The Historical Evolution and Development Trends of the Socialist Movement in West Asia and North Africa

The more than twenty countries in the West Asia and North Africa region all adhere to Islam and commonly use Arabic, hence this region is also called the Arab region. In recent years, against the backdrop of the decline of nationalism and political Islamist forces, Arab left-wing political parties have begun to strengthen. Communist parties in Turkey, Iraq, Egypt and other countries have become active, emerging from obscurity, and their influence is continuously expanding. The vitality of socialist currents in Arab countries persists, and the "turn to the East" has become a trend.

西亚北非地区20多个国家均信奉伊斯兰教，通用阿拉伯语，因此该地区又称阿拉伯地区。近年来，在民族主义、政治伊斯兰力量式微的背景下，阿拉伯左翼政党开始走强，土耳其、伊拉克、埃及等国的共产党开始活跃起来，崭露头角，影响不断扩大。阿拉伯国家社会主义思潮活力持续，“向东看”已成潮流。

I. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Arab Socialism

一、阿拉伯社会主义的流行及其特点

Arab socialism is a form of socialism adopted by some Arab countries, based on Islam and aimed at the unity of Arab nations. It first emerged in the 1940s, with its main representative being Michel Aflaq, the founder of the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party. In 1944, in the book *The Attitude of Arab Socialism toward Communism*, co-authored with Salah al-Din al-Bitar, he first put forward the theoretical views of Arab socialism, calling it a third path between communism and capitalism. He emphasized that the socialist revolution must first be a national revolution, and that the national revolution would inevitably lead to socialism. He argued that Islamic doctrine contains socialist elements and advocated achieving social equality through class cooperation. The Iraqi Ba'ath Party theorist Elias Falleh provided a more systematic exposition of Arab socialism. He believed that the ideological sources of Arab socialism are complex, mainly including Islamism, Arabism, and Marxism. The diversity of the problems it faces and the complexity of its contradictions (including colonialism, imperialism, Zionism, economic backwardness, social underdevelopment, fragmentation, oil issues, etc.) cause socialism to be carried out within the overall scope of the national liberation struggle. Arab nationalism includes the content of national liberation, national unity, and socialism. Arab socialism, in turn, integrates mutually negating, conflicting, and competing traditional religious ideas and conservative nationalism with modern socialist ideas. It is rooted both in national and historical heritage and possesses the revolutionary content of class. Arab socialism discards a priori schemes divorced from Arab reality, while also refusing to blindly follow a single socialist model, avoiding mechanical application and absolutism.

阿拉伯社会主义是一些阿拉伯国家奉行的以伊斯兰教为基础、以阿拉伯国家统一为目标的社会主义，最早出现于20世纪40年代，主要代表人物是阿拉伯复兴社会党创始人米歇尔·阿弗拉克（Michel Aflaq），他在1944年和萨拉赫丁·比塔尔（S.Bitar）合著的《阿拉伯社会主义对共产主义的态度》一书中，第一次提出阿拉伯社会主义的理论观点，称社会主义是共产主义与资本主义之间的第三条道路，强调社会主义革命首先应该是民族的革命，民族革命必然导向社会主义，认为伊斯兰教义包含社会主义因素，主张通过阶级合作实现社会平等。伊拉克复兴社会党理论家艾勒亚斯·法勒赫（Elias Falleh）对阿拉伯社会主义进行了比较系统的阐述，他认为阿拉伯社会主义思想来源复杂，主要有伊斯兰主义、阿拉伯主义、马克思主义等，面临问题的多样性和矛盾的复杂性（存在殖民主义、帝国主义、犹太复国主义、经济落后、社会不发达、分裂、石油等问题），导致社会主义在民族解放斗争的总体范围内进行。阿拉伯民族主义包括民族解放、民族统一和社会主义内容。阿拉伯社会主义则把相互否定、冲突、竞争的传统宗教思想和守旧的民族主义与现代的社会主义思想融于一体，既扎根于民族和历史遗产中，又具有阶级的革命内容。阿拉伯社会主义摒弃了脱离阿拉伯实际的先验方案，又拒绝盲从唯一的社会主义模式，避免生搬硬套和绝对主义。

Starting from the 1950s, some Arab countries governed by nationalist political parties began to proclaim a development path different from capitalism. Countries such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Algeria, Sudan, Libya, and Tunisia successively declared the implementation of socialism. Through measures such as nationalization, land reform, and cooperativization, these countries established a mixed economic system with a state-owned economy as the mainstay, coexisting with state-owned, cooperative, and private sectors. At the same time, they imposed certain restrictions on the private economy to prevent harm to the socialist system and national interests, and paid attention to improving social welfare and raising people's living standards. Representative figures include Gamal Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumediene of Algeria, Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Saddam Hussein of Iraq, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, and Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia.

自20世纪50年代起，一些由民族主义政党掌握政权的阿拉伯国家开始宣称走一条不同于资本主义的发展道路，先后有埃及、叙利亚、伊拉克、阿尔及利亚、苏丹、利比亚、突尼斯等阿拉伯国家宣布实行社会主义。这些国家通过国有化、土地改革、合作化等措施，建立以国营经济为主体，国营、合作、私营经济并存的混合经济体制，同时对私营经济进行某些限制，以防止危害社会主义体制和国家利益，并注意改善社会福利，提高人民生活水平。代表人物有埃及的贾迈勒·纳赛尔（Gamal Nasser）、阿尔及利亚的艾哈迈德·贝拉（Ahmed Bella）和胡阿里·布迈丁（Houari Boumediene）、叙利亚的哈菲兹·阿萨德（Hafiz Assad）、伊拉克的萨达姆·侯赛因（Saddam Hussein）、利比亚的穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲（Muammar Gaddafi）、突尼斯的哈比卜·布尔吉巴（Habib Bourguiba）等。

Because Arab countries were influenced by various socialist currents from their suzerain states during the colonial period, and under the circumstances of the high tide of the international communist movement after World War II, nationalist political parties in Arab countries generally accepted socialism. Examples include the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party, the Palestinian Revolutionary Organization, the National Liberation Front of Algeria, the Yemeni Socialist Party, the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon, and the Socialist Action Party. Some military personnel and armed organizations that came to power through military coups also waved the banner of socialism, and some bourgeois political parties also borrowed the name of socialism. For instance, after Gaddafi came to power through a coup in 1969, he immediately declared the intention to "build a socialist Libya" and implement a "standard socialism" based on "Islam and Arabism." Therefore, Arab socialism is diverse and a hodgepodge. Some political party organizations and political figures claim to believe in socialism, but their intentions are not the same. The gap between their socialist label and reality is very large, and they mostly use the name of socialism to conceal their inherent essence of racism, nationalism, and religious sectarianism.

由于阿拉伯国家在殖民地时期受到宗主国的各种社会主义思潮的影响，在第二次世界大战后国际共产主义运动处于高潮的形势下，阿拉伯国家的民族主义政党普遍接受社会主义，如阿拉伯复兴社会党、巴勒斯坦革命组织、阿尔及利亚民主阵线、也门社会党、黎巴嫩社会进步党、社会主义行动党等。一些靠军事政变上台的军人和武装组织也打着社会主义旗号，一些资产阶级政党也借用社会主义名称。如1969年卡扎菲通过政变上台后，立即宣称要“建设社会主义的利比亚”，实行“以伊斯兰和阿拉伯为基础”的“标准社会主义”。所以，阿拉伯社会主义各式各样，是个大杂烩。一些政党组织和政治人物声称信奉社会主义，但其旨意并不一样，其社会主义标签与现实差别很大，多以社会主义之名掩饰其内在的种族主义、民族主义和宗教主义实质。

Although the schools of Arab socialism are numerous in name and diverse in propositions, they also share similar ideological foundations and value pursuits, mainly manifested in the following aspects.

虽然阿拉伯社会主义流派名目繁多，主张多样多元，但也有相似的思想基础和价值追求，主要表现在以下几方面。

First, Arab socialism takes the realization of Arab national liberation and unity as an important goal.

首先，阿拉伯社会主义是以实现阿拉伯民族解放和统一为重要目标。

The countries of West Asia and North Africa were historically colonies of European powers such as Britain and France. After these countries embarked on the path of national liberation and independence, they deeply hated imperialism and capitalism and looked favorably upon socialism. After the Suez War, Egyptian President Nasser firmly believed that the imperialist countries pursued colonial policies, cruelly exploited and oppressed the people of the colonies, and brought poverty and disaster to the Arab countries. Relying on the capitalist system, Arab countries could not achieve economic and industrial development; socialism was the inevitable choice for the Arab world. He also believed that to avoid falling again into the painful abyss of colonization, the Arab world must unite as one, unanimously resist imperialist aggression and interference, abandon capitalism, and take the path of Arab socialism. Based on this conviction, Nasser resolutely opposed imperialism, colonialism, racism, and Zionism, supported the Palestinian people's liberation struggle, and advocated achieving the unity of the Arab and Islamic worlds through socialism. At the same time, he advocated a one-party system politically, stipulating the Arab Socialist Union as the sole legal political party, with the realization of Arab world unity as the main political goal of this union. Nasser's socialist propositions were successively put into practice in Egypt, Sudan, and Libya, and also had a significant impact on the implementation of Ba'athist socialism in Syria, Iraq, and other countries.

西亚北非国家历史上曾是英法等欧洲列强的殖民地。这些国家走上民族解放和国家独立道路之后，对帝国主义、资本主义十分痛恨，对社会主义青睐有加。苏伊士战争结束后，埃及总统纳赛尔坚定地认为，帝国主义国家推行殖民政策，残酷剥削和压迫殖民地国家的人民，给阿拉伯国家带来贫穷和灾难。依靠资本主义体系，阿拉伯国家不可能实现经济和工业发展，社会主义是阿拉伯世界的必然选择。他还认为，为了避免再次落入被殖民的痛苦深渊，阿拉伯世界必须团结一心，一致反抗帝国主义侵略和干涉，摒弃资本主义，走阿拉伯社会主义道路。基于这样的信念，纳赛尔坚决反对帝国主义、殖民主义、种族主义和犹太复国主义，支持巴勒斯坦人民的解放斗争，主张通过社会主义来实现阿拉伯和伊斯兰世界的统一。同时，他主张政治上搞一党制，规定阿拉伯社会主义联盟为唯一合法政党，实现阿拉伯世界的统一是该联盟的主要政治目标。纳赛尔的社会主义主张先后在埃及、苏丹、利比亚付诸实践，对叙利亚、伊拉克等国推行复兴社会主义也产生了很大影响。

Since the mid-20th century, addressing the Middle East peace issue has been a touchstone for testing Arab socialism. The attitude toward the conflict between Palestine and Israel has been a severe test for all kinds of socialist aspirants, because the purpose of Arab socialism is to achieve Arab national unity and Arab national rejuvenation. If it does not oppose Zionism and cannot allow the Palestinians to return to their homeland, Arab socialism is empty talk. Arab national unity is the fundamental goal pursued by the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party, but due to the narrowness of nationalism, nationalist parties, including the Ba'ath Party, have not and cannot truly achieve this goal. In March 1979, Egypt and Israel formally signed a peace treaty, which led to Arab nationalism being called into question. Arab socialism, which pursued Arab unity and solidarity, also began to decline, and some even disappeared.

20世纪中期以来，应对中东和平问题是检验阿拉伯社会主义的试金石，对待巴勒斯坦与以色列之间的矛盾冲突对各类社会主义追求者都是严峻考验，因为，阿拉伯社会主义的宗旨是实现阿拉伯民族统一和阿拉伯民族复兴，如果不反对犹太复国主义，不能让巴勒斯坦人回归家园，阿拉伯社会主义就是空谈。阿拉伯民族统一是阿拉伯复兴社会党追求的根本目标，但由于民族主义的狭隘性，包括复兴社会党在内的民族主义政党并没有也不可能真正实现这一目标。1979年3月，埃及与以色列正式签订和平条约，导致阿拉伯民族主义受到质疑，以追求阿拉伯团结统一的阿拉伯社会主义也开始走下坡路，有的甚至销声匿迹。

On the political stage of West Asian and North African countries in the 20th century, communist and left-wing parties played an irreplaceable role and made important contributions to achieving national independence and people's liberation. "Their importance and influence far exceeded the number of their members." In October 1956, when the Suez War broke out, the Egyptian Communist Party and other leftist organizations did not take the opportunity to rise up and overthrow the Nasser government, which was suppressing communism. Instead, they called on the entire nation to unite, unanimously oppose the British and French aggressors, and defend the country to the death. Because the Communist Party and the independent left played a major leading role in the people's resistance movement, the Nasser government gradually eased its relations with the Communist Party and released most communist political prisoners.

在20世纪西亚北非国家政治舞台上，共产党和左翼政党曾发挥无可替代的作用，为实现民族独立和人民解放作出了重要的贡献。“他们的重要性和影响力远远大于其所拥有的成员数量。”1956年10月，苏伊士战争爆发，埃及共产党及其他左派组织没有趁机起来推翻打压共产主义的纳赛尔政府，而是号召全国人民团结起来，一致反对英法侵略者，誓死保卫国家。由于共产党和独立左派在人民抵抗运动中起了主要的领导作用，纳赛尔政府逐渐缓和了同共产党的关系，释放了大部分共产主义政治犯。

At present, left-wing political parties in Arab countries are analyzing the root causes of Middle East issues amidst the complex and volatile situation in the region, seeking countermeasures to achieve regional peace and their own development. However, the Arab left’s exploration of socialism is primarily focused on Arab unity and cooperation, jointly opposing the aggression and interference of US imperialism. They believe that “the urgent task is to achieve liberation and unification.” “If national unity is not guaranteed, the realization of socialism is out of the question.”

当前，阿拉伯国家左翼政党针对本地区错综复杂的局势，剖析中东问题根源，探寻实现地区和平和自身发展的对策。然而，阿拉伯国家左翼对社会主义的探索主要着眼于阿拉伯世界的团结与合作，共同反对美帝国主义的侵略和干涉。他们认为，“当务之急是实现解放和统一”。“如果国家统一没有保障，实现社会主义就无从谈起。”

Secondly, Arab socialism has a very strong nationalist tendency.

其次，阿拉伯社会主义具有十分强烈的民族主义倾向。

From the implementation of socialism in Arab countries in the past to the pursuit of socialism by left-wing political parties in Arab countries today, it is in fact based on Islam and Arab nationalism, with nationalism as its unchanging soul. During the period when Arab socialism was prevalent in the 20th century, Arab national unity and revival were its primary tasks, with socialism serving as a means to achieve this goal. Communist and left-wing parties played a vanguard role in leading the movements against imperialism and colonialism, and also played a non-negligible role in safeguarding the interests of the people in the Arab region and in the construction and development of the Arab region.

从过去阿拉伯国家推行社会主义到当今阿拉伯国家左翼政党追求社会主义，实际上都是以伊斯兰教和阿拉伯民族主义为基础的，民族主义是其不变的灵魂。在20世纪阿拉伯社会主义盛行时期，阿拉伯的民族统一和复兴是其首要任务，社会主义则是实现这一目标的手段。共产党和左翼政党在领导抵抗帝国主义、殖民主义的运动中发挥了先锋作用，在维护阿拉伯地区人民利益、建设和发展阿拉伯地区中也起到不可忽视的作用。

After the end of the Cold War, the United States, as the sole superpower, attempted to reshape the Middle East through the promotion of Western-style democracy. Zionism and extremist religious ideologies, with the support of the United States, continuously harassed the Arab region, exacerbating religious conflicts and regional strife in the Arab world. The “Arab Spring” not only led to regime changes in some “authoritarian states” but also led to the prevalence of extremist Islamic fundamentalist ideologies and the rapid rise of Islamist political parties. These religiously oriented parties often wave the banner of nationalism, caring only about the interests and privileges of their own tribe or region, adopting an exclusionary or even hostile attitude towards other tribes or regions, thereby triggering fierce conflicts between tribes and regions. As the forces of Islamic extremism in West Asia and North Africa have grown stronger, the Arab left’s exploration of socialism has also entered a new phase, with nationalist characteristics becoming more prominent.

冷战结束后，美国一超独霸，企图通过推行西式民主改造中东，犹太复国主义和极端宗教主义借助美国的支持不断侵扰阿拉伯地区，加剧了阿拉伯世界的宗教矛盾和地区冲突。“阿拉伯之春”不仅导致一些“威权国家”政权更迭，而且导致伊斯兰原教旨主义极端思潮盛行和伊斯兰教政党迅速崛起。这些宗教性质的政党往往打着民族主义旗帜，只关心本部族或地区的利益和特权，对其他部族或地区采取排斥甚至敌视的态度，以至引发了部族、地区间的激烈冲突。随着西亚北非地区伊斯兰极端主义势力日益走强，阿拉伯地区左翼力量对社会主义的探索也开始进入新阶段，民族主义特点更加突出。

Third, Arab socialism is based on Islam, opposes exploitation, and demands the establishment of an equal, just, and happy society free from the exploitation of man by man.

第三，阿拉伯社会主义以伊斯兰教为基础，反对剥削，要求建立一个没有人剥削人的平等、公正、幸福的社会。

To better survive and develop, left-wing political parties in Arab countries generally emphasize the need to proceed from the actual conditions of Islamic countries, respect Islamic beliefs, and promote the socialist ideology of fairness, justice, and equality for all through the propagation of Islamic teachings. Most left-wing political parties in Arab countries believe that Islamic teachings contain socialist elements, and that the doctrines of fairness, justice, and rewarding good while punishing evil in Islamic scriptures share commonalities with the socialist ideology of eliminating class exploitation and oppression and advocating equality for all. However, for a long time, the “secular regimes” that pursued Arab socialism mostly advocated a one-party system and “authoritarian politics,” implementing a “high-pressure” policy towards fundamentalist Islamic movements that insisted on the unity of religion and state. Although left-wing political parties in Arab countries believe in Islam, they oppose Islamic fundamentalism and religious extremist parties, and Arab socialism has consistently maintained a stance against Islamic fundamentalism. This contradiction between fundamentalism and secularism, political Islam and Arab socialism, has not only existed for a long time but has sometimes erupted into fierce conflict.

为了更好地生存和发展，阿拉伯国家左翼政党普遍强调要从伊斯兰国家实际出发，尊重伊斯兰教信仰，要通过宣扬伊斯兰教义弘扬公平正义、人人平等的社会主义意识形态。阿拉伯国家的左翼政党大都认为伊斯兰教义中包含社会主义因素，伊斯兰教经文中关于公平正义和惩恶扬善的说教，与社会主义坚持消灭阶级剥削压迫和宣扬人人平等的意识形态有共通之处。但长期以来，奉行阿拉伯社会主义的“世俗政权”大都推崇一党制和“威权政治”，对坚持政教合一的原教旨伊斯兰运动都实行“高压”政策。阿拉伯国家的左翼政党尽管信仰伊斯兰教，但对伊斯兰原教旨主义和宗教极端政党持反对态度，阿拉伯社会主义也一直坚持反对伊斯兰原教旨主义的立场。这一原教旨主义和世俗主义、政治伊斯兰和阿拉伯社会主义之间的矛盾不仅长期存在，有时还发生激烈冲突。

Because some countries in the Arab region consider communism a foreign ideology, incompatible with their national conditions and inconsistent with the character and traditions of the Arab people, they have strictly prohibited communist activities within their borders. Consequently, some left-wing political parties no longer mention Marxism, and they believe that Marxism, which insists on atheism, does not fit Arab reality, and that only by adapting to Islam can socialism be better implemented. In the current period of political transformation and turmoil, the choice made by left-wing political parties in Arab countries has its objective inevitability, and their exploration and practice of socialism should not be denied on this account.

由于阿拉伯地区有的国家认为共产主义是一种外来思想，不符合本国国情，也不合乎阿拉伯人的性格和传统，因而严令禁止共产主义在本国活动，因此一些左翼政党不再提马克思主义，而且认为马克思主义坚持无神论，不切合阿拉伯实际，只有适应伊斯兰教，才能更好地实行社会主义。在当今政治转型动荡时期，阿拉伯国家左翼政党作出这一选择有其客观必然性，不能因此而否定其对社会主义的探索和实践。

II. The Historical Evolution of Left-Wing Political Parties in Arab Countries

二、阿拉伯国家左翼政党的历史演变

Left-wing political parties in the Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa can be roughly divided into three categories: communist parties, socialist parties, and nationalist parties. Due to the influence of deep religious traditions and complex ethnic relations, communist and left-wing parties in the region have long been subject to exclusion and suppression by their governments. Their exploration of the socialist path has been arduous and tortuous, and they have consistently struggled to become the dominant force in national politics. The communist movement in the Arab region has a long history. After the 1920s, under the influence and support of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, communist parties were successively established in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and other countries, and communist groups emerged in some nations. They were the vanguard of the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial struggle and played an important role in the national liberation struggles of their respective countries. Although communist parties in the Arab region were established relatively early and have a long history, they have long been in an illegal status and are generally weak in strength.

西亚北非阿拉伯国家的左翼政党大致可分为共产党、社会主义政党和民族主义政党三类。因受深厚的宗教传统和复杂的民族关系影响，共产党和左翼政党在该地区长期饱受政府的排斥和打压，探索社会主义道路艰辛坎坷，始终难以成为国家政治的主导力量。阿拉伯地区的共产主义运动具有悠久历史。20世纪20年代后，在苏联共产党的影响和支持下，埃及、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、伊拉克、巴勒斯坦等国的共产党相继成立，一些国家出现共产主义团体。它们是反帝反殖斗争先锋，在本国民族解放斗争中曾发挥重要作用。阿拉伯地区共产党创建得虽然比较早，历史比较长，但长期处于非法地位，力量普遍弱小。

= (I) Marxist-oriented Political Parties

= （一）马克思主义性质的政党

Influenced by the October Revolution in Russia, some advanced intellectuals in Islamic countries began to accept socialism in their struggle for national liberation and independence, and established Marxist-oriented political parties by emulating the model of the Russian proletarian party. In October 1919, the Communist International passed a resolution calling for the establishment of communist parties in the Muslim world. At the same time, the Communist International began actively promoting the communist movement in colonial countries.

受俄国十月革命的影响，一些伊斯兰国家先进的知识分子在追求民族解放和国家独立的斗争中，开始接受社会主义，并效仿俄国无产阶级政党模式成立马克思主义性质的政党。1919年10月，共产国际通过了一项决议，要求在穆斯林世界建立共产党。同时，共产国际开始积极推动殖民地国家的共产主义运动。

In March 1919, left-wing figures who split from the Jewish Workers’ Party of Palestine established the Communist Party of Israel (originally named the Socialist Workers’ Party of Palestine). [5]5 The "January 25 Revolution" is the Egyptian name for the 2011 uprising that began on January 25, 2011, culminating in the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak on February 11, 2011.247 In April 1921, the party was renamed the Communist Party of Palestine and joined the Communist International. The Communist Party of Israel claims to be a party of Jews and Arabs, guided by Marxism-Leninism, characterized by patriotism and internationalism.

1919年3月，由巴勒斯坦犹太人工人党分裂出来的左翼人士成立以色列共产党（原名为巴勒斯坦社会主义工人党），[5]2471921年4月，该党改称为巴勒斯坦共产党，并加入共产国际。以色列共产党自称是以马列主义为指导思想的、具有爱国主义和国际主义的犹太—阿拉伯两族人的政党。

Under the influence of the Communist International, around 1920, some Egyptian intellectuals, in their exploration of a path to save Egypt, formed a progressive group dedicated to studying various forms of socialist ideology. Based on this, the Egyptian Socialist Party was established in July 1922, renamed the Egyptian Communist Party in 1923. Because the Egyptian Communist Party advocated achieving socialism through a national democratic revolution, it was quickly declared an illegal organization by the authorities and remained underground for a long time. During World War II, the party split into multiple factions, later merging into the Egyptian Communist Party, the Egyptian Unified Communist Party, and the Workers’ and Peasants’ Communist Party. In December 1957, the three parties merged into the Egyptian Communist Party, which publicly declared its support for the Nasser government. In July 1964, the party announced its dissolution, with members joining the then-ruling Arab Socialist Union as individuals. The party was re-established in 1975, but under the repression of the Sadat and subsequent Mubarak regimes, its activities remained underground, and it was prohibited from participating in open political activities and elections. After the overthrow of the Mubarak regime on February 11, 2011, the Egyptian Communist Party was able to resume open activities, participating in several national parliamentary elections but failing to win any seats. Besides the Egyptian Communist Party, there are also some scattered communist factions in Egypt, such as Trotskyist groups influenced by the Fourth International and Maoist groups that emerged from the Sino-Soviet split.

在共产国际的影响下，1920年前后，埃及一些知识分子在探索埃及救亡之路中，成立了一个致力于研究各种形式的社会主义意识形态的进步团体，在此基础上于1922年7月成立了埃及社会党，1923年更名为埃及共产党。因埃及共产党主张通过民族民主革命实现社会主义，因而很快被当局宣布为非法组织，长期处于地下状态。二战期间，该党分裂为多个派别，以后又合并为埃及共产党、埃及统一共产党、工农共产党。1957年12月，三党合并为埃及共产党，并公开声明支持纳赛尔政府。1964年7月，该党宣布自行解散，党员以个人身份加入当时执政的阿拉伯社会主义联盟。1975年该党重新成立，但是在萨达特和随后的穆巴拉克政权的镇压下，其活动一直处于地下状态，被禁止参与公开的政治活动和选举。2011年2月11日，穆巴拉克政权被推翻后，埃及共产党得以重新公开活动，多次参加国家议会选举，但没有赢得席位。除了埃及共产党外，埃及还存在一些分散的共产主义小派别，如受第四国际影响的托派团体和在中苏论战中产生的毛派团体等。

In the 1920s and 1930s, communist parties emerged in some Arab countries, such as the Communist Party of Iran (founded in June 1920, banned by the Shah in 1931, restored in September 1941 and renamed the Tudeh Party of Iran), the Communist Party of Cyprus (founded in August 1926, soon renamed the Progressive Party of Working People), the Lebanese Communist Party (founded in October 1924), the Syrian Communist Party (founded in October 1924), and the Iraqi Communist Party [2]2 The Iraqi Communist Party (ICP) was a major communist party in the Arab world, often subject to severe repression by successive Iraqi governments. (founded in March 1934). At that time, these communist parties all advocated opposing imperialism and colonialism, supporting national liberation struggles, and maintained close relations with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

20世纪20—30年代，在阿拉伯国家的一些国家中出现了共产主义政党，如伊朗共产党（1920年6月成立，1931年被国王取缔，1941年9月恢复并改名为伊朗人民党）、塞浦路斯共产党（1926年8月成立，不久改名为塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党）、黎巴嫩共产党（1924年10月成立）、叙利亚共产党（1924年10月成立）、伊拉克共产党1（1934年3月成立）等。当时这些共产党都主张反对帝国主义和殖民主义，支持民族解放斗争，都同苏联共产党保持密切关系。

After World War II, a large number of developing countries threw off colonial rule and gained independence. During this period, the party systems of these countries either imitated the Western multiparty system or the Soviet one-party system. In multiparty countries, various types of parties obtained a certain space for survival, and left-wing parties professing socialism began to develop. Even in monarchies, communist parties or left-wing parties were established.

二战后大批发展中国家摆脱殖民统治并获得独立，这一时期这些国家的政党体制不是模仿西方多党制，就是模仿苏联一党制。在多党制国家，各类政党都获得一定的生存空间，信奉社会主义的各左翼政党开始发展起来，即使在君主制国家也有共产党或左翼政党成立。

Jordan is a hereditary monarchy; the king is the head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, with highly concentrated power. Since its independence in 1946, Jordan banned all party activities until 1991, when it lifted the ban and implemented a multiparty system. There are currently about 18 political parties. The Jordanian Communist Party was founded in May 1951 and was illegal for a long period, becoming a legal political party in January 1993. Domestically, the Jordanian Communist Party advocates defending national independence, upholding political pluralism, and strengthening economic independence; externally, it advocates safeguarding national sovereignty and ethnic independence, achieving Arab unity, and strengthening mutual assistance among the peoples of all countries. Currently, the Jordanian Communist Party has 1,500 open members, mainly composed of intellectuals, workers, peasants, writers, and trade unionists, and maintains friendly exchanges with the Communist Party of China.

约旦是世袭君主制国家，国王是国家元首、三军统帅，权力高度集中。约旦自1946年独立后一直禁止政党活动，1991年开始宣布解除党禁，实行多党制，目前约有18个政党。约旦共产党成立于1951年5月，长期处于非法状态，1993年1月成为合法政党。约旦共产党对内主张捍卫国家独立，坚持政治多元化，加强经济独立性；对外主张维护国家主权和民族独立，实现阿拉伯统一，加强同各国人民之间的互助。目前，约旦共产党有1500名公开党员，主要由知识分子、工人、农民、作家和工会人士构成，与中国共产党保持友好交往。

The Workers' Party of Turkey was founded in 1961, calling itself a party of the working class, rural laborers, and socialist intellectuals, with Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought as its guiding ideology. The Party's purpose is to establish a people's democratic regime through democratic revolution and ultimately achieve socialism. The Party's goal is to complete the Kemalist revolution and the national democratic revolution. In October 1988, the Workers' Party of Turkey briefly merged with the Communist Party of Turkey to form the United Communist Party of Turkey, which was banned in July 1991 by the Turkish Constitutional Court on the grounds of "violating relevant provisions of the constitution."

土耳其工人党成立于1961年，自称是工人阶级、农村劳动者和社会主义知识分子的政党，指导思想是马列主义毛泽东思想。党的宗旨是通过民主革命建立人民民主政权，最终实现社会主义。党的目标是完成凯末尔革命和民族民主革命。1988年10月，土耳其工人党一度与土耳其共产党合并为土耳其联合共产党，1991年7月被土耳其宪法法院以“违反宪法有关条款”为由取缔。

The Communist Party of Palestine was founded in February 1982, formed by the merger of members of Palestinian communist organizations in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian communists from the foreign organizations of the Jordanian Communist Party, and Palestinian communists from other countries.[3]3 The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are two non-contiguous Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is the internationally recognized representative body of the Palestinian people. At the end of October 1991, it held its Second Congress, adopted a new party program and party constitution, elected new central leading bodies, and decided to rename itself the Palestinian People's Party.

巴勒斯坦共产党成立于1982年2月，由约旦河西岸和加沙地带巴勒斯坦共产主义组织成员、约旦共产党国外组织中的巴勒斯坦共产党人及其他国家的巴勒斯坦共产党人合并组成。[5]8351991年10月底召开二大，通过了新的党纲和党章，选出新的中央领导机构，并决定更名为巴勒斯坦人民党。

After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the strength of communist and left-wing parties in West Asia and North Africa declined, and the trend of Islamic socialism waned. They felt confused about how to adhere to Marxism and where the world socialist movement was heading.

苏东剧变后，西亚北非地区共产党左翼政党实力下降，伊斯兰社会主义思潮式微，它们对马克思主义如何坚守、世界社会主义运动向何处去等问题感到迷茫。

(II) Parties of a Socialist Nature

（二）社会主义性质的政党

Because socialist countries were established one after another after World War II, and communist parties played a positive role during the war, a wave of communism emerged in West Asia and North Africa. In some countries, nationalist parties and socialist parties of an Arab socialist nature appeared, and the survival environment for communist parties improved.

由于二战后社会主义国家纷纷建立，共产党在二战时期发挥了积极作用，西亚北非共产主义出现一波高潮，一些国家出现阿拉伯社会主义性质的民族主义政党和社会主义政党，共产党的生存环境得到改善。

The Party of Progress and Socialism of Morocco was founded in 1943, originally named the Moroccan Communist Party, and changed to its current name in 1974. Its long-term program was to achieve socialism; its current purpose is to build a unified, prosperous, democratic, and law-based Morocco. This party is a communist party with certain political influence in Arab countries and is currently a member of the ruling coalition in Morocco, ranking eighth and tenth in the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, respectively. It established relations with the Communist Party of China in 1956, broke them off in 1966, restored them in 1985, and currently maintains good exchanges.

摩洛哥进步与社会主义党成立于1943年，原名摩洛哥共产党，1974年改为现名，长期纲领是实现社会主义，当前宗旨是建设一个统一、繁荣、民主和法治的摩洛哥。该党是阿拉伯国家中具有一定政治影响的共产党，现系摩洛哥执政联盟成员，在众议院、参议院分别位居第八、第十。1956年与中国共产党建立关系，1966年中断，1985年恢复关系，现保持良好交往。

The Socialist Union of Popular Forces of Morocco was founded in January 1975 and was approved as a legal political party in December of the same year. It represents the interests of the petty and middle bourgeoisie and intellectuals, has considerable influence among intellectuals, young students, and workers, and its program is "liberation, democracy, and socialism." It is a member of the Socialist International and won 26 seats in the October 2016 parliamentary elections, ranking first among left-wing parties. It established exchange relations with the Communist Party of China in the early 1980s.

摩洛哥人民力量社会主义联盟成立于1975年1月，同年12月获准成为合法政党，代表中小资产阶级和知识分子利益，在知识分子、青年学生和工人中颇有影响，纲领为“解放、民主和社会主义”，是社会党国际成员，在2016年10月国会选举中获26席，居左翼政党之首。20世纪80年代初与中国共产党建立交往关系。

The Palestinian People's Party, formerly the Communist Party of Palestine founded in February 1982, changed to its current name in October 1991. It once participated in the Palestinian national unity government and has a small armed force. It restored relations with the Communist Party of China in 2005. In its party program, it calls itself a socialist party and declares its commitment to building a socialism suited to Palestinian realities.

巴勒斯坦人民党前身是1982年2月成立的巴勒斯坦共产党，1991年10月改为现名。曾参加巴民族联合政府，有少量武装力量。2005年与中国共产党恢复关系。该党在党纲中自称是社会主义政党，宣称致力于建设符合巴勒斯坦实际的社会主义。

The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front was founded in 1967 and joined the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1971. It is an important left-wing party in Palestine, professing Marxism-Leninism.

巴勒斯坦人民斗争阵线成立于1967年，1971年加入巴勒斯坦解放组织，系巴勒斯坦重要的左翼政党，信奉马克思主义、列宁主义。

The Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon was founded in May 1949. It is a social democratic party with a background in the Islamic Druze sect and joined the Socialist International in 1980. This party holds an important position in Lebanese politics. Its founder was Kamel Joumblatt, and the current party chairman is his son, Walid Joumblatt. In April 1983, at the 16th Congress of the Socialist International, he was elected Vice Chairman of the Socialist International, and was re-elected at the 17th and 18th Congresses. The Party's purpose is "to establish a stable, just, happy, free, and peaceful society on the basis of true democracy through all legitimate means," and it advocates socialism as the means to achieve this goal.

黎巴嫩社会进步党成立于1949年5月，是具有伊斯兰教德鲁兹教派背景的社会民主主义政党，1980年加入社会党国际。该党在黎巴嫩政坛中具有重要地位，创始人为卡迈勒·琼布拉特（Kamel Joumblatt），现任党主席是其儿子瓦立德·琼布拉特（Walid Joumblatt),1983年4月在社会党国际十六大上当选为社会党国际副主席，十七、十八大又连续当选社会党国际副主席。该党宗旨是“用一切合法手段在真正民主的基础上建立一个安定、公正、幸福、自由与和平的社会”，主张社会主义是实现这一目标的手段。

(III) Parties of a Nationalist Nature

（三）民族主义性质的政党

Nationalist parties are a complex concept, generally referring to all political parties in developing countries except communist parties. Nationalist parties are diverse and colorful, influenced by both Western democratic politics and scientific socialism; they both draw on Western party models and value the experience of Chinese party politics; they are influenced by democratic socialism, as well as by feudal, ethnic, and religious factors; they include both relatively mature parties that have withstood decades of political struggle and newly formed parties; they have both regional characteristics and national features. Nationalist parties rose rapidly in the early post-World War II period, all taking as their main goal further shaking off colonial influence and building independent nation-states. Nationalist parties are guided by Nasserism and are committed to the unity and prosperity of the Arab world.

民族主义政党是一个复杂的概念，泛指所有发展中国家除共产党外的所有政党。民族主义政党异彩纷呈，既有西方民主政治的影响，又有科学社会主义的影响；既借鉴西方政党模式，又重视中国政党政治的经验；既有民主社会主义的影响，又有封建的种族的宗教的影响；既有经受几十年政治斗争考验的比较成熟的政党，又有新组建的政党；既有地区性特色，又有本国特点。民族主义性质的政党在二战结束初期迅速崛起，均以进一步摆脱殖民主义影响、建设独立的民族国家为主要目标。民族主义性质的政党以纳赛尔主义为指导，致力于阿拉伯世界的统一与繁荣。

Nationalist parties (left-wing parties) include: the National Liberation Front Party of Algeria, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (originally affiliated with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, established as an independent party in 1967, joined the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1971, an important left-wing party in Palestine), and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1968, the third largest political organization within the PLO, with left-leaning and radical political views, opposing the Oslo Accords between Palestine and Israel).

民族主义性质的政党（左翼党）有：阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线党、巴勒斯坦人民斗争阵线（原隶属于解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线，1967年独立建党，1971年加入巴勒斯坦解放组织，系巴勒斯坦重要左翼政党）、解放巴勒斯坦民主阵线（1968年从解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线中分裂出来，是巴解中的第三大政治组织，政治观点偏左、偏激进，反对巴以“奥斯陆协议”）。

The National Liberation Front Party of Algeria was founded in August 1954 and became the ruling party after Algeria's independence in July 1962. In December 1991, the party lost the first multiparty legislative elections in Algeria and lost its ruling position. In the May 2002 legislative elections, the party won and returned to power. Politically, the party advocates for Islam as the state religion, considers Arab Islamic culture the ideological foundation for Algeria's construction and national unity, emphasizes Arabization in language, culture, and other fields, supports the development of a market economy economically, and opposes the privatization of land.

阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线党成立于1954年8月，1962年7月阿尔及利亚独立后成为执政党。1991年12月，该党在阿尔及利亚首次多党立法选举中落败，失去执政地位。在2002年5月立法选举中，该党获胜，重回执政地位。该党在政治上主张伊斯兰教的国教地位，认为阿拉伯伊斯兰文化是阿尔及利亚建设和人民团结的思想基础，在语言、文化等各领域强调阿拉伯化，在经济上支持发展市场经济，反对土地私有化。

The Unified Party of Patriotic Democrats of Tunisia was founded in 1975, formerly the Tunisian left-wing student movement. After gaining legal status in 2011, it changed its name to the Unified Movement of Patriotic Democrats, and changed to its current name in 2012. The party professes Marxism-Leninism and participates in the Tunisian left-wing party alliance, the Popular Front, of which it is the second largest political force.

突尼斯爱国民主人士统一党成立于1975年，前身是突尼斯左翼学生运动，2011年取得合法地位后改为爱国民主人士统一运动，2012年改为现名。该党信仰马列主义，参加突尼斯左翼政党联盟——人民阵线，是阵线内第二大政治力量。

The Democratic Forces Front of Morocco was founded in July 1997. It advocates defending Morocco's national sovereignty and territorial integrity, emphasizing Morocco's cultural specificity and openness; it calls for recognizing the legal status of the Berber language, advocates the appropriate use of Hebrew in national political life, and calls on the government to ensure the right of overseas citizens to participate in the country's political life.

摩洛哥民主力量阵线成立于1997年7月，主张捍卫摩洛哥国家主权和领土完整，强调摩洛哥的文化特性和开放性；呼吁承认柏柏尔语的合法地位，主张国家政治生活中适当采用希伯来语，呼吁政府确保海外公民参与国家政治生活的权利。

The predecessor of the Egyptian National Progressive Unionist Party was the National Progressive Forum, established in 1975, a left-wing political group comprising individuals holding socialist, communist, Nasserist, nationalist, and liberal views. It adopted its current name in November 1976. The party has long been in opposition, participating in multiple parliamentary elections, and won one seat in the 2015 parliamentary elections.

埃及民族进步统一集团党前身是1975年成立的民族进步论坛，是持社会主义、共产主义、纳赛尔主义、民族主义、自由主义观点人士的左翼政治集团，1976年11月改用现名。该党长期处于反对党地位，多次参加议会选举，在2015年议会选举时赢得1席。

The Arab Democratic Nasserist Party was founded in April 1992 as an Egyptian Nasserist nationalist left-wing party. It advocates taking the socialist road, establishing an independent national economic system, and emphasizes the unity and solidarity of Arab countries.

阿拉伯民主纳赛尔主义党成立于1992年4月，为埃及纳赛尔民族主义左翼政党，主张走社会主义道路，建立独立的国家经济体系，强调阿拉伯国家的团结一致。

All three types of parties mentioned above propose serving the working masses, upholding social justice, and achieving national peace, security, and sustainable development. However, they differ in their guiding ideologies, policy propositions, and methods of struggle. Communist parties believe in Marxism-Leninism, but their party constitutions and programs rarely elaborate on their own understanding of Marxism; some even dogmatize Marxism-Leninism. There are also differences in their understanding of traditional socialism. They have long been unable to shake off Soviet control, lack theoretical innovation, and suffer from ideological rigidity. Their insufficient understanding of their own national conditions and wavering positions on ethnic issues have "strained relations with many nationalist factions," ultimately severely hindering their own development. Socialist parties mostly believe in democratic socialism. For example, the Tunisian Constitutional Democratic Rally and the Egyptian National Democratic Party both joined the Socialist International but collapsed during the "Arab Spring" movement.

以上三类政党都提出要服务于劳动大众，维护社会公正，实现国家和平安全和可持续发展，但各党在指导思想、政策主张和斗争方式上有所不同。共产党信奉马克思列宁主义，但在党纲党章中很少论述本党对马克思主义的理解，有的甚至将马列主义教条化；对传统社会主义的认识也存在分歧；长期无法摆脱苏联的控制，缺乏理论创新，意识形态僵化；对本国国情认识不足，在民族问题上立场摇摆，“弄僵了与许多民族主义派别的关系”，最终导致自身发展严重受阻。社会主义政党多信奉民主社会主义。如突尼斯宪政民主联盟、埃及民族民主党，都加入过社会党国际，但在“阿拉伯之春”运动中覆亡。

III. The Current Development Status of Left-Wing Parties in Arab Countries Since the "Arab Spring"

三、“阿拉伯之春”以来阿拉伯国家左翼政党发展现状

After the end of the Cold War, the international situation and the world political landscape underwent profound changes and adjustments. Under the impact of the Western-dominated "democratization" trend, the party systems of developing countries changed dramatically. Nearly 80 developing countries successively abandoned the one-party system or non-party system and explicitly declared a shift to the Western-style multi-party system. In addition, some countries achieved the "return of power to the people" by military regimes and restored the multi-party system. In the "power vacuum" caused by the "Arab Spring" that began at the end of 2010, the major communist and left-wing parties in the Arab region also took this opportunity to support the revolutions, back the people's democratic struggles, thereby enhancing their own influence, while developing and strengthening their own forces to accumulate strength for participating in or seizing political power and building the state.

冷战结束后，国际形势和世界政治格局发生了深刻变化和调整，在西方主导的“民主化”潮流冲击下，发展中国家的政党体制急剧变化，先后有近80个发展中国家放弃一党制或无党制，明确宣布改行西方式的多党制。此外，还有一些国家实现军政权“还政于民”，恢复了多党制。在始于2010年底的“阿拉伯之春”引起的“权力真空”中，阿拉伯地区的主要共产党和左翼政党也借此契机，声援革命，支持人民的民主斗争，以此来提高自己的影响力，同时发展和壮大自身力量，为参与或谋取政权、建设国家积蓄力量。

(I) The Active Role of Egyptian Left-Wing Forces in the Post-Mubarak Era

（一）埃及左翼力量在后穆巴拉克时代发挥积极作用

After the outbreak of the Egyptian "January 25 Revolution" in 2011, left-wing groups such as the Egyptian Communist Party, the Trotskyist group "Revolutionary Socialists," and the "April 6 Youth Movement" played a certain role in mobilizing protest actions. After the Mubarak regime was overthrown in February 2011, the Egyptian Communist Party was able to resume public activities. On February 11, 2011, the Egyptian Communist Party issued a statement demanding the formation of a coalition government during the transitional period, the convening of a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution, and the punishment of those responsible for suppressing the people. On May 9, 2011, four communist organizations—the Egyptian Communist Party, the Workers and Peasants Democratic Party, the Socialist Party, and the Revolutionary Socialists—merged to form the Socialist Popular Alliance. This party alliance had 5,000 members, meeting the conditions for legal party registration stipulated by the Egyptian government, and was the only legally registered communist party in Egypt. Between 2011 and 2012, the Socialist Popular Alliance, together with political organizations such as the Egyptian People's Party and the Revolutionary Youth Union, formed the electoral coalition "The Revolution Continues Alliance" to participate in the Egyptian parliamentary elections but won no seats. It also participated in the 2015 parliamentary elections without winning any seats. Egyptian communists played an active role in the struggle to overthrow the Mubarak regime and in the post-Mubarak Egyptian political arena.

2011年埃及“一•二五”革命爆发后，埃及共产党、托派团体“革命社会主义者”与“四六青年运动”等左翼团体在抗议行动的动员过程中发挥了一定的作用。2011年2月，穆巴拉克政权被推翻后，埃及共产党得以重新公开活动。2011年2月11日，埃及共产党发表声明，提出在过渡时期成立联合政府、召开制宪议会制定新宪法和惩办镇压人民的凶手等要求。2011年5月9日，埃及共产党、工农民主党、社会主义党和革命社会主义者这4个共产主义组织合并组成了社会主义人民联盟，该政党联盟共有5000名成员，达到了埃及政府规定的政党合法注册的条件，是埃及唯一合法注册的共产主义政党。2011—2012年间，社会主义人民联盟与埃及人民党、革命青年同盟等政治组织共同组成的竞选联盟“继续革命联盟”参加埃及议会选举，但没有获得席位。2015年参加议会选举，也未赢得席位。埃及共产主义者在推翻穆巴拉克政权统治的斗争中，以及在后穆巴拉克时代的埃及政坛中都发挥了积极作用。

The Egyptian Socialist Party, founded in 2011, believes in socialism, upholds national independence, and opposes Israeli Zionism and the occupation of Palestinian territories. The contemporary neo-Marxist representative Samir Amin was one of the party's founders. The party's current Secretary-General, Ahmed Shaban, has participated multiple times in forum meetings hosted by the Communist Party of China, emphasizing the strengthening of relations with the CPC, calling the CPC the world's largest, longest-established, most experienced, and most capable ruling party.

2011年成立的埃及社会主义党信仰社会主义，维护民族独立，反对以色列犹太复国主义和对巴勒斯坦领土的占领。当代新马克思主义代表人物萨米尔·阿明（Samir Amin）是该党创始人之一。党的现任总书记艾哈迈德·沙班（Ahmed Shaban）多次参加中国共产党主办的论坛会议，强调加强与中国共产党的关系，称中国共产党是世界最大、历史最长、最有经验且执政能力最强的政党。

(II) Tunisian Left-Wing Parties Usher in Development Opportunities

（二）突尼斯左翼政党迎来了发展契机

At the end of 2010, the regime of Ben Ali, who had ruled Tunisia for over 30 years, collapsed amid popular protests. The former ruling party, the Tunisian Constitutional Democratic Rally, was banned, and the ban on political parties was completely lifted. Opposition parties from the old regime period successively gained legal status. Various political parties and organizations rose accordingly. The Tunisian Communist Party and other long-banned left-wing political forces revived by taking advantage of the situation. A large number of new parties emerged, and Tunisia entered a period of political reconstruction. The Tunisian Popular Front, full name the "Popular Front for the Realization of Revolutionary Objectives," was established in October 2012. It is a Tunisian left-wing party alliance, including nine parties such as the Leftist Workers' League Party, the Party of Unified Patriotic Democrats, and the Alliance for Development. Its purpose is to consolidate Tunisian left-wing forces, strengthen the overall strength of left-wing parties in Tunisian general elections, resolutely oppose religious extremism and terrorism, reform the judicial system, and fully guarantee human rights. This alliance is the fourth-largest political force in the Tunisian parliament (15 seats) and the largest opposition party in parliament. The Leftist Workers' League Party, formerly the left-wing workers' movement organization "Communists" established in 1985, is a Tunisian Marxist-Leninist Trotskyist party. Its main members are workers, democrats, youth, and progressive women. It advocates the complete elimination of capitalism, authoritarianism, and imperialism, along with the exploitation, oppression, and discrimination they bring. It adopted its current name in February 2011 and joined the Popular Front in October 2012, holding one parliamentary seat. The Party of Unified Patriotic Democrats was founded in 1975, formerly a Tunisian left-wing student movement. It gained legal status in 2011, changed its name to the Unified Patriotic Democratic Movement, and adopted its current name in 2012. The party believes in Marxism-Leninism and is the second-largest political force in the Tunisian left-wing party alliance, the Popular Front. The Popular Current Party is a nationalist party, founded in 2013, believing in Nasserism, with the slogan "Freedom, Socialism, Unity." It joined the Popular Front in 2014.

2010年底，统治突尼斯30余年的本·阿里（Ben Ali）政权在民众抗议声中倒台，原执政党突尼斯宪政民主联盟被取缔，党禁被全面解除，旧政权时期的反对党纷纷取得合法地位，各种政党和政治组织顺势崛起，突尼斯共产党等长期被禁的左翼政治力量借势复苏，各种新党大批涌现，突尼斯进入政治重建时期。突尼斯人民阵线全称为“实现革命目标人民阵线”，成立于2012年10月，是突尼斯左翼政党联盟，包括左翼工人联盟党、爱国民主人士统一党、争取发展联盟等9个政党，宗旨是巩固突尼斯左翼力量，加强左翼政党在突尼斯大选中的整体实力，坚决反对宗教极端主义和恐怖主义，改革司法体制，充分保障人权。该联盟系突尼斯议会第四大政治力量（15席），为议会最大反对党。左翼工人联盟党前身为1985年成立的左翼工人运动组织“共产党人”，系突尼斯马列主义托派政党，主要成员为工人、民主人士、青年和女性进步人士，主张彻底消灭资本主义、威权主义和帝国主义及其带来的剥削、压迫和歧视，2011年2月改为现名，2012年10月加入人民阵线，有1名议员。爱国民主人士统一党成立于1975年，前身是突尼斯左翼学生运动，2011年取得合法地位，改为爱国民主人士统一运动，2012年改为现名。该党信仰马列主义，是突尼斯左翼政党联盟——人民阵线的第二大政治力量。人民潮流党系民族主义政党，2013年成立，信奉纳赛尔主义，口号是“自由、社会主义、团结”，2014年加入人民阵线。

(III) Iraqi Left-Wing Parties Actively Participate in Post-War Political Reconstruction

（三）伊拉克左翼政党积极参与战后政治重建

As multi-ethnic national parties, the various factions of left-wing parties in Iraq advocate uniting all ethnic groups to jointly carry out the socialist struggle. Consequently, they came into conflict with the narrow Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party and were long regarded as illegal parties. After the overthrow of the Saddam regime in 2003, left-wing parties such as the Iraqi Communist Party, the Kurdistan Communist Party of Iraq, and the Kurdistan Workers and Toilers Party of Iraq began public activities. They actively participated in post-war political reconstruction and achieved relatively rapid development.

伊拉克各个派别的左翼政党作为全国性多民族政党，主张团结各民族共同开展社会主义斗争，因而与狭隘的阿拉伯民族主义政党阿拉伯复兴党产生矛盾，长期被视为非法政党。2003年萨达姆政权被推翻后，伊拉克共产党、伊拉克库尔德斯坦共产党、伊拉克库尔德斯坦工人和劳动人民党等左翼政党开始公开活动，它们积极参与战后政治重建并得到较快发展。

The Iraqi Communist Party participates in national political life through forms such as participating in the National Assembly elections. The party forms alliances with other parties, actively promotes and participates in parliamentary elections, and won 25 seats in the first parliamentary elections. In the parliamentary elections held in May 2018, the party participated in the "Saairun" (Marching Forward) alliance led by the Sadrist movement, winning two seats. Party leaders have held positions such as Deputy Foreign Minister. The Iraqi Communist Party currently has nearly 20,000 members and over 200,000 supporters. It has accumulated rich experience in participating in elections and holds ministerial seats in both the new Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government. Recently, the Iraqi Communist Party formulated a new party constitution and program based on the new situation, emphasizing the need to adhere to the socialist direction, strengthen unity and cooperation with other patriotic forces, actively participate in election campaigns, and play an important role in achieving peace and stability in Iraq as soon as possible.

伊拉克共产党通过参加国民议会选举等形式参与国家政治生活。该党与其他政党结盟，积极推动并参加议会选举，首届议会选举曾获得25个席位。在2018年5月举行的议会选举中，该党参与萨德尔运动主导的“行走者”联盟，赢得2个席位。党的领导人曾出任副外长等职务。伊拉克共产党现有近2万名党员，20多万名支持者，已经积累了参加竞选的丰富经验，在伊拉克新政府、库尔德地区政府中都有部长席位。不久前，伊拉克共产党根据新形势制定了新的党纲党章，强调要坚持社会主义方向，加强与其他爱国力量的团结合作，积极参加竞选活动，为早日实现伊拉克国家和平与稳定发挥重要作用。

The Iraqi Communist Party’s Kurdistan Regional branch established the Communist Party of Kurdistan in 1993. This party advocates resolving various issues in Iraq’s political transition process through peaceful means, safeguarding Kurdish interests, striving for equal participation of all forces in national governance and construction, and calling for an Iraq where both Arabs and Kurds enjoy full rights. The Communist Party of Kurdistan maintains good relations with the Iraqi Communist Party and other communist parties in the region, and maintains exchanges with the Communist Party of China. Although the Communist Party of Kurdistan holds only one seat in parliament, its influence and importance to the region far exceed its electoral performance.

伊拉克共产党库尔德斯坦地区分支于1993年成立库尔德斯坦共产党。该党倡导以和平方式解决伊拉克政治过渡进程中的各种问题，维护库尔德人利益，争取各种力量平等参与国家治理和建设，主张建立一个阿拉伯人和库尔德人都享有充分权利的伊拉克。库尔德斯坦共产党与伊拉克及地区其他共产党保持良好关系，与中国共产党保持交往。库尔德斯坦共产党虽在议会里只有1个议席，但其影响力和对该地区的重要性远远超过了其选举表现。

Through the struggle and coordination of left-wing forces such as the Iraqi Communist Party and the Communist Party of Kurdistan, the current Iraqi government has made significant progress in its counter-terrorism war against the extremist organization “Islamic State.” In June 2016, the Iraqi government forces launched a military operation to liberate Mosul, recapturing the Al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, the stronghold of the “Islamic State” extremist organization; in July 2017, Mosul, the strategic hub and second-largest city in Iraq that had been under the control of “Islamic State” for three years, was fully liberated. Iraq’s counter-terrorism effort is a nationwide war, inseparable from the support and participation of left-wing parties. In Iraq’s future political reconstruction, left-wing forces are expected to play a greater role.

在伊拉克共产党、库尔德斯坦共产党等左翼力量的斗争和配合下，伊拉克现政府对“伊斯兰国”极端组织的反恐战争取得重大进展。2016年6月，伊拉克政府军发动解放摩苏尔的军事行动，收复了“伊斯兰国”极端组织的老巢摩苏尔努里清真寺；2017年7月，被“伊斯兰国”控制三年之久的战略重镇、伊拉克第二大城市摩苏尔完全解放。伊拉克反恐是全民战争，离不开左翼政党的支持和参与。在伊拉克未来的政治重建中，左翼力量可望发挥更大作用。

(4) The Syrian Communist Party Becomes a Constructive Opposition Party

（四）叙利亚共产党成为建设性反对党

Syria currently has two communist organizations, namely the Unified Syrian Communist Party and the Syrian Communist Party, both of which originated from the Syrian Communist Party founded in October 1924. Differences over the election at the Sixth Congress between Deputy General Secretary Yousuf Faisal and other leading figures on one side, and General Secretary Khalid Bagdash on the other, led to Faisal and others being excluded from the new central leadership body. In January 1987, Faisal and his supporters formed a new party, retaining the name Syrian Communist Party, and convened their own Sixth Congress, with Faisal elected General Secretary. To distinguish the two factions of the Syrian Communist Party, the faction led by Faisal is commonly referred to as the Syrian Communist Party (Faisal faction), and the faction led by Bagdash as the Syrian Communist Party (Bagdash faction). In March 2011, the Syrian Communist Party (Faisal faction) held its Eleventh Congress and decided to change the party’s name to the Unified Syrian Communist Party. In the 2012 Syrian parliamentary elections, this party won 3 out of 250 seats. In June 2012, Faisal died of illness, and Hanin Nimr succeeded him as party chairman. Nimr was invited to China in March 2016 to participate in a delegation of left-wing political parties from Arab countries. Nimr is friendly towards China and has repeatedly spoken out in the media in support of the Chinese government’s positions on Hong Kong, Xinjiang, and the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

叙利亚当今有两个共产党组织，即统一叙利亚共产党和叙利亚共产党，这两个党的前身都是1924年10月成立的叙利亚共产党。叙共副总书记尤素夫·费萨尔（Yousuf Faisal）等部分领导人在六大选举问题上与总书记哈立德·巴格达什（Khalid Bagdash）产生分歧而被排挤出新一届中央领导机构，费萨尔等人于1987年1月组建新党，沿用叙利亚共产党名称，并召开本党六大，费萨尔当选总书记。为区别叙共两派，习惯上将费萨尔领导的叙共称为叙共（费派），将巴格达什领导的叙共称为叙共（巴格达什派）。2011年3月，叙共（费派）召开第十一次代表大会，决定将党名变更为统一叙利亚共产党。在2012年叙利亚的议会选举中，该党赢得了250个席位中的3个。2012年6月，费萨尔病逝，哈宁·尼姆尔（Hanin Nimr）接任党主席。尼姆尔于2016年3月应邀来华参加阿拉伯国家左翼政党考察团访问。尼姆尔对华友好，曾多次在媒体发声，支持中国政府在香港、新疆问题和抗击新冠肺炎疫情上的立场。

Both the Syrian Communist Party and the Unified Syrian Communist Party have taken a clear stand against the extremist terrorist organization “Islamic State.” In 2014, facing increasing interference in the Syrian civil war by external forces such as the United States, the two parties jointly protested against the illegal U.S. interference and aggression in Syria. With the support of the Syrian Communist Party and other political forces, the situation in the Syrian war has developed in a direction favorable to peace, with Syrian government forces recapturing Aleppo and other important cities. The dawn of peace in Syria is beginning to appear.

叙利亚共产党和统一叙利亚共产党都旗帜鲜明地反对极端恐怖组织“伊斯兰国”。2014年，面对美国等外部势力对叙利亚内战日益加剧的干涉，两党共同抗议美国对叙利亚的非法干涉和侵略行为。在叙利亚共产党及其他政治力量的支持下，叙利亚战争形势向着有利于和平的方向发展，叙利亚政府军收复阿勒颇及其他重要城市。叙利亚和平曙光初现。

(5) Lebanese Left-Wing Parties Have a Certain Influence at Home and Abroad

（五）黎巴嫩左翼政党在国内外具有一定影响

The Lebanese Communist Party is one of the earlier communist parties established in the Middle East, founded in 1924. Historically, it merged with the Syrian Communist Party, formally split into two independent parties in 1964, and gained legal status in 1970. As a mainstream party, the Lebanese Communist Party is the only party in Lebanon with members across all 18 sects. It remains a relatively strong communist party in the region, currently with about 30,000 members and its own armed forces. The party has participated in Lebanese parliamentary elections multiple times but has never won a seat. The Lebanese Communist Party actively participates in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties, and other forums. It hosted the 14th International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties in November 2012, demonstrating strong organizational capacity and international influence. The Lebanese Communist Party is also a founder of the Arab Left Forum and has made significant contributions to its normal operation.

黎巴嫩共产党是中东地区创建较早的共产党之一，成立于1924年，历史上曾与叙利亚共产党合并，1964年正式与叙共分成两个独立政党，1970年获得合法地位。作为主流政党，黎巴嫩共产党是黎巴嫩唯一在18个教派中均有党员的政党，目前仍是地区国家中实力较强的共产党，现有党员约3万人并拥有自己的武装。该党曾多次参加黎巴嫩议会选举，但均未获得席位。黎巴嫩共产党积极参加共产党和工人党国际会议、亚洲政党国际会议等，曾在2012年11月主办第十四次共产党和工人党国际会议，展示了强大的组织能力和国际影响力。黎巴嫩共产党也是阿拉伯左翼论坛的发起者，为论坛的正常运转作出了重要贡献。

The Lebanese Democratic Left Movement, founded in 2004, has close ties with the Lebanese Communist Party. This party advocates social democracy, opposes sectarianism, and calls for building a diverse, unified, and democratic Arab society and secular state, while opposing the U.S. invasion of Iraq and other Arab countries. The party has participated in Lebanese parliamentary elections multiple times, winning one seat in both 2005 and 2009.

成立于2004年的黎巴嫩民主左翼运动，与黎巴嫩共产党有密切联系。该党推崇社会民主主义，反对教派主义，主张建设多样化、统一和民主的阿拉伯社会和世俗国家，反对美国入侵伊拉克和其他阿拉伯国家。该党多次参加黎巴嫩议会选举，并在2005年和2009年均获得1个议席。

The Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party remains an important member of the Socialist International and the Progressive Alliance, a key member of the Lebanese National Liberation Movement, and one of the main ruling parties in Lebanon. It won 9 seats in the 2018 parliamentary elections and has played an important role in Lebanon’s social development and historical process. Since its founding, the party has actively contributed to world peace and the world socialist movement, exerting a certain influence at home and abroad.

黎巴嫩社会进步党现在仍是社会党国际以及进步联盟的重要成员，是黎巴嫩民族解放运动的重要成员党，是黎巴嫩主要执政党之一，在2018年议会选举中赢得9个议席，在黎巴嫩社会发展和历史进程中发挥了重要作用。该党自创建以来积极为世界和平与世界社会主义运动作贡献，在国内外产生了一定的影响。

(6) The Development Momentum of Turkish Left-Wing Parties Is Rising

（六）土耳其左翼政党发展势头上升

Turkey currently has multiple left-wing parties, the most influential being the Patriotic Party of Turkey (evolved from the Communist Party of Turkey) and the United Communist Party of Turkey (formed in 1988 by the merger of the Communist Party of Turkey and the Workers’ Party of Turkey, abbreviated as TKP). The TKP was founded in September 1920 and joined the Comintern the same year. The TKP participated in the Turkish War of Independence led by Kemal, engaged in the anti-fascist struggle during World War II, and rapidly expanded its strength and influence. The TKP’s party program stipulates that its short-term goal is to establish a democratic and progressive system, and its long-term goal is to achieve communism. After the founding of the Republic of Turkey, the TKP was subjected to long-term government suppression, with its leaders exiled abroad. In April 1983, Turkey enacted the Political Parties Law, lifting the ban on parties, and the TKP began to resume political activities and participate in parliamentary elections, but with little effect and slow progress. In recent years, the TKP has used the internet and international conference platforms to continuously expand its influence. In October 2015, the TKP hosted the 17th International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties. As this meeting coincided with the Turkish parliamentary elections, the TKP specially organized a large-scale campaign event, where the party’s three candidates running for election delivered speeches, with representatives from the Communist Party of Greece and the Syrian Communist Party also taking the stage to offer support. During the meeting, some parties also organized a series of signature campaigns in solidarity with the TKP’s participation in the Turkish parliamentary elections. In October 2019, the TKP also co-hosted the 21st International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties with the Communist Party of Greece. Currently, the TKP has over 5,000 members, has achieved good results in some local elections, and has even had TKP members successfully run for and win mayoral positions.

土耳其当今有多个左翼政党，有影响的主要有土耳其爱国党（从土耳其共产党演变而来）、土耳其联合共产党（1988年由土耳其共产党与土耳其工人党合并组成，简称土共）。土共于1920年9月成立，同年加入共产国际。土共参加过凯末尔领导的土耳其民族解放战争，二战期间投入反法西斯斗争，其力量和影响迅速扩大。土共党纲规定，党的近期目标是建立民主的进步制度，长远目标是实现共产主义。土耳其建国后，土共长期遭受政府打压，党的领导人流亡海外。1983年4月，土耳其颁布《政党法》，开放党禁，土共开始恢复政治活动，参与议会选举，但一直效果不彰，进展缓慢。近些年来，土共借助网络和国际会议平台，不断扩大自身影响。2015年10月，土共主办了第十七次共产党和工人党国际会议。由于此次会议时值土耳其国内举行议会大选，土共专门举办了一场声势浩大的助选活动，该党参加竞选的3名候选人先后发表演讲，希腊共产党和叙利亚共产党代表也上台致辞助威。会议期间，有关党还搞了一系列签名活动，声援土共参加土耳其议会大选。2019年10月，土共还与希腊共产党联合主办第二十一次共产党和工人党国际会议。目前，土共有党员5000多名，在一些地方选举中取得较好战绩，甚至还有土共人士竞选市长并成功当选。

The Patriotic Party of Turkey is an important left-wing force active in Turkey’s domestic politics and the West Asian regional political stage in recent years. It has changed its name four times in history: founded in 1919 as the Turkish Workers’ and Peasants’ Socialist Party, renamed the Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Party in 1969, the Socialist Party in 1988, the Workers’ Party in 1992, and the Patriotic Party in 2015. The Patriotic Party of Turkey’s theoretical positions exhibit pluralistic characteristics including scientific socialism, Kemalism, Turkish nationalism, populism, anti-imperialism, and Eurasianism. It has undergone multiple changes and transformations in its history, which can be broadly divided into a period as a Marxist-Leninist party and a period as a left-wing nationalist party. Although the Patriotic Party of Turkey still adheres to the theory of scientific socialism, it deliberately downplays its communist identity and image in domestic political life, while externally emphasizing its image as a left-wing nationalist party. In recent years, the Patriotic Party of Turkey has been actively engaged on the domestic and West Asian regional stage, and the party’s influence has been expanding. In 2015, the Patriotic Party of Turkey had 22,647 members. Party chairman Doğu Perinçek is friendly toward China and has visited China 13 times, having been received by Mao Zedong. In recent years, he has frequently made public statements supporting China and socialism with Chinese characteristics. In July 2021, during the CPC and World Political Parties Summit held in Beijing, Perinçek cooperated with the Chinese side’s needs, calling on the Patriotic Party of Turkey to set up 30 branch venues across the country to organize all party members to listen to the meeting.

土耳其爱国党是近年来活跃在土耳其国内及西亚地区政治舞台上的一支重要的左翼力量，历史上先后四次更名：1919年成立时称土耳其工农社会主义党，1969年称工农革命党，1988年称社会党，1992年称工人党，2015年改为爱国党。土耳其爱国党在理论主张上具有科学社会主义、凯末尔主义、土耳其民族主义、民粹主义、反帝主义、欧亚主义等多元特征，在历史上进行过多次变革和转型，其历史大致可以划分为马列主义政党时期和左翼民族主义政党时期。尽管土耳其爱国党仍然坚持科学社会主义理论，但是它在国内政治生活中刻意淡化自己的共产党身份和形象，对外注意展示其左翼民族主义政党形象。近年来，土耳其爱国党积极活跃在国内及西亚地区舞台上，党的影响不断扩大。2015年土耳其爱国党的党员人数为22647。党主席多乌·佩林切克（Dogu Perincek）对华友好，曾13次访华，曾受到毛泽东接见。近年来，他频频公开发声支持中国以及中国特色社会主义。2021年7月，在中国共产党与世界政党领导人峰会在北京举行期间，佩林切克配合中方需要，号召土耳其爱国党在各地设立了30个分会场，组织全体党员听会。

IV. Main Characteristics and Development Trends of the Current Socialist Movement in West Asia and North Africa

四、当今西亚北非地区社会主义运动主要特点和发展趋势

Currently, there are over 20 communist and left-wing parties in the West Asia and North Africa region. After the collapse of strongman regimes in some countries, these communist and left-wing parties have actively expanded their space for survival and development, strengthened external linkages and cooperation, and overall their strength is in an ascending phase. Constrained by the region’s special political environment and religious atmosphere, communist and left-wing parties remain in a weak position within the regional party landscape, with quite limited political influence.

目前西亚北非地区共有20多个共产党和左翼政党。在一些国家强人政权垮台后，这些共产党和左翼政党积极拓展生存和发展空间，加强外部联动合作，总体而言其力量处于上升阶段。囿于该地区特殊的政治环境和宗教氛围，共产党和左翼政党在地区政党格局中仍然处于弱势地位，政治影响力相当有限。

(I) Main Characteristics of the Current Socialist Movement in West Asia and North Africa

（一）当今西亚北非地区社会主义运动的主要特点

1. Focusing on reality, participating in domestic political struggles

1. 观照现实，参与本国政治斗争

Facing the chaotic and war-torn situation in the Arab region after the “Arab Spring,” characterized by external aggression, internal conflicts, and rampant terrorism, communist and left-wing parties in the region have made defending national sovereignty, promoting national independence and unity, and advancing democratic freedom and social justice their primary tasks. They strive through their own efforts to further promote the Arab revolution, drive internal change in the Arab region, and work toward a socialist alternative. The Communist Party of Iraq and the Communist Party of Kurdistan, among others, believe that the urgent and primary task at present is to achieve national unity, peace, and stability. To end the war and chaos as soon as possible, the Communist Party of Iraq, in alliance with the communist parties of Turkey, Iran, and Syria, as well as communist and left-wing forces from Jordan and other countries, has actively waged struggles against extremist religious forces, even directly organizing armed forces and bravely entering the battlefield to resist the “Islamic State.” This has made outstanding contributions to Iraq’s peace reconstruction and democratic process, while also strengthening left-wing forces and their influence. However, due to historical and religious reasons, the space for development of communist and left-wing forces in the region remains limited.

面对“阿拉伯之春”之后阿拉伯地区陷入外部侵略、内部冲突、恐怖主义肆虐的混乱混战局面，该地区的共产党和左翼政党把捍卫国家主权、推动民族独立和国家统一、促进民主自由和社会公正作为头等任务，力图通过自己的努力，进一步推动阿拉伯革命，促进阿拉伯地区的内部变革，努力实现社会主义替代。伊拉克共产党、库尔德斯坦共产党等认为，当前迫切和首要的任务就是实现国家统一与和平稳定。为尽快结束战乱，伊拉克共产党联合土耳其、伊朗、叙利亚共产党，以及约旦等国共产党和左翼力量，积极开展反宗教极端势力的斗争，甚至直接组织武装力量，勇敢走向抵抗“伊斯兰国”战场，为伊拉克开启和平重建和民主进程作出了突出贡献，也壮大了左翼力量及其影响。然而，由于历史和宗教原因，目前该地区的共产党和左翼力量发展空间有限。

2. Emphasizing and strengthening left-wing unity

2. 重视和加强左翼联合

Most left-wing parties in West Asia and North Africa have small memberships and weak strength, caught in the multiple pressures of authoritarian governments, extremist religious forces, and populist currents. Survival is their primary task at present. “Among the various challenges we face, the most serious is not ideological disputes, but that every group is anxious and seeking self-preservation.” Therefore, communist and left-wing parties in the Arab region urgently hope to establish a united front to jointly respond and strengthen themselves through unity. A leader of the Lebanese Communist Party pointed out in this regard: “Socialist construction cannot be limited to one country. Under the current situation, it is difficult for left-wing forces in various countries to remain unaffected alone. Left-wing forces should, on the basis of mutual support and solidarity, form a powerful whole capable of protecting left-wing forces in each country, thereby promoting the revival of the socialist movement.” To meet the common need for left-wing unity, a conference-style organization of communist and left-wing parties in the Arab region—the Arab Left Forum—emerged accordingly. It mainly seeks consensus and countermeasures on issues such as the Arab region and international situation, people’s revolutions, terrorism, Zionism, capitalism, and the development of left-wing political forces, and has become “a new form of unity and cooperation among left-wing parties in the Arab region.” In addition, communist parties in Arab countries also actively participate in the annual International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties. At multilateral forum meetings, left-wing parties in the region actively express their own views and demands to win more international support. Due to the limited international influence and political energy of most communist parties, and the intertwining of sectarian sentiments with party interests, many communist parties find it difficult to conduct effective dialogue on major issues, whether within a single country or at the regional and international levels, and multilateral exchanges often fail to reach consensus.

西亚北非地区大部分左翼政党人数较少、力量单薄，处于威权政府、极端宗教势力及民粹思潮的多重夹击中，求生存是当前的首要任务。“我们所面临的各种挑战中，最严重的并非意识形态之争，而是每个群体都很焦虑，都在寻求自保。”因此，阿拉伯地区的共产党和左翼政党都迫切希望建立联合阵线，以图共同应对，联合自强。黎巴嫩共产党领导人对此指出：“社会主义建设不能仅限于一国，在当前局势下，各国左翼很难独善其身。左翼力量应该在相互支持、团结一致的基础上，形成能够保护各国左翼的有力整体，从而推动社会主义运动的复兴。”为适应左翼联合的共同需求，阿拉伯地区共产党和左翼政党间的会议性组织——阿拉伯左翼论坛应运而生，主要围绕阿拉伯地区与国际形势、人民革命、恐怖主义、犹太复国主义、资本主义以及左翼政治力量的发展等问题寻求共识和对策，已成为“阿拉伯地区左翼政党团结合作的一种新形式”。此外，阿拉伯国家的共产党也积极参加年度共产党和工人党国际会议。在多边论坛会议上，该地区左翼政党都积极表达自己的主张和诉求，以争取更多国际支持。由于多数共产党国际影响力和政治能量有限，同时宗派主义情结与党派利益交织，不少共产党无论是在一国内部，还是在地区及国际层面，对一些重大问题都难以开展有效对话，多边交流往往不能达成共识。

3. Emphasizing and strengthening friendly relations with the Communist Party of China

3. 重视加强与中国共产党的友好关系

In the 1950s, communist parties in Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, and other countries established ties with the Communist Party of China and were invited to attend the Eighth National Congress of the CPC and the celebrations for the tenth anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. After the 1980s, the Communist Party of China gradually resumed exchanges with communist parties in the region, restoring relations with communist and left-wing parties in Turkey, Israel, Syria, Palestine, Yemen, and other countries. After the “Arab Spring,” the Communist Party of China progressively established relations with communist parties in Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq, and other countries, achieving full coverage of exchanges with communist and left-wing parties in the region. Left-wing parties in Arab countries are all friendly toward China, firmly support the Chinese government’s positions on issues such as Taiwan, the South China Sea, and Xinjiang, promote the ideas of the Communist Party of China, and highly praise the great achievements of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Left-wing parties in Arab countries have repeatedly organized study seminars and inspection delegations to visit China to learn from the experience of the Communist Party of China. Since 2015, the Communist Party of China and left-wing parties in the region have annually held visits to China for delegations of cadres from Arab left-wing parties and theoretical seminars between the CPC and left-wing parties in Arab countries. On November 23, 2021, the Second Theoretical Seminar between the Communist Party of China and Left-wing Parties in Arab Countries was held via video link, with over 40 leaders from 22 left-wing parties in 11 Arab countries—Egypt, Iraq, Algeria, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Morocco, Tunisia, and Mauritania—and the Arab Left Forum in attendance. Patriotic Party of Turkey chairman Doğu Perinçek and General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kurdistan in Iraq Kawa Mahmoud, among others, actively speak out for China, publicly issuing voices of support for China on issues such as Xinjiang,

20世纪50年代，伊拉克、黎巴嫩、摩洛哥、苏丹等国共产党与中国共产党建立了联系，并应邀出席中共八大、新中国十周年庆典活动。20世纪80年代后，中国共产党逐步恢复同该地区共产党的交往，与土耳其、以色列、叙利亚、巴勒斯坦、也门等国共产党、左翼政党恢复关系。“阿拉伯之春”后，中国共产党循序渐进地与埃及、突尼斯、伊拉克等国共产党建立关系，实现与地区共产党左翼政党交往全履盖。阿拉伯国家左翼政党均对华友好，坚定支持中国政府在台湾、南海、新疆等问题上的立场，宣传中国共产党的理念，盛赞中国特色社会主义伟大成就。阿拉伯国家左翼政党多次组织研修班和考察团访华，学习借鉴中国共产党的经验。2015年起，中国共产党与该地区左翼政党每年举办阿拉伯国家左翼政党干部考察团访华活动和中共与阿拉伯国家左翼政党理论研讨会。2021年11月23日，第二届中国共产党与阿拉伯国家左翼政党理论研讨会以视频方式举行，来自埃及、伊拉克、阿尔及利亚、巴勒斯坦、叙利亚、黎巴嫩、约旦、也门、摩洛哥、突尼斯、毛里塔尼亚等11个阿拉伯国家的22个左翼政党及阿拉伯左翼论坛的40余位领导人出席。土耳其爱国党主席佩林切克，伊拉克库尔德斯坦共产党总书记卡瓦·马哈茂德等积极为中国发声，在涉疆、人权和病毒溯源等问题上公开发出支持中国的正义声音。

(2) Development Trends of the Socialist Movement in West Asia and North Africa

（二）西亚北非地区社会主义运动的发展趋势

1. Conducting theoretical and policy adjustments based on changes in the situation and the actual conditions of one's own country and party, actively exploring new paths for survival and development

1. 根据形势的变化和本国本党的实际进行理论和政策调整，积极探索生存和发展新路径

The changes unseen in a century have triggered the mutual agitation of different civilizations and diverse ideologies and cultures. Under the influence of factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and great-power competition and gaming, conflicts between different institutional civilizations and values in today's world have become increasingly intense. For the sake of survival and development, most communist and left-wing parties in West Asia and North Africa have generally conducted extensive and in-depth discussions and reflections on past traditional theories, making adjustments to varying degrees to their previous goals and practice models. Overall, while adhering to the socialist direction without change, the communist parties in the West Asia and North Africa region are currently not bound by traditional dogmas in practice. Instead, they actively adjust their policies, combining firmness in principle with flexibility in strategy relatively well, employing relatively flexible methods of struggle, and gradually exploring a new path for the survival and development of left-wing parties.

百年大变局引发不同文明和不同思想文化相互激荡。在新冠肺炎疫情和大国竞争博弈等因素的影响下，当今世界不同制度文明和价值观的冲突趋于激烈。为了生存与发展，西亚北非大多数共产党和左翼政党对过去的传统理论普遍进行了广泛、深入的讨论与反思，对过去的目标和实践模式进行了不同程度的调整。总体上看，当前西亚北非地区共产党在坚持社会主义方向不变的前提下，在实践中并不受传统教条束缚，而是积极调整政策，原则的坚定性和策略的灵活性结合得比较好，斗争方式比较灵活，逐渐探索出一条左翼政党生存、发展的新路径。

2. The socialist characteristics of left-wing parties will become more distinct

2. 左翼政党的社会主义特色将更加鲜明

The proactive actions of China and other socialist countries in responding to the century-long pandemic crisis have demonstrated the moral correctness of socialism in cherishing every life, especially in safeguarding the human rights of the working people. Capitalism is inherently profit-driven; whether dealing with economic crises or pandemics, it robs the poor to benefit the rich and shifts contradictions. Consequently, after each crisis, the poor become poorer and the rich richer. Communist and left-wing parties in Arab countries have a natural ideological affinity with China, and they have successively voiced support for China’s anti-pandemic efforts, praising China’s measures and achievements.

中国等社会主义国家应对世纪疫情危机的积极作为彰显了社会主义珍惜每一个生命的价值，特别是保障劳动人民人身权利的道义性和正确性。资本主义天生唯利是图，无论应对经济危机还是疫情，都是劫贫济富、转嫁矛盾。因而，每次危机过后都是贫者愈贫、富者更富。阿拉伯国家的共产党和左翼政党在意识形态方面对中国有天然亲近感，纷纷声援中国的抗疫行动，赞赏中国的抗疫举措和成就。

3. The overall rise of communist and left-wing forces in the Arab region still requires time

3. 阿拉伯地区共产党和左翼力量整体崛起尚需时日

Currently, political Islam holds significant power in the Arab region, far stronger than left-wing forces, severely squeezing the living space of Arab left-wing forces, which find it difficult to escape their developmental predicament in the short term. Populism has exacerbated the “fragmentation” of popular identity; although public dissatisfaction with the status quo has increased, the consciousness of resistance and struggle contains many emotional elements, making it easily co-opted by populist forces. [10]10 “Fragmentation” of identity: A term used in Chinese political discourse to describe the breakdown of unified social consciousness under the influence of diverse and conflicting ideologies, often linked to the perceived dangers of Western-style pluralism. “Under the hostility and suppression of political Islam, left-wing thought has experienced a certain degree of regression and weakening over a period of time. To this day, the Arab left has yet to reach a consensus on how to formulate an action plan to deal with political Islam, and this is an urgent issue that the left needs to address.”

当前政治伊斯兰在阿拉伯地区实力强大，远比左翼力量强大得多，严重挤压了阿拉伯左翼力量的生存空间，后者在短期内难以摆脱发展困境。民粹主义加剧了民众身份认同的“碎片化”，民众对现状的不满虽有所上升，但反抗与斗争意识多有情绪化成分，易为民粹力量所绑架。“在政治伊斯兰的敌视和打压下，左翼思想在一段时间内出现了一定程度的倒退和弱化。直到现在，阿拉伯左翼仍未就如何制定行动计划应对政治伊斯兰达成一致，而这是左翼迫切需要解决的一个问题。”

(Author bios: Chai Shangjin, male, from Wuhan, Distinguished Professor at Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Lian Ying, female, from Tianjin, Lecturer at the School of Marxism, Tianjin University of Science and Technology)

（作者简介：柴尚金，男，武汉人，天津科技大学特聘教授;廉颖，女，天津人，天津科技大学马克思主义学院讲师）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心