Meeting of the French Communist Party’s Theoretical Endeavors

Within the perspective of the history of world socialist development and the international communist movement, taking “upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground” [1]1 “Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground” (守正创新) is a key methodological concept in contemporary Chinese political discourse, emphasizing the dialectical unity of maintaining core principles while innovating in practice. as a methodological guide, and timely launching theoretical explorations, practical research, and re-interpretation and re-narration of the French Communist Party’s (hereinafter “PCF”) communist-style activities in developed capitalist countries, is the key to unlocking the correct understanding of the PCF’s century-long history of innovation and survival and its contemporary development.

在世界社会主义发展史和国际共产主义运动的视域中，以守正创新为方法论指引，适时展开对法国共产党（以下简称“法共”，PCF）在发达资本主义国家进行共产主义式活动的理论探索、实践研究与再阐释再叙事，是我们打开法国共产党百年革新求存史及其当代发展的正解秘钥。

Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground Is Both a Worldview and a Methodology

守正创新是世界观也是方法论

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground means adhering, not stubbornly clinging, and even less so not adhering or self-proclaiming a disguised form of guarding or waiting. Adhering to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is both a scientific summary of historical experience and a scientific guide for continuing to advance theoretical innovation on the basis of practice. Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground includes two aspects—upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground—which are dialectically unified. From the perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, whether it is upholding fundamental principles or breaking new ground, the essence is to insist on proceeding from objective facts, to take objective things as the fundamental starting point for thinking about problems and handling affairs, to respect the laws of historical development, and to focus on understanding, grasping, and correctly applying laws, rather than proceeding from any subjective assumptions, violating laws, or denying them. Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground embodies an important methodology of Marxism for understanding and transforming the world.

守正创新，是坚守不是固守，更不是不守或自诩的变相的守护、守候。坚持守正创新，既是对历史经验的科学总结，更是对继续推进实践基础上的理论创新的科学指引。守正创新，包括守正和创新两个方面，二者是辩证统一的。从辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义角度看，无论守正还是创新，本质都是坚持从客观存在的事实出发，坚持把客观事物作为想问题、办事情的根本出发点，尊重历史发展规律，注重认识规律、把握规律和正确运用规律，而不是从任何主观的臆想出发，违背规律和否定规律。守正创新体现了马克思主义认识世界、改造世界的重要方法论。

Adhering to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, at the level of worldview and methodology, has a certain universality and important guiding and referential significance for the theoretical explorations and practical practices of the world socialist movement and communist parties in various countries. Whether one can adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is also a key point concerning the survival and development of the world socialist movement and its research.

坚持守正创新，在世界观方法论层面上，对于世界社会主义运动和各国共产党的理论探索和现实实践来说，具有一定的普遍性和重要指导借鉴意义。能否做到坚持守正创新，也是关于世界社会主义运动及其研究的生存与发展的关键点。

In the history and reality of world socialism and the international communist movement, since its founding in 1920, the French Communist Party has always walked the path of integrating theory with practice, serving as a model for the survival, development, and transformation of communist parties in developed capitalist countries. Entering the 21st century, facing new circumstances, the French Communist Party, in its dimension of self-revolution, has pursued innovation for survival, advocating the parallel advancement of theory and practice, and implementing practical measures of parallel self-organizational change and theoretical change. The PCF’s theoretical and practical explorations based on *Shared France* [2]2 *Shared France* (共同法国) refers to the PCF’s political project or platform, notably articulated around its 37th Congress (2018), aiming to build a common future for France based on communist values. are worthy of attention.

在世界社会主义和国际共产主义运动的历史与现实中，法国共产党自1920年建党以来，一直走在理论联系实际的路上，是发达资本主义国家共产党生存、发展和变革的典范。进入21世纪以来，面对新情况，法国共产党在自我革命维度上的革新图存，主张理论与实践并行，力行自我组织变革与理论变革并行的现实措施。法国共产党以《共同法国》为基础的理论与实践探索，值得关注。

Facing Dual Internal and External Dilemmas and Challenges

直面内外二重困境与挑战

The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century. New trends such as multipolarity, economic globalization and regionalization, cultural diversity, social informatization and digitalization, and intelligent production and living are developing in depth and comprehensively. At the same time, the instability and uncertainty of the international situation are becoming increasingly prominent, and humanity is facing unprecedented global challenges. Given the rapid changes in the international situation, France’s domestic political ecology is also accelerating its transformation, and the survival and development of the French Communist Party have consequently taken on new forms.

当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局，世界多极化、经济全球化区域化、文化多样化、社会信息化数字化、生产生活智能化等新趋势在不断深入而全面的发展。与此同时，国际局势的不稳定性和不确定性趋势愈加突显，人类正面临前所未有的全球性挑战。鉴于国际形势的快速变化，法国国内政治生态也在加速发生改变，法国共产党的生存与发展随之出现了新的样态。

First, the “mutation” of France’s political ecology poses an external challenge to traditional left-wing parties like the PCF. The process of deconstruction and restructuring in French politics continues. Since the founding of the Fifth Republic, the basic pattern within the National Assembly has been a confrontation between left and right blocs alternating in dominance, a pattern known as the “bipolarized multiparty system.” [3]3 The “bipolarized multiparty system” (两极化的多党体制) describes the post-1958 French Fifth Republic pattern where multiple parties coalesced into two main blocs (left and right) alternating in government, a structure that began to break down in the 2017 and 2022 elections. The shift in this pattern occurred in 2022, when the results of that year’s French presidential election showed that the dominant position of the traditional left and right parties had ceased to exist; in this sense, the traditional political pattern of the French parliament was completely changed. The election results showed that the process of deconstruction and restructuring in French politics, initiated by the previous presidential election (2017), was continuing. The two major traditional parties, the Socialist Party and the Republicans, were increasingly in decline, and French party politics had gone too far down the road away from the bipolar pattern of left-right opposition to turn back. This election result signaled that French party politics was accelerating toward a new tripartite pattern of centrists, radical left, and far right, and this new situation was already a fait accompli in 2022. Given that France’s domestic economic, political, social, and cultural problems have become increasingly entrenched, Macron’s governance (since 2017) has been fraught with difficulties. At the same time, the National Rally (formerly the French National Front), represented by Marine Le Pen, has risen rapidly in French politics and is accelerating its development due to its targeted and inflammatory political platform and policies, posing new challenges and threats to the survival and development of the French Communist Party.

其一，法国政治生态的“变异”对法国共产党等传统左翼政党形成了外部挑战。法国政坛解构、重组进程仍在持续。自第五共和国创建以来，国民议会内的基本格局是左右阵营对峙、轮流主导，这个格局被称为“两极化的多党体制”。该格局的转变发生在2022年，当年法国总统大选及其结果显示，传统左、右翼政党的主导地位已然不复存在，在此意义上法国议会的传统政治格局被彻底改变。选举结果显示，由上届总统大选（2017年）所开启的法国政坛解构与重组进程仍在继续，两大传统政党社会党和共和党日趋式微，法国政党政治在进一步远离左右对立的两极格局的路上已无法回头。这一选举结果预示着法国政党政治加速走向中间派、激进左翼和极右翼三足鼎立的新格局，而新的态势在2022年已成定局。鉴于法国国内经济、政治、社会、文化等问题愈加积重难返，马克龙上台执政（自2017年起）步履维艰。与此同时，以玛丽·勒庞为代表的国民联盟（原法国国民阵线）因针对性和煽动性的政治纲领与政策，在法国政坛中迅速崛起并日益加速发展，对法国共产党的生存与发展构成了新挑战、新威胁。

Second, the vacillation in guiding ideology and alliance strategy is an internal challenge faced by the PCF. Influenced by the policies of the Socialist Party and the Greens, the PCF’s “new communism” theory can be described as all-encompassing but lacking a core concept, which has led to political theory losing its guiding and strategic role, ultimately causing the PCF to follow suit in its actual policy positions. Even if the PCF’s current policies are proactively and adaptively adjusted to suit electoral changes, in the process of policy vacillation, the PCF has already lost many supporters, greatly depleting its already limited political resources.

其二，指导思想与联盟策略上的摇摆不定，是法国共产党所面临的内部挑战。受社会党、绿党政策等影响，法国共产党的“新共产主义”理论可谓包罗万象，但缺乏核心理念，进而导致政治理论失去了先导与战略指导作用，最终致使法国共产党在现实政策主张方面亦步亦趋。即使法国共产党当下奉行的政策为适应选情变化而做出主动性适应性调整，但在政策摇摆的过程中，法国共产党已经流失了众多支持者，极大地损耗着原本有限的政治资源。

Political Predicament Closely Related to Social Contradictions

政治困局同社会矛盾密切相关

Today’s French society, under the impact of economic globalization, is suffering the most severe tearing apart since the founding of the Fifth Republic. Social trust is gradually being lost, and intergenerational pressure is rising sharply. The differentiation between different social strata is becoming increasingly serious, and the common development of French society has encountered insurmountable obstacles. The negative and anxious sentiment of the French people about the future has reached a historical high. Correspondingly, in French political life, political parties within the context of capitalist party politics are no longer capable of serving as a bridge connecting the state and society. Therefore, in the atmosphere of the aforementioned social and political ecology, although the political predicament of the French Communist Party is directly linked to the French party system, it can be said to be a direct concentrated expression of French social contradictions.

今天的法国社会，正在经济全球化的冲击下遭受着第五共和国建立以来最为严重的撕裂。社会信任正在逐渐丧失，代际压力陡然上升。不同社会层级的分化越来越严重，法国社会的共同发展遇到了难以逾越的障碍。法国民众对未来的消极担忧情绪达到历史高点。与此相互对应的则是，在法国政治生活中，资本主义政党政治语境中的政党，已无力承担连接国家和社会的桥梁作用。所以，在上述社会与政治生态的氛围中，法国共产党的政治境遇陷入困境虽与法国政党制度有直接联系，却可谓是法国社会矛盾的直接集中表达。

First, from an external perspective, the predicament faced by the PCF can be seen as a concentrated manifestation of the overall predicament of the French left. Defects in the Western democratic system and party political system are important reasons for the ideological and political stance predicaments faced by parties like the PCF. Coupled with the expectations of the grassroots masses and the bourgeois ruling stratum for so-called “seeking novelty, change, and development,” opportunism within the French left-wing parties has damaged mutual trust. The alternating governance of the center-left and center-right in France prevents effective political policies from being gradually implemented, leading to long-standing accumulation of internal social contradictions and conflicts, severely harming national interests, and other factors, resulting in the PCF’s political predicament becoming a long-term one.

首先，从外部看，法国共产党所面临的困境可谓是法国左翼整体陷入困境的集中表现。西方民主制度与政党政治制度缺陷，是法国共产党这类政党遭遇意识形态以及政治立场等方面困境的重要原因，再加上法国基层群众和资产阶级统治阶层对所谓“求新求变求发展”的期盼，法国左翼政党内部奉行机会主义使彼此间信任受到伤害。法国中左翼与中右翼轮流执政，无法让有效的政治政策逐步落实，致使法国社会内部矛盾和冲突积蓄已久，严重损伤国家利益等多方面因素，导致法国共产党的政治境遇陷入长期性困境。

Second, from an internal perspective, the PCF has lost firm theoretical guidance, with frequent and volatile adjustments in theoretical policies, causing ideological confusion within the party. The PCF’s 32nd Congress [4]4 The PCF’s 32nd Congress was held in 2003, where the party adopted a more radical stance against neoliberalism and the right-wing government of Jacques Chirac. adjusted the party’s policies: to pursue a more radical line, it took opposing neoliberalism as the party’s banner and opposing the right-wing government’s reforms as the party’s primary task, gradually abandoning the strategy of allying with the Socialist Party politically, thereby highlighting the party’s combativeness. The PCF’s 35th Congress [5]5 The PCF’s 35th Congress was held in 2013, continuing the radical line and proposing a “Left Front” alliance with other radical left forces. continued this approach and proposed establishing a left-wing front to strengthen cooperation among radical left-wing parties and organizations. The result, however, was a loss of alliance effectiveness, and the PCF suffered losses in various domestic elections, ultimately being replaced by “La France Insoumise” [6]6 “La France Insoumise” (不屈法国, “Unbowed France”) is a left-wing populist political party founded by Jean-Luc Mélenchon in 2016, which largely eclipsed the PCF as the main radical left force in France. represented by Jean-Luc Mélenchon. At this point, the PCF’s further marginalization was already a foregone conclusion.

其次，从内部看，法国共产党失去了坚定的理论指导，在理论政策上调整频繁、多变，造成党内思想混乱。法共三十二大对党的方针政策展开调整：为奉行更为激进的路线，把反对新自由主义作为党的旗帜，把反对右翼政府的改革作为党的首要任务，在政治上逐渐取消同社会党结盟的战略，进而突出了党的战斗性。法共三十五大延续这样的主张，并提出建立左翼阵线，以加强激进左翼政党及组织之间的合作，结果却是联盟行动效能丧失，法国共产党也在国内各种选举中损兵折将，最终被以梅朗雄为代表的“不屈法国”所取代。此时此势，法国共产党进一步被边缘化的态势已定。

Finally, from an ideological perspective, the PCF is losing its ideological identity characteristics as a communist party. The PCF has transformed itself from a “vanguard party” into a “mass party.” [7]7 The distinction between a “vanguard party” (先锋党) and a “mass party” (群众党) refers to the Leninist concept of a disciplined revolutionary vanguard versus a broader, more inclusive electoral party. In the bourgeois parliamentary struggle, due to its neglect of ideological identity, many of its former supporters have become increasingly disoriented and have switched to other parties. Besides parliamentary struggle, in political elections, in order to adapt to objective realities such as national conditions and electoral circumstances, and to blindly and shortsightedly broaden its voter base, the PCF has been forced to adopt a “centrist path,” resulting in unsatisfactory theoretical construction outcomes, as if it were “stitched together from pieces of ideological fragments of strikingly different colors, becoming to a large extent the same as other parties.” [8]8 This is a direct quotation from the original text, likely referencing a critique of the PCF’s ideological eclecticism.

最后，从意识形态的角度看，法国共产党正在失去作为共产党的意识形态身份特征。法国共产党将自身从一支“先锋党”转变为“群众党”。法国共产党在资产阶级议会斗争中由于对意识形态身份的漠视，致使原先许多支持者日益迷失方向从而转投他党。除了议会斗争，在政治选举上也因适应国情选情等客观现实，为了盲目的、短视的拓宽选民基础，法国共产党迫不得已所采取的“中间化道路”，致使理论建设效果不尽如人意，结果就像是“由一片一片色彩迥异的意识形态碎片缝合起来，变得在很大程度上同其他党派一样了”。

Introducing Countermeasures in the Face of Crisis

面对危机推出应对措施

Entering the 21st century, numerous new changes and the adjustment of international political forces and configurations have compelled the French Communist Party (PCF) to confront and adapt to the new issues of civilization, development, and peace presented by world politics, economics, security, and ecology. Based on the 21st-century “new communism,” the PCF has timely promulgated the *Shared France* program. Under the cognition of “self-revolution,” it strives to enact change, advocating the parallel pursuit of theory and practice, and implementing concrete measures that combine organizational self-transformation with theoretical transformation, while simultaneously maintaining criticism and opposition to capitalism in order to respond to new circumstances.

进入21世纪，诸多新变化和国际政治力量和格局的调整，促使法国共产党必须面对和适应世界政治、经济、安全、生态所呈现出的新的文明、发展与和平问题。立足21世纪“新共产主义”，法国共产党适时颁布了《共同法国》纲领，在“自我革命”的认知下力图变革，宣扬理论与实践并行，力行自我组织变革与理论变革并行的现实措施，同时，兼顾批判和反对资本主义，以应对新情况。

First, at the 38th Congress of the PCF, all members discussed and passed the resolution “Manifesto of the Communist Party of the 21st Century,” and determined to adopt *Shared France* as the new theoretical guiding ideology. The party emblem, theoretical journal, and website layout were changed, in an effort to establish a new political image before its supporters and to plan for the next electoral cycle. The main content of the 38th Congress was how to avoid weakening its own political strength by working for the benefit of others, aiming to reverse the predicament of the century-old PCF having degenerated into a marginal small party in French politics. In April 2023, at the 39th Congress of the PCF, Roussel was re-elected as National Secretary, which enabled the process of gradually implementing the spirit of the resolution to be carried forward.

首先，在法共三十八大上，全体党员讨论并通过了《21世纪共产党宣言》决议，并确定以《共同法国》作为新的理论指导思想，更换党徽、理论党刊以及网站主页布局，力图在支持者面前努力树立全新的政治形象，为下一阶段的选举谋篇布局。法共三十八大主要内容为如何避免为他人做嫁衣而削弱自身政治实力，意图扭转百年法共沦为法国政坛边缘小党的困局。2023年4月，法共三十九大上鲁塞尔连任总书记，这使得法共开启的逐步贯彻决议精神进程得以落实。

Second, *Shared France* serves as the guiding ideology. On the basis of putting people first, the PCF, through various forms of investigation and research, formed a guiding ideology reflecting the will and expectations of the people, namely *Shared France*. As the theoretical guiding ideology of the PCF in the new period, *Shared France* aims to establish and expand the theory of 21st-century “new communism” and formulate a new action program: first, the people control the investment and distribution system; second, establish a new French Republic (i.e., the Sixth Republic); third, provide full support for everyone’s employment and development; fourth, achieve genuine gender equality, especially proportional representation and equal pay for equal work; fifth, a united and open France; sixth, establish a production and living system based on sustainable development. The statement by Marx and Engels in the *Communist Manifesto* that “the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all” has officially become the motto of the new generation of French Communists. Creating the conditions for the free and comprehensive development of each individual is the fundamental reason and value for the existence of the PCF.

其次，以《共同法国》为指导思想。法国共产党在以人为先的基础上，通过各种形式的调研，形成了反映民众意愿与期待的指导思想即《共同法国》。作为法国共产党在新时期的理论指导思想，《共同法国》意图建立和拓展21世纪“新共产主义”理论，并制定全新的行动纲领：第一，人民掌控投资与分配体系；第二，建立新的法兰西共和国（即第六共和国）；第三，为每一个人的就业与发展提供充分的支持；第四，实现真正的男女平等，尤其是比例适宜和同工同酬等；第五，团结开放的法国；第六，建立基于可持续发展基础上的生产生活体系。马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中所言“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”正式成为新一代法国共产党人的座右铭。创造造就每个人自由全面发展的条件，就是法国共产党现实存在的根本理由和价值所在。

Third, the PCF put forward the policy proposition of “the EU is the people’s EU.” The PCF emphasizes that the peoples of Europe must and can only unite in order to oppose capitalism. They advocate building an EU based on serving the people, so that shared achievements can be jointly developed and shared, enabling every European, and thus the peoples of Europe, to become participants in the EU reform process, and to build a people’s EU rather than a neoliberal EU, and certainly not an EU dominated by the shadow of US hegemony.

再次，提出“欧盟是人民的欧盟”的政策主张。法国共产党强调欧洲人民必须且只能联合起来，才能反对资本主义。他们主张兴建以服务于人民为基础的欧盟，这样才能共同开发共享成果，才能令每一个欧洲人，进而是欧洲人民成为欧盟改革进程中的参与者，才能构建人民的欧盟而非新自由主义的欧盟，绝非美国霸权阴影主导下的欧盟。

Finally, the Central Committee has strengthened its participation in the construction of grassroots organizations. The Central Committee of the PCF actively participates in the work of grassroots Party organizations, conducts various forms of discussion and analysis, and transforms grassroots voices into motions at congresses or proposals by deputies, laying the foundation for the transition of the communist project from theory to reality. At the same time, it persists in holding the *L’Humanité* Festival and continuing to run the Marxist Summer University. A new party emblem was approved (at the 38th Congress), adding a five-pointed star with a leaf design at the top corner: the five-pointed star pattern is intended to enhance external recognition of and connection to the historical identity of the PCF as a communist party; the leaf design highlights the PCF’s emphasis on ecologism.

最后，增强中央委员会参与基础组织建设力度。法国共产党中央委员会积极参与基层党组织工作，展开各种形式的讨论与分析，将基层的声音形成代表大会上的议案或议员们的提案，为共产主义计划从理论到现实的转变奠定基础。与此同时，还坚持举办《人道报》节和继续开办马克思主义暑期大学。新党徽获得通过（三十八大），增加了五角星加顶角叶片设计：五角星的图案，意在增强外界对法国共产党作为一支共产主义政党的历史认同感与联系度；叶片设计则突出了法国共产党对生态主义的重视。

From a practical perspective, the theoretical and practical exploration of “Shared France” undertaken by the PCF represents its new views on how to achieve communism under new conditions. The PCF believes that the development of human society has entered a turning point and is facing a comprehensive and thorough capitalist crisis. It is necessary to put forward the category of “the future,” through

从现实来看，法国共产党所开展的“共同法国”的理论与实践探索，是其在新条件下就如何实现共产主义问题所提出的新看法。法国共产党认为，人类社会发展已进入转折点，正面临着一场全面的、彻底性的资本主义危机，必须提出“未来”范畴，通过新文明即多类别的革命，如生态革命、劳工革命、信息革命和货币革命等，以应对诸如经济危机、生态危机、粮食危机、卫生危机、社会危机和民主危机等“可怕的威胁”，从而将人类从资本主义和自由主义中解放出来。共产主义项目从来没有像现在这样成为文明的地平线和斗争的道路。

On this basis, the French Communist Party has clarified that the core struggle strategy of the parliamentary road is to prepare for a revolution that overthrows the capitalist system. While winning back the working class, which constitutes the majority of the population, it must actively seek joint preparations in the ecological-social sphere, as well as at the levels of feminism, anti-racism, and internationalism. Although this exploratory process of the French Communist Party has not interrupted the evolutionary logic of the Party's theoretical programs, such as "French-coloured socialism," "new communism," "putting people first," and "common France," the actual practical result has been a failure to promptly curb the trend of the French Communist Party's further marginalization. Instead, it has induced the Party into new predicaments. This predicament in theoretical evolution and practice means that the French Communist Party's long-standing but implicit understanding of the reality of capitalist development has fallen into a dual bottleneck of theory and reality.

基于此，法国共产党明确议会道路的核心斗争策略，是为进行推翻资本主义制度的革命做准备。在重新争取占人口大多数的劳工阶层的同时，要积极争取在生态—社会领域，在女权主义、反种族主义和国际主义等层面上进行联合性准备。法国共产党的这种探索进程，虽没有打断“法国色彩社会主义”“新共产主义”“以人为先”“共同法国”等党的理论纲领的演进逻辑，但现实的实践结果是未能及时地遏制法国共产党进一步被边缘化的趋势，反而诱导自身陷入新困境。这种理论演进和实践的困境，意味着法国共产党长期隐而不显的关于资本主义发展现实的认识，陷入了理论和现实的双重瓶颈。

Reviewing the hundred-year history of the French Communist Party, as a communist party in a developed capitalist country, the French Communist Party's understanding of the critique of capitalism and the practice of real socialism fundamentally constrains the actual process of its vision for transforming capitalism and advancing its own socialist construction. Over the past hundred years, the French Communist Party has already formed a distinctive struggle strategy around questions such as what socialism is and how to build socialism in developed capitalist countries. Of course, given the characteristics and specific circumstances of France and the French Communist Party, this struggle strategy may be theoretical and academic in the form of a program. However, this is not only an important marker distinguishing the French Communist Party from communist parties in other developed capitalist countries and some developing countries, but also the key to our understanding of the French Communist Party's century-long history of struggle.

回顾法共百年发展史，作为发达资本主义国家共产党，法国共产党关于资本主义批判与现实社会主义实践的理解，根本上制约着法国共产党对于改造资本主义和推进自身社会主义建设愿景的现实进程。百余年来，法国共产党围绕什么是社会主义以及在发达资本主义国家如何建设社会主义等问题，业已形成特有的斗争策略。当然，结合法国和法国共产党的特点与具体情况，这种斗争策略可能是理论性、学院式的理论纲领。但这不仅是法国共产党区别于其他发达资本主义国家和部分发展中国家共产党的重要标识，而且是我们理解法国共产党百年战斗史的钥匙。

(Author: Yu Hui, Assistant Researcher at the Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者：遇荟，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院助理研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心