policy propositions, and practical challenges helps us understand the CPA’s trajectory of exploring socialism amid fluctuating historical circumstances, gain a more comprehensive grasp of the current state of the world socialist movement, and further unite progressive forces within Western countries to promote the construction of a Chinese-characteristic discourse system that leads the transformation of the times.

近年来，国际政治经济格局加速变革，世界正面临百年未有之大变局，国际力量“东升西降”的态势进一步发展，西方国家对华焦虑与反华意愿日益增强。在澳大利亚国内反华情绪高涨的背景下，澳大利亚共产党(简称“澳共”)坚持对华友好，对澳大利亚当局的反华行径进行了尖锐批判，为引导澳大利亚民众正确认识和看待中国特色社会主义发展作出了重要贡献。2022年，澳共召开第十四次全国代表大会，大会口号是“建设面向社会主义未来的党”,此次大会是澳共迈上新的百年征程后召开的第一次全国代表大会，以此为契机，研究澳共百年发展历程、理论政策主张及面临的现实挑战，有助于我们了解澳共在起伏不定的历史境遇中探索社会主义的发展轨迹，更全面地把握世界社会主义运动的发展现状，也有助于我们进一步团结西方国家内部的进步力量，推动建构引领时代变革的中国特色话语体系。

I. The CPA’s Centennial Organizational Changes and New Developments

一、澳共百年组织变迁及新发展

The October Revolution opened a new era for the world proletarian revolution and also spurred the birth of the CPA. As a century-old party, the CPA has undergone a series of severe tests, including splits, reorganizations, dissolution, and reconstruction. In recent years, the CPA has conducted new explorations based on its own development conditions and national realities, and the trend of party decline has been somewhat curbed.

十月革命开启了世界无产阶级革命的新时代，也推动了澳共的诞生。作为一个百年老党，澳共经历了分裂、重组、解散与重建等一系列艰难考验。近年来，澳共立足自身发展状况与本国实际进行了新的探索，党势衰退趋势有所遏制。

(I) 1920 to 1945: Growth and Development Amid Difficult and Tortuous Struggles

(一)1920至1945年：在艰难曲折的斗争中发展壮大

The CPA was founded on October 30, 1920, with 26 founding members, primarily including trade union activists who had lost faith in the Australian Labor Party, members of socialist organizations (including the Socialist Party of Australia and the Victorian Socialist Party), and some members of the Industrial Workers of the World. After its establishment, the CPA actively participated in mass demonstrations and workers’ strikes, gradually entering a phase of rapid development against the backdrop of the flourishing international communist movement.

澳共成立于1920年10月30日,创始成员共26人,主要包括对澳大利亚工党不再抱有幻想的工会积极分子、社会主义组织(包括澳大利亚社会党与维多利亚社会党)以及世界产业工人联合会的部分成员。澳共在成立之后便积极参与群众示威和工人罢工,在国际共产主义运动蓬勃发展的大背景下逐渐迎来了快速发展的阶段。

In June 1921, the Third Congress of the Communist International was held in Moscow, and the CPA sent representatives to attend. In 1922, the CPA officially became a branch of the Communist International. In 1925, the CPA established its first industrial party branch at the steelworks and railway station in Lithgow, which subsequently grew rapidly. That same year, the CPA participated in the New South Wales state parliamentary elections but achieved little, with Jock Garden, the political secretary of the CPA Central Executive Committee, receiving only 300 votes. The electoral setback and the onset of a brief period of capitalist prosperity led to the emergence of tendencies such as liquidationism and reformism within the party, intensifying internal struggles. In 1930, the Communist International sent Herbert Moore (a pseudonym; original name Harry Wicks), a founding member of the Communist Party USA and a Comintern representative, to help the CPA resolve its internal issues, promoting the Bolshevization of the CPA. This included deep organizational reforms within the party and support for purging leaders and members who had committed serious right-opportunist errors and deviated from Marxism-Leninism through internal struggles. As a result, the CPA produced a new leadership collective with Jack Miles as General Secretary and Lance Sharkey as Chairman.

1921年6月，共产国际三大在莫斯科召开，澳共派代表参加了这次会议。1922年，澳共正式成为了共产国际的一个支部。1925年，澳共在利斯戈的钢铁厂与火车站建立了第一个工业党支部，此后该支部快速发展壮大。同年，澳共参加新南威尔士州议会选举，但收效甚微，澳共中央执行委员会政治书记乔克·迦登仅获得300票。选举上的挫败与资本主义短暂繁荣发展期的到来导致党内开始出现取消主义、改良主义等倾向，党内斗争日趋激烈。1930年，共产国际派出美国共产党创始成员、共产国际代表赫伯特·摩尔(化名，原名哈里·威克斯)帮助澳共解决内部问题，推动了澳共的布尔什维克化。其主要内容包括对党进行深入的组织改革，支持党员在内部斗争中清除犯有严重右倾机会主义错误、背离马克思列宁主义的领导层和党员。受此影响，澳共产生了以杰克·迈尔斯为总书记和以兰斯·夏基为主席的新一届领导集体。

Under the leadership of the new Central Committee, the CPA made new progress in various tasks, and in the October 1930 New South Wales state parliamentary elections, it received approximately 19,000 votes. In April 1931, the CPA convened its 10th Congress, dividing the party’s state-level organizations into eight districts and establishing a large number of grassroots party organizations based on factories and streets. In 1933, a ninth district, North Queensland, was added. Between 1929 and 1940, the most prolonged and severe economic crisis in the history of capitalism dealt a heavy blow to the Australian economy. The CPA seized the opportunity, promoting the establishment of numerous trade unions in the struggle to defend the economic rights and interests of the working class, establishing a large number of grassroots party organizations in coal mining areas, leading several large-scale workers’ strikes, and raising slogans against war and fascism, thereby enhancing its influence and appeal among the working class and progressives. At the same time, CPA membership grew rapidly, increasing from about 300 members to over 5,000 in 1932 and 10,000 in 1940.

在新一届中央委员会的领导下，澳共各项工作取得新进展，并在1930年10月举行的新南威尔士州议会选举中获得了约1.9万张选票。1931年4月，澳共召开第十次代表大会，将党的各州级组织分为八个区，并以工厂和街道为单位设立了大量基层党组织，1933年又增加了第九个北昆士兰区。1929年至1940年间，资本主义经济史上最持久、最严重的经济危机给澳大利亚经济造成沉重打击，澳共顺势而为，在维护工人阶级经济权益的斗争中推动建立了众多工会，并在煤矿区建立了大量基层党组织，领导了多次较大规模的工人罢工，提出了反战反法西斯的口号，从而提升了其在工人阶级和进步人士中的影响力与号召力。与此同时，澳共党员人数也呈现出快速增长的态势，党员人数从约300名增加到1932年的5000多名和1940年的1万名。

In June 1940, the Robert Menzies government declared the CPA an illegal organization, subjecting it to political persecution and even arbitrarily arresting some CPA members. The CPA persisted in struggle amid hardship, tempering its party ranks. In October 1941, John Curtin of the left-leaning Australian Labor Party came to power and lifted the ban on the CPA. In 1943, the CPA and the New South Wales Labor Party reached a united front agreement, formally merging in January 1944, with CPA membership reaching its historical peak of 23,000. That same year, CPA candidate Fred Paterson was elected to the Queensland state parliament, becoming the first CPA member to become a state parliamentarian since the party’s founding.

1940年6月，罗伯特·孟席斯政府宣布澳共为非法团体，对澳共进行了政治迫害，甚至无故逮捕部分澳共党员，澳共在磨难中坚持斗争，锤炼了党的队伍。1941年10月，左翼政党澳大利亚工党的约翰·柯廷上台执政，解除了对澳共的禁令。1943年，澳共和新南威尔士州工党达成统一战线协议，于1944年1月正式合并，澳共党员人数达到历史的最高峰2.3万。同年，澳共候选人弗雷德·帕特森当选澳大利亚昆士兰州议会议员,这是自澳共建党以来首位成为州议会议员的党员。

(II) 1946 to 1990: Decline and Dissolution Under the Interwoven Influence of Internal and External Factors

(二)1946至1990年：在内外因素的交织影响下走向式微与解散

After World War II, the rivalry between the two systems and two ideologies intensified. Right-wing forces rose in Australia, while left-wing forces were gradually suppressed. Under the influence of events such as the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [1]1 The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, held in 1956, featured Nikita Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech” denouncing Stalin’s cult of personality and certain policies, which caused ideological shockwaves and splits within many communist parties worldwide., the CPA frequently fell into organizational splits, gradually becoming marginalized.

第二次世界大战以后，两种制度、两种意识形态的较量趋向激烈化，澳大利亚国内右翼势力崛起，左翼力量逐渐受到压制。澳共在苏共二十大等事件的影响下频频陷入组织分裂的困境，不断走向边缘化。

In 1949, Robert Menzies, leader of the right-wing Liberal Party, returned to power and continued his reactionary policy of persecuting the CPA. On April 27, 1950, Menzies introduced the Communist Party Dissolution Bill to the House of Representatives, which was passed by the Senate on October 19 of the same year. However, through fierce struggle and unremitting efforts by communists and the working class, the High Court ultimately rejected the bill on March 9, 1951. Thereafter, the CPA’s influence increased somewhat, with its performance in various national elections continuously achieving breakthroughs. The CPA’s vote share in the New South Wales state parliamentary elections rose rapidly from 14,213 votes (0.88%) in 1950 to 35,779 votes (2.11%) in 1956, and its vote share in the Senate elections also grew from 93,561 votes (2.11%) in 1951 to 161,869 votes (3.64%) in 1955.

1949年右翼政党自由党领袖罗伯特·孟席斯再次上台执政，继续采取了迫害澳共的反动政策。1950年4月27日，孟席斯向众议院提出《解散共产党法案》,同年10月19日在参议院通过，但经过共产党员和工人阶级的激烈斗争与不懈努力，高等法院最终于1951年3月9日否决了这一法案。此后，澳共影响力有所上升，在全国各类选举中的成绩不断取得突破。澳共在新南威尔士州议院选举中所得票数从1950年的14213票(占比0.88%)快速攀升至1956年的35779票(占比2.11%),在参议院选举中的所得票数也从1951年的93561票(占比2.11%)增长至1955年的161869票(占比3.64%)。

In the 1950s and 1960s, a series of events such as the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the Poznań and Hungarian incidents, and the Sino-Soviet debate dealt a heavy blow to the international communist movement and brought an almost devastating impact on the CPA. In February 1956, the 20th Congress of the CPSU was convened, and Khrushchev delivered a secret report to the delegates titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences." Subsequently, the Poznań incident and the Hungarian incident erupted, leading to serious divisions within the CPA over related issues, with many party members choosing to leave the party. In the 1960s, a major debate broke out between China and the Soviet Union. The Sino-Soviet split directly caused a split in the world socialist camp, and the CPA also experienced severe opposition of views on this issue. The CPA leadership adopted a stance supporting the CPSU and severed relations with the Communist Party of China in 1963. On November 11 of the same year, some party members led by Ted Hill issued a statement supporting the stance of the Communist Party of China and established the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist) on March 15, 1964. On June 9, 1965, Laurie Aarons, Secretary of the Secretariat and Vice-Chairman of the CPA Central Committee, became the party's General Secretary. In 1966, the CPA began to criticize the Soviet Union. With the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, voices criticizing the Soviet Union grew louder, causing strong dissatisfaction among the pro-Soviet faction within the party. Divergences emerged within the party, and eventually the pro-Soviet faction was purged. During this period, with the split of the CPA, party membership sharply declined to around 5,000, and the CPA's vote count in Senate elections plummeted from 161,869 votes (3.64%) in 1955 to 20,648 votes (0.37%) in 1967.

20世纪五六十年代，苏共二十大、波匈事件、中苏论战等一系列事件的爆发给国际共产主义运动带来沉重打击，也给澳共带来了近乎毁灭性的影响。1956年2月，苏共二十大召开，赫鲁晓夫向代表作了《个人崇拜及其后果》的秘密报告，随后又爆发了波兹南事件和匈牙利事件，澳共内部围绕相关议题出现严重分歧，不少党员选择退党。20世纪60年代，中国与苏联爆发了一场大论战，中苏分裂直接导致了世界社会主义阵营出现分裂，澳共内部就这一问题也出现了严重的观点对立。澳共领导层采取了支持苏共的立场，并于1963年与中国共产党中断了关系。同年11月11日，以泰德·希尔为首的部分党员发表声明支持中国共产党的立场，并于1964年3月15日建立了澳大利亚共产党(马列)。1965年6月9日，澳共中央书记处书记、副主席劳里·阿伦斯成为党的总书记。1966年澳共开始对苏联提出批评，随着1968年苏联出兵捷克斯洛伐克，批评苏联的声音日益高涨，党内的亲苏派对此表示强烈不满，党内出现分歧，最终亲苏派被清除出党。这一时期，随着澳共的分裂，澳共党员人数大幅衰减至5000人左右,澳共在参议院选举中的所得票数也从1955年的161869票(占比3.64%)直接跌至1967年的20648票(占比0.37%)。

In the 1970s and 1980s, erroneous ideological trends proliferated within the CPA, divergences further intensified, and the decline became irreversible. In 1970, the CPA convened its 22nd National Congress, abolishing the guiding position of Marxism-Leninism in the ideological sphere. In 1971, the CPA split again, with the establishment of the Socialist Party of Australia (SPA) under General Secretary Peter Symon. By 1972, CPA membership had dwindled to only 2,500. In the early 1980s, serious divergences emerged within the CPA over issues such as the party's name, the relationship between the Communist Party and the Labor Party, and the direction of party reform, triggering a wave of resignations in April 1984. In November 1984, the CPA convened its 28th National Congress in Sydney, proposing the idea of forming a "New Left Party." The impact of the upheavals in Eastern Europe in 1989 spread rapidly within the socialist camp. In December of that year, the CPA convened its 30th Special Congress, deciding to gradually cease political activities and accelerate the establishment of a new left-wing party. In July 1990, the New Left Party was established, and the CPA moved toward dissolution.

20世纪七八十年代，澳共党内错误思潮泛滥，分歧进一步加剧，颓势难以逆转。1970年，澳共召开第二十二次代表大会，取消了马克思列宁主义在意识形态领域的指导地位。1971年，澳共再次发生分裂，以彼得·西蒙为总书记的澳大利亚社会主义党(SPA)建立。1972年，澳共党员人数仅剩2500名。20世纪80年代初期，澳共内部在党的名称、共产党与工党的关系、党的改革方向等问题上出现严重分歧，并于1984年4月引发了退党高潮。1984年11月，澳共在悉尼召开第二十八次全国代表大会，提出了组建“新左翼党”的设想。1989年东欧剧变的影响在社会主义阵营中飞速扩散，该年12月澳共召开第三十次特别代表大会，决定逐步停止党的政治活动，加快筹建新左翼党。1990年7月，新左翼党成立，澳共走向解散。

(3) From 1991 to 2019: Achieving Rebuilding and Beginning New Explorations

(三)1991年至2019年：实现重建并开始新的探索

As the world socialist movement entered a low ebb, the Socialist Party of Australia, which had split from the CPA, adhered unwaveringly to the guiding position of Marxism-Leninism, resolved to learn from historical lessons, and continued to strive for socialism. In October 1996, the Socialist Party of Australia convened its 8th National Congress, passing a resolution to change the party's name to the Communist Party of Australia, thereby achieving the CPA's rebuilding. The rebuilt CPA insisted on putting the people first, advocated for a broad people's movement centered on the working class, and committed itself to eliminating social ills brought by the capitalist system, such as unemployment, poverty, and injustice. The rebuilt CPA actively participated in elections. In 1998 and 2001, CPA candidate Michael Perth contested the seat for the Port Adelaide electorate, receiving about 1% of the vote. In 2010, Bob Briton contested the single-member seat of "Lee" in South Australia, receiving 2.9% of the vote. In the same year, the CPA participated in elections for both houses of parliament, winning 0.83% of the House of Representatives vote and 0.17% of the Senate vote. In 2012, the CPA won one seat on the Auburn City Council in the New South Wales local elections. At the same time, the CPA actively engaged in inter-party exchanges with fraternal parties, including the Communist Party of China, and actively participated in international conferences and joint actions, significantly enhancing its influence and visibility.

在世界社会主义运动步入低潮之际，从澳共分裂出去的澳大利亚社会主义党坚持马克思列宁主义指导地位不动摇，决心吸取历史教训，继续为实现社会主义而奋斗。1996年10月，澳大利亚社会主义党召开了第八次全国代表大会，通过决议将党的名称改为澳大利亚共产党，实现了澳共的重建。重建后的澳共坚持把人民放在首位，主张开展以工人阶级为核心的广泛的人民运动，致力于消除失业、贫困、不公正等资本主义体制带来的社会顽疾。重建后的澳共积极参与选举，1998年和2001年，澳共候选人迈克尔·珀斯参与争夺阿德莱德港选区的席位，获得约1%的选票。2010年，鲍勃·布里顿参与竞争南澳大利亚州单一选区“李”(Lee)的席位，获得了2.9%的选票,同年澳共参加参众两院选举，获得0.83%的众议院得票和0.17%的参议院得票。2012年，澳共在新南威尔士州地方选举中赢得奥本市议会的1个席位。与此同时，澳共还积极与包括中国共产党在内的兄弟党开展党际交流，积极参与国际性会议与联合行动，影响力与知名度显著提升。

In 2019, the CPA split. General Secretary Bob Briton suddenly resigned and, on June 28, formed the "Communist Party of Australia" (ACP) with some party members. The "Communist Party of Australia" re-established by Bob Briton after his resignation gradually deviated from the principles of proletarian internationalism, denied and slandered socialism with Chinese characteristics, and misguided the Chinese perception of the Australian working class. The split in 2019 can be said to be the greatest difficulty the CPA has faced since its rebuilding. The COVID-19 pandemic followed in quick succession, and the CPA's new General Secretary Andrew Owen and Chair Vinny Molina faced unprecedented opportunities and challenges.

2019年，澳共发生分裂，总书记鲍勃·布里顿突然辞职，并在6月28日与部分党员组建了“澳大利亚的共产党”(ACP)。鲍勃·布里顿在辞职后重新创建的“澳大利亚的共产党”逐渐背离了无产阶级国际主义原则，对中国特色社会主义进行了否定与污蔑，错误地引导了澳大利亚工人阶级的对华认知。2019年的分裂可以说是澳共重建以来面临的最大困难，新冠疫情接踵而至，澳共新任总书记安德鲁·欧文和主席维尼·莫利纳面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。

(4) From 2020 to the Present: New Developments Since the COVID-19 Pandemic

(四)2020年至今：新冠肺炎疫情以来的新发展

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the new CPA central leadership drew lessons from the split, began to focus on strengthening Party building, seized the opportunity to timely adjust their struggle strategies, and achieved new development.

新冠疫情暴发以后，新任澳共中央领导集体吸取分裂教训，开始着重加强党的建设，并抓住机遇适时转变斗争策略，实现了新的发展。

On the one hand, the CPA, based on the rights and interests of the masses, used newspapers and social media to call on the government to ensure workers' safety and well-being, provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment, guarantee workers' normal income during illness, abolish the waiting period for unemployment benefits, and take over private hospitals for public use. At the same time, in response to the survival difficulties faced by the working class, the CPA called on and mobilized workers to petition the government, demanding that companies providing basic services such as energy, water, and communications offer support to those affected by the pandemic. On the other hand, the CPA took advantage of the opportunity presented by the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the lives of the Australian people, mobilizing all party members to promote on social media that socialism is the only choice, while also calling on all party members, workers, and left-wing progressives to participate in May Day rallies and protest activities to fight for workers' health and rights. Additionally, the CPA organized rallies such as the New South Wales anti-AUKUS [2]2 AUKUS is a trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced in September 2021, focused on nuclear-powered submarine technology and other defense capabilities. rally and the Perth rally for the rights of aged care workers. The CPA also actively participated in international joint actions, jointly issuing a series of statements with foreign communist party organizations on issues such as abolishing vaccine patents, providing free health services, and ending the blockade against Cuba. The CPA's propositions and actions won support from workers, with many workers participating in the 2020 online celebrations and the car parade in Fremantle, and the CPA's organizational strength was also strengthened.

澳共一方面立足群众权益，通过报纸与社交媒体呼吁政府确保工人安全和福祉，为工人提供适当的个人防护用品、保障工人患病期间的正常收入、取消失业救济金的等待期和政府接管私立医院供公众使用等。同时，针对工人阶级面临的生存困境，澳共呼吁并发动工人群众向政府请愿，要求提供能源、水、通讯等基本服务的公司为受疫情影响的人们提供支持。另一方面，澳共借助新冠疫情影响澳大利亚民众生活的契机，发动全体党员在社交媒体上宣传社会主义是唯一选择，同时呼吁所有党员、工人、左翼进步人士参加五一劳动节集会与抗议活动，为工人的健康和权利而战。另外，澳共还组织了新南威尔士州反美英澳三边安全伙伴关系协议(AUKUS)集会、珀斯争取老年护理工作者权益集会等活动。澳共还积极参与国际联合行动，就废除疫苗专利、提供免费卫生服务、停止对古巴封锁等议题与国外共产党组织联合发表了一系列声明。澳共的主张与行动得到了工人群众的支持，不少工人参加了2020年的在线庆祝活动和弗里曼特尔的汽车游行，澳共组织力量也得到了强化。

The 14th National Congress of the CPA was originally scheduled for October 2021 but, due to the impact of the pandemic, was ultimately held online from 25 to 27 February 2022. This congress convened against the backdrop of the pandemic’s sustained heavy blow to Australian society and the Australian government’s frenzied promotion of anti-China policies. The congress’s slogan was “Build the Party for a Socialist Future,” and Party building formally became the CPA’s “top priority for the next period.” The congress adopted a political resolution that analysed events since the CPA’s 13th Congress—including bushfires, the COVID-19 pandemic, floods, the AUKUS trilateral security partnership agreement, and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)—and concluded that these events demonstrated the failure of capitalism and the necessity of socialism, while environmental destruction and climate change had become urgent tasks for the people, especially communists, to address. The congress also adopted a number of special resolutions and specific resolutions guiding the Party’s work, including the “Resolution on Establishing the CPA Central Media Committee,” the “Resolution on Convening a National Organisational Meeting,” the “Resolution on Building a National Standardised Education Programme,” the “Resolution on Calling for an End to the Great Australian Shutdown,” the “Resolution on the Situation in Ukraine,” the “Resolution on the AUKUS Trilateral Security Partnership Agreement,” and the “Resolution on Cuba.” These resolutions reflected the CPA’s determination to strengthen Party building and reshape itself as a working-class party, while also embodying the CPA’s opposition to US imperialism and its internationalist spirit of supporting fraternal parties. On the occasion of the CPA’s 14th Congress, the CPA also led the establishment of a Logistics and Manufacturing Branch, further strengthening its organisational forces. As of now, the CPA has branches in six states and two territories, including New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. New South Wales is both the seat of the CPA Central Committee and the region with the highest density of branches, with a total of eight branches, including the Port Jackson Branch. Regarding membership numbers, because the CPA implements a “Party security” system, membership figures are a Party secret, and the current specific number cannot be known. CPA President Vinny Molina stated at the time of the 14th Congress that membership had grown significantly compared to the 13th Congress. This indicates that the CPA has made considerable progress in organisational building in recent years.

澳共第十四次全国代表大会原定于2021年10月举行，受疫情影响最终于2022年2月25日至27日在线上举行，此次大会是在疫情持续重创澳大利亚社会、澳大利亚政府疯狂推行反华政策的背景下召开的，代表大会的口号是“建设面向社会主义未来的党”(Build the Party for a Socialist Future),党的建设正式成为了澳共“下一个时期的重中之重”。本次大会通过了一项政治决议，决议分析了自澳共十三大以来发生的森林大火、新冠疫情、洪水以及美英澳三边安全伙伴关系协议(AUKUS)和美日澳印四国安全对话机制(QUAD)等，认为这些事件表明资本主义的失败和社会主义的必要性，同时环境破坏和气候变化已成为广大人民特别是共产党人需要应对的紧迫任务。大会还通过了多项特别决议与指导党的工作的具体决议，包括《关于建立澳共中央媒体委员会的决议》《关于召开全国组织会议的决议》《关于建设全国标准化教育事业的决议》《关于呼吁结束澳大利亚大停摆的决议》《关于乌克兰局势的决议》《关于美英澳三边安全伙伴关系协议的决议》《关于古巴的决议》等。这些决议体现了澳共加强党的建设，重塑工人阶级政党的决心，同时也体现了澳共反对美帝国主义与支持兄弟党的国际主义精神。澳共十四大召开之际，澳共还领导建立了物流与制造业支部，进一步壮大了自身的组织力量。截至目前，澳共在包括新南威尔士州、昆士兰州、南澳大利亚州、西澳大利亚州、北领地在内的6个州和2个领地皆设有支部，其中新南威尔士州既是澳共中央所在地，也是支部设立密度最高的地区，共设有包括杰克逊港支部在内的8个支部。在党员人数方面，由于澳共实行“党的安全”制度，党员人数属于党的秘密，当前具体人数无法得知。澳共主席维尼·莫利纳在澳共十四大召开时表示，党员人数相较于十三大已有明显增长。这表明澳共近年来在组织建设方面取得了长足进步。

II. The CPA’s Theoretical Explorations and Policy Propositions

二、澳共的理论探索与政策主张

Since its re-establishment, the CPA has generated some new theoretical understandings and policy propositions around how a small Marxist-Leninist party conducts class struggle and strives for socialism in a developed capitalist country. It must be made clear that the various policy propositions put forward by the CPA do not serve bourgeois rule; their fundamental purpose is to achieve liberation for the working class and to create favourable conditions for promoting the “transition from capitalism to socialism” worldwide.

重建后的澳共围绕小型马列主义政党在发达资本主义国家开展阶级斗争、争取社会主义等方面产生了一些新的理论认识与政策主张。需要明确的是，澳共提出的各项政策主张并不服务于资产阶级统治，其根本旨归是为工人阶级谋解放和为推动世界范围内“资本主义向社会主义过渡”创造有利条件。

(I) Party Building Work Concepts Based on the CPA’s Development Reality

(一)立足澳共发展实际的党建工作理念

Before its re-establishment, the CPA had step by step detached itself from the working class, abandoned democratic centralism, abandoned the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, and ultimately moved towards dissolution. The CPA recognised that it must draw lessons from this history and focus on strengthening Party building. In recent years, the CPA has further deepened its theoretical understanding of Party building. The CPA believes that a Marxist-Leninist party is, simply put, “a party that adheres to Marxism-Leninism in theory, organisational methods, and political practice”; only by building a strong Marxist-Leninist party can Australia be led onto the socialist path. In 2022, the CPA’s 14th Congress elevated comprehensively strengthening Party building to the “priority task” for the CPA in the coming period.

重建前的澳共曾一步步脱离工人阶级、放弃民主集中制、放弃马克思列宁主义指导，并最终走向解散。澳共认识到必须从这段历史中汲取教训，着力加强党的建设。近年来，澳共进一步深化了对党的建设的理论认识。澳共认为，马列主义政党简单而言就是“在理论、组织方法和政治实践上都坚持马克思列宁主义的政党”,只有建设坚强的马列主义政党才能引领澳大利亚走上社会主义道路。2022年，澳共十四大把全面加强党的建设上升为澳共今后一段时间的“优先任务”。

First, the CPA emphatically stresses that Party building must be closely linked to the worker masses. The CPA explicitly defines its nature as a working-class party in its Party Constitution, but in recent years it has also clearly recognised that it has, to a certain extent, detached itself from the working class, and therefore advocates taking immediate corrective measures to address this problem. The CPA proposes to “call on radical workers to join the Party’s ranks, organise and consolidate the trade union movement, promote the radicalisation of trade unions, and shape the role of the working-class vanguard.” The CPA believes that deep participation in the social life of the working class is the only way to build a strong Communist Party. Therefore, the CPA’s 13th Congress put forward the slogan “The Party Goes to the People,” advocating building the Party into the vanguard of the working class through organisational reform, clarifying priorities, and fully uniting the working class. Second, the CPA’s 14th Congress explicitly emphasised building a Marxist-Leninist party in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism. Drawing on the painful lessons of factionalism in its history, the CPA focuses on emphasising the foundational role of democratic centralism in Party building, advocating strict adherence to the principle of democratic centralism in specific matters, including the editing of the Party newspaper. “Collective leadership” is the concrete embodiment of democratic centralism in Party activities. At its 14th Congress, the CPA reaffirmed the principle of collective leadership stipulated in Article 10 of its Party Constitution in the form of a special resolution, highlighting the need to “strengthen the collective management of all key areas within the Party” and calling for the establishment of “regular review and progress evaluation mechanisms.” Finally, the CPA proposes strengthening the building of a learning-oriented party. In recent years, the CPA has continuously emphasised the important role of ideological and theoretical education in Party building, insisting on applying dialectical materialism, historical materialism, and Marxist political economy to practice, and advocating the effective use of newspapers, journals, websites, social platforms, and other media to strengthen the education of Party members, raising their ideological and political level through the provision of educational courses. The CPA’s 14th Congress, in the form of a resolution, promoted the standardisation and normalisation of Party member education and put forward specific plans and core reading lists for Party member education. At the same time, the CPA has deeply recognised from historical experience the negative effect of dogmatism on Party development. In the specific work of building a learning-oriented party, the CPA both emphasises that it “must not deviate from the Party programme and the principles of Marxism-Leninism” and encourages Party members to “share new ideas and new viewpoints.”

首先，澳共着重强调党的建设必须紧密联系工人群众。澳共在党章中明确规定了自身的工人阶级政党性质，但近年来也清晰地认识到自身在一定程度上已经脱离了工人阶级，因此主张立即采取纠正措施来解决这个问题。澳共提出要“号召激进工人加入党的队伍、组织和巩固工会运动、推动工会的激进化、塑造工人阶级先锋队的角色”。澳共认为，深入参与工人阶级的社会生活是建设一个强大的共产党的唯一途径。因此，澳共十三大提出了“党走向人民”的口号，主张通过组织改革、明确重点事项、充分团结工人阶级，把党建设成为工人阶级的先锋队。其次，澳共十四大明确强调要按照民主集中制原则建设马克思列宁主义政党。澳共吸取历史上出现的宗派主义所带来的惨痛教训，注重强调民主集中制对党的建设的基础性作用，在包括党报编辑在内的具体事务上主张严格按照民主集中制原则运作。“集体领导”是民主集中制在党的活动中的具体体现，澳共在十四大上以特别决议的形式重申了党章第十条规定的集体领导原则，突出强调要“加强对党内所有关键领域的集体化管理”,并要求建立“定期审查和进展评估机制”。最后，澳共提出要加强学习型政党建设。近年来，澳共不断强调思想理论教育在政党建设中的重要作用，坚持将辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义、马克思主义政治经济学应用于实践，并主张有效地使用报纸、期刊、网站、社交平台等媒介加强对党员的教育，通过开设教育课程提升党员的思想政治水平。澳共十四大更是以决议的形式推动党员教育标准化和规范化，并提出了党员教育的具体规划与核心书目。同时，澳共从历史经验中深刻认识到教条主义对于政党发展的消极作用，在建设学习型政党的具体工作中，澳共既强调“不能偏离党纲和马克思列宁主义原则”,也鼓励党员“分享新思想和新观点”。

(II) Revolutionary Political Propositions Based on the Development Trends of Capitalism

(二)立足资本主义发展动向的革命政治主张

The CPA, based on the new changes in contemporary capitalism, has generated the following theoretical understandings and political propositions concerning the forces to rely on and the specific strategies for carrying out social revolution in Australia.

澳共立足当代资本主义的新变化，围绕在澳大利亚开展社会革命的依靠力量和具体策略产生了以下理论认识与政治主张。

First, the CPA believes that the force to rely on for social revolution remains the working class. In Australia’s process of “deindustrialisation,” the number of traditional blue-collar workers has been decreasing, replaced by an emerging middle class. However, the class identity of the Australian populace has not changed significantly as a result. Data show that in 1987, 44% of Australians considered themselves middle class and 47% considered themselves working class; by 2015, these figures had changed to 51.5% and 40.3% respectively—a small change. At the same time, according to objective criteria such as income and total wealth, the working class should account for 24% of the Australian population and the wealthy class 25%; yet only 2% of Australians consider themselves wealthy, meaning the proportion identifying as working class is far higher than the actual proportion. This class identity directly affects the political attitudes of the populace. Among those who identify as working class, the proportion dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the direction of national development is as high as 45%. The reasons for this phenomenon are mainly twofold. First, the connotation of the working class has changed: although the proportion of the working class engaged primarily in manual labour has declined, the proportion of new-type workers engaged primarily in mental labour has continuously risen and gradually formed a class identity with the working class. Second, since the 2008 international financial crisis, social polarisation between rich and poor has intensified in developed Western countries, including the United States and Australia, with income and wealth increasingly concentrated at the top, while the share of income and wealth of the working class and middle class has continuously declined. This widening gap between rich and poor has gradually given the lower-middle strata of the middle class a sense of belonging to the working class.

首先，澳共认为当前社会革命的依靠力量依然是工人阶级。澳大利亚在“去工业化”的进程中，传统的蓝领工人数量越来越少，取而代之的是新兴的中产阶层,然而澳大利亚民众在阶级认同方面并未因此产生明显变化。数据显示，1987年澳大利亚国内自认为是中产阶级的民众占比44%,自认为是工人阶级的占比47%,这个数据到2015年则分别变为51.5%与40.3%,变化幅度不大。同时，按照收入与财产总额等客观标准划分的澳大利亚工人阶级占比应为24%,富人阶级应占25%,然而澳大利亚民众自认为是富人阶级的仅为2%,即自认为是工人阶级的比重远高于实际占比。这种阶级认同直接影响了民众的政治态度，自认为是工人阶级的民众对国家发展方向感到不满意或非常不满意的比重高达45%。出现这种现象的原因主要是两个方面，一是工人阶级内涵发生变化，以体力劳动为主的工人阶级比重虽有所下降，但以脑力劳动为主的新型劳动者比重却不断上升并逐渐形成了对工人阶级的阶级认同。二是2008年国际金融危机以来，包括美国、澳大利亚在内的西方发达国家社会贫富分化加剧，收入和财富更多向顶层集中，工人阶级和中产阶级的收入和财富占比不断下降，这种日益扩大的贫富鸿沟使中产阶级的中下层逐渐产生了工人阶级归属感。

On this basis, the CPA holds that class struggle is far from extinct but continues to be active and is becoming more intense on a global scale. At its 14th National Congress, the CPA further proposed: “The growing contradictions within Australian society are breaking the old social contract that bound the people to capitalism; these contradictions make a new working-class movement centred on the Communist Party increasingly possible.” Therefore, the CPA attaches great importance to the subjective role of the working class in the process of overthrowing the capitalist system, forming a theory of social revolution with the working class as the main force. The CPA firmly believes that socialism is the best alternative for thoroughly solving existing social problems, and that “socialist reconstruction is possible only when the working class becomes the class that rules society.” At the same time, the CPA positions itself as a working-class party and emphasises that “providing coherent and coordinated leadership to counter attacks from class enemies” is an important task of the party. The CPA believes that the working class accumulates valuable experience through class struggle, and that this experience, combined with the ideological and political work of the Communist Party, helps to raise class and political consciousness.

基于此，澳共认为阶级斗争远未消亡，而是在全球范围内继续活跃并趋向激烈,澳共在十四大上进一步提出：“澳大利亚社会内部日益增长的矛盾正在打破将人民与资本主义联系在一起的旧的社会契约，这些矛盾使得以共产党为核心的新的工人阶级运动越来越成为可能。”因此，澳共极为重视工人阶级在推翻资本主义制度过程中的主体作用，形成了以工人阶级为主体力量的社会革命理论。澳共坚信社会主义才是彻底解决现有社会问题的最佳替代方案，而“只有当工人阶级成为统治社会的阶级时，社会主义重建才有可能”。与此同时，澳共将自身定位为一个工人阶级政党，并强调“为反击来自阶级敌人的攻击提供协调连贯的领导”是党的重要任务。澳共认为，工人阶级通过阶级斗争积累了宝贵经验，这些经验同共产党的思想政治工作相结合，有助于阶级和政治觉悟的提升。

Secondly, in the choice of strategy for social revolution, the CPA advocates combining parliamentary struggle with extra-parliamentary class struggle. The CPA’s 14th National Congress clearly stated that in a capitalist society, participation in elections is only one form of struggle for the Communist Party; it must not harm work in other areas, and revolution cannot be won at the ballot box. On the one hand, the CPA does not reject participation in elections; on the contrary, it believes that Communists running for office will help propagate socialist ideas to more people, thereby filling the current void of capitalist alternatives in Australia. However, in 2021 Australia amended its electoral law, raising the minimum number of party members required to participate in elections from 500 to 1,500. [6]6 The amendment to the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 in 2021 raised the membership threshold for party registration from 500 to 1,500, making it more difficult for smaller parties, including the CPA, to field candidates in federal elections. As a result, the CPA’s plan to use participation in national elections for propaganda and agitation is difficult to realise in the short term. Faced with this new change, the CPA’s 14th National Congress proposed that, since the threshold for participating in local council elections is lower, the party should actively participate in local council elections, while taking care to avoid dispersion and adopting an electoral strategy of concentrating the party’s limited resources in one locality, so as to successfully elect councillors, and then use local councils to fight for the interests of the working class and broadly mobilise the working masses, thereby creating conditions for social change.

其次，在社会革命的策略选择上，澳共主张将议会斗争与议会外的阶级斗争相结合。澳共十四大明确提出，在资本主义社会中，参与选举只是共产党斗争的一种形式，它不能损害其他领域的工作，革命不可能在投票箱上获胜。一方面，澳共并不排斥参与选举，反而认为共产党人的参选将有助于向更多的民众宣传社会主义理念，从而弥补澳大利亚国内资本主义替代方案空白的现状。然而，2021年澳大利亚对选举法进行了修订，参与选举的政党党员人数最低要求从原来的500人提高至1500人,因此澳共希望通过参与全国大选进行宣传鼓动的设想在短时间内很难实现。面对新变化，澳共十四大提出，由于地方议会的参选门槛较低，应当积极参与地方议会的选举，同时要注意避免分散，采取将全党有限的资源集中在一个地方的选举策略，以顺利选出议员，进而利用地方议会争取工人阶级利益、广泛发动工人群众，为社会变革创造条件。

On the other hand, the CPA has always regarded class struggle as the starting point and the driving force of social revolution. Having long been deeply involved in the trade union movement, a large proportion of the CPA’s members are active trade unionists and leaders; therefore, conducting class struggle through trade unions occupies an important place in its theory of social revolution. The CPA’s 14th National Congress clearly stated: “Party members must also be activists in non-party organisations, the most important of which are trade unions.” The CPA believes that trade unions are schools for the working class in struggle; as a collective of the working class, trade unions are the organisational foundation for conducting class struggle, and all party members must actively participate in trade union work, thereby continuously expanding the party’s influence within the unions. The CPA also believes that the industrial and economic struggles of workers through trade unions are ultimately linked to the question of social and political power; the working class’s struggle for political power and the construction of socialism are the only way to end exploitation and meet the needs of the Australian people. In recent years, due to changes in the industrial structure, union membership and union density in specific industries such as manufacturing and textiles in Australia have declined, but union membership in service industries such as nursing and education has increased significantly. Consequently, the CPA has launched some targeted struggle activities around issues such as the protection of the rights of aged-care workers, achieving notable results.

另一方面，澳共始终认为阶级斗争是理解社会革命的起点，也是社会革命的动力。长期深耕工会运动的澳共，党员中有很大一部分是工会的活跃分子和领导者，因此以工会为依托开展阶级斗争在其社会革命理论中占据了重要地位。澳共十四大明确指出：“党员还必须是非政党组织的积极分子，其中最重要的是工会。”澳共认为，工会是工人阶级斗争的学校，工会作为工人阶级的集合，是开展阶级斗争的组织基础，所有党员都必须积极参与工会工作，借此不断扩大党在工会中的影响力。澳共还认为，工人通过工会进行的产业和经济斗争最终与社会政治权力问题相关，工人阶级争取政治权力和进行社会主义建设是结束剥削、实现澳大利亚人民需求的唯一途径。近年来由于产业结构转变，澳大利亚的制造业、纺织业等具体行业的工会成员数量与工会密度都有所下降，但是护理、教育等服务行业的工会成员数量则出现了大幅增长，由此澳共开始围绕老年护理工作者权益保护等发起了一些有针对性的斗争活动，取得了显著成效。

(3) Economic Policy Propositions Based on a Critique of the Capitalist Economy

(三)立足对资本主义经济批判的经济政策主张

The CPA combines the basic principles of Marxism with Australia’s national conditions, and has launched a severe critique of capitalism in response to Australia’s neoliberalised and malformed economic situation and the widening gap between rich and poor exacerbated by the pandemic. The CPA believes that the world has now entered the era of international financial monopoly capitalism, with more and more social wealth being seized by financial capital giants, and the exploitation and control of labour by monopoly capital becoming increasingly severe. This trend of polarisation between rich and poor and the solidification of social strata is becoming increasingly evident in developed countries such as the United States and Australia. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CPA has further intensified its critique of the neoliberal market economy, arguing that in special circumstances such as a pandemic, the government should ensure rational distribution and adequate supply. Accordingly, the CPA has put forward a series of economic policy propositions aimed at solving various practical problems arising from neoliberalism, with the core concept being “to put the wealth created by the people into the hands of the people.”

澳共将马克思主义基本原理同澳大利亚的国情相结合，针对澳大利亚新自由主义化、畸形发展的经济态势与疫情加剧的贫富分化等问题，对资本主义进行了严厉批判。澳共认为，当今世界已经步入国际金融垄断资本主义时代，越来越多的社会财富被金融资本巨头所攫取，垄断资本对劳动的剥削和控制日益深重，这种贫富两极分化和阶层固化的趋势在美国和澳大利亚这样的发达国家日趋明显。新冠疫情暴发以来，澳共进一步加强了对新自由主义市场经济的批判，认为在疫情等特殊情况下，政府理应确保合理分配和充分供应。由此，澳共着眼于解决新自由主义衍生的各类现实问题，提出了一系列经济政策主张，其核心理念是“把人民创造的财富交到人民手中”。

Because successive Australian governments have pursued neoliberal policies, and with the increasing integration of the global economy, the contribution of Australian manufacturing to Australia’s economy and employment has gradually weakened, and the proportion of the workforce employed in manufacturing has also fallen from 35% to less than 10% today. The CPA opposes policies that promote the economy “shifting from real to virtual” and believes that manufacturing is crucial for Australia’s future economic development and for creating high-quality, sustainable jobs for workers. It therefore proposes economic policy propositions such as formulating free education policies for workers, reforming labour relations, and increasing public-sector investment in scientific research. At the same time, the CPA believes that the private monopoly capitalist economic system is the root of inequality, exploitation and oppression, and that “the foundation of socialism is public ownership of the means of production.” Therefore, the CPA advocates the nationalisation and popular control of key sectors such as public health, energy and transport, promoting the process of public ownership of key economic areas and related social assets, with the ultimate goal of establishing a socialist society without exploitation.

由于澳大利亚历届政府奉行新自由主义政策，加之全球经济日益一体化，澳大利亚制造业对澳大利亚经济和就业的贡献逐步削弱，制造业雇佣劳动力比重也由35%下降至现在的不到10%。澳共反对推动经济“脱实入虚”的政策，认为制造业对于澳大利亚未来的经济发展和为工人创造高质量、可持续的就业岗位至关重要，并由此提出要制定针对劳动者的免费教育政策、改革劳资关系、加强公共部门的科研投入等经济政策主张。与此同时，澳共认为私人垄断的资本主义经济制度是不平等与剥削压迫的根源，而“社会主义的基础是生产资料的公有制”。因此，澳共主张将公共卫生、能源、运输等关键部门国有化并由民众掌握，推动关键经济领域及相关社会资产的公有化进程，从而最终建立一个没有剥削的社会主义社会。

(4) Social Policy Propositions Based on a Critique of Capitalist Society

(四)立足对资本主义社会批判的社会政策主张

At the social level, social divisions and antagonisms within Australia have intensified in recent years. The CPA clearly states in its party programme that imperialism uses race, ethnicity and religion to foment division in order to weaken the struggle of the working class and the people. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, the CPA has intensified its critique of social problems under the capitalist system, such as the gap between rich and poor, class exploitation, and racial discrimination. For example, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia caused social turmoil, with waves of panic buying and violent brawls. The CPA used this to criticise the capitalist system, arguing that class antagonism is a feature of the capitalist system, which will always protect the rich while the poor will always suffer. The CPA further points out: “If a socialist society is to overcome the exploitative nature of capitalism, it must liberate all the working classes oppressed by capitalism.” In its social policies, the CPA inherits the essence of Marxist thought on the comprehensive and free development of the individual, takes the promotion of social fairness and justice as its basic concept, and focuses on strengthening attention to and support for various socially disadvantaged groups.

在社会层面，近年来澳大利亚国内的社会分化与对立日益加剧，澳共在党纲中明确指出，帝国主义在利用种族、民族和宗教助长分裂，以削弱工人阶级和人民的斗争。疫情暴发以来，澳共加强了对资本主义制度下贫富分化、阶级剥削、种族歧视等社会问题的批判力度。例如，新冠疫情在澳大利亚的蔓延造成了澳大利亚社会的动荡，出现了恐慌性购买浪潮与恶性斗殴事件，澳共就此对资本主义制度进行了批判，认为阶级对立是资本主义制度的一个特征，它将永远保护富人，而穷人则永远受苦。澳共进一步指出：“社会主义社会要想克服资本主义的剥削性质，就必须解放所有受资本主义压迫的工人阶级。”澳共在社会政策方面延承了马克思主义关于人的全面自由发展的思想精髓，以促进社会公平正义为基本理念，着重加强了对各类社会弱势群体的关注与支持。

First, it focuses on the rights and interests of Indigenous peoples. The CPA is the earliest political party in Australia to advocate for Indigenous rights, emphasizing the protection of the inalienable land rights of Indigenous communities, calling on the government to immediately repeal the *Northern Territory Emergency Response Act* and its discriminatory provisions against Indigenous peoples, and to restore the *Racial Discrimination Act* in the Northern Territory, while increasing financial support to raise Indigenous health, employment, housing and education standards. Second, it advocates gender equality. The CPA holds that in capitalist society, the mass media, religion and political parties “portray women as subordinate to men,” and that capitalists seek by every means to exploit women, making them the most exploited group in society. Accordingly, the CPA proposes that “only socialism can promote the dignity and value of all workers, including women,” and at the level of concrete policy advocates equal pay for equal work, advancing anti-discrimination and affirmative action legislation, legalizing women’s right to abortion, and enacting laws against sexual harassment. Third, it concerns itself with the rights and equality of other vulnerable groups such as temporary workers. As a major developed country in the Asia-Pacific region, Australia attracts large numbers of immigrants to work there, while capitalists use temporary worker visas to turn large numbers of immigrants into “modern slaves” with virtually no rights. At the same time, temporary visa workers are used by interest groups to create fear and division, fuelling racism and xenophobia. The CPA holds that “temporary visa workers are not the enemies of the Australian working class. They are part of the international working class and should be welcomed,” and that workers’ organizations must ensure that temporary visa workers enjoy the same working conditions and other rights as local workers, and end all forms of racial discrimination. In addition, the CPA supports guaranteeing equal rights for LGBT and other groups, stressing that “a socialist society is a society that aspires to equality for all citizens.”

一是关注原住民权益。澳共是澳大利亚国内最早主张原住民权利的政党，强调要保护原住民社区不可剥夺的土地权利，呼吁政府立即废除《北领地紧急响应法》及其对原住民的歧视性条款，并在北领地恢复《反种族歧视法》,同时加强财政支持，提高原住民的健康、就业、住房和教育标准等。二是倡导性别平等。澳共认为在资本主义社会中，大众媒体、宗教、政党“将女性描绘成男性从属角色”,资本家想方设法地剥削妇女，使妇女成为社会中受剥削最严重的群体。由此，澳共提出“只有社会主义才能促进包括妇女在内的所有工人的尊严和价值”,并在具体政策层面主张实行同工同酬、推进反歧视和平权行动立法、推动妇女堕胎权合法化、施行反性骚扰的法律等。三是关注临时工人等其他弱势群体的权利与平等问题。澳大利亚作为亚太地区重要的发达国家，吸引着大量移民来澳工作，而资本家则通过临时工人签证将大量移民变为了几乎没有任何权利的“现代奴隶”。同时，临时签证工人还被利益集团用来制造恐惧和分裂，助长种族主义和仇外心理。澳共认为，“临时签证工人不是澳大利亚工人阶级的敌人。他们是国际工人阶级的一部分，应当受到欢迎”,工人组织要确保临时签证工人与本地工人享有相同的工作条件和其他权利，结束一切形式的种族歧视。另外，澳共还支持保障LGBT等群体的平等权利，强调“社会主义社会是一个渴望所有公民平等的社会”。

(5) Propositions on foreign policy based on a critique of the capitalist world system

(五)立足对资本主义世界体系批判的外交政策主张

At the international level, the CPA regards capitalism as a global system of exploitation and oppression, and holds that “practising proletarian internationalism in the era of capitalist globalisation is a key link in the struggle against global capital”; only the united action of the world’s workers can fundamentally transform this system. After the outbreak of the pandemic, Western countries led by the United States used the pandemic as a pretext to attack China, attempting to politicise COVID-19, and trying thereby to stir up panic within each capitalist country, shift the blame for the crisis, conceal their own failures, and serve their anti-China and anti-communist strategic aims. The CPA has severely refuted this, arguing that Western countries, including Australia, far from being the first to offer assistance and express sympathy, instead turned a global crisis into a political weapon to attack China; they used this sudden crisis to fan racism and xenophobia, which not only divided the working class but also served their anti-China and anti-communist political and military agenda. On this basis, the CPA takes the promotion of international solidarity as its mission, practises the principle of proletarian internationalism, and holds foreign policy propositions that are diametrically opposed to those of the incumbent government.

在国际层面，澳共认为资本主义是一个实施剥削压迫的全球化体系，而“在资本主义全球化时代发扬无产阶级国际主义是反对全球资本斗争的一个关键环节”,只有世界工人的联合行动才能彻底变革这一体系。疫情暴发后，以美国为首的西方国家以疫情为借口攻击中国，企图将新冠疫情政治化，试图借此煽动各资本主义国家内部恐慌、转嫁危机、掩饰自身失败进而服务于其反华反共的战略企图。澳共对此给予严厉批驳，认为包括澳大利亚在内的西方国家，不仅没有率先提供援助和表示同情，反而将全球性危机变成了抨击中国的政治武器，他们利用这种突发危机来煽动种族主义和仇外情绪，这不仅分裂了工人阶级，而且更有利于他们的反华反共政治和军事议程。基于此，澳共以推动国际团结为己任，践行无产阶级国际主义原则，在外交政策上有着与当局政府截然不同的主张。

On the one hand, the CPA focuses on exposing the reactionary nature of the United States and other capitalist countries, and strongly opposes Australia following the United States in participating in military adventures. Against the backdrop of the US economic recession, the slow global economic recovery and the sustained growth of the Chinese economy, the United States has been relying on Australia as a strategic forward base to gradually deploy military forces in the Asia-Pacific region. In the CPA’s view, the United States is the main instigator of imperialist wars, whose purpose is to control global resources and markets and pave the way for monopoly capital to make profits. Australia’s military integration into the US imperialist war machine is in fact aiding the evildoer, and will only facilitate US predatory wars against the peoples of the world and other countries. Therefore, the CPA advocates the dismantling of US military and intelligence bases in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region, promoting the formulation of an independent Australian foreign policy, and respecting the independence and sovereignty of Asia-Pacific countries.

一方面，澳共注重揭露美国等资本主义国家的反动本质，强烈反对澳大利亚追随美国参与军事冒险活动。在美国经济衰退、全球经济复苏缓慢和中国经济持续增长的背景下，美国依托澳大利亚这个战略前沿逐渐将军事力量部署在亚太地区。在澳共看来，美国是帝国主义战争的主要煽动者，目的是控制全球资源和市场，为垄断资本牟利铺平道路。澳大利亚在军事上融入美帝国主义战争机器，实际上是助纣为虐，只会促进美国对世界人民和其他国家发动掠夺性战争。因此，澳共主张裁撤澳大利亚和亚太地区的美国军事和情报基地、推动制定澳大利亚独立自主的外交政策、尊重亚太地区国家的独立和主权。

On the other hand, the CPA consistently adheres to the principle of internationalism and advocates strengthening dialogue, exchange and cooperation with China. In recent years, frictions between China and the United States have been constant, great-power competition has intensified, and Australia has adopted a foreign policy of fully aligning with the United States. The CPA is deeply concerned about this: “These measures are a regression to the Cold War era and will bring the same oppression of trade unions and the Communist Party as in the Menzies era. They cause a sharp loss of Australia’s sovereignty and freedom of choice, impose an economic burden on the Australian people, and make Australia an accomplice in creating regional tensions and exacerbating conflicts.” In the CPA’s eyes, China is a powerful promoter of world peace, and China’s win-win diplomacy and the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind are more suited to an increasingly multipolar world; therefore, it publicly demands that the Australian government abandon its mistaken anti-China policy and stand on the right side of history. To this end, the CPA has published a large number of articles in its own journals to clarify its positions and views, and has severely refuted the slanderous and defamatory remarks against China made by anti-China politicians such as Andrew Hastie. The CPA stresses that Hastie’s anti-China rhetoric is a joke

另一方面，澳共始终坚持国际主义原则，主张加强与中国的对话、交流与合作。近年来，中美两国摩擦不断，大国博弈趋向激烈，而澳大利亚则采取全面倒向美国的外交政策。澳共对此十分担忧：“这些举措是向冷战时期的倒退，并将带来与孟席斯时代一样的对工会和共产党的压迫。它们使澳大利亚的主权和自由选择权急剧丧失，并将经济负担强加给澳大利亚人民，同时使澳大利亚成为制造地区紧张局势和加剧冲突的同谋。”在澳共的眼中，中国是世界和平的有力推动者，中国的双赢外交和人类命运共同体理念更适合日益多极化的世界，因此公开要求澳大利亚政府放弃错误的反华政策，站在历史正确的一边。为此，澳共在其主办的刊物上刊登了大量阐明其立场观点的文章，对反华政客安德鲁·哈斯蒂等人污蔑抹黑中国的言论予以严厉批驳。澳共强调，哈斯蒂的反华言论就是个笑话。中国依靠社会主义治理和七十年来所取得的进步成为国际共产主义运动中一颗璀璨的明星，值得全世界仰望。澳共还认为，目前澳大利亚国内的统治阶级在中国问题上仍有分歧，澳共未来将“继续利用澳大利亚统治阶级的分裂来争取和平”。

III. Problems and Challenges Facing the CPA

三、澳共面临的问题与挑战

The CPA’s party situation as a marginalized small party has not yet undergone a fundamental change, and there are currently many urgent problems and challenges that require focused attention.

澳共作为边缘化小党的党情还未发生根本性改变，当前还存在着许多需要着力应对的迫切问题与挑战。

(1) Increasingly Deteriorating Conditions for Development, Great Difficulties in Left-Wing Unity

(一)发展条件日益恶化，左翼联合困难重重

In recent years, profound changes have taken place in Australia’s domestic and external environment. The conditions for the CPA’s development have continuously deteriorated, and left-wing unity also faces numerous practical difficulties.

近年来，澳大利亚内外环境发生深刻变化，澳共面临的发展条件不断恶化，左翼联合也面临众多现实困难。

On the one hand, Australia’s manufacturing industry has been shrinking, the economy has shifted from the real to the virtual, and the size of the working class has relatively decreased. Coupled with the rise of right-wing populist parties represented by Pauline Hanson’s One Nation and the United Australia Party within Australia, which have seized working-class votes, the CPA’s organizational base has been continuously eroded. At the same time, the existence of left-wing parties such as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Australian Greens has indirectly affected the CPA’s development. Australia is a capitalist country where two parties alternate in power. The ALP, as a center-left party “committed to promoting the development of the international democratic socialist movement,” has governed 12 times since 1940, maintains close ties with trade unions, possesses a strong popular base domestically, and its relatively moderate policy propositions are more easily accepted by the public. This has indirectly weakened the CPA’s appeal. Furthermore, as the global ecological crisis has intensified in recent years, ecological environmental protection has gradually become an important political concern for political parties in various countries. The existence and development of the Australian Greens have made the CPA’s environmental protection propositions appear unremarkable. On the other hand, instigated by politicians in the United States and Australia, and fueled by new internet media controlled by monopoly capital, anti-communist sentiment and anti-China rhetoric at both the international and domestic levels have become rampant. Data from the Pew Research Center and the Lowy Institute show that negative views of China among the Australian public have reached an all-time high, with a negative rating of 81%, and 75% of Australians believe China will pose a military threat to Australia. This has placed the CPA, which insists on defending China, in a dilemma in its propaganda work between upholding the truth and catering to public opinion, and has also had a certain impact on shaping its own image and promoting organizational development.

一方面，澳大利亚制造业不断萎缩，经济脱实入虚，工人阶级数量相对减少，加之澳大利亚国内以单一民族党与联合党为代表的右翼民粹主义政党兴起，抢占工人阶级选票，使澳共的组织基础不断受到侵蚀。与此同时，澳大利亚工党与澳大利亚绿党等左翼政党的存在也间接影响了澳共的发展。澳大利亚是一个两党交替执政的资本主义国家，澳大利亚工党作为一个“致力于推动国际民主社会主义运动发展”的中左翼政党，自1940年以来曾12次执政，同工会关系密切，在国内拥有强大的民意基础，且其相对温和的政策主张也更易于被民众接受，这导致澳共的吸引力遭到间接削弱。同时，随着近年来全球生态危机的愈演愈烈，生态环境保护逐渐成为各国政党的重要政治关切，而澳大利亚绿党的存在和发展又使得澳共的环保主张显得乏善可陈。另一方面，在美国和澳大利亚政客的挑唆下，在垄断资本掌握的互联网新媒体的推波助澜下，国际国内的反共情绪、反华言论甚嚣尘上。皮尤研究中心与洛伊研究所的数据显示，澳大利亚民众对华负面观点已达到历史最高点，负面评价率高达81%,更有75%的澳大利亚民众认为中国将对澳大利亚构成军事威胁。这使得坚持为中国辩护的澳共在宣传工作上陷入了坚持真理与迎合舆论的两难境地，在塑造自身形象与推动组织发展方面也受到了一定影响。

Furthermore, the large number of left-wing political parties in Australia, their relatively dispersed nature and pronounced fragmentation, combined with the CPA’s own weak organizational strength and low social influence, add difficulty to left-wing unity. This is the political reality that the CPA must currently confront. To this day, communist parties represented by the CPA, Trotskyist parties such as the Socialist Equality Party and Socialist Alternative, and democratic socialist parties such as the Socialist Alliance coexist simultaneously. Among these, many parties still harbour irreconcilable differences and rifts over their lines of struggle and guiding ideologies, and mutual recrimination remains the norm. For example, during the general election held in May 2022, the Socialist Equality Party publicly accused the Socialist Alliance and the Victorian Socialists of being fake left-wing groups with no connection to socialism, representing the interests of the upper middle class. At present, although effective left-wing unity has begun to emerge globally, and the CPA recognizes that failing to take the united front seriously will prevent it from advancing its development strategy, the CPA, with its own weak strength, still has a long way to go if it wishes to bridge rifts, eliminate differences, truly integrate the numerous left-wing organizations, and achieve domestic left-wing unity.

另外，澳大利亚国内左翼政党数量众多，力量较为分散，碎片化特征明显，且澳共自身组织力量弱小，社会影响力低，为左翼联合增添了难度，这是当前澳共必须正视的政治现状。时至今日，以澳共为代表的共产主义政党、以社会主义平等党和社会主义替代为代表的托洛茨基主义政党、以社会主义联盟为代表的民主社会主义政党等左翼政党同时并存，其中许多政党在斗争路线与指导思想上仍存在着难以弥合的分歧与裂痕，相互攻讦依然是常态。例如，在2022年5月举行的大选期间，社会主义平等党就曾公开发文，指责社会主义联盟和维多利亚社会主义者是虚假的左派团体，与社会主义没有任何关系，代表的是上层中产阶级的利益。当前，左翼的有效联合虽然已在全球范围内兴起，澳共也认识到，不重视统一战线问题就无法推进党的发展战略，但自身力量薄弱的澳共想要弥合裂痕与消除分歧，真正整合为数众多的左翼组织，实现国内的左翼联合，依然任重道远。

(2) The risk of splits persists, and Party building urgently needs strengthening

(二)分裂风险依然存在，党的建设亟需加强

The CPA has experienced multiple splits in its history. These splits caused the CPA to decline sharply from an important left-wing party with tens of thousands of members into a highly marginalized small party. This also reflects, from one angle, the many problems the CPA has in Party building.

澳共历史上发生了多次分裂，这些分裂导致澳共从一个拥有几万人的重要左翼政党急剧衰落，最终沦为一个高度边缘化的小党，这也从一个侧面体现出澳共在党的建设方面存在着诸多问题。

On the one hand, in the process of inner-Party political life and Party building, ideological and theoretical education plays a foundational role. When theory is correct, the Party is strong, its policies are correct, and thinking is unified. The several splits the CPA experienced were precisely because the ideals and convictions of Party cadres and members wavered, theoretical armament was lacking, and ideological understanding deviated from Marxism. Although the 14th CPA Congress adopted a specific resolution aimed at strengthening the ideological and theoretical education of Party members, it remains very difficult to reverse the situation in a short time. On the other hand, discipline building is a fundamental cure. Although the Political Resolution of the 13th CPA Congress emphasized issues of discipline and unity, its focus remained on a struggle orientation of mobilizing workers and an outward-looking expansionist appeal, paying only limited attention to Party building. This ultimately contributed, to a certain extent, to the inner-Party split in 2019. Faced with the serious problems emerging within the Party, although the 14th CPA Congress emphatically stressed that “Party building is the top priority” and recognized that “if our Party members’ thinking is not firm and their discipline is not strict, we will be unable to push the Party forward,” it is very difficult to establish iron discipline in a short time. Furthermore, institutional building is a fundamental, overarching, and long-term issue for a proletarian party. Over its century-long development, the CPA has placed excessive emphasis on organizing and carrying out the workers’ movement, invested insufficiently in the Party’s institutional building, and its abandonment of democratic centralism has led to constant factional strife and frequent splits. At present, the CPA’s implementation of the maintenance and enforcement of inner-Party institutions is relatively limited. When the rigid binding force of institutions tends to fail, the authority of the CPA Central Committee will inevitably be greatly diminished, planting hidden dangers for disunity in Party action, inner-Party factional strife, and Party splits. In view of this, the relevant concepts proposed by the 14th CPA Congress regarding institutional building urgently need to be implemented as soon as possible.

一方面，在党内政治生活和党的建设过程中，思想理论教育起到基础性作用。理论正确，党就坚强，政策就正确，思想就统一。澳共发生的数次分裂，正是由于党员干部的理想信念发生动摇、理论武装缺位、思想认识偏离了马克思主义。澳共十四大虽然通过了一项旨在加强党员思想理论教育的具体决议，不过，想在短时间内扭转局面仍然十分困难。另一方面，纪律建设是治本之策，澳共十三大的《政治决议》虽然强调了纪律和团结问题，但其目光仍然聚集在动员工人的斗争导向和外向型的扩张诉求，对党的建设关注度还很有限，最终也在一定程度上导致了2019年的党内分裂。面对党内出现的严峻问题，澳共十四大虽然着重强调“党的建设是重中之重”,也认识到“如果我们的党员思想不坚定、纪律不严明，我们就无法将党推向前进”,但要想在短时间内建立铁一般的纪律十分困难。此外，制度建设是无产阶级政党具有根本性、全局性、长期性的重大问题。澳共在其百年发展历程中，过于侧重组织和开展工人运动，在党的制度建设方面投入不足，对民主集中制的放弃更是导致派系纷争不断、分裂现象频发。目前，澳共在党内制度的维护与执行方面落实力度较为有限，在制度刚性约束趋向失灵的情况下，澳共中央的权威必将大打折扣，这就为其党内行动不统一、党内派系纷争与政党分裂埋下了隐患。鉴于此，澳共十四大围绕制度建设所提出的相关构想亟需尽快落实。

(3) Propaganda work needs to be modernized and standardized

(三)宣传工作有待时代化与规范化

Propaganda work is an important component of the overall work of a Marxist party. Against the backdrop of a harsh propaganda environment, the CPA still faces many problems in its propaganda work.

宣传工作是马克思主义政党全局工作中的重要组成部分,在恶劣宣传环境的背景下，澳共在宣传工作方面还面临诸多问题。

On the one hand, in the digital age, organizational life and online propaganda activities using the internet as a vehicle have become the basic form and coping strategy for relatively weak Marxist parties seeking development in the internet era. However, the CPA currently still underestimates the importance of networking propaganda work, believing that the instability of social media easily causes broad political discussion to lose focus and effectiveness, and that the party newspaper is the “central organ” of propaganda work. At the same time, the CPA’s propaganda work also faces problems such as an aging membership, a lack of technical personnel, and insufficient funding. Taking only the technical applications on the websites of some Australian left-wing parties as an example, the CPA website uses 26 technical applications, while the Victorian Socialists, the Australian Greens, and the Australian Labor Party use 32, 40, and 44 respectively. Constrained by such practical factors, when mobilizing the working masses through trade unions to carry out offline workers’ movements and related protest activities, the CPA is still unable to flexibly use low-cost, high-efficiency, broad-audience online propaganda methods such as social media. The online propaganda channels of its branches are not yet complete, and the coverage and effectiveness of propaganda are very limited. Taking the total visits to the official websites of various parties in July, August, and September 2022 as evidence, the total visits to the CPA website were only 49,100, while those for the Victorian Socialists, the Australian Greens, and the Australian Labor Party over the same period were 86,400, 369,000, and 323,200 respectively. On the other hand, the level of institutionalization and standardization of the CPA’s propaganda work is low. Former CPA General Secretary Bob Briton, while splitting the CPA, also deleted some of the Party’s social media accounts, which brought considerable negative impact to the CPA’s propaganda work. It can be said that problems such as disorder in the CPA’s propaganda work, lax Party propaganda discipline, and inadequate security maintenance of social media accounts are relatively prominent. The 14th CPA Congress proposed in its resolution to establish a Central Media Committee and to provide suitable venues for producing propaganda materials such as congress slogans, in order to avoid ineffective communication, reduce redundant work in branches, and raise the level of propaganda work across the Party. This resolution awaits further study and implementation; the level of organization and standardization of news and propaganda work urgently needs to be raised.

一方面，在数字时代，互联网为载体的组织生活和线上宣传活动已然成为相对弱小的马克思主义政党在互联网时代谋求发展的基本形态和应对策略。然而，澳共当前对宣传工作网络化的重要性仍认识不足，认为社交媒体的不稳定性容易使广泛的政治讨论失去重点和有效性，而党报才是宣传工作的“中心机关”。与此同时，澳共宣传工作还面临着党员队伍老龄化、技术人才缺失、经费不足等问题。仅以澳大利亚部分左翼政党官网的技术应用为例，澳共官网应用技术26项，而维多利亚社会主义者、澳大利亚绿党和澳大利亚工党则分别为32、40和44项。囿于诸类现实因素，澳共在以工会为纽带发动工人群众开展线下工人运动及相关抗议活动时，还无法做到灵活运用社交媒体等成本低、效率高、受众广的线上宣传手段，各支部的线上宣传途径尚未健全，宣传覆盖面与实效性十分有限。以2022年7、8、9三个月各政党官网的总访问量为证，澳共官网的总访问量仅为4.91万人次，而同期维多利亚社会主义者、澳大利亚绿党和澳大利亚工党则分别为8.64万人次、36.9万人次和32.32万人次。另一方面，澳共宣传工作的制度化与规范化水平较低。前任澳共总书记鲍勃·布里顿在分裂澳共的同时还删除了党的部分社交媒体账户，这为澳共的宣传工作带来不小的负面影响。可以说，澳共宣传工作秩序混乱、党的宣传纪律不严、社交媒体的账户安全维护不力等问题比较突出。澳共十四大在决议中提出要建立中央媒体委员会，同时为大会标语等宣传材料制作提供合适场所，以避免无效沟通、减少分支机构的冗余工作、提高全党的宣传工作水平。这一决议有待进一步研究落实，新闻宣传工作的组织化与规范化水平亟需提升。

(4) The problem of a lack of successors is relatively prominent

(四)后继乏人问题较为突出

The healthy and sustained development of a proletarian party cannot be separated from the support of the fundamental factor of people. The issue of cultivating successors is both a major topic of the world socialist movement and a practical subject that the CPA urgently needs to address. Overall, the CPA’s lack of successors is mainly reflected in the fact that Marxist ideals and convictions have not yet been firmly established within the Party and the serious aging of the Party membership structure.

无产阶级政党的健康持续发展离不开人这一根本因素的支撑，培养接班人问题既是世界社会主义运动的重大议题，也是澳共亟需着力应对的实践课题。总的来看，澳共的后继乏人主要体现在马克思主义理想信念还未在党内牢固树立和党员结构老龄化严重。

On the one hand, although today’s CPA has clearly established the guiding role of Marxism-Leninism, over its more than one hundred years of development, deviations from the guidance of Marxism-Leninism that led to the degeneration of Party members’ thinking, the dilution of revolutionary will, and the gradual decline of the Party’s strength have occurred many times. After the 2019 split, the CPA emphasized in its statement that “Bob Briton, during his tenure as General Secretary, refused to cooperate with the youth within the Party,” “developed a mistaken understanding of the working class’s role in leading social revolution, became disillusioned with the struggle to overthrow capitalism, and adopted a defeatist stance.” This fully reflects the relatively serious problem of vague ideals and beliefs within the CPA. At the same time, because Australia raised the threshold for political party registration for elections from 500 to 1,500 people in 2021, the CPA, in order to meet the basic requirements for participating in elections, has advocated accepting these people into the Party even though it recognizes that many individuals “may not be Marxist-Leninists.” This will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the education of Party members’ ideals and beliefs and on the cultivation of the Party’s internal political ecology. On the other hand, like many communist parties in developed capitalist countries, the CPA faces prominent problems of lagging youth work and an aging Party membership structure. At its founding, the CPA placed great emphasis on youth work, leading the establishment of the Young Communist League (YCL) in 1923 and the Young Comrades Club (YCC) in 1927, and publishing the newspaper *Youth Voice*. In 1941, the CPA also led the establishment of the Eureka Youth League (EYL), whose membership grew to over 1,000 within just one year of its founding. However, as the CPA gradually fell into splits and chaos after the war, youth work was severely disrupted, and the youth organizations under the CPA’s leadership gradually declined. At present, a large proportion of the Party representatives at the CPA’s 14th Congress were elderly comrades over 70 years old, with relatively few young Party members. Although the Political Resolution states that “the increase in the number of young Party members has created favorable conditions for the Party’s further development,” the attending representatives still indicated that the CPA currently faces problems such as an aging Party membership structure, unbalanced development of Party branches, and uneven operational capabilities.

一方面，虽然今天的澳共已明确马克思列宁主义的指导地位，然而在其百余年的发展历程中，背离马克思列宁主义指导进而导致党员思想退化、革命意志淡化、党势日益衰微的现象多次出现。2019年分裂事件发生以后，澳共在声明中着重强调，“鲍勃·布里顿在担任总书记期间拒绝与党内的青年合作”,“对工人阶级在领导社会革命中的作用产生了错误认识，对推翻资本主义的斗争产生了幻灭感，采取了失败主义立场”。这充分体现了澳共党内存在着较为严重的理想信念模糊问题。与此同时，由于2021年澳大利亚将政党注册选举的门槛从500人提升至1500人，澳共为满足参与选举的基本要求，尽管认识到许多人士“可能不是马克思列宁主义者”,但依然主张接纳这些人入党，这无疑会对澳共的党员理想信念教育与党内政治生态涵养造成负面影响。另一方面，同许多发达资本主义国家的共产党一样，澳共青年工作滞后与党员结构老龄化问题也较为突出。澳共成立之初极为重视青年工作，曾在1923年和1927年分别领导成立青年共产主义联盟(YCL)与青年同志俱乐部(YCC),并出版报纸《青年之声》。1941年，澳共又领导成立了尤里卡青年联盟(EYL),仅在成立一年内该组织的成员人数就已增长到1000多人。然而，伴随着澳共在战后逐渐步入分裂与混乱，青年工作被严重扰乱，澳共领导下的青年组织日渐式微。目前来看，澳共十四大召开时有很大一部分党员代表是70岁以上的老同志，青年党员人数较少，尽管《政治决议》中指出“青年党员人数的增加为党的进一步发展创造了良好的条件”,但与会代表依然表示，澳共目前还面临着党员结构老龄化、党支部发展不平衡和行动能力参差不齐等问题。

Conclusion

结 语

At present, the CPA has developed into a Marxist-Leninist party composed of diverse groups, including activists from trade unions, peace and environmental organizations, and various other community movements. 85% of its members are wage-earners and their families, professional and technical personnel, farmers, retirees, the unemployed, and students. The 2019 internal split was a major setback in the CPA’s development since the beginning of the new century, but, like the split between the Guesdists and the “Possibilists” in the French Workers’ Party in the 1880s, this split was not entirely a bad thing. Engels once pointed out: “Any workers’ party of a big country can only develop through internal struggles, which is in line with the general law of dialectical development.” [14]14 This is a paraphrase of Engels’s letter to Friedrich Adolph Sorge of October 29, 1882, in which he wrote that “a great party, like a great nation, can only be developed through internal struggles.” Under the leadership of the new General Secretary, Andrew Irving, and the Chair, Vinny Molina, the CPA after the split has achieved remarkable results in various tasks. Since the pandemic, the CPA has successively established new Party branches in Canberra and other places, as well as a logistics and manufacturing industry branch, and Party membership has “achieved huge growth nationwide.” According to CPA Chair Vinny Molina, the number of Party members at the time of the CPA’s 14th Congress was higher than at the 13th Congress, showing that the CPA after the split is more consolidated organizationally and has enhanced its combat effectiveness. A single spark can start a prairie fire. [15]15 A Chinese idiom from Mao Zedong’s 1930 letter “A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire,” meaning that a small, seemingly insignificant force can grow into a mighty one. Although the CPA currently remains marginalized in party politics with limited influence, it consistently adheres to the correct guidance of Marxism-Leninism, persists in the unremitting struggle against capitalism, and is one of the promoters of the world socialist movement. When new political and economic crises erupt, it still holds infinite potential to ignite a great fire.

目前，澳共已发展成为由工会、和平与环保组织以及其他各种社区运动中的活跃分子等多元群体构成的马克思列宁主义政党，85%的党员是工薪阶层及其家属、专业技术人员、农民、退休人员、失业者、学生。2019年的党内分裂是进入新世纪以来澳共发展过程中遇到的重大挫折，但是正如19世纪80年代法国工人党盖得派与“可能派”的分裂一样，此次分裂并非完全是坏事。恩格斯曾指出：“一个大国的任何工人政党，只有在内部斗争中才能发展起来，这是符合一般辩证发展规律的。”分裂后的澳共在新任总书记安德鲁·欧文和主席维尼·莫利纳的领导下，各项工作取得了显著成绩。疫情至今，澳共先后在堪培拉等地建立了新的党支部，还成立了物流与制造业产业支部，党员人数“在全国范围取得了巨大增长”。根据澳共主席维尼·莫利纳的表述，澳共十四大召开时的党员人数高于十三大，可见分裂后的澳共在组织上更加巩固，战斗力有所增强。星星之火，可以燎原。虽然目前澳共在政党政治中还处于边缘化地位，影响力较为有限，但它始终坚持马列主义的正确指导，坚持与资本主义不懈斗争，是世界社会主义运动的推动者之一，在新的政治经济危机爆发时依然具有点燃熊熊大火的无限可能。

At the same time, the world socialist movement is an integrated whole of mutual response and mutual support. The world has entered a period of turbulence and transformation, yet China remains in an important period of strategic opportunity for development. Facing the general trend of world development, on the one hand, it is necessary to closely monitor and study the development dynamics of left-wing political parties around the world, deeply grasp the important period of strategic opportunity full of potential, unite progressive forces from all countries, broadly consolidate left-wing consensus, and promote the understanding and acceptance by more people worldwide of scientific concepts and practical plans such as the Chinese-path modernization and the new form of human civilization, constructing a discourse system that represents the direction of human development, and striving to fulfill the proletarian mission of seizing international discourse power. On the other hand, relying on its outstanding achievements in socialist construction and its strong influence, China has become a high ground of the world socialist movement, and the Communist Party of China has become a benchmark in the hearts of many left-wing political parties abroad and a mainstay for revitalizing world socialism. It should therefore continue to hold high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, be firm in confidence, set an example through action, and lead the socialist movements of countries around the world, including Australia, toward revival through exchange and cooperation. (Notes omitted)

与此同时，世界社会主义运动是一个相互呼应、相互支撑的整体。世界进入动荡变革期，中国仍然处于发展的重要战略机遇期。面对世界发展大势，一方面，必须密切关注和研究世界各国左翼政党的发展动态，深刻把握大有可为的重要战略机遇期，团结各国进步力量，广泛凝聚左翼共识，推动中国式现代化道路、人类文明新形态等科学理念和实践方案被更多的世界民众所了解和接纳，建构代表人类发展方向的话语体系，努力实现夺取国际话语权的无产阶级使命。另一方面，凭借社会主义建设的突出成就与强大影响力，中国业已成为世界社会主义运动的高地，中国共产党成为国外许多左翼政党心中的一支标杆和振兴世界社会主义的中流砥柱，理应继续高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，坚定自信，以行示范，在交流合作中引领包括澳大利亚在内的世界各国社会主义运动走向复兴。（注释略）

(Author profiles: Xu Ke, Associate Researcher at the School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shandong University; Zheng Yifan, Master’s student at the School of Marxism, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者简介：许可，山东大学国际创新转化学院副研究员；郑宜帆，中国社会科学院大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生）

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑