The Century-Long Exploration and Current Development of Communist Parties in Latin America

I. The Historical Evolution of the Communist Movement in Latin America

一、拉美共产主义运动的历史演进

Latin America and the Caribbean (hereafter “Latin America”) is one of the regions in the world where communist party organizations were established relatively early, with a history spanning over a century. Shortly after the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, many Latin American countries successively founded communist parties, such as the Communist Party of Argentina (1918), the Communist Party of Mexico (1919), the Communist Party of Uruguay (1920), the Communist Party of Chile and the Communist Party of Brazil (1922), among others. By the 1950s, most Latin American countries had established communist party organizations, totaling nearly 30. Since their founding, Latin American communist parties have traversed a tortuous path of development, achieving notable successes while also experiencing numerous setbacks.

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区（简称“拉美”）是世界上较早建立共产党组织的地区，已有百余年历史。俄国十月革命胜利后不久，许多拉美国家就相继成立了共产党，如阿根廷共产党（1918年）、墨西哥共产党（1919年）、乌拉圭共产党（1920年）、智利共产党和巴西共产党（1922年）等。到20世纪50年代，大多数拉美国家先后成立了共产党组织，总数近30个。拉美共产党建立以来，经历了曲折的发展道路，既取得过显著成绩，也经历了不少挫折。

From the 1950s to the 1970s, influenced by the divergence between the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on the line of the international communist movement, serious disagreements and debates arose within Latin American communist parties over issues of struggle tactics and revolutionary methods, leading to organizational splits in many parties. Some of the more traditional older communist parties in Latin America supported the position of the CPSU, following the strategic shift of the CPSU toward the “parliamentary road” and “peaceful transition,” while the new parties that split from the older ones mostly called themselves communist parties (Marxist-Leninist) and supported the CPC’s line in the communist movement.

20世纪50年代至70年代，受中国共产党与苏联共产党在国际共运路线上分歧的影响，拉美各国共产党内部在斗争策略和革命手段问题上产生严重分歧、争论，许多党出现组织分裂。拉美一些较为传统的老共产党支持苏共的立场，追随苏联共产党的战略转向，开始走“议会道路”和“和平过渡”，而从老党分裂出来的新党大多自称为共产党（马列），支持中共的共运路线。

Among the communist parties in Latin America, some chose to follow the path of the Cuban Revolution, waging guerrilla warfare against their own countries’ dictatorial governments, and successively formed over a hundred anti-government guerrilla groups in 20 Latin American countries. Before 1967, guerrilla activities were mainly concentrated in rural areas; after 1968, they shifted to urban areas. Most of these anti-government guerrilla activities ended in failure, with only those in a few countries, such as Colombia, persisting into the 21st century.

在拉美各国共产党中，一些党选择走古巴革命道路，开展反对本国独裁政府的游击战，先后在20个拉美国家组建了上百支反政府游击队。1967年以前，游击活动主要集中在农村地区，1968年以后转入城市。这些反政府的游击活动大多数遭到失败，只有哥伦比亚等少数国家的反政府游击队坚持到21世纪。

The Communist Party of Chile accumulated important experience in parliamentary struggle. In 1970, the Communist Party of Chile formed a united front with the Socialist Party and other left-wing forces in the general election, supporting Socialist Party leader Salvador Allende’s candidacy for president. During the Allende government, members of the Communist Party of Chile, as major participants in the ruling coalition, held the positions of ministers of three ministries, including Finance and Labor, six provincial governors, and one mayor of a large city; they occupied 6 of the 50 seats in the Senate and 25 of the 150 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Party membership once grew to nearly 200,000. The parliamentary road of the Communist Party of Chile was thus praised by the CPSU and some Latin American communist parties. In September 1973, a right-wing military coup occurred in Chile, the Allende government was overthrown, and the Communist Party of Chile was subsequently outlawed.

智利共产党在议会斗争中积累了重要经验。1970年，智利共产党在大选中与社会党等左翼力量结成统一战线，支持社会党领导人萨尔瓦多·阿连德（Salvador Allende）参选总统。阿连德政府时期，智利共产党人作为主要参政党成员担任了财政、劳工等3个部的部长职务、6个省长和1个大市市长职务，在参议院50个席位中占6席，在众议院150个席位中占25席。智共党员一度增至近20万名。智共的议会道路因此受到苏共及一些拉美共产党的追捧。1973年9月，智利发生右翼军人政变，阿连德政府被推翻，随后智共被取缔。

In the 1970s, right-wing military coups were frequent in Latin America. With the exception of Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Costa Rica, a number of authoritarian military governments emerged in Latin America. Many communist parties were declared illegal or outlawed, their leaders and members were persecuted, and other left-wing forces also suffered brutal repression. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, the democratization process in Latin America deepened, military governments returned power to civilians, most Latin American communist parties regained legal status and began to operate openly, the environment for left-wing development improved, and the communist movement in Latin America experienced some recovery. By the mid-1980s, there were over 50 communist parties in Latin America, with a total membership of nearly one million, half of whom were members of the Communist Party of Cuba.

20世纪70年代，拉美右翼军事政变频繁。除墨西哥、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加外，拉美出现了一批威权主义军政府。多国共产党被宣布为非法或被取缔，其领导人和党员受到迫害，其他左翼力量也遭到残酷镇压。20世纪70年代末80年代初，拉美民主化进程不断深入，军人政府还政于民，拉美多数共产党重获合法地位并开始公开活动，左翼发展环境得到改善，拉美共产主义运动有所恢复。20世纪80年代中期，拉美共有50多个共产党，党员人数近百万，古巴共产党员占一半。

In the early 1990s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe dealt another heavy blow to the socialist movement in Latin America. The Communist Party of Cuba faced unprecedented trials, and the left-wing Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua lost the 1990 election. Most Latin American communist parties were guided by Marxism, aiming to explore the socialist path. A few Latin American communist parties abandoned Marxism and socialism and dissolved themselves. Some leaders of communist parties in Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and other countries wavered in their communist convictions, split from their parties, and established social democratic parties. At the beginning of the 21st century, although the number of communist party organizations and members in Latin America declined somewhat, the main forces of Latin American communist parties were preserved, and some even achieved development.

20世纪90年代初，苏联解体、东欧剧变使拉丁美洲的社会主义运动再次遭受重挫。古巴共产党面临空前考验，尼加拉瓜左翼桑地诺民族解放阵线在1990年选举中失利。多数拉美共产党以马克思主义为指导，旨在探索社会主义道路。少数拉美共产党放弃马克思主义和社会主义，自行解散。阿根廷、乌拉圭、玻利维亚等国共产党部分领导人共产主义信念动摇，从党内分离出去，另建社会民主主义性质的政党。21世纪初，拉美共产党组织和党员数量虽有所下降，但拉美共产党主要力量得以保存，有的甚至取得了发展。

II. Overview of the Development of Communist Parties in Latin American Countries

二、拉美各国共产党发展概况

Currently, there are over 20 communist parties in Latin America, including the Communist Party of Cuba, the Communist Party of Argentina, the Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress), the Communist Party of Brazil, the Brazilian Communist Party, the Communist Party of Chile, the Communist Party of Venezuela, the Labor Party of Mexico, the Communist Party of Mexico, the Party of Mexican Communists, the Communist Party of Colombia, the Communist Party of Ecuador, the Communist Party of Ecuador (Marxist-Leninist), the Communist Party of Bolivia, the Communist Party of Peru, the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland), the Communist Party of Uruguay, the Communist Party of Paraguay, the Labor Communist Party of the Dominican Republic, the Communist Party of El Salvador, the New Communist Party of Haiti (Marxist-Leninist), the Communist Party of Honduras, the Communist Party of Nicaragua, the People’s Vanguard Party-Communist Party of Costa Rica, and the Communist Party for Independence and Socialism of Martinique. These Latin American communist parties vary in size and influence, but they remain the backbone of the Latin American left and an indispensable important force in Latin American politics.

目前，拉美共产党共有20多个，包括古巴共产党、阿根廷共产党、阿根廷共产党（特别代表大会）、巴西共产党、巴西的共产党、智利共产党、委内瑞拉共产党、墨西哥劳动党、墨西哥共产党、墨西哥共产党人党、哥伦比亚共产党、厄瓜多尔共产党、厄瓜多尔共产党（马列）、玻利维亚共产党、秘鲁的共产党、秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）、乌拉圭共产党、巴拉圭共产党、多米尼加共和国劳工共产党、萨尔瓦多共产党、海地新共产党（马列）、洪都拉斯共产党、尼加拉瓜共产党、哥斯达黎加人民先锋党-共产党、马提尼克争取独立与社会主义共产党等。这些拉美共产党规模和影响力不一，但仍是拉美左翼的中坚力量和拉美政坛不可或缺的重要力量。

In terms of political status, apart from the Communist Party of Cuba, which is the ruling party, the other parties can be broadly categorized as participating parties, legal opposition parties, and parties that have not been legally registered. This article mainly studies these three types of communist parties.

就政治地位而言，拉美共产党中除古共是执政党外，其他各党大致可分为参政党、合法在野党及未能合法登记的政党。本文主要研究这三类共产党。

(I) Participating Parties

（一）参政党

In recent years, communist parties in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and other countries, as participating parties, have formed alliances with the ruling parties in their respective countries, securing certain seats in parliament and having their members serve in government positions.

近年来，巴西、智利、乌拉圭等国共产党作为参政党，通过与本国执政的政党结盟，不仅在国会中拥有一定席位，其成员还在政府中任职。

1. Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brasil)

1.巴西共产党（Partido Comunista do Brasil）

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the Communist Party of Brazil did not shrink in size but instead grew stronger. According to the latest statistics, the party currently has 413,681 members, making it the second largest communist party in Latin America after the Communist Party of Cuba. The Communist Party of Brazil currently holds 1 seat in the Brazilian Senate (81 seats total), 12 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (513 seats total), and one state governor position among the 26 states (party member Flavio Dino serves as governor of Maranhão), along with 25 state deputies and 81 mayors. Party member Aldo Rebelo served as Minister of Science and Technology and later as Minister of Defense during the period when the Workers’ Party was in power. From September 2005 to February 2007, Aldo Rebelo served as President of the Chamber of Deputies. The current party chairperson, Luciana Santos, is the Vice Governor of Pernambuco State. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Communist Party of Brazil has successively held its 10th Congress (2001), 12th Congress (2005), 13th Congress (2013), and 14th Congress (2017). From October 15 to 17, 2021, the Communist Party of Brazil held its 15th Congress via video conference. The main agenda of the 15th Congress included discussing and approving the work report of the 14th Central Committee, discussing and approving amendments to the party constitution, and electing new local and central committees. Article 25 of the party constitution of the Communist Party of Brazil stipulates that “the Communist Party of Brazil is the vanguard of the Brazilian working class and working people, guided by the revolutionary theory of Marxism-Leninism,” and Article 20 sets forth the party’s program for the transition from capitalism to socialism in Brazil. Article 1 of the party constitution adopted at the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of Brazil in November 2017 stipulates that “the Communist Party of Brazil is the political organization of the conscious vanguard of the Brazilian proletariat, guided by the scientific and revolutionary theory formulated by Marx and Engels and developed by Lenin and other Marxists,” and that “the Communist Party of Brazil struggles against the exploitation and oppression of capitalism and imperialism, its goal is the seizure of power by the proletariat and its allies and the implementation of scientific socialism, and its highest goal is the establishment of communism.”

苏联解体、东欧剧变后，巴西共产党规模非但没有缩减，反而有所壮大。据最新统计，目前巴西共有党员413681人，是仅次于古共的拉美第二大共产党。巴西共现在巴西参议院（共81席）中占有1席，在众议院（共513席）占有12席，在全国26个州中占有1名州长职位［巴西共党员弗拉维奥·迪诺（Flavio Dino）任马拉尼昂州州长］，另有州议员25名、市长81名。巴西共党员阿尔多·雷贝洛（Aldo Rebelo）在巴西劳工党执政时期先后担任科技部长和国防部长。2005年9月到2007年2月，阿尔多·雷贝洛出任众议院议长。现任党主席卢西亚娜·桑托斯（Luciana Santos）为伯南布哥州副州长。进入21世纪以来，巴西共先后召开党的十大（2001年）、十二大（2005年）、十三大（2013年）、十四大（2017年）。2021年10月15～17日，巴西共以视频方式召开十五大。十五大主要议程包括讨论和通过第十四届中央委员会的工作报告、讨论并通过党章的修改方案、选举新的党的地方和中央委员会。巴西共党章第25条规定，“巴西共是巴西工人阶级和劳动人民的先锋队，以马列主义革命理论为指导”，第20条提出了巴西从资本主义过渡到社会主义的纲领。2017年11月巴西共十四大通过的党章第1条规定，“巴西共是巴西无产阶级有觉悟先锋队的政治组织，以马克思、恩格斯制定的，列宁和其他马克思主义者发展的科学和革命的理论为指导”，“巴西共为反对资本主义和帝国主义的剥削和压迫而斗争，其目标是由无产阶级及其同盟者夺取政权、实施科学社会主义，其最高目标是建立共产主义”。

On March 18, 2021, the National Executive Committee of the Communist Party of Brazil published an article titled “99 Years of the Communist Party of Brazil, Essential for Democracy,” which stated:

2021年3月18日，巴西共全国执行委员会发表题为《巴西共产党的99年，对民主必不可少》的文章，文章说：

On March 25, 2021, the Communist Party of Brazil celebrated its 99th birthday[9]9 Recabarren: Luis Emilio Recabarren (1876–1924), a Chilean labor leader and founder of the Communist Party of Chile., opening the prelude to its centenary celebration. Today, the Communist Party of Brazil, together with broad political forces, is fighting on the front line to defend life and democracy, in order to save Brazil from the disaster of Bolsonaro (the current president of Brazil). The Communist Party of Brazil is struggling for Brazil to overcome the epidemic, for everyone to receive emergency vaccination. It fights for assistance, support, and solidarity for the people, especially the poor. It struggles to create employment opportunities, maintain wage levels, and help micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises.

2021年3月25日，巴西共产党迎来自己的99岁生日[9]，揭开了百年党庆的序幕。现在，巴西共产党正与广泛的政治力量一起，战斗在保卫生命和民主的第一线，为的是从博索纳罗（巴西现任总统）的灾难中拯救巴西。巴西共产党正在为巴西战胜疫情，为人人能够紧急接种疫苗而斗争。它为人民特别是穷人，争取援助、支持和声援。它为创造就业机会、保持工资水平、帮助中小微型企业而斗争。

The Communist Party of Brazil has always held high the glorious banner of socialism. This banner is precisely that of the first great victory of the oppressed and exploited people—the Russian socialist revolution. Since 2009, the Communist Party of Brazil has been guided by a program whose core is the struggle for a new national development plan, as a Brazilian path to socialism.

巴西共产党始终高举社会主义的光辉旗帜。这一旗帜正是被压迫、被剥削人民的第一次伟大胜利——俄国社会主义革命——的旗帜。2009年以来，巴西共产党一直以这样的纲领为指导，该纲领的核心是为新的国家发展计划而斗争，以此为通往社会主义的巴西道路。

Connected with the Brazilian people, just as our green-leafed tree takes root in the soil, the Party has always known how to remain evergreen. Linked to the flow of history, to the green of life, it constantly renews its banner. For these reasons, it is both enduring and young; it has a history of one hundred years, yet it is contemporary, because the essence of its demand is, under the current harsh circumstances, to build a strong, sovereign, democratic, and socially advanced Brazil in the future, and to unite with the peoples of the world.

与巴西人民联系在一起，就像我们的绿叶树扎根土地一样，党一直知道如何保持常青。与历史的流动、生命的绿色相连，它不断地更新自己的旗帜。由于这些原因，它既是长存的也是年轻的，它有一百年的历史，但又是当代的，因为它的实质要求是在当前严酷的形势下，在未来建设一个强大的、主权的、民主的、社会先进的巴西，并与世界各国人民团结起来。

On June 30, 2021, in a congratulatory letter to the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of Brazil pointed out that for the Communist Party of Brazil, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China is an event of great significance; the Communist Party of China has completely transformed China, lifting it out of backwardness and into a stage of development that has attracted worldwide attention; today's China is thriving and changing with each passing day, deeply impressing the world while also bringing development opportunities to the world, which is inseparable from the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

2021年6月30日，巴西共在致中国共产党成立100周年的贺信中指出，对于巴西共而言，中国共产党成立100周年是一个具有重大意义的事件；中国共产党彻底改变了中国，使中国摆脱了落后，进入令世界瞩目的发展阶段；今天的中国蓬勃发展、日新月异，给全世界留下了深刻印象，同时也给全世界带去了发展机会，这与中国共产党的领导有着密不可分的关系。

2. Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile)

2.智利共产党（Partido Comunista de Chile）

The predecessor of the Communist Party of Chile, the Socialist Workers' Party, was founded on June 4, 1912. It was renamed the Communist Party on January 2, 1922, and joined the Communist International. From 1970 to 1973, the Communist Party of Chile, together with the Socialist Party and other parties, formed the "Popular Unity" coalition and governed jointly. In 1973, the Communist Party of Chile was declared illegal after the military coup. After 1990, the Communist Party of Chile regained its legal status. In the early 21st century, the Communist Party of Chile once had 80,814 members. In 2014, the Communist Party of Chile supported Socialist Michelle Bachelet in her second presidential campaign, and Communist Party of Chile member Claudia Pascual served as Minister of Women.

智利共产党的前身社会主义工人党创建于1912年6月4日，1922年1月2日更名为共产党，并加入共产国际。1970～1973年，智共与社会党等党组成“人民团结”阵线联合执政。1973年，智共在军事政变后被宣布为非法组织。1990年后，智共恢复合法地位。21世纪初，智共党员一度达80814人。2014年智共支持社会党人米歇尔·巴切莱特（Michelle Bachelet）第二次竞选总统，智共党员克劳迪亚·帕斯夸尔（Claudia Pascual）曾任妇女部长。

The Communist Party of Chile declares itself to be the "revolutionary party of the working class," adheres to the thought of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Recabarren[5]5 Luis Emilio Recabarren (1876-1924), a Chilean labor leader and founder of the Socialist Workers' Party, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Chile., and believes that Marxism-Leninism is constantly evolving and changing; Marxism-Leninism is the guide to action for the Party. The Communist Party of Chile insists on struggling for socialism and the interests of workers, opposing the exploitation and oppression of capitalism and imperialism, with the goal of coming to power through legal means.

智共宣称是“工人阶级的革命政党”，坚持马克思、恩格斯、列宁、雷卡瓦伦思想，认为马列主义是不断发展变革的，马列主义是该党的行动指南。智共坚持为了社会主义、工人利益而斗争，反对资本主义和帝国主义的剥削和压迫，目标是通过合法手段上台执政。

Before the 2021 national elections, political parties registered. Among them, the registered membership of the Communist Party of Chile decreased to 47,299, but among registered parties, the Communist Party of Chile ranked first in the country in terms of membership, while the ruling party, Chile Vamos, decreased from 96,835 members to 41,301, the Socialist Party of Chile decreased from 118,370 members to 43,895, and the Party for Democracy decreased from 106,370 members to 32,818.

2021年全国大选前，各政党进行注册登记。其中，智共登记的党员减少到47299人，但在注册政党中，智共党员数量位居全国第一，而执政党智利前进党党员则从96835人减少到41301人，智利社会党党员从118370人减少到43895人，争取民主党党员从106370人减少到32818人。

From November 20 to 22, 2020, the Communist Party of Chile held its 26th Congress and revised its party constitution. The current party president is Guillermo Tellier, and the general secretary is Lautaro Carmona. The Political Committee has 16 members. Currently, the Communist Party of Chile holds 9 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, including party president Tellier. In the May 2021 Constituent Assembly elections, the Communist Party of Chile won 7 seats (out of 155). In the 2021 general election, the Communist Party of Chile, as a member party of the "Broad Front" (Frente Amplio), joined the "Approve Dignity" (Aprueba Dignidad) electoral coalition. This coalition nominated Gabriel Boric, a member of the Social Convergence Party (Convergencia Social), as its presidential candidate. In the second round of the general election on December 19, 2021, Boric defeated the far-right Republican Party candidate Kast, who had ranked first in the first round, and was elected president, taking office on March 11, 2022. In the Boric government, the Communist Party of Chile has three ministers.

2020年11月20～22日，智共召开党的二十六大，修订了党章。现任党主席是吉列尔莫·泰列尔（Guillermo Tellier），总书记是劳塔罗·卡蒙娜（Lautaro Carmona）。政治委员会共16人。目前，智共在众议院中占9席，其中包括党主席泰列尔。在2021年5月制宪会议选举中，智共获7席（共155席）。在2021年举行的大选中，智共作为“广泛阵线”（Frente Amplio）成员党，加入“赞同尊严”（Aprueba Dignidad）选举联盟。该联盟推举社会汇合党（Convergencia Social）党员加夫列尔·博里奇（Gabriel Boric）为总统候选人参加竞选。在2021年12月19日第二轮大选中，博里奇战胜了在第一轮选举中得票居首位的极右翼共和党候选人卡斯特，当选总统，并于2022年3月11日就任总统。在博里奇政府中，智共有3名部长。

3. Communist Party of Uruguay (Partido Comunista de Uruguay)

3.乌拉圭共产党（Partido Comunista de Uruguay）

The Communist Party of Uruguay was founded on September 21, 1920, established by the majority faction of the Socialist Party founded in 1910. It joined the Communist International in 1922. Since 1971, the Communist Party of Uruguay has jointly created the "Broad Front" with other left-wing parties. After the upheavals in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the Communist Party of Uruguay split; former Communist Party of Uruguay General Secretary Jaime Pérez led 20 Central Committee members to withdraw from the party and establish the People's Democratic Party, advocating democratic socialism. The new leadership of the Communist Party of Uruguay, with Marina Arismendi as General Secretary, insisted on the name and program of the Communist Party of Uruguay.

乌拉圭共产党成立于1920年9月21日，由1910年创建的社会党的多数派建立。1922年加入共产国际。自1971年起，乌共与其他左翼政党联合创建“广泛阵线”。苏东剧变后，乌共发生分裂，原乌共总书记海梅·佩雷斯（Jaime Pérez）率领20名中央委员退党，另成立人民民主党，主张民主社会主义。以玛丽娜·阿里斯门迪（Marina Arismendi）为总书记的乌共新领导班子坚持乌拉圭共产党的名称和纲领。

In 2006, Marina Arismendi served as Minister of Social Development, stepping down as General Secretary, and Eduardo Lorier succeeded her as General Secretary until 2017. In June 2017, the 31st Congress of the Communist Party of Uruguay was held, and Juan Castillo was elected General Secretary. In 2019, Gerardo Núñez became party president of the Communist Party of Uruguay, a position he holds to this day. In 2004, 2009, and 2014, the "Broad Front" won the general elections. In 2019, the "Broad Front" lost the general election. Currently, the Communist Party of Uruguay holds 2 seats in the Senate (30 seats total) and 6 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (99 seats total).

2006年，玛丽娜·阿里斯门迪担任社会发展部长，卸任总书记职务，由爱德华多·洛里埃尔（Eduardo Lorier）接任总书记至2017年。2017年6月，乌共三十一大召开，胡安·卡斯蒂略（Juan Castillo）当选总书记。2019年，赫拉尔多·努涅斯（Gerardo Núñez）担任乌共党主席至今。2004年、2009年和2014年，“广泛阵线”在大选中获胜。2019年“广泛阵线”在大选中失败。目前，乌共在参议院（共30席）中占2席，在众议院（共99席）中占6席。

Article 1 of the current party constitution of the Communist Party of Uruguay, revised in February 2019, stipulates that the Communist Party of Uruguay is "the political and ideological vanguard of the Uruguayan working class, its highest form of organization," that the Communist Party of Uruguay "is guided by the scientific thought of Marxism-Leninism," and "struggles for the Uruguayan working class to fulfill its historical mission socially, politically, and ideologically, guiding the Uruguayan working people towards socialism, and then building communism."

2019年2月修改后的乌共现行党章第一条规定，乌共是“乌拉圭工人阶级政治和思想的先锋队，是其最高组织形式”，乌共“以马列主义科学思想为指导”，“为乌拉圭工人阶级行使其社会、政治和思想的历史使命而斗争，引导乌拉圭劳动人民通向社会主义，然后建设共产主义”。

(2) Legal Opposition Parties

（二）合法的在野党

Some communist parties in Latin American countries, although not ruling parties or participating parties, are legal opposition parties. They have a certain political and social influence in their own countries, have a certain appeal among mass organizations such as trade unions, youth, and students, and among specific groups. Some currently or recently hold seats in parliament. These mainly include the Communist Party of Venezuela, the Communist Party of Argentina, and the Communist Party of Colombia.

有些拉美国家的共产党虽然不是执政党或参政党，但是合法的在野党，它们在本国有一定的政治和社会影响力，在工会、青年、学生等群众组织和特定群体中有一定的号召力，有的现在或不久前在议会中占有一些席位，主要包括委内瑞拉共产党、阿根廷共产党和哥伦比亚共产党等。

1. Communist Party of Venezuela (Partido Comunista de Venezuela)

1.委内瑞拉共产党（Partido Comunista de Venezuela）

The Communist Party of Venezuela was founded on March 5, 1931, and is the oldest political party in Venezuela. The Communist Party of Venezuela takes Marxism-Leninism and the thought of the Venezuelan national hero Bolívar as its guiding ideology, advocates replacing the bourgeois state with a people's democratic state, and advances in the direction of building socialism.

委内瑞拉共产党成立于1931年3月5日，是委内瑞拉历史最悠久的政党。委共以马列主义和委内瑞拉民族英雄玻利瓦尔的思想为指导思想，主张用人民的民主国家取代资产阶级的国家，朝建设社会主义的方向迈进。

In 1998, the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) supported the left-wing Fifth Republic Movement’s candidate Hugo Chávez in his presidential campaign, which he subsequently won. During Chávez’s tenure in office (1999–2013), the PCV joined the Great Patriotic Pole (Gran Polo Patriótico) electoral alliance founded by Chávez, and the PCV’s strength developed to a certain extent, with some Party members holding positions in the government and other public sectors. In the parliamentary elections of December 2005, the PCV won 8 of 165 seats. In January 2007, PCV Central Committee member David Velásquez was appointed Minister of People’s Participation and Social Development in the Chávez government. In 2007, the PCV held its 13th Congress, which specifically discussed whether to join the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) established on Chávez’s initiative. The 13th Congress decided that the PCV would not dissolve, would not join the PSUV, and would maintain political independence, but the PCV would continue to support the Chávez government. In the 2012 presidential election, the PCV received 489,941 votes, accounting for 3.29% of the total votes cast. After Chávez’s death in 2013, the PCV continued to support the Maduro government, participating as a member party of the Great Patriotic Pole in the 2013 and 2018 presidential elections. In the 2018 presidential election, the PCV received 17,043 votes, accounting for 1.85%. Its most recent party congress was the 13th Congress in 2017.

1998年委共支持左翼第五共和国运动查韦斯竞选总统，后获胜。查韦斯执政期间（1999～2013年），委共加入查韦斯创建的大爱国中心（Gran Polo Patriótico）选举联盟，委共的力量获得一定程度发展，一些党员在政府和其他公共部门任职。在2005年12月议会选举中，委共获得165个席位中的8席。2007年1月，委共中央委员戴维·贝拉斯克斯（David Velásquez）出任查韦斯政府人民参与和社会发展部长。2007年委共召开十三大，专门讨论是否加入查韦斯倡议成立的委内瑞拉统一社会主义党（PSUV）的问题。十三大决定，委共不解散，不加入PSUV，在政治上保持独立性，但委共继续支持查韦斯政府。在2012年总统选举中，委共获489941票，占投票总数的3.29%。2013年查韦斯逝世后，委共继续支持马杜罗政府，作为大爱国中心成员党，参加2013年和2018年总统选举。在2018年总统选举中，委共获17043票，占1.85%。最近一次党代会是2017年的十三大。

In recent years, the PCV’s differences with the Maduro government and the PSUV on certain domestic and foreign policy issues have gradually deepened. In the 2020 parliamentary elections, the PCV withdrew from the Great Patriotic Pole and formed an electoral alliance with other left-wing political parties and organizations to participate. The PCV received 170,352 votes, accounting for 2.73%, and won only 1 seat out of 277. Currently, among the country’s 335 municipalities, the PCV holds only one mayoral position and 138 seats out of 2,459 municipal council seats nationwide.

近年来，委共在一些内外政策问题上与马杜罗政府和PSUV的分歧逐渐加深，在2020年议会选举中，委共退出大爱国中心，与其他一些左翼政党组织组成选举联盟参选，委共获170352票，占2.73%，在277个席位中仅获1席。目前委共在全国335个城市中，仅获1个城市市长职位，在全国2459个市议员席位中获138席。

2. Communist Party of Argentina (Partido Comunista de Argentina)

2.阿根廷共产党（Partido Comunista de Argentina）

The Communist Party of Argentina was founded on January 6, 1918, initially named the International Socialist Party. It joined the Communist International in 1919 and changed its name to the Communist Party of Argentina in December 1920. The PCA declares itself a party of the working class, with Marxism-Leninism as its theoretical foundation and guiding ideology, and its ultimate goal is the realization of communism.

阿根廷共产党成立于1918年1月6日，初名国际社会党，1919年加入共产国际，1920年12月改名为阿根廷共产党。阿共宣称是工人阶级政党，以马列主义为理论基础和指导思想，其最终目标是实现共产主义。

The drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe caused a split in the PCA, reducing its membership from approximately 50,000 in the early 1990s to 22,523 in 2017, and further to 17,096 in 2020. In 1995, the PCA held its 19th Congress, criticizing the splittist behavior of dissidents within the Party and emphasizing adherence to the direction of Marxism-Leninism, socialism, and communism. From 2011 to 2017, the PCA participated in the Victory Front, supporting the left-wing government of Cristina Fernández of the Justicialist Party. From 2017 to 2019, it participated in the Civic Unity Alliance. From 2019 to the present, it has participated in the Everyone’s Front, supporting the current center-left government of Alberto Fernández. The PCA held 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 2001 and 1 seat in 2003. Since then, the PCA has held no seats in either the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate. The current Party president is Mario Alderete, and the current General Secretary is Víctor Gorodeki Kot.

苏东剧变使阿共产生分裂，党员人数由20世纪90年代初的5万名减少到2017年的22523名，2020年减少到17096名。1995年阿共召开十九大，批判党内异己分子的分裂行为，强调坚持马列主义、社会主义和共产主义方向。2011～2017年阿共参加争取胜利阵线，支持正义党克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯左翼政府。2017～2019年参加公民团结联盟。2019年至今参加全民阵线，支持现阿尔韦托·费尔南德斯中左翼政府。阿共2001年在众议院中有2席，2003年在众议院中有1席。此后，阿共在众参两院中均没有议席。党的现任主席为马里奥·阿尔德雷特（Mario Alderete），现任总书记为维克托·戈罗德基·科特（Víctor Gorodeki Kot）。

3. Communist Party of Colombia (Partido Comunista Colombiano)

3.哥伦比亚共产党（Partido Comunista Colombiano）

The Communist Party of Colombia was founded on July 17, 1930, and once joined the Communist International. The party program and constitution amended at its 22nd Congress in 2012 stipulate that the PCC defends the principles of Marxism-Leninism and inherits the legacy of Bolívar; the PCC is the party of urban and rural workers oppressed by capitalism, while also open to all the people. Its purpose is to strive for a more just, democratic, and socially progressive Colombia. From 1964 to 1993, the Communist Party of Colombia led the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group, viewing it as the Party’s armed wing.

哥伦比亚共产党成立于1930年7月17日，曾加入共产国际。2012年二十二大修改后的党纲和党章规定，哥共捍卫马列主义的原则，并继承玻利瓦尔的遗训；哥共是受资本主义压迫的城乡劳动者的政党，同时也向全体人民开放。其宗旨是为建立一个更加公正、民主和社会进步的哥伦比亚而奋斗。1964～1993年，哥伦比亚共产党领导哥伦比亚革命武装力量反政府游击队（FARC），并视其为党的武装臂膀。

In the mid-1980s, the PCC’s strength grew rapidly, with Party membership exceeding 50,000. In 1986, the PCC participated in the “Patriotic Union,” winning 3 Senate seats and 5 Chamber of Deputies seats in the parliamentary elections. The drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union caused a split in the PCC, with a significant reduction in Party membership. The PCC has successively participated in the Social and Political Front, the Democratic Change Movement, the Democratic Change Center, the Patriotic March movement, and the Decent Alliance. In the 2018 general election, the PCC supported Senator and former Mayor of Bogotá Gustavo Petro in his presidential campaign. Currently, the PCC holds 1 seat out of 418 in the Chamber of Deputies and 3 mayoral positions out of 1,102 municipalities nationwide. The current General Secretary of the Party is Jaime Caycedo Turriago.

20世纪80年代中期，哥共力量发展很快，党员人数达5万多。1986年哥共参加“爱国联盟”，在议会选举中获3个参议员席位和5个众议员席位。东欧剧变、苏联解体使哥共发生分裂，党员人数明显减少。哥共曾先后参加社会政治阵线、民主变革运动、民主变革中心、爱国进军（Marcha Patriótica）运动、正派联盟（Decentes）等。在2018年大选中，哥共支持参议员、前波哥大市长古斯塔沃·佩特罗（Gustavo Petro）竞选总统。目前哥共在众议院418席中占1席，在全国1102个城市中占3个市长职位。党的现任总书记是海梅·凯塞多·图里亚戈（Jaime Caycedo Turriago）。

(III) Latin American Communist Parties That Have Not Achieved Legal Registration

（三）未能合法登记的拉美共产党

Due to failure to submit the required documentation, or because their membership numbers fall below the minimum standards for registration, some Latin American Communist parties have not obtained legal registration with their respective national authorities. These mainly include the Communist Party of Peru, the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland), and the Communist Party of Bolivia.

由于未能履行相关的资料申报，或因党员人数达不到注册登记的起码标准等原因，拉美一些共产党未能在本国相关机构获得合法注册登记，主要包括秘鲁共产党、秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）、玻利维亚共产党等。

1. Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista Peruano)

1.秘鲁共产党（Partido Comunista Peruano）

The Communist Party of Peru was founded on October 7, 1928, initially named the Peruvian Socialist Party. Its founder was the renowned Marxist thinker of Peru and Latin America, José Carlos Mariátegui. In March 1930, the Peruvian Socialist Party joined the Communist International and changed its name to the Communist Party of Peru in May. The PCP professes Marxism-Leninism and the thought of Mariátegui, advocating the creation of “Indo-American socialism.” Currently, the Party adopts an attitude of both support and criticism towards the current left-wing Free Peru Party government of Pedro Castillo. The current President of the PCP is Roberto de la Cruz Huamán, and the General Secretary is Luis Villanueva Carbajar.

秘鲁共产党成立于1928年10月7日，初名秘鲁社会党，创始人是秘鲁和拉美著名的马克思主义思想家何塞·卡洛斯·马里亚特吉（José Carlos Mariátegui）。1930年3月，秘鲁社会党加入共产国际，5月改名为秘鲁共产党。秘共信奉马列主义和马里亚特吉思想，主张创造“印第安美洲社会主义”。目前，该党对现任左翼自由秘鲁党佩德罗·卡斯蒂略政府持既支持又批评的态度。秘共现任主席是罗贝托·德拉克鲁斯·瓦曼（Roberto de la Cruz Huamán），总书记是路易斯·比利亚努埃瓦·卡瓦哈尔（Luis Villanueva Carbajar）。

In the 1960s, influenced by the differences between the Chinese and Soviet Communist parties and states, the PCP experienced a split. After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the PCP adhered to the guiding ideology of Marxism-Leninism and the direction of socialism. The PCP’s 11th Congress in December 1996 and its 12th Congress in November 2001 once again established Marxism-Leninism and the thought of Mariátegui as the Party’s guiding ideology. Its 13th Congress in 2008 upheld opposition to imperialism, criticized capitalist globalization, opposed neoliberalism, and praised the rise of left-wing forces in Latin America. In the 2020 and 2021 general elections, it supported the left-wing “Together for Peru” leader Verónica Mendoza in her presidential campaigns. The PCP won 5 seats in the parliamentary elections.

20世纪60年代，受中苏两党两国分歧的影响，秘共发生分裂。80年代末90年代初，东欧剧变、苏联解体后，秘共坚持马列主义的指导思想和社会主义的前进方向。1996年12月秘共十一大和2001年11月党的十二大再次提出以马列主义和马里亚特吉思想为党的指导思想。2008年召开十三大，坚持反对帝国主义，批判资本主义全球化，反对新自由主义，赞扬拉美左翼力量的崛起。在2020年和2021年大选中，均支持左翼“秘鲁团结”（Juntos por el Perú）领导人韦罗妮卡·门多萨（Verónica Mendoza）竞选总统。秘共在议会选举中获5席。

2. Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland) (Partido Comunista del Perú-Patria Roja)

2.秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）（Partido Comunista del Perú-Patria Roja）

The Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland) was formed in March 1969 by a faction that split from the Peruvian Communist Party, yet the party still takes 7 October 1928 as its founding anniversary. It is currently the Marxist party with the largest membership in Peru. The party controls the Unified Union of Peruvian Education Workers. It has successively initiated and joined the Revolutionary Left Alliance, the United Left, the Leftist “Broad Front,” and the New Left Movement, participating in presidential and parliamentary elections and winning a small number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The party’s current president is Alberto Moreno, and its general secretary is Rolando Breña.

秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）由1969年3月从秘共分裂出来的一派组成，但该党仍以1928年10月7日为自己的成立纪念日。现为秘鲁人数最多的马克思主义政党。该党控制了秘鲁教育工作者统一工会。曾先后发起并加入革命左派联盟、联合左派、左派“广泛阵线”、新左派运动，参加总统和议会选举，曾在众议院和参议院中获取少量席位。党的现任主席是阿尔贝托·莫雷诺（Alberto Moreno），总书记是罗兰多·布雷尼亚（Rolando Breña）。

In 2006, Alberto Moreno ran as the presidential candidate of the Leftist “Broad Front.” In the 2020 and 2021 general elections, the party supported the left-wing “Peru Unity” leader Verónica Mendoza in her presidential campaigns. Currently, the party adopts an attitude of both support for and criticism of the current left-wing Free Peru party government of Pedro Castillo.

2006年，阿尔贝托·莫雷诺曾作为左派“广泛阵线”总统候选人参选。在2020年和2021年大选中，均支持左翼“秘鲁团结”领导人韦罗妮卡·门多萨竞选总统。目前，该党对现任左翼自由秘鲁党佩德罗·卡斯蒂略政府持既支持又批评的态度。

3. Communist Party of Bolivia (Partido Comunista de Bolivia)

3.玻利维亚共产党（Partido Comunista de Bolivia）

The Communist Party of Bolivia was founded on 17 January 1950. It held its First Congress in 1959. At its Second Congress in 1964, it adopted a new party program, establishing the strategic goal of building an anti-imperialist people’s government and carrying out an anti-imperialist people’s revolution. Its Sixth Congress in 1990 reaffirmed adherence to the revolutionary principles of Marxism-Leninism, defining the current stage of revolution as an “anti-imperialist, anti-oligarchic people’s democratic revolution” with the goal of advancing toward socialism.

玻利维亚共产党于1950年1月17日成立。1959年召开一大。1964年党的二大通过新党纲，确定以建立一个反帝的人民政府和进行反帝的人民革命为党的战略目标。1990年党的六大重申坚持马列主义革命原则，现阶段的革命是“反帝反寡头的人民民主革命”，目标是走向社会主义。

Affected by the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the PCB split in 1991, and its membership fell from 5,000 in 1986 to 2,500. Since 2002, the PCB has supported Evo Morales as the candidate of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) in every general election. On 22 July 2003, the National Electoral Court of Bolivia issued Resolution No. 043, revoking the PCB’s legal status as a political party on the grounds that the PCB had failed to fulfill its obligation to publish its list of leaders and members. However, the PCB continued its activities and continued to support Morales. After Morales was elected president in 2005, PCB member Víctor Cáceres served as Minister of Education, and PCB member Pedro Quiroga served as Deputy Minister of the Interior. In April 2019, the PCB participated in the Conference of Communist Parties of South American Countries held in Uruguay.

受苏东剧变影响，1991年玻共发生分裂，党员人数从1986年的5000名降到2500名。自2002年起，玻共在历次大选中均支持埃沃·莫拉莱斯（Evo Morales）作为争取社会主义运动（MAS）的候选人竞选总统。2003年7月22日，玻全国选举法庭颁布第043号决议，宣布取消玻共的政党法人资格，原因是玻共未履行公布其领导人和党员名单的责任。但是，玻共仍继续活动，继续支持莫拉莱斯。2005年莫拉莱斯当选总统后，玻共党员维克托·卡塞莱斯（Victor Cáceres）曾任教育部长，玻共党员佩德罗·基罗加（Pedro Quiroga）曾任内政部副部长。2019年4月，玻共参加了在乌拉圭召开的南美洲国家共产党会议。

III. The Contemporary Exploration of Latin American Communist Parties

三、拉美共产党的时代探索

Since the 21st century, Latin American communist parties have continuously adjusted their theoretical positions and undertaken new practical explorations in response to changes in the regional and international situation.

21世纪以来，拉美共产党根据地区及国际形势的变化，不断调整理论主张，并开展了新的实践探索。

(A) Theoretical Positions of Latin American Communist Parties

（一）拉美共产党的理论主张

In recent years, major changes have taken place in the political situation of the world and the Latin American region. Communist parties in Latin American countries have engaged in profound reflection on major theoretical and practical issues facing the world and the region today, putting forward some new ideas and understandings.

近年来，世界和拉美地区的政治局势发生了重大变化。拉美国家的共产党对当前世界和拉美地区的重大理论和现实问题进行深刻反思，提出了一些新的思想和认识。

1. Adherence to the Indigenization of Marxism

1.坚持马克思主义本土化

Latin American communist parties have consistently adhered to Marxism-Leninism as the guiding ideology and policy of the party; this is the most essential distinction between Latin American communist parties and other types of left-wing parties in the region. In recent years, the greatest change in the theoretical adjustments of Latin American communist parties has been the shift from a dogmatic approach to Marxism-Leninism to promoting the indigenization and Latin Americanization of Marxism-Leninism, which is a common trend in the theoretical exploration of Latin American communist parties. For example, both the Communist Party of Peru and the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland) place the thought of Mariátegui alongside Marxism-Leninism as the guiding ideology of the party, emphasizing the need to “Peruvianize” Marxism-Leninism and realize “Indo-American socialism.” The Communist Party of Venezuela emphasizes that it takes Marxism-Leninism and the thought of Venezuela’s national hero Bolívar as its guiding ideology. The Communist Party of Chile emphasizes adherence to the thought of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Recabarren.

拉美共产党一直坚持把马列主义作为党的指导思想和方针，这是拉美共产党与该地区其他类型左翼政党的最本质区别。近年来，拉美共产党理论调整的最大变化就是由教条地对待马列主义转为推动马列主义本土化、拉美化，这是拉美共产党理论探索的共同趋势。如秘鲁共产党和秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）均把马里亚特吉思想与马列主义并列作为党的指导思想，强调要把马列主义“秘鲁化”，实现“印第安美洲社会主义”。委内瑞拉共产党强调，委共以马列主义和委内瑞拉民族英雄玻利瓦尔的思想为指导思想。智利共产党强调，坚持马克思、恩格斯、列宁、雷卡瓦伦思想。

2. Redefining the Nature of the Party

2.重新定义党的性质

The new explorations and developments in party-building theory by some Latin American communist parties are mainly reflected in the redefinition of the party’s nature, status, and role. In the past, they defined the communist party as the “vanguard of the proletariat”; now they emphasize that the communist party is a “party of the working people” or an “advanced, democratic, mass communist party,” in order to broaden the party’s class and social base. Because each party occupies a different position and faces different specific circumstances, their understandings and practices also differ. For example, the Colombian Communist Party emphasizes that it is the party of urban and rural workers oppressed by capitalism, while also being open to all the people of Colombia. In March 2004, the Communist Party of Brazil proposed that it is a “mass communist party.”

拉美一些共产党在党建理论上的新探索和发展，主要反映在对党的性质和地位作用重新界定上，它们过去确定共产党是“无产阶级的先锋队”，现在强调共产党是“劳动人民的政党”或是“先进的、民主的群众的共产党”，以此来扩大党的阶级基础和社会基础。由于各党所处的地位不同，面临的具体情况也不一样，各党的认识和做法也不同。如哥伦比亚共产党强调，哥共是受资本主义压迫的城乡劳动者的政党，同时也向哥全体人民开放。2004年3月，巴西共产党提出巴西共是一个“群众的共产党”。

3. Emphasizing the Importance of Legal Struggle

3.强调合法斗争的重要性

Under new historical conditions, most Latin American communist parties no longer emphasize the necessity of armed struggle, advocating instead the seizure of power through legal struggle, by means of elections or other democratic methods. The Communist Party of Brazil, the Communist Party of Venezuela, the Colombian Communist Party, and other Latin American communist parties waged armed struggle in the 1960s and 1970s; today, under new historical conditions, they have all abandoned armed struggle, forming alliances with other left-wing or progressive parties and organizations in their countries to participate in elections. Legal struggle has become their primary means of struggle.

在新的历史条件下，拉美大多数共产党不再强调武装斗争的必要性，主张通过选举或其他民主的方式，开展合法斗争取得政权。巴西共、委共、哥共等拉美共产党在20世纪六七十年代开展过武装斗争，如今在新的历史条件下，它们都已放弃武装斗争，与本国的其他左翼或进步政党和组织结成联盟，参加选举，合法斗争已成为其主要的斗争手段。

4. Seeking Alternatives to Neoliberalism

4.探寻新自由主义替代道路

Latin American communist parties resolutely oppose neoliberalism and actively seek models to replace it. They generally believe that the neoliberal system is in crisis, that neoliberalism is far from guaranteeing social development, and that it instead concentrates social wealth ever more in the hands of monopoly oligarchs, increasingly raises unemployment rates, and intensifies the poverty and abandonment of the majority. Latin American communist parties generally believe that the world today is still in the stage of transition from capitalism to socialism, and they advocate continuing to explore strategies and means to oppose imperialism, replacing capitalism with socialism, and actively waging the struggle against capitalism, while exploring paths to socialism based on their own national realities. For example, the Communist Party of Brazil believes that the party’s ultimate goal is to realize scientific socialism and communism, and that socialism and communism are the only correct path for Brazil. The Communist Party of Venezuela believes that socialism is a higher and more complete revolutionary democratic system, and that the bourgeois state must be replaced with a people’s democratic state, advancing in the direction of building socialism.

拉美共产党坚决反对新自由主义，积极寻求替代新自由主义的模式。它们普遍认为，新自由主义制度面临危机，新自由主义远远不能保证社会的发展，反而使社会财富愈加集中在垄断寡头手中，使失业率日益提升，大多数人贫困加剧，陷入被遗弃的境地。拉美共产党普遍认为，当今世界仍处在资本主义向社会主义过渡阶段，主张继续探索反对帝国主义的策略与手段，用社会主义取代资本主义，积极开展反对资本主义的斗争，要从本国的实际出发探索走向社会主义的途径。如巴西共产党认为，党的最终目标是实现科学社会主义和共产主义，社会主义和共产主义是巴西唯一正确的出路。委内瑞拉共产党认为，社会主义是更高级、更完善的革命民主制度，要用人民的民主国家取代资产阶级的国家，朝建设社会主义的方向迈进。

(B) Practical Explorations of Latin American Communist Parties

（二）拉美共产党的实践探索

In their current political and social activities, Latin American communist parties employ both traditional methods of struggle and some new methods. The activities of communist parties in Latin American countries are mainly manifested in the following aspects.

当前拉美共产党在开展政治和社会活动过程中，既采用传统的斗争方式，也使用一些新的斗争方式。拉美国家共产党的活动主要表现在以下几个方面。

1. Participating in Various Elections, Actively Integrating into National Political and Social Life

1.参加各类选举，积极融入本国政治和社会生活

Communist parties in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and other countries have become participating parties through elections. After gaining legal status, communist parties in other Latin American countries also actively participate in various electoral activities. In the 2021 municipal elections, female Chilean Communist Party member Irací Hassler was elected mayor of the capital, Santiago.

巴西、智利、乌拉圭等国的共产党通过参加选举成为参政党，其他拉美国家的共产党在获得合法地位后，也积极参加各类选举活动。在2021年市政选举中，智共女党员伊拉西·阿斯雷尔（Irací Hassler）当选为首都圣地亚哥市长。

2. Actively Participating in Political Deliberation and Governance, Exercising Certain Direct or Indirect Influence on Government Decision-Making

2.积极参政议政，对政府决策施加一定的直接或间接影响

Communist parties in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, and other Latin American countries actively participate in political deliberation and governance through their deputies in parliament and party members holding office in central or local governments, thereby exerting influence on decision-making at all levels of government. These party members either support the policies and measures of their country’s left-wing government or oppose the anti-people measures of their country’s right-wing government. Through participation in political deliberation and governance, they have broadened the channels for Latin American communist parties to participate in national and local governance, enriching the content and forms of their political practice.

巴西、智利、乌拉圭、阿根廷等拉美国家的共产党通过它们在议会中的议员，以及在中央政府或地方政府任职的党员，积极参政议政，对各级政府的决策施加影响。这些党员或支持本国左翼政府的政策措施，或反对本国右翼政府的反人民的措施，通过参政议政，拓宽了拉美共产党参加国家和地方治理的途径，丰富了其政治实践的内容和方式。

3. Launching Mass and Workers’ Movements, Enhancing the Party’s Political and Social Influence

3.开展群众和工人运动，增强党的政治、社会影响力

Communist parties in Latin American countries have always maintained close ties with the labor movement, and in some countries the main trade union leaders are communists. Under the current situation, launching and leading various forms of labor movements and mass movements remains the main form of political and social activities and struggles for Latin American communist parties. For example, the Communist Party of Peru has consistently controlled and led the General Confederation of Peruvian Workers, while the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland) has consistently controlled the Unified Union of Peruvian Education Workers. The Communist Party of Colombia maintains influence over the largest unified trade union of workers in Colombia.

拉美各国共产党与工人运动一向保持密切的联系，有的国家的主要工会领导是共产党人。在当前形势下，开展和领导各种形式的工人运动和群众运动，依然是拉美共产党开展政治和社会活动及斗争的主要形式。如秘鲁共产党一直控制和领导着秘鲁总工会，秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）一直控制着秘鲁教育工作者统一工会。哥伦比亚共产党保持着对哥伦比亚最大的工人统一工会的影响。

4. Emphasis on propaganda and mobilization activities, active dissemination of socialism and Marxism

4.重视宣传动员活动，积极传播社会主义和马克思主义

Since their founding, Latin American communist parties have consistently emphasized propaganda and mobilization activities. Most communist parties have their own party newspapers or journals, such as the Communist Party of Chile’s *El Siglo*, the Communist Party of Uruguay’s *El Popular*, and the Communist Party of Venezuela’s *Tribuna Popular*. In addition to publishing traditional print editions, after entering the 21st century, they have adapted to the development of the information and internet age by releasing online electronic editions and establishing their own party websites. Some have also opened accounts on Facebook and Twitter, using modern information methods such as social networks and new media approaches to propagate Marxist-Leninist ideology and the party’s positions, strengthen ties with party members and the domestic population, and maintain contact and exchange with communist parties and progressive political organizations in other countries through video conferences.

拉美共产党自成立起，一直重视宣传动员活动，大多数共产党有自己的党报或党刊，如智共的《世纪报》、乌共的《人民》、委共的《人民论坛》等。除出版传统的纸质版外，进入21世纪后，还适应信息和网络时代的发展，发布网络电子版、建立本党的网站。有的还在脸书和推特上开设账户，通过社交网络等现代化信息手段和新媒体方法，宣传马列主义思想和党的主张，加强与党员和本国民众的联系，通过视频会议与其他国家共产党和进步政党组织保持联系、相互交流。

5. Continuously strengthening ties and unity among communist parties and left-wing progressive political organizations in Latin America and other regions

5.不断加强拉美和其他地区共产党与左翼进步政党组织之间的联系和团结

Latin American communist parties actively participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties initiated by the Communist Party of Greece since 1999. In November 2008, the 10th International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties was held in São Paulo, Brazil. Latin American communist parties actively participate in and support the activities of the São Paulo Forum, a left-wing forum in Latin America. Currently, 17 communist parties in Latin America are member parties of the São Paulo Forum. It can be said that Latin American communist parties are the main force of the São Paulo Forum.

拉美共产党积极参加自1999年起由希腊共产党发起召开的世界共产党和工人党国际会议。2008年11月，在巴西圣保罗召开了世界共产党和工人党第十次大会。拉美共产党积极参加和支持拉美左翼论坛圣保罗论坛的活动，目前，拉美有17个共产党是圣保罗论坛的成员党。可以说，拉美共产党是圣保罗论坛的主力。

Latin American communist parties also actively convene joint meetings of communist parties in the region to strengthen ties and unity among them. In October 2007, communist parties from six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Paraguay, and Uruguay—held a meeting in Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, and issued a post-meeting statement. In August 2016, a meeting of Latin American communist parties and revolutionary parties was held in Peru. The *Lima Declaration* adopted at the meeting emphasized that “the only viable alternative to capitalism is socialism.” The meeting approved a foundational document drafted by the Communist Party of Cuba titled *Consensus of Our America* (*Consenso de Nuestra América*). In January 2017, the working group of the São Paulo Forum, based on this document, submitted *Consensus of Our America* to the São Paulo Forum as a program of action for left-wing parties in Latin America and the Caribbean, including communist parties.[24] Latin American communist parties express solidarity with socialist Cuba and left-wing governments such as Venezuela, opposing the U.S. blockade and sanctions against Cuba, Venezuela, and other left-wing governments in Latin America. Latin American communist parties state that they unconditionally support the Cuban revolution, and that Cuba’s existence and its resistance to imperialist plots and aggression are of great significance for the development of people’s struggles and for strengthening the conviction that socialism will replace barbaric capitalism. They condemn the long-term illegal U.S. blockade of Cuba. In May 2018, a meeting of Latin American communist parties was held in Lima, the capital of Peru, co-chaired by the Communist Party of Peru and the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland). Participants included representatives from communist parties in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The meeting concluded that communist parties are indispensable for revolutionary transformation and cannot be replaced by any other political organization. In April 2019, a meeting of South American communist parties was held in Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay. The meeting emphasized that Latin American communist parties are currently in a phase of resistance against the offensive of the United States and far-right forces in Latin America, and that the new trend is to form alliances with left-wing parties to pursue democratic transformation.

拉美共产党还积极召开本地区共产党的联席会议，以加强各党之间的联系与团结。2007年10月，阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、古巴、巴拉圭和乌拉圭6国共产党在乌拉圭首都蒙得维的亚召开会议并发表会后声明；2016年8月，在秘鲁召开拉美共产党和革命政党会议，会议通过的《利马宣言》强调，“反对资本主义唯一可行的选择是社会主义”。这次会议通过了古巴共产党起草的名为《我们的美洲共识》（Consenso de Nuestra America）的基础文件。2017年1月，圣保罗论坛工作小组又以该文件为基础，向圣保罗论坛提交了《我们的美洲共识》，作为包括共产党在内的拉美和加勒比地区左翼政党的行动纲领。[24]拉美共产党声援社会主义的古巴以及委内瑞拉等左翼政府，反对美国对古巴、委内瑞拉等拉美左翼政府的封锁和制裁。拉美共产党表示，无条件地支持古巴革命，古巴的存在及其对帝国主义阴谋和侵略的反抗，对于人民斗争的开展、对于坚定以社会主义取代野蛮资本主义的信念具有重要意义；谴责美国政府对古巴的长期非法封锁。2018年5月，在秘鲁首都利马召开了拉美共产党会议，会议由秘鲁共产党和秘鲁共产党（红色祖国）两党联合主持，与会的有阿根廷、巴西、玻利维亚、智利、厄瓜多尔、墨西哥、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉8国共产党的代表。会议认为，共产党是进行革命变革所必不可少的，是任何其他政治组织所不能取代的。2019年4月，南美洲国家共产党在乌拉圭首都蒙得维的亚举行会议，会议强调，拉美共产党现在处在抵抗美国和拉美极右势力进攻的阶段，其新的趋势是与左翼政党结成联盟，进行民主变革。

Latin American communist parties strengthen ties with the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Workers’ Party of Korea. In 2017, Alberto Anaya, the general coordinator of the Labor Party of Mexico, visited Vietnam and held talks with Nguyen Phu Trong, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. From October 21 to 22, 2021, the Labor Party of Mexico held the 25th international seminar *Parties and New Society* in Mexico City, in a hybrid format. Over 100 representatives from more than 70 communist and left-wing parties in over 40 countries from Latin America, Europe, Asia (including the Communist Party of Vietnam), and Africa participated. The meeting was chaired by Alberto Anaya, general coordinator of the Labor Party, and attended by Arzuaga Reyes, deputy director of the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba, among others.

拉美共产党加强与越南共产党和朝鲜劳动党的联系。2017年，墨西哥劳动党总协调员阿尔贝托·阿纳亚访问越南，与越南共产党中央总书记阮富仲举行会谈。2021年10月21～22日，墨西哥劳动党在墨西哥城召开第25届《政党与新社会》线下国际研讨会，来自拉美、欧洲、亚洲（包括越南共产党）和非洲地区的40多个国家70多个共产党和左翼政党的100多位代表与会，劳动党总协调员阿尔贝托·阿纳亚主持会议，古巴共产党中央国际部副部长阿尔苏亚加·雷耶斯（Arzuaga Reyes）等与会。

6. Adopting feasible measures to help their countries combat the COVID-19 pandemic

6.采取可行的措施帮助本国抗击新冠肺炎疫情

Latin America was a region relatively late in being directly impacted by the pandemic. On February 26, 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Latin America occurred in Brazil. After entering May, the pandemic developed rapidly in Latin America. On May 22, the World Health Organization confirmed South America as the new “epicenter” of the pandemic. As of mid-January 2022, confirmed cases in Latin America had exceeded 50.2 million, with over 1.5 million deaths.

拉美是全球遭受疫情直接冲击比较晚的地区。2020年2月26日，拉美第一例新冠肺炎确诊病例发生在巴西。进入5月后，拉美疫情发展迅速，5月22日，世界卫生组织确认南美洲成为疫情新的“震中”。截至2022年1月中旬，拉美确诊病例已超过5020万例，死亡人数超过150万。

Some Latin American communist parties (and their members) adopted feasible measures to help residents in their countries combat COVID-19. For example, Irací Hassler, a member of the Communist Party of Chile who was elected mayor of Santiago, the capital of Chile, in May 2021 and took office in June, and Daniel Jadue, a member of the Communist Party of Chile elected and serving as mayor of the Recoleta district in Chile in the same year, established “people’s pharmacies” in the cities and districts under their jurisdiction to lower the prices of medical supplies and reduce the burden on ordinary people. On November 26, 2021, the Communist Party of Brazil, through its parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies, supported a proposal in the chamber demanding that the government not cancel the “Bolsa Família” (Family Allowance) for poor families during the pandemic and that the government formulate effective poverty alleviation plans.

拉美一些共产党（党员）采取一些可行的措施帮助本国居民抗击新冠肺炎。如2021年5月当选、6月就任智利首都圣地亚哥市长的智利共产党员伊拉西·阿斯雷尔和同年当选并就任智利雷科莱塔地区区长的智共党员丹尼艾尔·哈杜埃（Daniel Jadue）在自己管辖的城市和地区成立“大众药店”，降低医药用品的价格，以减轻平民的负担。2021年11月26日，巴西共在众议院的党团内支持众议院的提案，要求政府勿在疫情期间取消对贫困家庭发放的“家庭补助券”（Bolsa Familia），要求政府制订有效的扶贫计划。

(III) Relations between Latin American Communist Parties and the Communist Party of China

（三）拉美共产党与中国共产党的关系

From 1965 to the late 1970s, during the great debate in the international communist movement, most Latin American communist parties adopted a stance supporting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. At the same time, because China was in the period of the “Cultural Revolution,”[11]11 The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong to purge capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, which led to widespread political turmoil and ultra-leftist excesses. with ultra-leftist ideology rampant, relations between the Communist Party of China and most Latin American communist parties deteriorated and were severed. In the late 1970s, with the end of China’s “Cultural Revolution” and China’s reform and opening up, traditional Latin American communist parties gradually restored relations with the Communist Party of China. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the upheavals in Eastern Europe, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the dissolution of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union led Latin American communist parties to gradually shift their stance and attach importance to developing relations with the Communist Party of China. In recent years, many Latin American communist parties have highly evaluated socialism with Chinese characteristics and the role of the Communist Party of China in the international communist movement, as well as the great achievements of China’s reform and opening up and the Chinese path.

1965年至20世纪70年代后期，拉美大多数共产党在国际共运大论战中，采取了支持苏共的立场，同时也由于中国处在“文化大革命”时期，极左思潮泛滥，中国共产党与拉美多数共产党的关系恶化和中断。70年代后期，随着中国“文化大革命”结束和中国改革开放，拉美传统的共产党逐步恢复与中国共产党的关系。80年代末90年代初，东欧剧变、苏联解体以及苏联共产党的解散，使拉美共产党逐步转变立场，重视发展与中共的关系。近年来，不少拉美共产党高度评价中国特色的社会主义和中国共产党在国际共产主义运动中的作用，高度评价中国改革开放取得的伟大成就和中国道路。

On June 9, 2020, the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a video conference with communist parties from multiple Latin American countries, with the theme “Viewing the Advantage of the Communist Party’s ‘People-Centered’ Concept through Pandemic Response.” In-depth exchanges were conducted on upholding the original aspiration and founding mission of communists, strengthening anti-pandemic cooperation, and opposing stigmatization in the name of the pandemic. Leaders of communist parties from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and other countries participated.

2020年6月9日，中共中央对外联络部同拉美多国共产党举行视频会议，以“从抗疫看共产党‘人民至上’的理念优势”为主题，就坚持共产党人的初心使命、加强抗疫合作、反对借疫情搞污名化等进行深入交流。阿根廷、巴西、智利、古巴、秘鲁、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉等国共产党领导人参加。

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Argentina, Jorge Kreyness, highly evaluated the great achievements of New China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. Kreyness stated: “I believe that the first great contribution of New China to the world is the founding of New China itself. It profoundly influenced the world revolutionary movement and changed the global landscape. The second great contribution is the integration of the basic principles of Marxism with China’s actual conditions, innovating and developing Marxist theory, and creating a successful Chinese development model. The third is China’s advocacy for building a community with a shared future for mankind, committed to promoting mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation and globalization.”

阿根廷共产党总书记科特高度评价在中国共产党领导下新中国取得的伟大成就。科特表示：“我认为新中国对世界的第一大贡献就是新中国的成立。它深刻影响了世界革命运动，改变了世界格局。第二大贡献是把马克思主义基本原理与中国实际相结合，创新和发展了马克思主义的理论，创造了成功的中国发展模式。第三就是中国倡导构建人类命运共同体，致力于推动互利共赢合作与全球化发展。”

In May 2021, communist parties from multiple Latin American countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru, jointly sent a letter to the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), congratulating the CPC on its centenary. This was the first collective congratulatory letter from foreign political parties received by the CPC on the occasion of its 100th anniversary. It fully demonstrates the profound friendship and good relations between Latin American communist parties and the CPC. On July 16, 2021, Juan Castillo, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Uruguay, visited the Chinese embassy in Uruguay and met with Ambassador Wang Gang. During the meeting, the Communist Party of Uruguay congratulated the CPC on its centenary, emphasized China’s role in the international arena, and praised China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

2021年5月，阿根廷、巴西、古巴、智利、哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、秘鲁等拉美多国共产党联名致函中共中央对外联络部，祝贺中国共产党百年华诞。这是中国共产党在建党100周年之际收到的首份外国政党集体贺函。这充分说明拉美共产党与中国共产党的深厚友谊和良好关系。2021年7月16日，乌拉圭共产党总书记胡安·卡斯蒂略到访中国驻乌使馆并与王刚大使会晤，在会晤中，乌共祝贺中共成立一百周年，强调中国在国际上的作用并赞扬中国的“一带一路”倡议。

Conclusion

结语

The communist movement in Latin America has a history of over a century. Latin American communist movements and parties have withstood various severe tests and are an important political force in the region that cannot be ignored. Currently, the political status of communist parties in various Latin American countries differs, as do their political influence and organizational conditions. However, they all adhere to Marxism-Leninism as their guide and advocate that socialism will inevitably replace capitalism. For Latin American communist parties entering the 21st century, opportunities and challenges coexist.

拉美共产主义运动已有百余年历史，拉美共产主义运动和拉美共产党经受住了各种严峻考验，是拉美不容忽视的重要政治力量。当前，拉美各国共产党的政治地位不尽相同，政治影响和组织状况也有差异，但都坚持以马列主义为指导，主张社会主义必然取代资本主义。进入21世纪的拉美共产党，机遇与挑战并存。

Overall, the ideological and theoretical propositions of Latin American communist parties have not occupied a mainstream position in the region. Except for the Communist Party of Cuba, Latin American communist parties have never governed alone in any Latin American country. They still have many deficiencies in theory, organization, and cadre team building. The political ecological changes of a “turn to the left” in Latin American politics from the late 1990s to the first 15 years of the 21st century and since 2018 have brought development opportunities for Latin American communist parties. Upholding socialist ideals, continuously reflecting on and adjusting struggle strategies, criticizing imperialism and neoliberalism, and strengthening ties with the CPC have become the common choices of Latin American communist parties as they advance through twists and turns. Latin American communist parties need to proceed from their own national realities, integrate Marxism-Leninism with their national revolutionary practice, continuously innovate theoretically, and put forward policy propositions suited to their national conditions and the demands of the people. Only then can they escape the danger of marginalization and truly become the leading and backbone force for the Latin American proletariat and working people in realizing the ideals of socialism and communism.

总体而言，拉美国家共产党的思想和理论主张并没有在拉美占据主流地位，除古巴共产党外，拉美共产党从未在拉美国家单独执政，拉美共产党在理论、组织、干部队伍建设方面还存在不少缺陷。20世纪90年代末至21世纪头15年和2018年以来拉美政坛“向左转”的政治生态变化给拉美共产党带来了发展机遇。坚守社会主义理想、不断反思和调整斗争策略、批判帝国主义和新自由主义、加强与中国共产党的联系成为拉美共产党在曲折中前行的共同选择。拉美共产党需要从本国实际出发，将马列主义与本国革命实际相结合，不断进行理论上的创新，提出适合本国国情和民众要求的政策主张，才能摆脱被边缘化的危险，真正成为拉美无产阶级和劳动人民实现社会主义和共产主义理想的领导和中坚力量。

(Author: Xu Shicheng, Honorary Member of the Academic Division of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Researcher at the Institute of Latin American Studies)

（作者：徐世澄, 中国社会科学院荣誉学部委员, 拉丁美洲研究所研究员）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心