Basic Practices of the Communist Party of Vietnam’s Political Building since the Reform (Đổi Mới)

The political building of the Party is one of the themes of the political life of the Communist Party of Vietnam (hereinafter “CPV”), bearing on the overall situation and fundamental direction of the CPV’s Party building work. The 13th National Congress of the CPV pointed out that the political building of the Party is to ensure the goal and direction of Vietnamese national independence and socialism, to plan the Party’s political line in advance, to organize the implementation of the Party’s political line, to maintain the political stance of Party cadres and members, to continuously enhance the political capacity and competence of Party cadres and members, and to create a sound political ecosystem for building a clean and strong Party. Over the 37 years since the reform (Đổi Mới), the CPV has gradually placed the political building of the Party in the primary position of Party building, driving the building of other aspects such as ideology, ethics, organization, and cadres through political building, forming a Party building pattern led by the political building of the Party and coordinated with the building of ideology, ethics, organization, and cadres, thereby improving the CPV’s leadership capacity and governing capacity.

党的政治建设是越南共产党（以下简称“越共”）政治生活的主题之一，事关越共党的建设事业的全局和根本方向。越共十三大指出，党的政治建设就是要保证越南民族独立和社会主义的目标与方向，提前规划党的政治路线，组织实施党的政治路线，保持党员干部的政治立场，不断提升党员干部的政治能力和本领，为建设廉洁强大的党创造良好的政治生态。革新37年来，越共逐渐把党的政治建设置于党的建设的首要位置，通过政治建设带动思想、道德、组织、干部等其他方面的建设，形成了以党的政治建设为引领，思想、道德、组织、干部建设协同推进的党建格局，提高了越共的领导能力和执政能力。

Through continuous exploration, the CPV has achieved some successes in the political building of the Party, but it also faces some problems and challenges. Summarizing the main practices, basic experiences, and their effects of the CPV’s political building since the reform (Đổi Mới) has certain reference significance for the Party building of Marxist ruling parties.

经过不断探索，越共在党的政治建设方面取得了一些成就，但也面临一些问题和挑战。总结革新以来越共党的政治建设的主要做法、基本经验及其成效，对于马克思主义执政党党的建设具有一定参考意义。

I. Calibrating the Political Direction, Adhering to the Nature of the Working-Class Party

一、校准政治方向，坚持工人阶级政党本质

The CPV believes that political direction is the primary issue for the survival and development of a party, the compass for the political building of the Party and even for the entire Party building, and bears on the Party’s future and destiny. In the reform (Đổi Mới), the CPV has always adhered to the Party’s political direction, namely, realizing the lofty ideal of communism and building a modern socialist country that is prosperous for the people, strong for the nation, democratic, fair, and civilized. This is an experience gained by the CPV after summarizing the lessons from the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and from Vietnam’s socialist construction before the reform (Đổi Mới): the past failures were not failures of the socialist system, but failures of a socialist model that was dogmatic, disconnected from the people, and violated the principles of scientific socialism. Therefore, “the reform (Đổi Mới) is not to change the goal of socialism, but to better realize this goal through correct socialist concepts and suitable forms, steps, and measures.” The CPV has always adhered to this political direction in the reform (Đổi Mới) process, resolutely opposing and promptly correcting behaviors within the Party that deviate from or violate the Party’s political direction.

越共认为，政治方向是一个党生存发展的首要问题，是党的政治建设乃至整个党的建设的指南针，事关党的前途命运。在革新中，越共始终坚守党的政治方向，即实现共产主义的远大理想和建设民富、国强、民主、公平、文明的社会主义现代化国家。这是越共通过总结苏东剧变和革新前越南社会主义建设的教训后得出的经验：过去的失败并不是社会主义制度的失败，而是教条的、与人民脱节的、违背科学社会主义原则的社会主义模式的失败。因此，“革新不是要改变社会主义的目标，而是要通过正确的社会主义观念和适合的形式、步骤和措施更好地实现这个目标”。越共在革新过程中始终坚持这一政治方向，坚决反对并及时纠正党内偏离或违背党的政治方向的行为。

The occurrence of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe made the reform (Đổi Mới) policy, which had been implemented for a short time and had not yet shown results, even worse. Some opportunists took the opportunity to vigorously advocate ideas and propositions such as pluralism, multi-party system, and democratic socialism. The socialist beliefs of some Party members began to waver, and they developed doubts about the socialist path. Vietnam’s reform (Đổi Mới) was in danger of deviating from the socialist direction. To ensure that the reform (Đổi Mới) advanced in the correct direction, in March 1989, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee of the CPV proposed the “Five Basic Principles,” namely, “must adhere to socialism, must adhere to Marxist-Leninist theory, must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party, must build and perfect socialist democracy, and must combine patriotism with internationalism,” and regarded them as the basic principles that Vietnam must adhere to in taking the socialist path and carrying out the reform (Đổi Mới). In 1991, the 7th National Congress of the CPV adopted the “Platform for National Construction during the Period of Transition to Socialism,” which took “holding high the banner of socialism, adhering to the leadership of the Party” as the main experience of Vietnam’s revolutionary practice, emphasizing the need to continue advancing the reform (Đổi Mới) along the socialist direction. Thereafter, the “Five Basic Principles” became the basic reference for the CPV to grasp the correct political direction and an important political guarantee for Vietnam to achieve industrialization and modernization. In 2011, the 11th National Congress of the CPV, based on the new situation, once again emphasized: “Must adhere to the goal and line of the reform (Đổi Mới), adhere to and creatively apply and develop Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, adhere to the goal of national independence and socialism, adhere to the combination of actively and proactively integrating internationally with building an independent and autonomous economic system and maintaining the essence of national traditional culture, and adhere to the combination of expanding and promoting democracy with strengthening discipline and order.” That is to say, the direction of Vietnam’s reform (Đổi Mới) is socialist, which is beyond doubt and cannot be shaken. On this basis, it is also necessary to combine the characteristics of the times and the international situation to explore a Vietnamese socialist path with national characteristics. In 2016, when discussing the political direction, the 12th National Congress of the CPV prominently emphasized the need to “adhere to the working-class nature of the Party.” The status of the working class in the new period has not changed; it remains the vanguard force of the CPV and the leading class of the revolution, the representative of advanced productive forces, and the vanguard in building the socialist cause. The CPV has always been the party of the working class; this is the proper meaning of adhering to the correct direction of Vietnamese socialism. Then Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyen Xuan Phuc stated: “Although the working class accounts for only 14% of the national population and 27% of the total labor force, the working class contributes over 65% of Vietnam’s GDP and contributes over 70% of the national revenue.” Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and strengthen the power of the working class to consolidate the CPV’s class foundation, maintain the CPV’s nature as a working-class party, and ensure that Vietnam’s socialist construction advances in the correct direction. In 2021, the 13th National Congress of the CPV, when summarizing the experience of the Party’s political building, outlined the “Five Adherences”: adhere to and continuously creatively apply and develop Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought to meet the practical development requirements of Vietnam at different stages; adhere to the goal of national independence and socialism; adhere to the reform (Đổi Mới) line aimed at a prosperous people, a strong nation, democracy, fairness, and civilization; adhere to the working-class nature of the Party and the basic principles of Party building. The “Five Adherences” are not only the basic requirements of the CPV’s political building but also important criteria for measuring whether the Party’s political direction is correct; they are both an inheritance and adherence to the “Five Basic Principles” and new requirements proposed under the new situation to grasp the correct political direction. This shows that the CPV has a clear understanding of its environment and is gradually becoming more confident in its own development.

苏东剧变的发生使实施不久、尚未见成效的革新政策雪上加霜。一些机会主义分子借机大肆鼓吹多元化、多党制、民主社会主义等思想和主张，部分党员的社会主义信念开始动摇，对社会主义道路产生了怀疑，越南革新有偏离社会主义方向的危险。为保证革新朝着正确的方向前进，1989年3月，越共六届六中全会提出了“五项基本原则”，即“必须坚持社会主义，必须坚持马克思列宁主义理论，必须坚持共产党的领导，必须建设和完善社会主义民主，必须将爱国主义和国际主义相结合”，并将其作为越南走社会主义和进行革新必须坚持的基本原则。1991年，越共七大通过了《社会主义过渡时期的国家建设纲领》，把“高举社会主义旗帜、坚持党的领导”等作为越南革命实践的主要经验，强调要继续沿着社会主义方向推进革新。此后，“五项基本原则”成为越共把准政治方向的基本参照，是越南实现工业化、现代化的重要政治保证。2011年，越共十一大根据新形势再次强调：“必须坚持革新的目标和路线，坚持并创造性地运用和发展马克思列宁主义、胡志明思想，坚持民族独立和社会主义目标，坚持积极、主动地融入国际与建设独立、自主的经济制度及维护民族传统文化本色相结合，坚持扩大和发扬民主与加强纪律、纪纲相结合。”也就是说，越南革新的方向是社会主义的，这是不容置疑和不能动摇的，在此基础上还要结合时代特征和国际局势，探索具有民族特色的越南社会主义道路。2016年，越共十二大在谈到政治方向时突出强调，要“坚持党的工人阶级本质”，新时期工人阶级的地位没有改变，仍然是越共的先锋部队和革命的领导阶级，是先进生产方式的代表，是建设社会主义事业的先锋；越共始终是工人阶级的政党，这是坚持越南社会主义正确方向的应有之义。时任越南政府总理的阮春福说道：“虽然工人阶级仅占全国人口的14%、占劳动力总量的27%，但工人阶级对越南国内生产总值的贡献率超65%，贡献了超过70%的国家收入。”因此，要看到并壮大工人阶级的力量以夯实越共的阶级基础，保持越共工人阶级政党的本质，确保越南社会主义建设朝着正确的方向前进。2021年，越共十三大在总结党的政治建设经验时概括出了“五个坚持”：坚持和不断创造性地运用和发展马克思列宁主义、胡志明思想，以符合不同阶段越南的实践发展要求；坚持民族独立和社会主义目标；坚持以民富、国强、民主、公平、文明为目标的革新路线；坚持党的工人阶级政党本质，坚持党的建设基本原则。“五个坚持”不仅是越共政治建设的基本要求，也是衡量党的政治方向是否正确的重要标准；它既是对“五项基本原则”的继承和坚持，也是在新形势下把准政治方向提出的新要求。这表明，越共对所处的环境具有清醒的认知，对自身发展逐渐自信起来。

II. Firmly Establishing the “People-Centered” Political Stance, Realizing the Unity of “Party Will” and “Popular Sentiment”

二、站稳“以民为本”政治立场，实现“党意”与“民心”相统一

The people’s stance is the fundamental political stance of the CPV. Emphasizing the central position of the masses and bringing into play the principal role of the masses are consistent propositions of the CPV. In 1986, the 6th National Congress of the CPV proposed “people-centered” and “people know, people discuss, people do, people inspect,” emphasizing that all work of the Party and the state should take the people as the foundation, and called for the implementation of the masses’ rights to know, participate, express, inspect, and participate in state management. The 8th National Congress of the CPV further implemented and executed this. In 2001, the 9th National Congress of the CPV proposed: “Our state is the main tool for realizing the people’s mastery, a socialist rule-of-law state belonging to the people, from the people, and for the people.” Combining the fundamental stance of “people-centered” with the construction of a socialist rule-of-law state and using the legal system to protect the people’s various rights to be masters of the country is a major step forward in Vietnam’s socialist democratic practice. Since the reform (Đổi Mới), with the continuous deepening of the reform process and the continuous advancement of democratic construction, while firmly establishing the “people’s stance” and consolidating the purpose of “people-centered,” the CPV has gradually formed a discourse expression with Vietnamese national characteristics, namely, “the people are the center and the subject,” realizing the unity of “Party will” and “popular sentiment.”

人民立场是越共的根本政治立场，重视人民群众的中心地位、发挥人民群众的主体作用是越共的一贯主张。1986年，越共六大提出“以民为本”和“民知、民议、民为、民检”，强调党和国家的一切工作要以人民为根本，号召落实人民群众的知情权、参与权、表达权、检察权和参与国家管理的权利。越共八大进一步将其落实执行。2001年，越共九大提出：“我们国家是实现人民当家作主的主要工具，是属于人民、来自人民、为了人民的社会主义法权国家。”将“以民为本”的根本立场同社会主义法权国家建设相结合，用法制保障人民当家作主的各项权利，是越南社会主义民主实践的一大进步。革新以来，随着革新进程的不断深化和民主建设的不断推进，越共在站稳“人民立场”、筑牢“以民为本”宗旨的同时，逐渐形成了具有越南民族特色的话语表达，即“人民是中心和主体”，实现“党意”与“民心”相统一。

(1) “The People Are the Center and the Subject”

（一）“人民是中心和主体”

In 2011, the 11th National Congress of the CPV proposed in the *2011–2020 Socio-Economic Development Strategy* to “expand democracy, maximize the role of human beings, regarding people not only as the subject and main force of development, but also as the goal of development.” In 2021, the 13th National Congress of the CPV summarized “the people are the center and subject of the cause of reform, construction and defense of the Fatherland” as a major experience of the reform work in the previous five years, and “bringing into play the human factor, people-centered” was also an important theoretical understanding in the socialist construction of the previous decade. The primary meaning of “the people are the center and subject” is to achieve prosperity for the people through vigorous economic development; in addition, it is necessary to bring into play the people’s role as subject, perfect the mechanism of “the Party’s leadership, the State’s management, and the people’s mastery,” and combine the top-down construction of a socialist democratic system with bottom-up political participation, so as to truly realize the people’s mastery. The 13th National Congress of the CPV developed “the people know, the people discuss, the people do, the people inspect” into “the people know, the people discuss, the people do, the people inspect, the people supervise, the people enjoy,” precisely in order to further bring into play the people’s role as subject and truly achieve “the people are the center and subject” by guaranteeing and further expanding the people’s democratic rights.

2011年，越共十一大在《2011—2020年经济社会发展战略》中提出，要“扩大民主，最大限度地发挥人的作用，不仅把人看做发展的主体、主要力量，而且是发展的目标”。2021年，越共十三大把“人民是革新事业、建设和保卫祖国事业的中心和主体”概括为过去五年革新工作的一大经验，“发挥人的因素，以人民为中心”也是过去十年社会主义建设中一项重要理论认识。“人民是中心和主体”的首要之义是通过大力发展经济实现民富，此外还要发挥人民的主体作用，完善“党的领导、国家管理、人民当家作主”的机制，使自上而下的社会主义民主制度建设同自下而上的政治参与相结合，真正实现人民当家作主。越共十三大把“民知、民议、民为、民检”发展为“民知、民议、民为、民检、民监、民享”，就是要通过保障和进一步扩大人民的民主权利，进一步发挥人民的主体作用，真正做到“人民是中心和主体”。

(2) The unity of “Party will” and “people’s heart”

（二）“党意”与“民心”相统一

In recent years, the CPV has frequently spoken of the unity of “Party will” and “people’s heart.” The CPV believes that the unity of “Party will” and “people’s heart” contains the following several layers of meaning: First, “Party will” originates from “people’s heart.” Party will must reflect the interests, aspirations and demands of the people of all strata; these are the most important basis for forming Party will. The CPV therefore requires leading cadres at all levels to regularly go down to the grassroots, understand the people’s demands, listen to the people’s opinions, engage in direct dialogue with the people, collect the people’s feedback and suggestions, and practice the work style of “valuing the people, being close to the people, understanding the people, learning from the people, and being responsible to the people.” Since the 9th National Congress of the CPV, before each Party congress at all levels is convened, the draft documents of the congress are openly solicited for opinions from the people, and the drafts are revised and supplemented accordingly, reflecting that “Party will” originates from “people’s heart.” Second, “people’s heart” identifies with “Party will.” After collecting the people’s opinions, suggestions and demands, the CPV studies them, incorporates the reasonable parts into “Party will,” and issues relevant policies according to certain procedures, requiring Party committees and Party organizations at all levels to implement them deeply, so as to safeguard the interests of the people, enable the people to better understand Party will, identify with Party will, strengthen their confidence in the Party, and consciously devote themselves to the cause of reform and actively safeguard the fruits of reform. Third, it is necessary to build a good bridge between “Party will” and “people’s heart.” The CPV believes: “Grassroots organizations are the foundation of the Party, the political core at the grassroots level, and the bridge linking the Party with the people, capable of ensuring the Party’s leading position at the grassroots level.” To achieve that “Party will” originates from “people’s heart” and “people’s heart” identifies with “Party will,” it is necessary to strengthen the construction of Party grassroots organizations, build grassroots Party organizations into strong bastions in politics, ideology and organization, build a good bridge between “Party will” and “people’s heart,” and truly achieve mastering the people’s situation, understanding the people’s heart, improving the people’s livelihood, and raising the people’s wisdom, continuously consolidating the people’s trust in the Party.

近年来，越共经常提到“党意”与“民心”相统一。越共认为，“党意”与“民心”相统一包含以下几层寓意：一是“党意”源于“民心”。党意要体现各阶层人民的利益、愿望和要求，这些是形成党意的最重要的依据。越共因此要求各级领导干部必须定期深入基层，了解人民的要求、听取人民的意见、与人民直接对话、收集人民的反馈建议，践行“重视人民、亲近人民、了解人民、向人民学习、对人民负责”的工作作风。越共九大以来，各级党代会在召开之前，都会就会议文件草案公开征求人民群众的意见，并依此对草案进行修改和补充，体现了“党意”源于“民心”。二是“民心”认同“党意”。越共收集人民的意见、建议和要求后再进行研究，将其中合理的部分纳入“党意”，并依据一定的程序出台相关政策，要求各级党委、党组织深入落实，以维护人民群众的利益，使人民能够更好地理解党意、认同党意、增强对党的信心，并自觉投身于革新事业之中，积极维护革新成果。三是要搭好“党意”与“民心”之间的桥梁。越共认为：“基层组织是党的基础，是基层的政治核心，是联系党和人民的桥梁，能够保证党在基层的领导地位。”要做到“党意”源于“民心”、“民心”认同“党意”，必须加强党的基层组织建设，将基层党组织建设成在政治、思想和组织上都强有力的堡垒，搭好“党意”与“民心”之间的桥梁，真正做到掌握民情、理解民心、改善民生、提高民智，不断巩固人民对党的信任。

3. Enhancing predictive capacity and strengthening political steadfastness to resist political risks

三、提高预测能力与增强政治定力，抵御政治风险

Since its founding, the CPV has been a political party with a strong sense of urgency. In recent years, with the complex evolution of the domestic and international situation, the various political risks facing the CPV have continuously increased; it must both respond to the West’s “peaceful evolution” and guard against internal “self-evolution” and “self-transformation.” [5]5 “Peaceful evolution” (和平演变) refers to the strategy, attributed to Western powers, of subverting a socialist state through non-military means such as ideological infiltration, cultural influence, and economic pressure. “Self-evolution” (自我演变) and “self-transformation” (自我转化) are CPV terms for the internal ideological and political degeneration of Party members and cadres that could lead to the Party’s loss of its socialist character from within. Since 1992, the CPV has issued a series of documents concerning the Party’s political building, all emphasizing the need to enhance the capacity to predict political risks and strengthen political steadfastness in order to respond to major political risks.

越共自成立以来就是一个具有强烈忧患意识的政党。近年来，随着国内外形势的复杂演变，越共面临的各类政治风险不断增大，既要应对西方的“和平演变”，又要防范内部的“自我演变”“自我转化”。1992年以来，越共出台了一系列涉及党的政治建设的文件，都强调要提高政治风险预测能力、增强政治定力，以应对重大政治风险。

(1) Enhancing the capacity to predict political risks

（一）提高政治风险预测能力

The CPV treats the prevention of domestic and international political risks as an important regular task for the entire Party, formulating multiple measures at the strategic level and concretizing and institutionalizing them, in order to enhance the CPV’s predictive capacity in planning paths and policies. First, strengthening consultation and research on major issues. Since the reform, the role of domestic policy consultation and research institutions in Vietnam has gradually received attention; they hold regular meetings to study major theoretical and practical issues arising in the reform process, planning and demonstrating for the CPV in formulating lines, guidelines and policies. For example, during the drafting of documents for the 13th National Congress of the CPV, the CPV Central Theoretical Council planned the country’s development goals for the near term of 2025, the medium term of 2030, and even 2045, and discussed the forms of ownership in Vietnam over the next five to ten years, the role and development direction of various economic components, explored the relationship between state, market and society and how to ensure that the market economy develops in a socialist direction, and studied issues such as building an independent and self-reliant economy in the context of globalization. Second, clarifying the content and manifestations of various risks. Summarizing and making public the content and manifestations of various risks, using them as standards and bases for judging risks and formulating countermeasures, is an important measure of the CPV in preventing hidden political risks. In October 2016, the 4th Plenary Session of the 12th CPV Central Committee issued Resolution No. 04-NQ/TW, “On Strengthening the Building and Rectification of the Party, Preventing and Resisting the Degeneration of Political Ideology, Morality, Lifestyle and Internal ‘Self-Evolution’ and ‘Self-Transformation’,” listing nine manifestations of ideological and political regression among Party cadres and members, nine manifestations of moral decline and lifestyle degeneration, and nine manifestations of internal “self-evolution” and “self-transformation,” warning the entire Party to raise ideological awareness and political stance and consciously resist corruption and change. Third, promptly understanding the dynamics of domestic and international public opinion to avoid falling into passivity. Discerning the situation and grasping public opinion is another important measure of the CPV in predicting major political risks. The 4th Plenary Session of the 11th CPV Central Committee pointed out: “Leading cadres at all levels and elected cadres must regularly contact and engage in direct dialogue with the masses, actively grasp the ideological dynamics of cadres and Party members, evaluate and predict the development trend of their ideology, and promptly take remedial measures. Maintain unity and solidarity within the Party, and maintain social consensus.” The 4th Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee also emphasized the need to proactively understand the changes in the ideology of cadres and Party members, carry out ideological work reasonably and effectively, form a “first move” in responding to various risks and challenges, and win strategic initiative in delicate and complex situations.

越共将预防国内外政治风险作为全党一项重要的经常性任务来抓，从战略层面制定了多项措施并将其具体化、制度化，以提高越共在规划道路和政策方面的预测能力。一是加强对重大问题的咨询和研究。革新以来，越南国内政策咨询和研究机构的作用逐渐得到重视，它们定期召开会议，对革新过程中出现的重大理论和现实问题进行研究，为越共制定路线、方针、政策进行规划与论证。例如，越共十三大文件起草期间，越共中央理论委员会对近至2025年、远至2030年乃至2045年国家的发展目标进行规划，并讨论了今后五至十年越南的所有制形式、各种经济成分的作用及发展方向，探讨了国家—市场—社会的关系以及如何确保市场经济朝着社会主义方向发展，并研究了全球化背景下建立独立自主的经济体等问题。二是明确各类风险的内容和表现。总结并公开各类风险的内容与表现方式，将其作为判断风险与制定应对之策的标准和依据，是越共预防政治风险隐患的重要措施。2016年10月，越共十二届四中全会颁布了《关于加强建设、整顿党，阻止、抵制政治思想、道德、生活方式衰退和内部“自我演变”“自我转化”表现》的第04-NQ/TW号决议，列举了党员干部政治思想退步的九种表现，道德滑坡、生活方式蜕化的九种表现以及内部“自我演变”“自我转化”的九种表现，告诫全党要提高思想觉悟和政治站位，自觉拒腐防变。三是及时了解国内外舆情动态，避免陷入被动。洞悉形势、把握舆情是越共预测重大政治风险的又一重要举措。越共十一届四中全会指出：“各级主要干部和民选干部要定期与群众接触和直接对话，积极把握干部和党员思想动态，评估和预测其思想发展趋势，并及时采取补救措施。保持党内团结一致，保持社会共识。”十二届四中全会也强调要主动了解党员干部的思想变化情况，合理有效地开展思想工作，形成应对各类风险挑战的“先手”，在微妙、复杂的局势中赢得战略主动。

(2) Strengthening political steadfastness

（二）增强政治定力

Party cadres and members are the backbone force for resisting various risks and challenges, and they are also the key targets of corruption by hostile forces. Since *Đổi Mới*, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has taken “construction” as the main approach and “opposition” as the supplementary one, adopting a series of measures to enhance the political steadfastness of Party cadres and members. First, it has strengthened the political-theoretical study of Party cadres and members, consolidating their political stance and socialist conviction. As of 2022, Vietnam had opened over 700 district-level political centers, 63 provincial-level political schools, 4 regional-level political academies, 1 journalism and communication academy, 1 Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, and 1 National Academy of Public Administration, forming a four-tier Party school training system at the district, provincial, regional, and central levels to provide political theory and management knowledge education and training for Party cadres and members at all levels. According to statistics, the district-level political centers train 1.7 million grassroots Party members and cadres annually, while the regional political academies, the journalism and communication academy, and the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics train 12,312 participants in advanced political theory classes. Second, it has strengthened ideological, moral, and work-style construction. Since *Đổi Mới*, the CPV’s propaganda and education departments have formulated and implemented annual propaganda plans centered on political thought, morality, and lifestyle. For example, around the Resolution of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 12th CPV Central Committee and the 5th Directive of the 12th Politburo on “Promoting the Study and Practice of Ho Chi Minh’s Thought, Morality, and Style,” they have published and distributed study handbooks, held knowledge contests, and commended advanced models. In addition to strengthening positive guidance, the CPV has also organized theoretical workers to counter the reactionary言论 of hostile forces, safeguarding the unity of thought within the Party. Third, it has carried out Party rectification and style- rectification campaigns. The CPV particularly emphasizes the exemplary and vanguard role of Party organization leaders, having them lead Party cadres and members in conducting criticism and self-criticism against 27 manifestations of “self-evolution” and “self-transformation” [7]7 “Self-evolution” (tự diễn biến) and “self-transformation” (tự chuyển hóa) are Vietnamese Party terms denoting ideological and political degeneration from within, often linked to the influence of hostile forces. and various erroneous ideas, promptly discovering and criticizing organizations and individuals with tendencies toward corruption in thought, morality, and lifestyle, thereby enhancing the political steadfastness of the entire Party.

党员干部是抵御各类风险挑战的中坚力量，同时也是敌对势力腐化的重点人群。革新以来，越共以“建”为主，以“反”为辅，采取了一系列措施增强党员干部的政治定力。一是加强党员干部的政治理论学习，坚定其政治立场和社会主义信念。截至2022年，越南全国共开设700多所县（区）级政治中心、63所省级政治学校、4所区域性政治学院，1所新闻传媒学院、1所胡志明国家政治学院、1所国家行政学院，形成县（区）—省—区域—中央四个层级的党校培训体系，对各级党员干部进行政治理论和管理知识的教育培训。据统计，县（区）级政治中心每年培训基层党员、干部170万人次 ，区域性政治学院、新闻传媒学院和胡志明国家政治学院培训高级政治理论班成员达12312人次。二是加强思想、道德与作风建设。革新以来，越共宣教部门每年都围绕思想政治、道德、生活作风等制定并实施年度宣传计划。例如，围绕越共十二届四中全会决议和十二届中央政治局《关于推进学习和践行胡志明思想、道德和作风》的五号指示，出版发行学习手册，举办知识竞赛，表彰先进典型等。除加强正面引导外，越共还组织理论工作者对敌对势力的反动言论进行回击，维护党内思想的统一。三是开展整党整风运动。越共特别注重发挥党组织负责人的先锋模范作用，让他们带领党员干部对照27种“自我演变”“自我转化”等表现和各类错误思想开展批评与自我批评，及时发现、批评在思想、道德、生活作风上有腐化倾向的组织和个人，增强全党的政治定力。

IV. Enhancing the Political Capability of Party Cadres and Members, Cultivating a Contingent of “Six-Dare” Cadres

四、提升党员干部的政治能力，培养“六敢”干部队伍

Enhancing the political capability of Party cadres and members is an important component of the Party’s political building. Since *Đổi Mới*, the CPV has particularly focused on improving the political capability of Party cadres and members, especially leading cadres, key cadres, and strategic-level cadres. By strengthening the standards for selecting and appointing personnel, refining the standards for assessment and evaluation, raising the standards for education and training, and improving the mechanisms for motivating and protecting cadres, it aims to enhance the political capability and political competence of Party cadres and members, building a contingent of “six-dare” cadres who “dare to think,” “dare to speak,” “dare to act,” “dare to take responsibility,” “dare to innovate,” and “dare to face difficulties and challenges and act for the public interest.”

提高党员干部的政治能力是党的政治建设的重要组成部分。革新以来，越共特别注重提高党员干部特别是领导干部、关键干部、战略级干部的政治能力，通过强化选人用人标准、细化考核评价标准、提升教育培训标准、完善干部激励与保护机制，来提升党员干部的政治能力，增强政治本领，建设一支“敢想”“敢说”“敢做”“敢负责任”“敢创新”“敢面对困难挑战并为公共利益行动”的“六敢”干部队伍。

(i) Strengthening the Standards for Selecting and Appointing Personnel

（一）强化选人用人标准

In recent years, the CPV has continuously strengthened the standards for selecting and appointing personnel in the selection and recommendation of cadres at all levels, making political capability the primary indicator for evaluating cadre competence. In the planning work for candidates for membership in the CPV Central Committee (for the 2021–2026 term), the CPV Politburo and Secretariat established a Steering Committee for Formulating Plans for Strategic-Level Cadre Candidates, headed by Nguyễn Phú Trọng, and an auxiliary group for the steering committee, headed by Phạm Minh Chính, to lead grassroots units in carrying out the recommendation work. At the steering committee meeting, Nguyễn Phú Trọng emphasized that strategic-level cadres are those who formulate the Party’s and state’s future development路线, and that higher standards for their professional competence are required; cadres with degenerated political thought, lack of unity, negativity, or corruption and political speculation must never be included in the plan. In December 2018, the Ninth Plenary Session of the 12th CPV Central Committee, following Plan No. 11 issued by the Politburo on “Personnel Recommendations for Central Committee Members for the 2021–2026 Term,” screened and reviewed 250 cadres recommended by various localities, agencies, and units, agreeing to include 205 cadres in the plan and submitting them to the Politburo for decision. The recommendation and selection work for the strategic-level cadre contingent highlights the CPV’s requirement to take political standards as the primary standard in selecting and appointing personnel.

近年来，越共在各级干部遴选和推荐中不断强化选人用人标准，把政治能力作为评价干部能力的首要指标。在越共中央委员候选人预备人选（2021—2026年任期）规划工作中，越共中央政治局、书记处专门成立了以阮富仲为主任的战略级干部预备人选计划制定指导委员会和以范明政为组长的指导委员会辅助小组，领导各基层单位开展推荐工作。在指导委员会会议上，阮富仲强调，战略级干部是制定党和国家未来发展路线的人，对其业务能力有更高标准，绝不能将政治思想蜕化、不团结、消极或有贪污腐败、政治投机行为的干部纳入规划。2018年12月，越共十二届九中全会按照中央政治局印发的《关于2021—2026年任期中央委员会委员人事推荐》的第11号计划，对各地方、机关和单位推荐的250名干部进行了筛选、审议，同意将205名干部纳入规划并提请政治局决定。战略级干部队伍的推荐、遴选工作突出了越共在选人用人方面把政治标准作为首要标准的要求。

(ii) Refining the Standards for Assessment and Evaluation

（二）细化考核评价标准

The CPV believes that establishing an open, transparent, comprehensive, and reasonable cadre assessment and evaluation mechanism is an important breakthrough in the work of building the cadre contingent. The assessment and evaluation mechanism for Party cadres and members must be transparent and continuous, conducting multi-dimensional examinations of Party cadres and members and making the examination results public to overcome subjectivity. In August 2017, the CPV Central Committee issued Regulation No. 89-QD/TW on “Guidelines for Position Standards and Evaluation Standards for Leading and Management Cadres at All Levels,” adopting a quantitative assessment method using a hundred-point scale. The assessment content includes political thought, morality, work style, organizational discipline, and task completion, with each indicator further subdivided into 4–5 specific indicators to enable a more detailed examination of cadres. On this basis, in January 2020, the CPV Politburo issued Regulation No. 214-QB/TW on “Position Standards and Evaluation Standards for Cadres within the Management Scope of the Central Committee, Politburo, and Secretariat,” making more comprehensive and stringent provisions on the political thought, educational background, and prestige of strategic-level cadres. The CPV hopes that by refining the assessment and evaluation standards, it can select a group of cadres with both moral integrity and professional competence, replacing those with insufficient capability, inadequate prestige, or who have made mistakes, thereby providing endogenous impetus for enhancing the political capability of Party cadres and members.

越共认为，建立公开、透明、全面、合理的干部考核评价机制是干部队伍建设工作的重要突破口。党员干部考核评价机制要透明、持续，要对党员干部进行多维考察，并公开考察结果，克服主观性。2017年8月，越共中央颁布了《关于各级领导、管理干部职称标准指引和评价标准》的第89-QD/TW号规定，采用百分制的量化方式考核干部，考核内容包括政治思想、道德、工作作风、组织纪律、任务完成情况等，每项指标又细分为4—5个具体指标，以对干部进行更细致的考察。在此基础上，越共中央政治局于2020年1月颁布了《关于中央委员会、政治局、书记处管理范围内的干部职称标准和评价标准》的第214-QB/TW号规定，对战略级干部的政治思想、学历、威信等方面作了更为全面和严格的规定。越共希望通过细化考核评估标准，选拔一批德才兼备的干部，替换掉那些能力不足、声望不够、犯错误的干部，为提高党员干部的政治能力提供内生动力。

(iii) Raising the Standards for Education and Training

（三）提升教育培训标准

The CPV enhances the political capability of Party cadres and members by formulating a scientific and complete training planning system. In cadre training, the CPV sets different standards for different positions and then assigns suitable positions based on each cadre’s professional skills and areas of expertise. For example, for strategic-level cadres, the CPV Central Committee’s Organization Department held knowledge-update training classes in August and November 2019 and July 2020, covering fields such as the Party’s ideological theory, economy, social culture, Party building, politics, national defense and security, diplomacy, and leadership and management skills, aiming to cultivate high-level cadres with foresight and strategic thinking, strong moral and work-style integrity, responsibility to the Party and the people, and the ability to adapt to the new situation. For cadres working in difficult areas, important fields, and experimental zones for new development models, the CPV conducts cadre career planning, implements a rotation system, strengthens their revolutionary nature, and enhances their leadership capabilities. In addition, the CPV also focuses on rotating and temporarily assigning provincial and district-level Party secretaries to other posts, ensuring that Party cadres and members cultivate and exercise their political capability, accumulate leadership and management experience in practice, and avoid phenomena such as “networks of relationships” and “nepotism.”

越共通过制定科学完备的培训规划体系来提高党员干部的政治能力。在干部培训中，越共针对不同岗位制定了不同标准，再根据每位干部的专业技能和擅长领域安排合适的岗位。例如，针对战略级干部，越共中央组织部分别于2019年8月、11月和2020年7月举办了知识更新培训班，课程涵盖党的思想理论、经济、社会文化、党建、政治、国防安全、外交、领导和管理技能等领域，旨在培养具有远见卓识和战略思维、道德作风过硬、对党和人民负责、能够适应新形势的高级别干部。针对在困难地区、重要领域和新发展模式试验区工作的干部进行干部职业规划，实行轮岗制，坚定其革命性，增强其领导能力。此外，越共还注重对省、县（区）一级党委书记进行轮岗、异地挂职，以确保党员干部在实践中培养和锻炼政治能力、积累领导和管理经验，并避免“关系网”“裙带风”等现象。

(iv) Improving the Mechanisms for Motivation and Protection

（四）完善激励与保护机制

In recent years, the CPV Central Committee, Politburo, and Secretariat have issued a series of resolutions, directives, regulations, and conclusions on cadre motivation and protection work. For example, Resolution No. 12-NQ/TW on “Some Urgent Issues in Current Party Building Work” adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 11th CPV Central Committee, and Resolution No. 26-NQ/TW on “Focusing on Building a Contingent of Cadres with Both Moral Integrity and Professional Competence, Especially Strategic-Level Cadres” adopted at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 12th CPV Central Committee, have formed a relatively complete set of mechanisms for motivating and protecting cadres, aimed at enhancing the combat effectiveness of Party cadres and members and protecting those vibrant and creative “six-dare” cadres. The 13th CPV National Congress also clearly stated: “It is necessary to establish mechanisms for selecting, training, attracting, and reusing talented personnel, encouraging and protecting cadres who dare to think, dare to speak, dare to act, dare to take responsibility, dare to innovate, dare to face difficulties and challenges, and act for the common interest.” In September 2021, the CPV Politburo issued Conclusion No. 14-KL/TW on “Encouraging and Protecting Vibrant and Innovative Cadres Who Strive for the Common Interest,” requiring Party committees at all levels, especially the first-in-command, to do a good job in cadre cultivation; to commend, reward, and reuse cadres who are proactive and innovative; and to mitigate or exempt from responsibility those cadres who, in order to safeguard the public interest and with appropriate actions, have actually caused certain losses.

近年来，越共中央委员会、政治局、书记处颁布了一系列关于干部激励与保护工作的决议、指示、规定和结论。例如，越共十一届四中全会通过的《关于当前党建工作若干紧迫问题》第12-NQ/TW号决议，十二届七中全会通过的《关于集中建设德才兼备的干部队伍尤其是战略级干部队伍》26-NQ/TW决议等，在此基础上形成了一整套较为完善的干部激励与保护机制，以提升党员干部的战斗力，保护那些有活力、有创造力的“六敢”干部。越共十三大也明确提出：“要建立人才选拔、培训、吸引及重用机制，鼓励并保护敢想、敢说、敢做、敢负责任、敢创新、敢面对困难和挑战并为共同利益行动的干部。”2021年9月，越共中央政治局又颁布了《关于鼓励、保护为共同利益而奋斗的有活力、敢创新干部》的第14-KL/TW号结论，要求各级党委特别是一把手要做好干部培养相关工作，对于积极进取、勇于创新的干部要进行表扬、奖励和重用，对于那些为了维护公共利益且行为适当但事实上造成一定损失的干部要减轻或免除责任。

V. Reshaping the Political Ecosystem, Building a “Clean and Strong” Party

五、重塑政治生态，建设“廉洁强大”的党

In recent years, the CPV has reshaped the political ecosystem from the aspects of political style, political discipline, and political system, building a clean and strong Party and political system.

近年来，越共从政治作风、政治纪律、政治制度等方面重塑政治生态，建设廉洁且强大的党和政治系统。

(1) Rectifying Political Work Style

（一）端正政治作风

The CPV holds that political work style is formed by the attitudes, methods and habits of Party cadres and members in their daily work, that it reflects political quality, political level, political wisdom and political combat effectiveness, and that it affects the relationship between the Party and the people. In response to problems in the Party’s political work style, the CPV has put forward a series of measures to rectify it. In January 2016, the 12th National Congress of the CPV set the overall goal of work style building, namely “scientific, collective, democratic, close to the people, valuing the people, serving the people, conforming to reality, and matching words with deeds,” requiring leading cadres at all levels of Party committees and organs, especially members of the Politburo, the Secretariat and the Central Committee, to set an example by taking the lead in criticism and self-criticism, which stimulated the enthusiasm of Party cadres and members for rectifying political work style and produced good results. At the same time, the CPV further clarified the standards of political work style and rectified problems of improper political work style. In Regulation No. 89-QD/TW on Guidelines and Evaluation Criteria for Titles of Leading and Management Cadres at All Levels, the standards for work style were clarified: being responsible for work, active and innovative, daring to think and act, and flexibly executing tasks; working methods being scientific, democratic and principled; actively cooperating, enthusiastically guiding, and striving to help comrades and colleagues. In the campaign to “Study and Follow Ho Chi Minh Thought, Morality and Work Style,” the CPV focused on excavating advanced models, summarizing and promoting their experience, guiding the broad masses of Party cadres, members and the people, and reshaping the political ecosystem.

越共认为，政治作风由党员干部在日常工作中的态度、方法及习惯形成，是政治素质、政治水平、政治智慧、政治战斗力的反映，影响着党与人民之间的关系。针对党内政治作风存在的问题，越共提出了一系列端正政治作风的措施。2016年1月，越共十二大提出作风建设的总体目标，即“科学、集体、民主、近民、重民、为民、贴合实际、言行一致”，要求各级党委和机关单位负责人尤其是政治局委员、书记处书记、中央委员以身作则，率先开展批评与自我批评，激发了党员干部端正政治作风的热情，产生了良好效果。同时，越共进一步明确政治作风标准，整顿政治作风不端问题。在《关于各级领导、管理干部职称标准指引和评价标准》的第89-QD/TW号规定中明确了工作作风的标准：对工作负责，活跃创新，敢想敢做，灵活执行任务；工作方法科学民主、遵守原则；积极协作、热心指导、努力帮助同志和同事。在“学习和践行胡志明思想、道德和作风”活动中，越共着力挖掘先进典型，总结经验并加以推广，引导广大党员干部和人民群众，重塑政治生态。

(2) Enforcing Strict Political Discipline

（二）严肃政治纪律

Since reform and opening up, the CPV has continuously emphasized political discipline and strengthened “hard constraints” on Party members. In November 2011, the CPV Central Committee promulgated Regulation No. 47-QD/TW on Prohibited Matters for Party Members, listing 19 categories of behavior prohibited for Party members. In October 2021, to meet the latest requirements of Party building, the CPV promulgated Regulation No. 37-QD/TW to replace Regulation No. 47-QD/TW, adding supplementary provisions on acts such as violating organizational principles, political and ideological degeneration, and becoming divorced from the masses, thereby raising the whole Party’s awareness of political and organizational discipline. The CPV believes that the “dysfunction” and “absence” of inspection committees at all levels are important reasons for lax political discipline. To this end, on the one hand, the CPV has granted higher authority to inspection committees at all levels through legalization, such as Regulation No. 01-QDi/TW on the Duties and Powers of Inspection Committees in the Work of Preventing and Combating Corruption promulgated in May 2018, Regulation No. 22-QD/TW on Party Inspection, Supervision and Discipline promulgated in July 2021, and Conclusion No. 34-KL/TW on the Party’s Inspection and Supervision Strategy to 2030 promulgated in April 2022, which redefined the duties and powers of inspection committees at all levels, granting them the power to strictly, swiftly and thoroughly inspect and handle disciplinary violations by Party organizations and members; on the other hand, it has continuously strengthened the coordination mechanism between inspection committees and functional departments such as state supervision, auditing, investigation, prosecution and adjudication, comprehensively applying Party disciplinary sanctions, administrative sanctions and legal sanctions to punish Party cadres and members who violate discipline. From 2012 to 2022, Party committees and inspection committees at all levels of the CPV handled more than 2,700 Party organizations and nearly 168,000 Party members who violated discipline, including 7,390 Party members involved in corruption; the CPV Central Committee, the Politburo, the Secretariat and the Central Inspection Commission handled 170 senior cadres who violated discipline, including 33 members of the CPV Central Committee, 4 members of the Politburo and more than 50 generals; prosecution agencies investigated and prosecuted 33,868 persons involved in 19,546 cases, and filed cases for prosecution against 33,037 persons involved in 16,699 cases. Nguyen Phu Trong believed: “This is a good experience. According to the principle, first Party disciplinary punishment, then administrative disciplinary punishment, then criminal handling. This conforms to proven guidelines and practice and has achieved good results.” Enforcing strict political discipline, strengthening political inspection and supervision, and severely punishing Party cadres and members who violate discipline help to maintain the authority of the CPV, eliminate “forbidden zones” and “exceptions” within the Party, and curb the phenomenon of ideological, political, moral and lifestyle degeneration among Party members, serving as a powerful guarantee for reshaping the political ecosystem.

革新以来，越共不断强调政治纪律，加强对党员的“硬约束”。2011年11月，越共中央委员会颁布了《关于党员禁止事项》的第47-QD/TW规定，列举了禁止党员出现的19类行为。2021年10月，为适应党的建设的最新要求，越共颁布了第37-QD/TW号规定以取代47-QD/TW规定，对违背组织原则、政治思想蜕化、脱离群众等行为作了补充规定，提高了全党对政治和组织纪律的认识。越共认为，各级检查委员会的“失能”“失位”是造成政治纪律不严的重要原因。为此，越共一方面通过法制化途径赋予各级检查委员会更高的职权，如2018年5月颁布的《关于检查委员会在预防、反对腐败工作中的职责与权限》的01-QDi/TW条例，2021年7月颁布的《关于党的检查、监督和纪律》的第22-QD/TW号规定，2022年4月颁布的《关于到2030年党的检查、监督战略》的第34-KL/TW号结论等，重新规定了各级检查委员会的职责与权限，赋予其从严、从速、彻底检查并处理违纪党组织和党员的权力；另一方面，不断强化检查委员会同国家监察、审计、调查、起诉、审判等职能部门的配合机制，综合运用党的纪律处分、行政处分及法律处分来惩戒违纪党员干部。2012—2022年，越共各级党委和检查委员会处理了2700多个党组织、近16.8万名违纪党员，其中涉及腐败的违纪党员7390名；越共中央、政治局、书记处、中央监察委员会处理了170名违纪的高级干部，包括33名越共中央委员、4名政治局委员以及50余名将军；起诉机构对19546起案件中的33868名涉案人员进行调查和起诉，对16699起案件中的33037名涉案人员进行立案追诉。阮富仲认为：“这是一个很好的经验，按照原则，先党纪处分，后政纪处分，再刑事处理。这符合经过验证的指导方针和实践，并取得了良好的效果。”严肃政治纪律、加强政治检查和监督、严厉处分违纪党员干部有助于维护越共权威，消除党内“禁区”“例外”，遏制党员思想政治、道德、生活方式腐化变质现象，是重塑政治生态的有力保证。

(3) Strengthening Institutional Constraints

（三）加强制度制约

Promoting institutional coordination and filling policy gaps is the institutional guarantee for the CPV to reshape the political ecosystem. In the practice of Party rectification and governance, the CPV has curbed negative phenomena, corruption, and office-seeking through strengthening institutional constraints. First, strengthening the mechanism for inspecting, supervising and overseeing cadres. In recent years, the CPV has made new provisions on the functions, tasks and powers of inspection committees and the State Inspectorate, while providing basis and support for the supervisory power of representative bodies, the Fatherland Front, social organizations and the people, forming a joint supervision and constraint mechanism combining intra-Party inspection, state supervision and multi-subject oversight. Second, perfecting relevant laws and regulations. To meet the new requirements of the reform and opening up cause, Vietnam revised the Anti-Corruption Law in 2007, 2012 and 2017, making new provisions on corrupt acts, the anti-corruption responsibilities of various subjects, and the property declaration system. In addition, in recent years, Vietnam has successively promulgated a number of laws and regulations involving the management of specific economic and social affairs, mainly concentrated in areas prone to corruption such as construction investment, public revenue and expenditure, public assets, reform of state-owned enterprises, management of land and mineral resources, finance, taxation, and customs, aiming to limit the negative impact of “interest groups,” “private reserves,” “term thinking” [n2] and the like, and to eliminate position-related corruption.

推进制度配套、补齐政策短板是越共重塑政治生态的制度保障。在整党治党实践中，越共通过加强制度制约，遏制消极、腐败、跑官等现象。一是加强干部检查、监察、监督机制。近年来，越共对检查委员会和国家监察总署的职能、任务和权限作出新的规定，同时为代议机关、祖国阵线、社会组织及人民群众的监督权提供依据和支持，形成了党内检查、国家监察、多主体监督的联合监督约束机制。二是完善相关法律法规。为适应革新事业的新要求，越南于2007年、2012年和2017年先后对《反腐败法》进行修订，对腐败行为、各类主体的反腐职责、财产申报制度等作出新规定。此外，近年来，越南相继颁布了多部涉及经济社会具体事务管理的法律法规，主要集中在建筑投资、公共收支、公共资产、国有企业改革、土地和矿产资源管理、金融、税收、海关等容易滋生腐败的领域，旨在限制“利益集团”“自留地”“任期思维”等的负面影响，消除职务性腐败。

VI. Conclusion

六、结语

Since reform and opening up, the CPV has made political building an important part of Party building, unified intra-Party thinking, curbed unhealthy tendencies within the Party, enhanced the Party’s leadership capacity, governing capacity and combat effectiveness, and increasingly strengthened its ties with the people, consolidating its ruling position and creating a favorable environment for continuing to promote reform and opening up and realizing industrialization and modernization.

革新以来，越共把政治建设作为党的建设的重要内容，统一了党内思想，遏制了党内不正之风，提升了党的领导能力、执政能力和战斗力，与人民群众的联系也越来越紧密，巩固了执政地位，为继续推动革新、实现工业化现代化营造了良好环境。

It should be pointed out that the CPV also faces some problems in its political building. First, there is a need to intensify efforts to translate the Party’s will into specific policies for implementation, and the effectiveness of governance needs further improvement. This is mainly because some Party cadres and members have insufficient understanding and insight into the Party’s theories, lines and policies, and are slow, insufficient and ineffective in translating the Party’s will into their own will and actions, which to a certain extent has caused alienation in the relationship between cadres and the masses. The focus of future CPV political building work is to more efficiently implement the policies and resolutions of the CPV Central Committee and reverse the situation of “hot at the top, cold at the bottom” [n3]. Second, the phenomena of “self-evolution” and “self-transformation” [n4] within the CPV still exist, and formalism, bureaucracy, and political and ideological degeneration among Party cadres and members still exist in some areas. How to start from within to improve the awareness and ability to resist corruption and prevent change is the focus of future CPV efforts to prevent political risks. Third, the cultivation of a contingent of “six-dare” cadres [n5] faces a long and arduous task. Cultivating a contingent of “six-dare” cadres is the key point and breakthrough for further improving the CPV’s political capacity in the future. It requires not only a complete set of mechanisms for selecting and appointing personnel, performance evaluation, education and training, but also the creation of a relaxed environment in the whole society that allows failure, encourages responsibility, and does not seek quick success and instant benefits. The construction of both aspects is long-term and arduous. Fourth, although in recent years the CPV has promulgated a number of Party rules and disciplines, attempting to purify the Party’s political atmosphere from the institutional level as “hard constraints,” the construction of the relevant institutional system is still incomplete, and the supporting “soft constraints” are also relatively lacking, that is, creating a clean and upright intra-Party political ecosystem from the level of political culture and political work style has always been a difficult problem facing the CPV.

需要指出的是，越共在党的政治建设方面也面临一些问题。一是在将党的意志转化为具体的政策进行落实方面还需加大力度，施政效果还需进一步提升。这主要是由于部分党员干部对党的理论、路线、方针认识不足、领悟不透，在将党的意志转化为个人意志和行动时进展缓慢、力度不够、效果不佳，一定程度上造成了干群关系的疏离。未来越共政治建设工作的重点是更高效地落实越共中央的政策和决议，扭转“上热下冷”的局面。二是越共党内“自我演变”“自我转化”的现象依然存在，一些领域依然存在形式主义、官僚主义、党员干部政治思想蜕化等现象，如何从内部着手提高拒腐防变的觉悟和能力是未来越共防范政治风险的重点。三是“六敢”干部队伍培养任重道远。培养“六敢”干部队伍是未来越共政治能力进一步提升的关键点和突破口，它不仅需要一套完善的选人用人、考核评价、教育培训机制，还需要在全社会营造出一种允许失败、鼓励担当、不急功近利的宽松环境，这两个方面的建设都是长期而艰巨的。四是尽管近年来越共颁布了多项党规党纪，试图从作为“硬约束”的制度层面净化党的政治风气，但相关制度体系的建设仍不完善，而且配套的“软约束”也相对欠缺，即从政治文化、政治作风层面来营造风清气正的党内政治生态始终是摆在越共面前的一道难题。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心