New Trends in World Socialism under the Great Changes

Looking at the global landscape, capitalism has already passed through its own “golden age” and is now inevitably heading toward decline; socialism, by contrast, is irresistibly moving toward flourishing. This is an unprecedented situation in the history of human social development. Applying a scientific grand historical perspective to envision the development trends of world socialism enables us to be full of confidence in the future of socialism, to be fully mentally prepared for the arduous and tortuous path of socialist development, and to resolve to continuously win greater victories on the Long March of the New Era with a tenacious spirit of struggle.

放眼世界格局，资本主义已经走过了自己的“黄金时代”，而今不可避免地走向衰落；社会主义则无可阻挡地走向勃兴。这是人类社会发展史上前所未有的局面。运用科学的大历史观展望世界社会主义的发展趋势，能够使我们对社会主义前途充满信心，对社会主义发展道路的艰巨曲折有充分思想准备，并下定决心以坚强的斗争精神在新时代的长征路上不断夺取更大的胜利。

The socialist movement rises and develops amid world changes

社会主义运动在世界变局中兴起和发展

To scientifically predict the development trends of world socialism, we must first review the historical thread of world socialist development. The socialist movement arose and developed amid several major world changes. It has created many brilliant victories and also experienced many setbacks and failures, but overall, it has left an upward curve on the coordinates of history. When summing up the historical lessons of the failure of the 1848 European revolutions, Marx profoundly revealed the law of the proletarian revolution: “Proletarian revolutions, such as those of the nineteenth century, constantly criticize themselves, constantly interrupt themselves in their course, return to what has apparently already been accomplished in order to begin it anew; they deride with cruel thoroughness the half-heartedness, the weak points, and the inadequacy of their first attempts; they seem to throw their adversary to the ground only so that he may draw new strength from the earth and rise up again before them with even greater might; they recoil again and again from the indefinite magnitude of their own goals, until the situation is created in which they can no longer turn back, and life itself cries out: Here is Rhodes, leap here! Here is the rose, dance here!” [1]1 This is a translation of a passage from Karl Marx, *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (1852). The final two sentences allude to Aesop’s fable “The Boastful Athlete” and a German student song, respectively. Nearly a century later, Comrade Mao Zedong, summing up the historical experience of the Chinese revolution, again demonstrated the law of development of the people’s revolution led by the proletariat, pointing out: “Struggle, failure, struggle again, failure again, struggle again, until victory — that is the logic of the people, and they will never violate this logic. This is another law of Marxism.” [2]2 This is a translation of a passage from Mao Zedong, “Cast Away Illusions, Prepare for Struggle” (1949). The proletarian movement in the true sense began with the world changes of the early 19th century. Although the 17th-century English Revolution lifted the curtain on modern world history, industrial production was still at the stage of manufacture, and the modern proletariat had not yet formed. From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the British Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution triggered great world changes. The modern proletariat began to take shape and gradually stepped onto the political stage. The three great utopian socialists of the early 19th century — Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen — were called by Engels the “founders of socialism.” They exposed the evils and roots of capitalism and envisioned a beautiful picture of a future society, but because they failed to see that the protagonist of this great social transformation was the proletariat, they instead pinned their hopes for realizing the new society on the benevolence of the propertied classes and the monarchs of various countries. Engels pointed out: “The proletariat, which was just then separating from these propertyless masses as the embryo of a new class, was still completely incapable of independent political action.” [3]3 This is a translation of a passage from Friedrich Engels, *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* (1880). Engels elevated this discussion of the historical situation to the height of historical materialism, pointing out: “Immature theories correspond to immature conditions of capitalist production and immature class conditions. The solutions to social problems, which were still hidden in undeveloped economic relations, could only emerge from the mind.” [4]4 This is a translation of a passage from Friedrich Engels, *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific* (1880).

要科学预测世界社会主义发展趋势，首先应回顾世界社会主义发展的历史脉络。社会主义运动是在几次世界大变局中兴起和发展起来的，既创造过多次辉煌的胜利，也经历过多次挫折和失败，但总体来看，其在历史的坐标上留下的是一条上行的曲线。马克思在总结1848年欧洲革命失败的历史教训时，深刻揭示了无产阶级革命的规律：“无产阶级革命，例如19世纪的革命，则经常自我批判，往往在前进中停下脚步，返回到仿佛已经完成的事情上去，以便重新开始把这些事情再做一遍；它十分无情地嘲笑自己的初次行动的不彻底性、弱点和拙劣；它把敌人打倒在地，好像只是为了要让敌人从土地里汲取新的力量并且更加强壮地在它前面挺立起来；它在自己无限宏伟的目标面前，再三往后退却，直到形成无路可退的局势为止，那时生活本身会大声喊道：这里是罗陀斯，就在这里跳跃吧！这里有玫瑰花，就在这里跳舞吧！”将近一个世纪之后，毛泽东同志总结中国革命的历史经验时再次论证了无产阶级领导的人民革命的发展规律，指出：“斗争，失败，再斗争，再失败，再斗争，直至胜利——这就是人民的逻辑，他们也是决不会违背这个逻辑的。这是马克思主义的又一条定律。”真正意义上的无产阶级运动是从19世纪初期世界变局中开始的。17世纪英国革命虽然揭开了世界近代史的序幕，但工业生产还处在工场手工业阶段，现代无产阶级还没有形成。18世纪末期至19世纪初期，英国产业革命和法国大革命引发了世界大变局，现代无产阶级开始形成，并逐步走上政治舞台。19世纪初期出现的三大空想社会主义者圣西门、傅立叶和欧文被恩格斯称为“社会主义创始人”。他们揭露了资本主义的罪恶及其根源，设想了未来社会的美好图景，但由于看不到这场社会大变革的主角是无产阶级，反而把实现新社会的路径寄希望于有产阶级和各国君主的施恩。恩格斯指出：“在当时刚刚作为新阶级的胚胎从这些无财产的群众中分离出来的无产阶级，还完全无力采取独立的政治行动。”恩格斯将这种历史状况的论述上升到唯物史观高度，指出：“不成熟的理论，是同不成熟的资本主义生产状况、不成熟的阶级状况相适应的。解决社会问题的办法还隐藏在不发达的经济关系中，所以只能从头脑中产生出来。”

The French Revolution was a revolution that triggered a great political change in the world. The English bourgeois revolution was an alliance between the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy within feudal society against the absolute monarchy represented by the king, whereas the French Revolution was an alliance between the bourgeoisie and the masses of the people against the absolute monarchy represented by the king. Among the masses of the people was the modern proletariat, which had just emerged from industrial production. The proletariat received its first political baptism in this great revolutionary storm. The workers’ movements in England, France, and Germany that erupted from the 1830s to the 1840s marked the beginning of the proletariat’s independent entry onto the political stage. In this great political change, the fighting power of the proletariat showed its edge for the first time. Under the guidance of Marx and Engels, the first communist party — the Communist League — was founded. The publication of the *Communist Manifesto* by Marx and Engels provided a scientific theoretical guide for the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat. Scientific socialism replaced utopian socialism, and the historical curtain of the world socialist movement was raised. The June 1848 uprising of the French workers in Paris and the 1871 Paris Commune uprising — wave after wave of workers’ movements surged to new heights, becoming another striking landscape of the world changes of the time. After the defeat of the Paris Commune, the world socialist movement fell into a low ebb. Entering the 20th century, an unprecedented great change arrived. This was the First World War and the Russian October Revolution. The First World War changed the pattern of imperialist international relations. The victory of the October Revolution turned socialism from theory into reality, inaugurating a new epoch in which humanity moves toward socialism. After the Second World War, socialism developed from victory in one country to victory in many countries. The victory of the Chinese revolution in 1949 further changed the world pattern, forming a confrontation between two world systems: socialism and capitalism. This was a period of triumphant advance for the socialist movement. The Soviet Union and Eastern European upheavals plunged the world socialist movement into a trough. Western politicians were overjoyed, clamoring about the “great failure of socialism” and asserting that China would follow in the Soviet Union’s footsteps and collapse under the domino effect. Some within the revolutionary ranks also worried: How much longer can the red flag of socialism fly? Comrade Deng Xiaoping, with great foresight, pointed out: “Some countries have experienced serious setbacks, and socialism seems to have been weakened, but the people have been tempered, have drawn lessons from them, and this will push socialism toward a healthier development.” [5]5 This is a translation of a passage from Deng Xiaoping, “We Are Confident in the Future of Socialism” (1989). History has proven that socialist China not only did not collapse but also created the miracle of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. Socialists from all over the world have seen the light of hope for socialism from China. The socialist movement has come all the way through world changes, and entering the 21st century, it has once again radiated new vitality and will once again face the great test of history.

法国大革命是一场引发世界政治大变局的革命。当年英国资产阶级革命是资产阶级和封建社会里的新贵族结成联盟反对以国王为代表的君主专制制度，而法国大革命是资产阶级和人民群众结成同盟反对以国王为代表的君主专制制度。人民群众中就包括刚刚从工业生产中脱胎出来的现代无产阶级。无产阶级在这场革命大风暴中受到第一次政治洗礼。19世纪30年代至40年代爆发的英法德三国工人运动则标志着无产阶级开始独立走上了政治舞台。在这场政治大变局中，无产阶级的战斗力第一次显露锋芒。在马克思、恩格斯指导下，第一个共产主义政党——共产主义者同盟成立。马克思、恩格斯《共产党宣言》的发表为无产阶级的革命斗争提供了科学的理论指南，科学社会主义取代了空想社会主义，世界社会主义运动的历史大幕揭开了。1848年法国工人六月起义、1871年巴黎公社起义，工人运动一波接一波高潮迭起，成为当时世界大变局的又一道引人注目的风景线。巴黎公社失败后，世界社会主义运动陷入低潮。进入20世纪后，一场前所未有的大变局到来了。这就是第一次世界大战和俄国十月革命。第一次世界大战改变了帝国主义国际关系的格局。十月革命的胜利使社会主义从理论变为现实，开创了人类走向社会主义的新纪元。第二次世界大战后，社会主义从一国胜利发展为多国胜利。1949年中国革命的胜利，进一步改变了世界格局，形成社会主义和资本主义两种世界体系的对峙。这是社会主义运动凯歌行进的时期。苏联和东欧剧变使世界社会主义运动跌入低谷，西方政客欣喜若狂，发出“社会主义大失败”的喧嚣，并断言中国会紧步苏联后尘，在多米诺骨牌效应的冲击下垮台。革命队伍中有些人也担心：社会主义红旗还能打多久？邓小平同志高瞻远瞩地指出：“一些国家出现严重曲折，社会主义好像被削弱了，但人民经受锻炼，从中吸取教训，将促使社会主义向着更加健康的方向发展。”历史证明，社会主义中国不但没有垮，而且创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定的奇迹。世界各国的社会主义者从中国看到了社会主义的希望之光。社会主义运动在世界大变局中一路走来，进入21世纪又焕发出新的蓬勃生机，并将再次迎接历史的大考。

Differentiation and trends in the development of the socialist movement

社会主义运动在发展过程中的分化和走向

After the rise of the world socialist movement in the 19th century, Marx and Engels struggled against various bourgeois and petty-bourgeois currents. After Engels’s death in 1895, opportunist trends within the socialist movement immediately raised their heads. Bernstein put forward fallacies such as “peaceful growing into socialism” and “the final goal is nothing, the movement is everything,” openly challenging scientific socialism, and even called for the Social Democratic Party to be changed into a “democratic socialist reformist party.” [6]6 Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932) was a German social-democratic politician and theorist who advocated revisionist Marxism, arguing that socialism could be achieved through gradual democratic reforms rather than revolution. The left-wing representatives within the Social Democratic Party, such as Lenin, Luxemburg, and Zetkin, waged a resolute struggle against Bernstein’s revisionism. After the outbreak of the First World War, the Second International declared bankruptcy, and the Social Democratic parties turned into democratic socialist parties. Lenin led the left wing of the Social Democratic Party to found communist parties in various countries and established the Communist International. Scientific socialism and democratic socialism parted ways. The world socialist movement split into two major factions: one taking the revolutionary road, the other the reformist road. The communist parties adhered to the principles of scientific socialism and committed themselves to integrating them with the actual conditions of each country, becoming the mainstream of the world socialist movement. The Russian October Revolution brought socialism to victory in the world’s largest country by area; the Chinese revolution brought socialism to victory in the world’s most populous country at the time; and many other countries established socialist political power. In less than half a century, the newly born socialist system broke through the ground like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, grew amid storms, and composed a magnificent revolutionary epic of the new system replacing the old in human history.

19世纪世界社会主义运动兴起后，马克思、恩格斯同各种资产阶级和小资产阶级流派进行斗争。1895年恩格斯去世后，社会主义运动中的机会主义思潮立即抬头，伯恩斯坦提出“和平长入社会主义”“最终目的是微不足道的，运动就是一切”等谬论，公开向科学社会主义提出了挑战，还声称要将社会民主党改为“民主社会主义的改良的政党”。社会民主党中的左派代表人物列宁和卢森堡、蔡特金等人对伯恩斯坦修正主义进行了坚决斗争。第一次世界大战爆发后，第二国际宣告破产，社会民主党变成了民主社会主义的政党。列宁领导社会民主党的左翼在各国创建了共产党并建立了共产国际，科学社会主义和民主社会主义分道扬镳。世界社会主义运动发生裂变，分成两大派系，一个走革命之路，一个走改良之路。共产党坚持科学社会主义原则并致力于同各国实际相结合，成为世界社会主义运动的主流。俄国十月革命使社会主义在世界上面积最大的国家取得胜利，中国革命使社会主义在当时世界上人口最多的国家取得胜利，还有众多国家建立了社会主义政权。新生的社会主义制度在不到半个世纪的时间像雨后春笋般破土而出，在狂风暴雨中成长，谱写了人类历史上新制度代替旧制度的壮阔革命史诗。

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the world socialist movement fell into a low ebb. The Communist Party of China withstood enormous pressure and challenges, held high the banner of socialism, and became a trendsetter of the times. Socialists from all over the world saw the prospects and hope for socialism from China’s development, and the world socialist movement began gradually to revive its vitality. The Communist Party of China has become the mainstay of the world socialist movement — a fact recognized by communist parties and revolutionaries in all countries. Apart from China, countries such as Vietnam, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Cuba and Laos also adhere to the general direction of socialism and have achieved extraordinary successes in defending their newborn political power and in socialist construction. The Communist Party of Vietnam once led the people to victory in the war of resistance against France and the war of resistance against the United States for national salvation, creating the miracle of a small country defeating a large one and a weak country defeating a strong one. After Ho Chi Minh’s death, the CPV followed the Soviet Union and took a detour for a time. The CPV summed up its lessons, learned from China’s experience, carried out reform and opening up [7]7 The Vietnamese term “革新” (đổi mới) refers to Vietnam’s reform and opening-up policy initiated in 1986, analogous to China’s reform and opening up., launched a critique of democratic socialism within the Party, and unswervingly kept to the socialist path without changing its banner. Cuba, a developing country, has persisted to this day under the threat of US military force and economic blockade, overcoming numerous difficulties, and is now confidently embarking on a new journey. The DPRK has long faced military threats and economic blockades from the United States, Japan and South Korea, and has made safeguarding national security its primary task. The Workers’ Party of Korea pursues “military-first politics” [8]8 “Military-first politics” (先军政治, Sŏn’gun chŏngch’i) is the DPRK’s policy prioritizing the Korean People’s Army in state affairs and resource allocation, formally adopted in the late 1990s. and vigorously develops national defense and economic construction; the proportion of soldiers and civilians in the DPRK ranks highest in the world. Because the national security environment is severe, the WPK calls for striving to build a culturally, militarily and economically powerful country. After entering the 21st century, the DPRK has gradually initiated a process of reform. It is expected that for a considerable period its security environment will be difficult to fundamentally improve. North Korean socialism will still persist and develop in a difficult environment. In the more than 30 years since Laos implemented reform and opening up, its economy and society have achieved considerable development, the people’s lives have continuously improved, and the Party and government are determined to shed the label of “least developed country” in the next few years.

苏联解体、东欧剧变后，世界社会主义运动陷入低潮，中国共产党顶住巨大压力和挑战，高举社会主义旗帜，成为时代的弄潮儿。世界各国社会主义者从中国的发展中看到了社会主义的前途和希望，世界社会主义运动开始逐步恢复生机。中国共产党成为世界社会主义运动的中流砥柱，这是各国共产党和革命者公认的事实。除中国外，越南、朝鲜、古巴、老挝这些国家也坚持社会主义大方向，在保卫新生政权和社会主义建设中都取得了非凡的成就。越南共产党过去曾领导人民取得抗法战争、抗美救国战争的胜利，创造了小国战胜大国、弱国战胜强国的奇迹。胡志明去世后，越共曾追随苏联走了一段弯路。越共总结教训，学习中国经验，实行革新，在党内开展了对民主社会主义的批判，坚持走社会主义道路不易帜。古巴作为一个发展中国家，在美国武力威胁和经济封锁之下，克服重重困难，坚持至今，正满怀信心踏上新的征程。朝鲜长期面对美国、日本、韩国的军事威胁和经济封锁，把捍卫国家安全作为首要任务。朝鲜劳动党奉行“先军政治”，大力发展国防经济建设，朝鲜军民比例高居世界首位。由于国家安全环境严峻，朝鲜劳动党号召为建设文化、军事、经济的强大国家而奋斗。进入21世纪后，朝鲜逐步启动革新进程，预计在一个相当长的时期内，其安全环境难以得到根本好转。朝鲜社会主义仍将会在艰难的环境中坚持和发展。老挝实行革新开放30余年来，经济社会取得了长足发展，人民生活不断得到改善，党和政府决心在今后几年内摘掉“欠发达国家”帽子。

Communists and left-wing forces in capitalist countries and developing countries adhere to the general direction of striving for socialism. However, because conditions for these countries to lead the people to seize political power are insufficient, they can only unite and educate the broad masses of lower-class people through peaceful means. With their support, they strive to win a majority of seats in parliament. After coming to power, they implement socialist reforms in the economic, political, cultural and other fields, guiding the country step by step onto the socialist path. But judging from the current balance of forces in capitalist countries, for a considerable period the conditions for socialist parties to stay in power for a long term in these countries are not yet present. “Eurocommunism” held that it was impossible to seize political power by armed force in developed capitalist countries; the only possible path was a peaceful, democratic one, using the capitalist parliamentary system gradually to win power through general elections. In the late 20th century, especially after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, Eurocommunism declined. Comrade Deng Xiaoping, when discussing his assessment of Eurocommunism, said: “Whether Eurocommunism is right or wrong should not be judged by others. … In the final analysis, their practice will provide the answer. People explore according to their own circumstances; this cannot be criticized. Even if they are wrong, they must sum up their own experience and explore anew!” [9]9 This is a paraphrase of Deng Xiaoping’s remarks on Eurocommunism, recorded in *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, vol. 2 (1983). In some developing countries, communist parties that have not yet taken power, because they lack the conditions to seize revolutionary political power, can only accumulate and develop their strength by winning seats in parliament. Among them, the development momentum of left-wing forces in Latin America is striking — from Allende in Chile to Chávez and Maduro in Venezuela, and the progressive parties in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and other countries, which, during their terms in office, have set off wave after wave of social change. Although some countries’ changes have failed, others are still persisting to this day. The United States, though it uses every means to “put out fires” everywhere, finds that “the wildfire cannot be burned out; when the spring wind blows, it grows again.” [10]10 A classical Chinese poetic line from Bai Juyi’s “Grass” (赋得古原草送别), often used to describe the resilience of a force that cannot be eradicated. As the United States and the Western world decline, the prospects for the development of the socialist movement in Latin America are broad, and some countries governed by left-wing parties are overcoming numerous difficulties to bring their economies back to recovery.

资本主义国家和发展中国家的共产党人以及左翼势力坚持为社会主义奋斗的大方向，但由于这些国家领导人民夺取政权的条件不足，只能通过和平方式团结教育广大下层群众，在他们的支持下争取在议会中获得多数席位，上台执政后，实施经济、政治、文化等领域的社会主义改革，引导国家逐步走上社会主义道路。但从目前资本主义国家力量对比的格局来看，在相当长的时期，在这些国家中尚不具备社会主义政党长期上台执政的条件。“欧洲共产主义”认为在发达资本主义国家不可能实现武装夺取政权，只能走和平民主式道路，利用资本主义议会制度逐步争取通过普选上台执政。20世纪后期，特别是苏联解体、东欧剧变后，“欧洲共产主义”走向衰落。邓小平同志在谈到对“欧洲共产主义”的评价时说：“欧洲共产主义是对还是错，也不应该由别人来判断。……归根到底由他们的实践做出回答。人家根据自己的情况去进行探索，这不能指责。即使错了，也要由他们自己总结经验，重新探索嘛！”在一些发展中国家，尚未执政的共产党由于不具备夺取革命政权的条件，也只能通过在议会中争取席位来积累和发展自己的力量。其中，拉丁美洲左翼势力发展的势头引人注目，从智利的阿连德到委内瑞拉的查韦斯、马杜罗以及阿根廷、巴西、玻利维亚等国的进步党派上台执政期间掀起一波又一波的社会变革。有的国家变革虽然失败了，但有的国家至今仍在坚持。美国虽然用尽各种手段到处“灭火”，但“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。在美国和西方世界走向衰落的情况下，拉丁美洲社会主义运动发展前景广阔，左翼政党执政的一些国家正克服重重困难使经济走向复苏。

Another faction in the world socialist movement is democratic socialism, represented by the Socialist Party (including Social Democratic parties, Labour parties, etc.). Democratic socialism has in essence already departed from socialism and become a reformed capitalism. Democratic socialism has left many dishonorable records in its course of development. In the German Revolution and the Hungarian Revolution that broke out after the October Revolution in Russia, the right wing of the Socialist Party acted as an accomplice of the bourgeois rulers, even becoming the executioners who strangled the revolutions. In the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, democratic socialism and the “peaceful evolution” strategy [11]11 “Peaceful evolution” (和平演变) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to describe the strategy, attributed to Western powers, of subverting socialist states through non-military means such as ideological infiltration and economic pressure. promoted by Western countries worked in collusion from within and without, leading to the collapse of the socialist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. In many capitalist countries, the Socialist Party and bourgeois parties have become the left and right hands of the bourgeois rulers, alternating in power. The role of the Socialist Party is positioned as the “doctor at the bedside of capitalism.” When capitalism falls into crisis and arouses strong discontent among the masses, the Socialist Party is allowed to come to power, prescribing a “panacea for saving the world” for bourgeois rule and helping the bourgeoisie weather the crisis.

世界社会主义运动中另一个派系是以社会党（含社会民主党、工党等）为代表的民主社会主义。民主社会主义实质上已经背离了社会主义，变成了改良的资本主义。民主社会主义在其发展历程中留下了许多不光彩的记录。在俄国十月革命后爆发的德国革命、匈牙利革命中，社会党右翼充当了资产阶级统治者的帮手，甚至成为绞杀革命的刽子手。在苏联解体、东欧剧变中，民主社会主义和西方国家推行的“和平演变”战略里应外合，导致了苏联和东欧国家社会主义政权的垮台。在许多资本主义国家中，社会党和资产阶级政党成为资产阶级统治者的左右手，轮流上台执政。社会党的角色定位是资本主义“病榻旁的医生”。当资本主义陷入危机引起广大群众强烈不满时，让社会党上台执政，给资产阶级统治开出“救世良方”，帮助资产阶级渡过危机。

In some developing countries, various forms of “national socialism” exist, with a wide variety of labels and no complete system. After these countries gained political independence, the ruling bourgeoisie, in order to resist the aggression and plunder of Western neocolonialism, one after another raised the banner of socialism, and some countries even wrote socialism into their national names. To win popular support, the rulers of these countries adopted measures beneficial to the people, such as nationalization in the industrial sector and the establishment of cooperatives in the countryside. “National socialism” has become an ally of the world socialist movement in the struggle against imperialism.

在有些发展中国家存在各种形式的“民族社会主义”，其名目五花八门，没有形成完整的体系。这些国家获得政治独立后，执政的资产阶级为了对抗西方新殖民主义的侵略和掠夺，纷纷打出社会主义旗号，有些国家还将社会主义写入了国名。这些国家的执政者为了争取群众的支持，采取了在工业部门搞国有化，在农村建立合作社等有利于民众的措施。“民族社会主义”在反对帝国主义斗争中成为世界社会主义运动的同盟军。

Looking at the historical process of differentiation, evolution and development of the world socialist movement amid the great changes, we know that for new things to defeat decadent old things inevitably requires a long process of struggle — this is an unchangeable law of historical development. As early as when the Soviet regime had just been born in an environment of internal and external difficulties, Lenin pointed out: “Anyone who can observe things historically, even for a minute, will not doubt that the present state of disorganization is a transitional state, a transitional state from the old to the new, a state of growth of this new thing.” [12]12 The quotation is from V. I. Lenin, “The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government” (1918). The world socialist movement’s journey from a low ebb to revival must also go through such a process; this is the inevitable state of the growth of the socialist movement.

纵观世界社会主义运动在大变局中分化、演变和发展的历史进程，我们知道新生事物战胜腐朽的旧事物必然要经历长期斗争的过程，这是无法改变的历史发展规律。早在俄国苏维埃政权刚刚在内外交困的环境中诞生时，列宁就指出：“任何一个多少能够历史地观察事物的人，一分钟也不会怀疑，目前的组织涣散状态是过渡状态，是从旧事物到新事物的过渡状态，是这种新事物成长的状态。”世界社会主义运动从低潮走向复兴，同样也要经历这样的过程，这是社会主义运动成长的必然状态。

China leads the world socialist movement toward revival amid the great changes

中国在大变局中引领世界社会主义运动走向复兴

As early as 1962, Comrade Mao Zedong, looking ahead to the future direction of the world situation, pointed out: “From now on, over a period of fifty to a hundred years, it will be a great era of thoroughgoing change in the world’s social systems, an earth-shaking era, one incomparable with any past historical era. Living in such an era, we must prepare to wage great struggles that differ in many features from the forms of struggle of past eras. For this cause, we must combine the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of China’s socialist construction and, moreover, with the concrete practice of future world revolution, as well as possible, and step by step come to know the objective laws of struggle through practice.” What Comrade Mao Zedong foresaw is precisely the unprecedented great transformation of the world in a century that is currently unfolding. In the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has further developed Comrade Mao Zedong’s thesis, profoundly revealing the characteristics of the current great transformation of the world and indicating China’s countermeasures. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “At present, the changes unseen in a century are accelerating, and the features of changes in the world, in the times, and in history are becoming more pronounced. China’s development faces new strategic opportunities, new strategic tasks, new strategic stages, new strategic requirements, and a new strategic environment. The risks and challenges to be met, the contradictions and problems to be resolved are more complex and intertwined than ever before. The whole Party must strengthen its awareness of potential dangers, adhere to bottom-line thinking, fortify its will to struggle, enhance its ability to struggle, use correct strategies and tactics to respond to changes, foster new opportunities, and open up new prospects, rely on tenacious struggle to break new ground for the cause, and most fundamentally, do our own work well.” This statement by General Secretary Xi Jinping is the best confirmation of and response to Com

早在1962年，毛泽东同志在展望世界大局未来的走向时曾指出：“从现在起，五十年内外到一百年内外，是世界上社会制度彻底变化的伟大时代，是一个翻天覆地的时代，是过去任何一个历史时代都不能比拟的。处在这样一个时代，我们必须准备进行同过去时代的斗争形式有着许多不同特点的伟大的斗争。为了这个事业，我们必须把马克思列宁主义的普遍真理同中国社会主义建设的具体实际，并且同今后世界革命的具体实际，尽可能好一些地结合起来，从实践中一步一步地认识斗争的客观规律。”毛泽东同志所预见的正是当前世界正在经历的前所未有的百年大变局。新时代，习近平总书记进一步发展了毛泽东同志的论断，深刻揭示了当前世界大变局的特点，指明了我国的应对之策。习近平总书记指出：“当前，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变的特征更加明显。我国发展面临新的战略机遇、新的战略任务、新的战略阶段、新的战略要求、新的战略环境，需要应对的风险和挑战、需要解决的矛盾和问题比以往更加错综复杂。全党必须增强忧患意识，坚持底线思维，坚定斗争意志，增强斗争本领，以正确的战略策略应变局、育新机、开新局，依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地，最根本的是要把我们自己的事情做好。”习近平总书记这段话是对毛泽东同志预言最好的印证和回应。新时代中国共产党肩负着努力实现“两个复兴”的历史重任：一方面要领导全国各族人民实现中华民族伟大复兴；另一方面要引领和推进世界社会主义运动从低潮走向复兴。“两个复兴”大业相互推进，为世界百年大变局朝进步方向演变注入强大动力。

Since entering the New Era, the Party has led the people in arduous struggle on all fronts, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered a critical period. Building the ruling party well is the fundamental guarantee for achieving victory. General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the second answer for the Party to lead the people in escaping the historical cycle of rise and fall — the Party’s self-revolution — which forms an organic and unified whole with the first answer proposed by Comrade Mao Zedong — that the Party and government must accept supervision by the masses — thereby ensuring that the Marxist political party does not change its color and remains in power for the long term.

进入新时代以来，党领导人民在各条战线艰苦奋战，中华民族伟大复兴进入关键时期。建设好执政党是取得胜利的根本保证。习近平总书记提出党领导人民跳出历史周期率的第二个答案即党的自我革命，与毛泽东同志提出的第一个答案即党和政府必须接受群众监督，形成有机统一的整体，从而保证马克思主义政党不变颜色，长期执政。

The Communist Party of China attaches great importance to the construction of its ideology and theory, upholds the guiding position of Marxism throughout the Party, and advances the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times in light of the national and global conditions of the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, formed amid major changes unseen in a century, is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century points out: “Comrade Xi Jinping has made profound reflections and scientific judgments on a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning the development of the Party and the country in the New Era. On major epochal topics such as what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop in the New Era and how to uphold and develop it, what kind of strong socialist modernized country to build and how to build it, and what kind of long-term governing Marxist party to build and how to build it, he has put forward a series of original new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies for state governance, making him the principal founder of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is contemporary Chinese Marxism, Marxism of the 21st century, and the essence of the times of Chinese culture and the Chinese spirit, achieving a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.” The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “Over the past decade, we have adhered to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, fully implemented the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implemented the Party’s basic line and basic strategy, adopted a series of strategic measures, advanced a series of transformative practices, achieved a series of breakthrough advances, and obtained a series of landmark achievements. We have withstood tests of risks and challenges from political, economic, ideological, and natural aspects, and the cause of the Party and the country has achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic transformations, propelling our country onto a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.” The important status of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the history of the development of Marxism has been unanimously recognized and highly praised by communist parties and left-wing figures around the world. Ayeunu, Deputy Secretary-General of the Gabonese Democratic Party, believes that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has opened up a new realm for the development of Marxism in China. Under the scientific guidance of this important thought, the Communist Party of China leads the Chinese people to firmly follow a development path suited to their national conditions, which will surely make new and greater contributions to world peace and development and the cause of human progress. Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, pointed out: “The Communist Party of China has not only developed Marxist-Leninist thought — they are becoming a model for the whole world. Their experience is universal and requires in-depth and detailed discussion and study.” Eduardo Regalado, Senior Researcher at the Cuban Center for International Policy Research, pointed out: “The Communist Party of China is the fundamental creator of the ‘Chinese miracle.’ In China’s modernization process, it has always been at the core of the design and implementation of economic and social policies.” As a century-old party that has been in power for a long time after seizing state power, the Communist Party of China has always maintained the true character of a Marxist political party, led the people to overcome numerous difficulties, continuously won new victories in the socialist cause, and maintained youthful vitality — this can be called a miracle in the history of world political parties. The success of the Communist Party of China has boosted the morale and confidence of communist parties around the world and provided experience that can be used for reference.

中国共产党高度重视党的思想理论建设，坚持马克思主义在全党的指导地位，结合新时代国情、世情，推进马克思主义中国化时代化。党的十八大以来，在世界大变局中形成的习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义中国化时代化的最新成果。《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》指出：“习近平同志对关系新时代党和国家事业发展的一系列重大理论和实践问题进行了深邃思考和科学判断，就新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党等重大时代课题，提出一系列原创性的治国理政新理念新思想新战略，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的主要创立者。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是当代中国马克思主义、二十一世纪马克思主义，是中华文化和中国精神的时代精华，实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃。”党的二十大报告指出：“十年来，我们坚持马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观，全面贯彻新时代中国特色社会主义思想，全面贯彻党的基本路线、基本方略，采取一系列战略性举措，推进一系列变革性实践，实现一系列突破性进展，取得一系列标志性成果，经受住了来自政治、经济、意识形态、自然界等方面的风险挑战考验，党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，推动我国迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。”习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在马克思主义发展史上的重要地位得到世界各国共产党和左翼人士的一致认可和高度赞扬。加蓬民主党副总书记阿耶努认为，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想开辟了马克思主义在中国发展的新境界。在这一重要思想的科学指引下，中国共产党带领中国人民坚定走符合自身国情的发展道路，必将为世界和平发展和人类进步事业不断作出新的更大贡献。俄共中央委员会主席久加诺夫指出：“中国共产党不仅发展了马克思列宁主义思想——他们正在成为全世界的榜样。他们的经验具有普遍性，需要加以深入细致地讨论和研究。”古巴国际政治研究中心高级研究员艾德华多·雷加拉多指出：“中国共产党是‘中国奇迹’的根本缔造者。在中国现代化进程中，它始终处于经济社会政策设计和实施的核心地位。”中国共产党作为一个百年大党在取得政权后长期执政，始终保持马克思主义政党的本色，领导人民战胜重重困难，不断夺取社会主义事业新的胜利，永葆青春活力，在世界政党史上堪称奇迹。中国共产党的成功提振了世界各国共产党的斗志和信心，并提供了可资借鉴的经验。

Upholding the people-centered principle is the fundamental difference between the Communist Party of China and Western bourgeois political parties. The authenticity of whole-process people’s democracy implemented by the Communist Party of China stands in sharp contrast to the hypocrisy of Western democracy. Socialists and progressive people around the world see this more and more clearly through comparison. American independent journalist Danny Haiphong, comparing the merits and demerits of

坚持人民至上是中国共产党与西方资产阶级政党的根本区别。中国共产党实行的全过程人民民主的真实性与西方民主的虚伪性形成鲜明对比。世界各国社会主义者和进步人士从对比中看得越来越清楚。美国独立记者丹尼·海防对比中国民主与西式民主的优劣指出：全过程人民民主是为实现中国特色社会主义制度所确定的目标和规划而构建的，而西式民主是为垄断资本主义的利益而构建的。衡量民主制度成功与否的一个重要标准是代表的治理结构能在多大程度上满足人民对美好生活的渴望。西式民主把选举本身视为最高成就，这一制度是否服务于广大人民群众的需求这一问题通常被忽视，完全为用来掩盖这样一个事实——即强大的西方利益集团在投票之前就已设定了政策议程。认清中国全过程人民民主与西式民主的本质区别，对走议会道路的西方国家和发展中国家共产党具有重要警示作用。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the path of Chinese-path modernization, pioneered by the Communist Party of China through long-term exploration, has achieved continuous innovation and breakthroughs. This is a new path of development different from the Western path of modernization, expanding and enriching the connotation of modernization. As the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: "Chinese-path modernization provides a new choice for humanity to achieve modernization. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese people will provide more and better Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese strength to address the common problems facing humanity, and make new and greater contributions to the noble cause of human peace and development!" The path of Chinese-path modernization is undoubtedly a great encouragement to the communist parties and left-wing forces in developing countries.

党的十八大以来，中国共产党经过长期探索开创的中国式现代化道路得到不断创新和突破，这是一条不同于西式现代化道路的发展新路，扩展和丰富了现代化的内涵。正如党的二十大报告指出：“中国式现代化为人类实现现代化提供了新的选择，中国共产党和中国人民为解决人类面临的共同问题提供更多更好的中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量，为人类和平与发展崇高事业作出新的更大的贡献！”中国式现代化道路对发展中国家的共产党和左翼势力无疑是极大鼓舞。

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, advocated by the Communist Party of China, has gained universal recognition from people around the world. The United Nations has also incorporated a community with a shared future for mankind into its resolutions multiple times. The United States, by pursuing hegemonism, unilateralism, and racism to shape an international relations pattern centered on itself, has aroused strong discontent among capitalist countries that have suffered from US aggression and the vast number of developing countries. China advocates peaceful development and win-win cooperation, emphasizes that the destinies of all humanity are intertwined, and scientifically answers the questions of the times — “What is happening to humanity, where is the world heading, and what should we do?” — thereby enabling people worldwide to see direction and hope amid a chaotic and distorted international relations pattern. A community with a shared future for mankind has become mainstream international public opinion. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind provides a theoretical weapon for world socialist parties to unite the people and strengthens the voice of socialists and left-wing figures in international public discourse.

中国共产党倡导的人类命运共同体理念受到全世界人民的普遍认同。联合国也多次将人类命运共同体写入决议。美国奉行霸权主义、单边主义、种族主义，以此塑造以美国为中心的国际关系格局，引起受美国侵害的资本主义国家和广大发展中国家的强烈不满。中国倡导和平发展、合作共赢，强调全人类命运安危与共，科学回答了“人类怎么了，世界向何处去，我们怎么办”的时代之问，使世界人民在混乱扭曲的国际关系格局中看到了方向和希望。人类命运共同体已成为国际主流民意。人类命运共同体理念为世界社会主义政党提供了团结人民的理论武器，增强了社会主义者和左翼人士在国际舆论中的发言权。

Facing changes unseen in a century, the world socialist movement, under complex and volatile historical circumstances and influenced by the two-way combined force of China’s development miracle and the decline of capitalism, is regrouping and gradually moving from a low tide toward revival. Although difficulties abound, the prospects are positive, because the two historical factors influencing the direction of the world socialist movement are both irreversible. The decline of capitalism is dictated by the laws of historical development and is therefore unstoppable; no matter how many “salvation plans” the think tanks of bourgeois rulers concoct, they are futile, and no matter how many lies they fabricate, they only serve to expose themselves further. Since the outbreak of the Western world’s financial crisis in 2018, bourgeois rulers have found no way out of the crisis, and a global pandemic has triggered a full-scale crisis in the capitalist world across economic, political, diplomatic, and other fields. The two US parties take turns in power, presidents change constantly, yet all are helpless in dealing with the crisis. The United States strives to shift the crisis, leading to intensified contradictions with its allies and developing countries. Domestically, the two US parties blame each other, causing vicious infighting that further exacerbates the fragmentation of American society. The Great Depression of 1929 was saved by the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but today it is difficult for a second Roosevelt New Deal to emerge. Monopoly capital groups pass the bitter fruits of the crisis onto the people of capitalist countries and developing countries, sparking widespread popular anger and waves of protests that sweep across Europe, the Americas, and Third World countries — a situation rarely seen in history. Opinion polls show a sharp decline in approval ratings for leaders of Western countries, and replacing heads of government cannot stop the decline. Anti-US sentiment among the people of developing countries is rising, and calls against neocolonial oppression are growing louder. This severe crisis in the capitalist world provides a rare opportunity for the world socialist movement to move toward revival.

面对百年未有之大变局，世界社会主义运动在复杂多变的历史环境下，在中国发展奇迹与资本主义走向衰落双向合力的影响之下，正重整旗鼓逐步从低潮走向复兴。虽然困难重重，但前景向好，因为上述影响世界社会主义运动走向的两大历史因素都不可逆转。资本主义的衰落是历史发展规律使然，因而是无法阻挡的，不管资产阶级统治者的智囊提出多少“救世方案”也无济于事，编造多少谎言也只会欲盖弥彰。自2018年西方世界金融危机爆发以来，资产阶级统治者始终找不到摆脱危机的出路，一场世界疫情更导致资本主义世界在经济、政治、外交等各领域全方位危机的爆发。美国两党轮流上台，总统不断更换，应对危机都束手无策。美国力求转嫁危机，导致与盟国和发展中国家之间矛盾激化。美国国内两党互相推责，更引起恶性内斗，进一步加剧美国社会的撕裂。1929年大危机被罗斯福新政挽救，而今很难再出现第二个罗斯福新政了。垄断资本集团把危机造成的苦果转嫁给资本主义国家和发展中国家的民众，造成民怨沸腾，民众抗议声浪此起彼伏，席卷欧美和第三世界各国，这也是历史上罕见的局面。民意测验表明西方国家领导人的支持率大幅度下跌，更换政府首脑也无法阻止支持率的下降。发展中国家民众仇美情绪上升，反对新殖民主义压迫的呼声高涨。资本主义世界出现的这种严重危机，为世界社会主义运动走向复兴提供了难得的机遇。

Comrade Lenin once discussed the three conditions necessary for the emergence of a revolutionary upsurge: first, the ruling class can no longer rule as before; second, the masses can no longer live as before; but these two points alone are insufficient. Comrade Lenin pointed out: “For not every revolutionary situation gives rise to a revolution; revolution arises only out of a situation in which the above-mentioned objective changes are accompanied by a subjective change, namely, the ability of the revolutionary class to carry out revolutionary mass actions sufficiently strong to break (or dislodge) the old government, for the latter, if it is not ‘pushed,’ will not ‘fall’ even in a time of crisis.” [14]14 V. I. Lenin, “The Collapse of the Second International,” *Lenin Collected Works*, Vol. 21, p. 214. Comrade Lenin also pointed out: “It would be a mistake to think that the revolutionary class is always strong enough to carry out a revolution when the conditions of social and economic development have made it fully mature. … The revolution may be mature, but the revolutionary creators of that revolution may not have sufficient strength to carry it out; in that case, society continues to rot, sometimes for decades.” [15]15 V. I. Lenin, “The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up,” *Lenin Collected Works*, Vol. 22, p. 324. The current situation in the United States and Western countries is precisely this. The rulers possess a powerful state apparatus, the proletarian parties are not yet mature, and the discontent of the masses has not yet been elevated to the level of rational pursuit. Therefore, the development of the world socialist movement will still undergo a relatively long period of tempering.

列宁同志曾论述革命高潮出现需要有三个条件：一是统治阶级不能照旧统治下去；二是人民群众不能照样生活下去；但只有这两点还不够。列宁同志指出：“因为不是任何革命形势都会产生革命，只有在上述客观变化再加上主观变化的形势下才会产生革命，即必须再加上革命阶级能够发动足以摧毁（或打垮）旧政府的强大的革命群众行动，因为这种旧政府，如果不去‘推’它，即使在危机时代也决不会‘倒’的。”列宁同志还指出：“如果认为只要社会经济发展的条件使变革完全成熟了，革命的阶级就总会有足够的力量来实现这个变革，那是错误的。……变革可能成熟了，但这一变革的革命创造者可能还没有充分的力量来实现这一变革，在这种情况下，社会就会继续腐烂下去，有时能拖延数十年之久。”目前美国和西方国家的情况正是如此。统治者掌握着强大的国家机器，无产阶级政党还不成熟，群众的不满情绪尚未提高到理性追求的境界。因此，世界社会主义运动的发展还要经历较长时期的淬炼。

The rapid development of China, serving as a model and leading force, is also an important driving force for the world socialist movement to move from a low tide toward revival. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “The Communist Party of China is a party that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and it is also a party that seeks progress for humanity and harmony for the world.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects,” Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, October 16, 2022. We must continue to strive, and by the middle of this century, build our country into a great modern socialist country that leads in comprehensive national strength and international influence. By then, the world will see an unprecedented and inspiring situation, which will have an immeasurable impact on the evolution of changes unseen in a century and on the development of the world socialist movement. (Notes omitted)

中国迅速发展的示范和引领作用也是世界社会主义运动从低潮走向复兴的重要推动力。党的二十大报告指出：“中国共产党是为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的党，也是为人类谋进步、为世界谋大同的党。”我们要继续奋斗，到本世纪中叶，把我国建设成为综合国力和国际影响力领先的社会主义现代化强国。到那时，世界将会出现一种前所未有令人鼓舞的局面，这对世界百年未有之大变局的演变，对世界社会主义运动的发展必将产生不可估量的影响。（注释略）

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑