The Austrian Labour Party’s Exploration of the Path of Socialist Revolution

The Austrian Labour Party is the product of the combination of the Austrian workers’ movement with scientific socialism, and also the product of the unity of multiple forces within the country that believe in Marxism-Leninism. Due to dissatisfaction with the decision of the 33rd National Congress of the Communist Party of Austria to amend the Party constitution, shift towards democratic socialism and join the European Left Party, some members announced their departure from the Party in 2005 and established the “Communist Initiative”. This initiative attracted forces within the Social Democratic Party of Austria that uphold Marxism-Leninism, and with the support of the country’s Communist Youth League, Communist Student Association, and organisations of immigrants and ethnic minorities, it was reorganised in 2009 into the “Communist Trade Union Initiative – International”, which adheres to Marxism-Leninism. On this basis, the Austrian Labour Party was registered and established as a legal political party with the Austrian Ministry of the Interior in February 2013. In the ten years since its founding, the Austrian Labour Party has successively convened five national congresses, continuously enriching and developing its revolutionary theory concerning socialism, and under the guidance of this theory, it has explored the path of socialist revolution.

奥地利劳动党是奥地利工人运动与科学社会主义相结合的产物，也是该国内多个信仰马克思列宁主义力量联合的产物。由于对奥地利共产党第三十三次全国代表大会修改党章、转向民主社会主义并加入欧洲左翼党的决定不满，部分党员于2005年宣布脱离出党并成立“共产主义倡议”。该倡议吸引了奥地利社会民主党中拥护马克思列宁主义的力量，并在本国共产主义青年团、共产主义学生协会以及移民和少数民族组织的支持下，于2009年改组为坚持马克思列宁主义的“共产主义工会倡议—国际”。在此基础上，奥地利劳动党于2013年2月在奥地利内政部注册成立，成为合法政党。成立十年来，奥地利劳动党先后召开了五次全国代表大会，不断丰富和发展关于社会主义的革命理论，并在这一理论指导下进行社会主义道路的探索。

I. The Course and Conditions of the Emergence and Development of the Austrian Labour Party’s Theory of Socialist Revolution

一、奥地利劳动党社会主义革命理论产生和发展的历程与条件

Engels once pointed out: “The real content of all epoch-making systems arises from the needs of the period in which they are formed.” [1]1 Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, in *Marx Engels Collected Works*, vol. 25, p. 34. The Austrian Labour Party’s theory of socialist revolution is a revolutionary theory that has gradually taken shape on the basis of specific needs and under certain conditions.

恩格斯曾指出:“一切划时代的体系的真正的内容都是由于产生这些体系的那个时期的需要而形成起来的。”奥地利劳动党的社会主义革命理论是基于特定需要、在一定条件下逐步形成的革命理论。

(A) The Course of the Emergence and Development of the Theory of Socialist Revolution

（一）社会主义革命理论产生和发展过程

The Austrian Labour Party’s theory of socialist revolution is a continuation of the theoretical and practical explorations carried out by the country’s Marxist-Leninist forces in order to wage the socialist struggle and rebuild the revolutionary party of the working class. As the only communist political party in Austria currently guided by Marxism-Leninism, the Austrian Labour Party explicitly put forward its theory of socialist revolution from the moment of its founding, providing theoretical guidance for the country’s exploration of the path to achieving socialism. In October 2013, the Austrian Labour Party convened its First National Congress, which discussed and adopted important documents concerning the socialist revolution in Austria, such as the *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party* and the *Constitution of the Austrian Labour Party*, formally proposing that its strategic task “is to carry out the Austrian socialist revolution and construction”. It also formulated a programme for socialist revolution, clarified the goal of establishing an anti-monopoly alliance for socialist revolution, and laid the foundational framework for the Austrian theory of socialist revolution.

奥地利劳动党的社会主义革命理论是该国马克思列宁主义力量为进行社会主义斗争、重建工人阶级的革命政党而进行的理论和实践探索的继续。作为奥地利目前唯一一个以马克思列宁主义为指导思想的共产主义政党，奥地利劳动党成立伊始就明确提出了社会主义革命理论，为本国探索社会主义实现道路提供理论指导。2013年10月，奥地利劳动党召开了第一次全国代表大会，讨论通过了《奥地利劳动党成立及基本原则宣言》《奥地利劳动党章程》等关于在奥地利进行社会主义革命的重要文件，正式提出其战略任务“是开展奥地利社会主义革命和建设”，并制定了社会主义革命的纲领，明确了建立社会主义革命反垄断联盟的目标，奠定了奥地利社会主义革命理论的基础框架。

The Second National Congress of the Austrian Labour Party in 2016 put forward plans to expand inter-party relations and actively integrate into the international communist movement, with particular emphasis on strengthening international communist unity. The Third National Congress of the Austrian Labour Party in 2018, on the basis of a profound analysis of the new changes in capitalism and an exposure of its essence, put forward specific conceptions of a future socialist society, further deepening the general conception of socialism set out in its founding declaration.

2016年奥地利劳动党第二次全国代表大会提出了拓展党际关系、积极融入国际共产主义运动等方案，突出强调要加强国际共产主义的团结。2018年奥地利劳动党第三次全国代表大会在深刻分析资本主义新变化并揭露其实质的基础上，提出了关于未来社会主义社会的具体构想，进一步深化了其成立宣言中关于社会主义的总体构想。

The Fourth National Congress of the Austrian Labour Party in 2019 clarified the guiding significance of Marxism-Leninism for the Austrian socialist revolution, pointed out the strategic nature and long-term character of the domestic socialist revolution, and, on the basis of summing up experiences and lessons, focused on making arrangements for Party building. The Fifth National Congress of the Austrian Labour Party in 2022 analysed the unfavourable factors currently present for carrying out the domestic socialist revolution, raised questions concerning the timing of revolution and the conditions for its maturity, and further clarified the direction and tasks of Party building. The Austrian Labour Party’s theory of socialist revolution has been further enriched and developed.

2019年奥地利劳动党第四次全国代表大会明确了马克思列宁主义对奥地利社会主义革命的指导意义，指出了国内社会主义革命的战略性和长期性，在总结经验教训的基础上着重就党的建设进行了部署。2022年奥地利劳动党第五次全国代表大会分析了目前国内进行社会主义革命的不利因素，提出了革命的时机、成熟的条件等问题，并进一步明确了党的建设的方向和任务。奥地利劳动党关于社会主义革命的理论得到了进一步的丰富和发展。

(B) Conditions for the Emergence and Development of the Theory of Socialist Revolution

（二）社会主义革命理论产生发展条件

1. Background of the Times: The Nature of the Present Epoch and the New Changes in Capitalism

1.时代背景：当今时代的性质和资本主义的新变化

From the perspective of the nature of the epoch, although the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe caused the world socialist movement to suffer a major setback, the present world is still in the period of transition from capitalism to socialism. The Austrian Labour Party believes: “We live in the epoch of humanity’s transition from capitalism to socialism, and even the temporary setback of 1989–1991 cannot change this nature.” [2]2 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013. In its view, although the aspiration, taking the Russian October Revolution as the starting point of the world revolution, to achieve the liberation of all humanity was not directly realised, this cannot negate the victory of the revolution or the historical contribution of the Soviet Union’s socialist construction. “As the first stage of communist society, socialism is full of difficulties and contradictions, and is not a sudden paradise.” [3]3 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013. “Socialist revolution, socialist construction, and a classless society are an inevitable requirement for the survival of humanity and the continuation of civilisation today, because capitalism represents the road to barbarism and poses a challenge to the very existence of the human species.” [4]4 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013.

从时代性质看，尽管苏东剧变使世界社会主义运动遭遇了巨大挫折，但当今世界仍处于由资本主义向社会主义过渡的时期。奥地利劳动党认为：“我们生活在人类从资本主义向社会主义过渡的时代，即使是1989—1991年的暂时挫折也无法改变这一性质。”它看来，以俄国十月革命作为世界革命起点进而实现全人类解放的愿望虽然没能直接实现，但并不能否认革命的胜利以及苏联进行的社会主义建设的历史贡献。“作为共产主义社会的第一阶段，社会主义充满了困难和矛盾，不是一个突如其来的天堂。”“社会主义革命、社会主义建设和无阶级社会是当今人类生存和文明延续的必然要求，因为资本主义代表着野蛮之路，并对人类的物种生存提出了挑战。”

Viewed from the historical process of capitalist development, “contemporary capitalism, i.e., imperialism or monopoly capitalism” [5]5 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013., has internal fundamental contradictions that manifest in diverse forms, and these contradictions will further worsen with the outbreak of capitalist world economic crises, appearing in different guises. The wealthiest 1% of the world’s population owns 50% of the world’s total wealth, while the poorest 75% of the population owns only 3%; 800 million people suffer from chronic malnutrition each year, and 3.5 million children die from malnutrition; polluted water causes 1.8 million people to contract diseases or die each year; greenhouse gases are causing increasingly severe damage to the Earth’s atmosphere… These are all evil consequences triggered by the capitalist economic crisis since 2008, and also evidence that capitalism is destroying the foundation of human existence at an ever-accelerating pace. Furthermore, since the 21st century, the continuous escalation of local turmoil and military conflicts is also a result of imperialist struggles for markets, resources, transport routes, spheres of influence, and geostrategic positions. The Austrian Labour Party therefore believes that “capitalism means destruction and war” [6]6 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013., and that only by transcending capitalism will humanity have a future.

从资本主义发展的历史过程来看，“当代资本主义即帝国主义或垄断资本主义”，内部根本性矛盾呈现多样化，这些矛盾会随着资本主义世界经济危机的爆发进一步恶化，并表现为不同的形式。世界上最富有的1%的人口拥有的财富占世界总财富的50%，而最贫穷的75%的人口拥有的财富只占3%；每年有8亿人长期饱受营养不良之苦，有350万儿童因营养不良而死亡；受污染的水每年会导致180万人感染疾病或死亡；温室气体对地球大气层的破坏越来越严重……这些都是2008年以来资本主义经济危机引发的恶果，也是资本主义正在以越来越快的速度摧毁人类生存基础的佐证。除此之外，21世纪以来局部动荡和军事冲突不断升级也是帝国主义争夺市场、资源、运输线路、势力范围和地缘战略地位的结果。奥地利劳动党因此认为“资本主义意味着毁灭和战争”，只有超越资本主义，人类才将拥有未来。

Viewed from the laws of development of human society, “the intensification of the crisis of capitalism and imperialism highlights even more the reality and necessity of socialism” [7]7 Austrian Labour Party, *Declaration on the Founding and Basic Principles of the Austrian Labour Party*, 2013.. The nature of the present epoch and the new changes in capitalist development have raised a series of new problems that urgently need to be solved in order to achieve socialism in Austria, such as the configuration of revolutionary forces and the formulation of specific tactics. These are all questions that the Austrian Labour Party must answer when exploring the socialist path.

从人类社会发展规律看，“资本主义和帝国主义危机的加剧更凸显出社会主义的现实性和必要性”。当今时代的性质和资本主义发展的新变化，给在奥地利实现社会主义提出了一系列亟待解决的新问题，如革命力量的配置、具体策略的制定等，都是奥地利劳动党探索社会主义道路时必须要回答的。

2. Internal Basis: New Changes in Domestic Economic and Political Development

2.内在依据：国内经济政治发展新变化

From the end of World War II to the 1990s, the state-owned sector of the Austrian economy accounted for approximately 45% of the entire national economy, a level of nationalisation relatively high among developed countries. The government provided necessary protection for small and medium-sized enterprises, such as preferential loans and subsidies, and maintained a relatively high level of fiscal expenditure on social insurance, including pensions, old-age care, healthcare, and accident insurance. Social welfare was relatively high, and the economy operated stably. After the 1990s, particularly following its accession to the European Union, Austria pursued market liberalisation and privatisation reforms, privatising a large number of state-owned enterprises, reducing the corporate income tax rate from 34% to 25%, which significantly lowered national fiscal revenue. However, due to the ageing population, social welfare expenditures increased, and income taxes had to be raised continuously. Annual social security expenditure accounts for approximately 28% of GDP, thus worsening the fiscal deficit, and national debt amounts to approximately 60% of GNP. The privatisation of state-owned enterprises further intensified the exploitation of the working masses by capitalists, while the substantial cuts in welfare spending further reduced the quality of life of the working masses. In 2018, the Austrian Labour Party stated at the 20th International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties: “In the past 25 years, most of Austria’s state-owned enterprises have been privatised, and public fiscal expenditure on employment, healthcare, and pensions has fallen sharply. Currently, the conditions for further privatisation of state-owned enterprises and even greater reductions in public fiscal expenditure on social security have matured, and the new bourgeois government is launching a final offensive.” [8]8 Austrian Labour Party, “Contribution to the 20th International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties”, 2018.

二战后到20世纪90年代，奥地利国有经济成分占整个国民经济的45%左右，国有化程度在发达国家中处于较高水平，政府对中小企业提供了优惠贷款补贴等必要的保护，在退休、养老、医疗、意外事故等社会保险上也保持较高水平的财政支出，社会福利较高，经济运行平稳。20世纪90年代后特别是加入欧盟后，奥地利奉行市场自由化和私有化改革，对大量国有企业实行私有化，将企业所得税从34%降到25%，大幅降低了国家财政收入，但因人口老龄化加重了社会福利支出，所得税又需不断提高，每年社会保障支出约占国内生产总值的28%，这样就加重了财政赤字，国家负债约占国民生产总值的60%。国有企业的私有化进一步加重了资本家对工人群众的剥削，而大幅削减福利开支又进一步降低了工人群众的生活质量。2018年奥地利劳动党在第二十次世界共产党和工人党国际会议上提出：“在过去的25年里，奥地利大多数国有企业已经私有化了，就业、医疗和养老等公共财政支出大幅下降。当前，国有企业进一步私有化和更大幅度降低社会保障公共财政支出的条件已经成熟，新的资产阶级政府正在展开最后的攻势。”

Austria is a country where the crisis of bourgeois rule is evident. Regardless of its form, the bourgeois state is fundamentally a machine for the rule and oppression of the working class by the capitalists. Since the 1990s, whether under centre-left or centre-right coalition governments, Austria has been committed to maintaining capitalist rule in various ways and has strongly opposed any genuine alternative. Nevertheless, the Austrian bourgeois system of rule has become very fragile. Voter turnout in Austria is low, and the elected parties and government have almost no democratic legitimacy; problems such as corruption and the destruction of civil rights further reflect the low level of governance by the government authorities; the so-called “social democracy and social partnership” have also had their reputations ruined by the government’s suppression of trade unions, the degeneration of the democratic socialist labour aristocracy, and the indifference of the working masses toward the unions; when misleading, lies, and false promises are ineffective, the ruling class does not hesitate to bring out emergency regulations and dispatch police, secret agents, and the military to suppress. All this proves the profound crisis of bourgeois rule, though it has not yet reached the point where “the lower classes do not want to live in the old way and the upper classes cannot maintain the old way of life.” [9]9 A reference to V. I. Lenin’s formulation of the objective revolutionary situation in *Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder* (1920).

奥地利是一个资产阶级统治危机明显的国家。无论形式如何，资产阶级国家从根本上说都是资本家对工人阶级进行统治和压迫的机器。20世纪90年代以来，奥地利无论是中左翼还是中右翼的联合执政，都致力于以各种方式维护资本家统治，并强烈反对任何真正的替代方案。尽管如此，奥地利资产阶级的统治体系已经变得十分脆弱。奥地利的选民投票率低，民选政党和政府几乎没有民主合法性；腐败、民权被破坏等问题丛生更反映了政府当局执政水平的低下；所谓的“社会民主和社会伙伴关系”也因政府对工会的压制、民主社会主义劳工贵族的堕落以及工人群众对工会的漠不关心而声誉尽毁；当误导、谎言和虚假承诺不管用时，统治阶级毫不犹豫地搬出紧急状态法规，并派出警察、特工和军队进行镇压，这些都证明资产阶级统治的深刻危机，只是还没有到“下层不愿照旧生活而上层也不能照旧维持下去的时候”而已。

Austria is also a country with prominent national contradictions. First, due to the privatisation of state-owned enterprises and market liberalisation reforms, “many large Austrian enterprises are controlled by foreign capital,” exacerbating the contradiction between domestic capital and foreign capital. Second, Austria itself occupies a subordinate position in the capitalist system, and its monopoly capital has a relationship of dependence and competition with more powerful monopoly capital. Since the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Austrian capitalism has reaped considerable benefits; for example, Austrian banks play an important role in Central and Eastern Europe; Austria has joined NATO’s “Partnership for Peace” programme and sent troops to participate in NATO’s garrisons in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where its financial capital also plays a dominant role. However, as a small capitalist force, Austria can only attach itself to larger capitalist forces and act in concert with them.

奥地利还是一个民族矛盾突出的国家。一是由于国有企业私有化和市场自由化改革，“奥地利许多大企业被外国资本控股”，加重了本国资本与外国资本的矛盾。二是奥地利本身在资本主义体系中处于从属地位，其垄断资本与更强大的垄断资本之间存在依附和竞争关系。自苏东剧变以来，奥地利资本主义已经获得了相当大的实惠，例如,奥地利银行在中欧和东欧发挥着重要作用；奥地利加入了北约“和平伙伴关系”计划，并派军队参加了北约在科索沃、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的驻军，其金融资本也在那里发挥着主导作用。不过，作为一股小的资本主义势力,奥地利只能依附于大的资本主义势力,并与之采取一致行动。

The political, economic, and social development of Austria, along with the evolution of class contradictions and national contradictions, has posed new issues and demands for the Austrian Party of Labour regarding the tasks, objectives, and forces to rely on for socialist revolution. These require the Austrian Party of Labour to draw correct conclusions based on the fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism and a concrete analysis of the national conditions.

奥地利的政治经济和社会的发展以及阶级矛盾、民族矛盾的演变为奥地利劳动党提出了进行社会主义革命的任务、目标、依靠力量等新课题和新要求。这些都需要奥地利劳动党根据马克思列宁主义基本原理，在对国情进行具体分析的基础上得出正确结论。

3. Subjective Conditions: Revolutionary Tradition and Revolutionary Spirit

3.主观条件：革命传统和革命精神

Austria has a glorious revolutionary tradition. First, the labour movement has a long history, dating back to the 1860s; the working class began to mature politically in the late 19th century and was relatively adept at handling class struggle. Second, working-class political parties in Austria were founded early; for example, the Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Austria was born in 1889, accumulating rich experience and achieving considerable results in leading parliamentary struggles and the labour movement. Third, the indigenisation of Marxism in Austria occurred early; before World War I, a distinctive school of Marxism represented by Max Adler, Otto Bauer, Rudolf Hilferding, Karl Renner, and others had already formed, actively carrying out the great struggle for socialism. The Communist Party of Austria, founded in 1918, proposed “socialism with Austrian characteristics” in the 1980s, further realising the Austrianisation of Marxism. The Austrian Party of Labour, which split from the Communist Party of Austria, is the inheritor of the fine revolutionary tradition of the past left wing, and its theory of socialist revolution is the upholding and development of “socialism with Austrian characteristics.”

奥地利具有光荣的革命传统。一是劳工运动历史悠久，可以追溯到19世纪60年代，工人阶级19世纪末就在政治上开始成熟，比较善于处理阶级斗争。二是奥地利工人阶级政党创建较早，如奥地利社会民主工党诞生于1889年，在领导议会斗争和劳工运动中积累了丰富的经验，取得了不菲的成绩。三是奥地利马克思主义本土化较早，在一战前就形成了以麦克斯·阿德勒、奥托·鲍威尔、鲁道夫·希法亭、卡尔·伦纳等为代表的独具特色的马克思主义派，并积极开展争取社会主义的伟大斗争。1918年成立的奥地利共产党在20世纪80年代提出了“奥地利色彩的社会主义”，进一步实现了马克思主义奥地利化。从奥地利共产党分离出来的奥地利劳动党是过去左翼革命优良传统的继承者，其社会主义革命理论就是对“奥地利色彩的社会主义”的守正创新。

Since its founding and development, the Austrian Party of Labour has formed a unique revolutionary spirit. First, a conviction of inevitable victory. It consistently upholds the guiding role of Marxism-Leninism, always “struggles for political change,” has never wavered in its socialist conviction, has never abandoned the principle of internationalism, has never compromised with the bourgeoisie, and insists on struggling against various forms of opportunism, revisionism, and reformism; “it insists on class struggle, opposes ‘class regulation,’ thereby making itself an appendage of capitalism.” Second, a spirit of struggle. It consistently opposes capitalism, imperialism, fascism, and militarism, struggles for the realisation of socialism, and has not been discouraged or retreated when revolutionary conditions were insufficient, displaying a fighting posture of revolutionary courage. Third, a spirit of practical work. It is a party composed of working people, always maintaining a high sense of responsibility toward the working class and the masses. It always proceeds from the fundamental interests of the people, issuing statements and organising demonstrations multiple times each year on practical issues of concern to the masses, using concrete actions to oppose the reactionary policies and actions of the bourgeois government.

奥地利劳动党从成立发展至今形成了一种独有的革命精神。一是必胜信念。它始终坚持马克思列宁主义的指导地位，始终“为政治变革而斗争”，从未动摇社会主义信念，从未抛弃国际主义原则，从未对资产阶级妥协，坚持与各种机会主义、修正主义、改良主义进行斗争，“它坚持阶级斗争，反对‘阶级调节’，进而使自己成为资本主义的附庸”。二是奋斗精神。它始终坚持反对资本主义、帝国主义、法西斯主义、军国主义，为实现社会主义而斗争，在革命条件不够成熟的情况下没有气馁、退缩，展现出勇于革命的战斗姿态。三是实干精神。它是一个由劳动人民组成的政党，始终保持对工人阶级和人民群众的高度责任感。它始终从人民的根本利益出发，每年多次就人民群众关心的现实问题发表声明、组织游行，以实际行动反对资产阶级政府的反动政策和行径。

II. Main Content of the Austrian Party of Labour’s Exploration of the Theory of Socialist Revolution

二、奥地利劳动党对社会主义革命理论探索的主要内容

The Austrian Party of Labour’s theory of socialist revolution has rich connotations, including the essence of socialist revolution, the specific revolutionary programme, the forces to rely on, the organisational form of revolution, the methods of struggle, and the conception of future society.

奥地利劳动党关于社会主义革命的理论具有丰富的内涵，包括社会主义革命的本质、具体的革命纲领、要依靠的力量、革命组织形式、斗争方式、未来社会构想等内容。

First, the Austrian Party of Labour believes that the main social contradictions in Austria are the contradiction between domestic and foreign imperialism, and the contradiction between domestic monopoly capital and the working class and other social strata. “Austria plays a subordinate role in the imperialist pyramid, but the position of domestic financial and monopoly capital should by no means be underestimated.” “There are two roads before the Austrian people: either the hopeful road of socialism, or the bloody and barbaric road of capitalism.” The Austrian working class and the masses face two historical tasks: first, to oppose imperialism and truly achieve national independence; second, to oppose monopoly capital and truly achieve people’s democracy. Reformist roads such as democratic socialism are unworkable, “because they either remain within the framework of capitalism or themselves create contradictions.” The essence of socialist revolution is to destroy the foundation of capitalist rule and create the preconditions for the working class and its allies to seize state power; in light of the current state of capitalist development in Austria, “the two core elements of socialist revolution are: the political power of the organised working class and the socialisation of the means of production.”

第一，奥地利劳动党认为，奥地利主要的社会矛盾是本国与外国帝国主义的矛盾、国内垄断资本与工人阶级和其他社会阶层的矛盾。“奥地利在帝国主义金字塔中扮演着从属角色，但国内的金融和垄断资本地位绝不应被低估。”“摆在奥地利人民面前的道路有两条，或是充满希望的社会主义道路，或是血腥野蛮的资本主义道路。” 奥地利工人阶级和人民群众面临着两项历史性任务：一是反对帝国主义，真正实现民族独立；二是反对垄断资本，真正实现人民民主。民主社会主义等改良主义道路是行不通的，“因为它们要么停留在资本主义的框架内，要么本身就制造了矛盾”，社会主义革命的本质就是要破坏资本主义统治的基础，为工人阶级及其联盟夺取政权创造前提条件；结合奥地利国内资本主义发展的现状，“社会主义革命的两个核心要素是：有组织的工人阶级的政治权力和生产资料的社会化”。

Second, the Austrian Party of Labour has proposed three major programmes for carrying out socialist revolution: nationalisation of production in the economic sphere, democratisation of decision-making in the political sphere, and class solidarity in the social sphere.

第二，奥地利劳动党提出了进行社会主义革命的三大纲领：经济领域的生产国有化、政治领域的决策民主化、社会领域的阶级团结。

First, nationalisation of production in the economic sphere. The Austrian Party of Labour holds that “transforming private ownership of the means of production into public ownership, controlled by the working class in power and planned according to social needs, is the economic production model of a socialist state.” The key to nationalisation of production is to resolve the issue of ownership of the means of production, “especially to transform all banks, insurance companies, and the most important enterprises, particularly foreign-funded enterprises, into public ownership”; it is necessary to ensure that the working class enjoys full democratic rights, that all social groups cooperate, raise the minimum wage standard, and improve the workers’ social security system and education and training system; enterprises should formulate policies oriented toward the interests of the masses, “taking the first step toward a planned economy oriented toward the needs of the people.” The Austrian Party of Labour believes that large state-owned companies can become anti-monopoly bastions for the working class, gradually breaking through the constraints and limitations of the capitalist system, but the role of nationalisation of production can be fully realised only under conditions where democratic political development is mature and the revolutionary anti-monopoly forces are growing stronger.

一是经济领域的生产国有化。奥地利劳动党认为：“将生产资料私有制转变为公有制，由掌权的工人阶级管控，并按照社会需求进行规划，是社会主义国家的经济生产模式。”生产国有化的关键是解决生产资料所有制的问题，“尤其是要将所有银行、保险公司和最重要的企业，特别是外资企业全部转变为公有制”；要保障工人阶级享有充分的民主权利，社会各团体要通力合作，提高最低工资标准，完善工人的社会保障体系和教育培训体系；企业应以人民群众的利益为导向制定政策，“向以人民需求为导向的计划经济迈出第一步”。奥地利劳动党认为，国有大公司可以成为工人阶级的反垄断堡垒，逐步突破资本主义制度的束缚与限制，但只有在民主政治发展成熟和革命的反垄断力量日益壮大的条件下，才能充分发挥生产国有化的作用。

Second, the democratisation of decision-making in the political sphere. “Realising the broad democratic participation of the working class and its allies and granting them full political decision-making power is a fundamental condition for achieving a socialist society.” The Austrian Party of Labour exposes the hypocritical essence of bourgeois democracy as formal rather than substantive democracy: the bourgeois ruling class arbitrarily sets up electoral obstacles through various means, and overt or covert corrupt practices deprive the masses of their voting rights, seriously hindering the development of democracy; the hypocritical democracy of the bourgeoisie is erasing the fruits of years of working-class struggle. Therefore, under capitalist rule, the state and society cannot truly achieve democratisation. The Austrian Party of Labour advocates for the realisation of thorough decision-making democracy: establishing direct democracy; establishing mechanisms for democratic participation in democratic representative bodies, factories, administrative and educational institutions, and the military; abolishing the privileges of politicians and political parties; reducing the salaries of parliamentarians and administrative officials in line with workers’ wages; prohibiting collusion between politics and business; and combating hidden corruption. It resolutely defends national and political independence and the right to national self-determination of the Austrian people.

二是政治领域的决策民主化。“实现工人阶级及其盟友民主参与的广泛化并拥有彻底的政治决策权，是实现社会主义社会的根本条件。”奥地利劳动党揭露了资产阶级民主是形式上而非实质上民主的虚伪本质：资产阶级统治者通过各种手段随意设置选举障碍，公开或隐蔽的腐败行为剥夺了人民群众的投票权，严重阻碍了民主发展进程；资产阶级虚伪的民主正在抹杀多年来工人运动的斗争成果。因此，在资本主义统治下，国家和社会是无法真正实现民主化的。奥地利劳动党主张实现彻底的决策民主：建立直接民主制；在民主代议机构、工厂、行政和教育机构以及军队中建立民主参与机制，废除政客和政党的特权，参照工人的工资削减议员和行政官员的工资，禁止政商勾结，打击隐形腐败；坚决捍卫国家和政治独立，捍卫奥地利人民的民族自决权。

Third, class solidarity in the social sphere. The Austrian Party of Labour holds that the ruling class in capitalist countries is fundamentally unwilling and unable to promote social solidarity, because it is unwilling to cede its vested interests to the people. A progressive state not only has the obligation to provide basic social security for workers, the unemployed, and their families, but must also guarantee that the masses can enjoy basic public services free of charge or at an affordable price, especially in areas such as healthcare, childcare, elderly care, education and training, population mobility, career development, transport and communications, and leisure and recreation. There should be no economic manipulation or notions of privilege in the spheres of social security and public services. “Building fraternal communities and a society of solidarity is one of the core tasks of a socialist state.” “If this can be achieved and consolidated, it will strengthen the internal unity of the working class and the concept of community.”

三是社会领域的阶级团结。奥地利劳动党认为，资本主义国家的统治阶级根本不可能也不愿意促进社会团结，因为它们不愿将既得利益让与人民，而一个进步的国家不仅有为劳动者、失业者及其家属提供基本社会保障的义务，还要保障人民群众能够免费享受或负担得起基本公共服务，特别是在医疗保健、儿童保育、养老护理、教育培训、人口流动、职业发展、交通通信、业余休闲等领域。在社会保障和公共服务领域中不应存在经济操纵和特权观念，“建立兄弟般的社区和团结的社会是社会主义国家的核心任务之一”，“如果有可能实现并巩固这一点，就能强化工人阶级内部的团结和共同体的观念”。

Third, the Austrian Party of Labour emphasises that the prerequisite for carrying out socialist revolution and construction is having a revolutionary working-class party guided by Marxism-Leninism. In socialist revolution, the decisive factors are the leading role of the Party and the unity of the working class. The main forces of the revolution are the working class as the leading class, along with other exploited people who depend on wages for survival, including the urban and rural middle strata, small self-employed operators, peasants, intellectuals, and immigrants. It is necessary to actively win over members of other parties that represent workers’ interests, and to maintain close ties with youth groups, giving full play to their positive role.

第三，奥地利劳动党强调，进行社会主义革命和建设的前提是拥有一个革命的、以马克思列宁主义为指导的工人阶级政党。在社会主义革命中，起决定性作用的因素是党的领导地位和工人阶级的团结，革命的主要力量是作为领导阶级的工人阶级以及依赖工资生存的城乡中间阶层、小个体经营者、农民、知识分子、移民等被剥削的其他人民；要积极争取其他代表工人利益的政党的党员；要同青年群体保持密切联系，充分发挥其积极作用。

Fourth, the Austrian Party of Labour calls for the establishment of an anti-monopoly alliance that fights for democracy, social progress, national independence, and peace. On the premise of consensus and seeking common ground while reserving differences, and on the basis of maintaining ideological and organisational independence, it seeks to form an alliance with all socialists, communists, revolutionary and left-wing progressive organisations, and all organisations that uphold democracy, social progress, pacifism, and anti-fascism. The alliance also includes social strata such as small peasants and merchants, freelancers, and intellectuals who oppose imperialism and monopoly in practice.

第四，奥地利劳动党呼吁建立一个为争取民主、社会进步、民族独立与和平的反垄断联盟。在协商一致、求同存异的前提下，在保持意识形态和组织独立的基础上，与所有社会主义者、共产主义者、革命和左翼进步组织以及所有坚持民主、社会进步、和平主义、反法西斯的组织建立联盟。联盟也包括在实践中反对帝国主义和垄断的小农和商人、自由职业者和知识分子等社会阶层。

Fifth, the Austrian Party of Labour believes that there are currently two forms of struggle: parliamentary struggle and extra-parliamentary struggle. On the one hand, bourgeois democratic representative bodies are certainly not instruments for carrying out socialist revolution, “but they are platforms for class struggle,” and this platform should be fully utilised. On the other hand, “improvements in the working and living conditions of the working class cannot be achieved by begging the ruling class or through negotiations based on social partnership; they can only be achieved by forcing the ruling class to make concessions through extra-parliamentary workers’ movements… We must harbour no illusions: without a strong extra-parliamentary movement, at best only partial positive measures can be implemented.” Extra-parliamentary struggle is extremely important and serves as a crucial guarantee for parliamentary struggle.

第五，奥地利劳动党认为目前的斗争方式有两种：议会内斗争和议会外斗争。一方面，资产阶级民主代议机构固然不是进行社会主义革命的工具，“但它们是阶级斗争的平台”，要充分利用这个平台；另一方面，“工人阶级工作和生存状况的改善不能通过向统治阶级乞求或以社会伙伴关系谈判的方式来实现，只能通过议会外的工人运动迫使统治阶级作出让步……我们不能抱有任何幻想：没有强大的议会外运动，最多只能实施部分积极措施”。议会外的斗争极为重要，是议会斗争的重要保障。

Sixth, the Austrian Party of Labour holds that future socialism requires “meeting the material needs of all people through the planned increase of productive forces, adhering to a sustainable development model, abolishing the capitalist system of exploitation, eliminating class divisions, abolishing war, and continuously raising socialist consciousness.” Apart from these universal principles, there is no ready-made “product” of socialism that can be copied. Austrian socialism will be realised on the basis of a scientific analysis of its own preconditions and specific characteristics. Future socialism will implement a planned economy based on public ownership of the means of production and oriented towards the needs of the people; establish a democratic regime with the working class and its allies as its foundation; build a modern society that meets the material and cultural needs of the masses on the premise of highly developed productive forces; a society without overwork, hardship in life, unemployment, poverty, or fear; a society that fully guarantees the people’s access to medical care, education, and culture; a society without exploitation, without war and suffering, and where the people’s future is assured.

第六，奥地利劳动党认为，未来社会主义需要“通过有计划地提高生产力来满足所有人的物质生活，坚持可持续的发展模式，废除资本主义剥削制度，消除阶级分化，消灭战争，不断提高社会主义意识”。除了这些普适性的原则外，没有一个社会主义“成品”可以照搬照抄，奥地利社会主义将在科学分析自身前提和具体特点的基础上实现社会主义。未来社会主义将实行以生产资料公有制为基础、以人民需求为导向的计划经济，建立一个以工人阶级及其同盟者为根本的民主政权，建成一个在生产力高度发达的前提下满足人民群众物质文化需求的现代化社会，一个没有过度工作、生活困难、失业、贫穷、恐惧的社会，一个使人民群众充分拥有医疗护理、教育文化保障的社会，一个没有剥削、没有战争和苦难、人民未来能够得到保障的社会。

Seventh, the Austrian Party of Labour “pursues the realisation of socialism in Austria while committing itself, as part of the international workers’ movement, to contributing to the overthrow of capitalism worldwide.” The Austrian Party of Labour fully affirms the leading role and outstanding contributions of communist parties around the world in the theoretical and practical exploration of socialism, and advocates drawing lessons and summing up experience from the history and reality of socialism. It advocates strengthening the unity and cooperation of international socialist forces and taking joint action against imperialism, while emphasising that each country should independently explore a path of socialist development suited to its own conditions. It also advocates resolute struggle against all forms of opportunism and reformism, strongly opposes the theoretical positions of the European Left Party, and stresses that adherence to Marxism-Leninism is its essential characteristic and the fundamental reason it can undertake and fulfil its mission.

第七，奥地利劳动党“追求在奥地利实现社会主义的同时，承诺将作为国际工人运动的一部分，为在全世界范围内推翻资本主义作出贡献”。奥地利劳动党充分肯定了世界各国共产党在社会主义理论和实践探索中的领导作用及杰出贡献，主张从社会主义的历史和现实中吸取教训、总结经验。它主张加强国际社会主义力量的团结合作，采取反对帝国主义的共同行动，同时强调各国应该独立探索适合本国的社会主义发展道路。它还主张同形形色色的机会主义、改良主义坚决斗争，强烈反对欧洲左翼党的理论主张，并强调坚持马克思列宁主义是其本质特征，也是它能够承担并完成使命的根本原因。

III. The Austrian Party of Labour’s Practice in Exploring the Path of Socialist Revolution

三、奥地利劳动党探索社会主义革命道路的实践

Guided by its theory of socialist revolution, the Austrian Party of Labour has carried out its own Party building, engaged in parliamentary and extra-parliamentary struggle, strengthened the unity of the international communist movement, and actively prepared for the realisation of socialism, achieving some results.

奥地利劳动党在社会主义革命理论的指导下，开展党的自身建设，进行议会内外斗争，加强国际共产主义运动的团结，积极为实现社会主义做准备，取得了一些成绩。

(I) Building an Independent and Militant Marxist-Leninist Workers’ Party

（一）建设独立战斗的马克思列宁主义工人政党

In terms of guiding ideology, the Austrian Party of Labour emphasises that Marxism-Leninism is the guide to action for the entire Party, stressing that “it must clearly distinguish itself from opportunism, revisionism, and reformism.” In the practice of ideological and political education, the Austrian Party of Labour, through regular Party spirit education and periodic thematic education, constantly reaffirms its stance of “upholding communism and opposing the falsification and slander of history by anti-communist forces.” For example, the theme of its 2018 inner-Party ideological education was “100 Years of the Austrian Communist Movement.” In ideological propaganda, it emphasises expanding the combativeness and influence of the Party’s media. Its organ, *Arbeiterzeitung* (Workers’ Newspaper), is published five to six times a year and serves as a medium for revolutionary action, playing a role in internal organisation and external propaganda. The electronic edition, *Arbeiterzeitung Online*, also exerts influence as an important supplement to the organ. Its official website, “Party Work Network,” is a window for communication between the Party and the outside world, as well as a platform for its economic, political, and ideological struggles. Its theoretical journal, *Solidarität und Kampf* (Solidarity and Struggle), has published nine issues to date and is the main front for the Party’s theoretical construction.

在指导思想上，奥地利劳动党强调马克思列宁主义是全党的行动指南，强调“必须明确地将自身与机会主义、修正主义和改良主义区别开来”。在思想政治教育实践中，奥地利劳动党以常态化党性教育和阶段性主题教育的形式，不断申明“坚持共产主义、反对反共势力对历史的伪造和诽谤”的立场。例如，其2018年党内思想教育的主题就是“奥地利共产主义运动100年”。在思想宣传上强调扩大党媒的战斗性和影响力。其机关报《劳动报》每年出版5—6期，是革命行动的媒介，发挥着内部组织和外部宣传的作用，电子版《劳动报在线》作为机关报的重要补充也发挥着影响力。其官网“党的工作网”是党和外界交流的窗口，也是其开展经济、政治、意识形态斗争的平台。其理论刊物《团结与斗争》目前共出版九期，是全党理论建设的主阵地。

In terms of organisation, the Austrian Party of Labour emphasises its independence and militancy. Its Party Constitution clearly stipulates: Party members are not permitted to concurrently hold membership in another political party; full members, special members, honorary members, and youth members are to be developed according to different conditions. The entire Party must submit to decisions made by the Party Central Committee in accordance with the Party’s programmatic principles and the Party Constitution; resolutions of the Party Congress are the prerequisite for the Party’s organisational work; and Party cadres must undergo regular education and training. After its founding, the Austrian Party of Labour grew and developed rapidly, and its Party organisations quickly expanded to other administrative regions. Within less than four months of its founding, it had established independent Party organisations in five Austrian states—Salzburg, Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland, and Carinthia—and within the following year, it rapidly expanded to four more states. The establishment of an effective top-down organisational system effectively expanded the Party’s influence.

在组织上，奥地利劳动党强调其独立性和战斗性。其党章明确规定：不允许本党党员兼任另一政党的成员；要依据不同的条件发展正式党员、特殊党员和名誉党员、青年党员。全党要服从党中央依据纲领性原则和党章作出的决定，党代会的决议是全党组织工作的前提，党员干部要接受定期教育培训。成立后，奥地利劳动党很快发展壮大，其党组织迅速扩大到其他行政区域。在建党不足四个月的时间内，它就在奥地利的萨尔茨堡、维也纳、下奥地利、布尔根兰、卡林西亚五个州建立了独立的党组织，并在之后一年中迅速扩大到另外四个州，自上而下的有效组织体系的建立有效扩大了党的影响。

The Austrian Labor Party emphasizes tempering the revolutionary style and revolutionary spirit of the entire Party. “Joining the Austrian Labor Party means a self-commitment to the class struggle of socialist revolution, and it requires strict discipline consciousness, a spirit of sacrifice and dedication, a serious and steadfast attitude, and, when necessary, disregarding personal gains and losses, always putting the Party’s work first.”

奥地利劳动党强调锤炼全党革命作风和革命精神。“加入奥地利劳动党就意味着对社会主义革命阶级斗争的自我承诺，就必须具有严格的纪律意识、牺牲奉献精神、认真坚定的态度，必要时不计个人得失，始终将党的工作放在第一位。

The Austrian Labor Party focuses on cultivating independent youth and trade union organizations. Under the leadership of the Austrian Labor Party, the Youth Front of the Austrian Labor Party, established in October 2022, is a communist youth league organization guided by Marxism-Leninism and composed mainly of young workers and young students. It is another youthful force in the Austrian communist movement, following the Communist Youth League and the Communist Student Association.

奥地利劳动党注重培育独立的青年和工会组织。在奥地利劳动党领导下，2022年10月成立的奥地利劳动党青年阵线是一个以马克思列宁主义为指导思想、以青年员工和青年学生为主体的共产主义青年团组织，是继共产主义青年团、共产主义学生协会后又一支奥地利共产主义运动青年劲旅。

(II) Striving for Democracy and Socialism Inside and Outside Parliament

（二）议会内外争取民主和社会主义

On the one hand, the Austrian Labor Party strengthens its ties with mass organizations and leads various forms of mass movements. The Austrian Labor Party has established close connections with organizations of youth, trade unions, students, women, anti-fascists, immigrants, and ethnic minorities. The Communist Youth League of Austria and the Communist Student Association were close allies of the Austrian Labor Party from its inception, and the Labor Party has always maintained in-depth exchanges and close cooperative relations with these two organizations. In 2019, the Austrian Labor Party and the Communist Youth League jointly hosted the 15th Meeting of European Communist Youth Organizations. At the same time, the Austrian Labor Party focuses on carrying out various propaganda, commemoration, or protest activities on important occasions such as traditional festivals, anniversaries of major events, and when major events occur domestically or internationally, exposing the greed and oppression of imperialism, guiding the masses to reflect on capitalism, and inspiring resonance with socialist ideals. Every year on International Workers’ Day (May Day), the Austrian Labor Party organizes mass rallies, marches, and demonstrations, with the number of people responding to the call increasing year by year.

一方面，奥地利劳动党加强与群众组织的联系，领导了多种形式的群众运动。奥地利劳动党和青年、工会、学生、妇女、反法西斯、移民和少数民族等组织都建立了密切的联系。奥地利共产主义青年团和共产主义学生协会在奥地利劳动党诞生之初就是其亲密盟友，劳动党始终与这两个组织保持深入交流、紧密合作的关系。2019年，奥地利劳动党和共产主义青年团联合主办了第十五届欧洲共产主义青年组织会议。同时，奥地利劳动党注重在传统节日、重大事件纪念节点、国内外发生重大事件等重要时机，开展各种各样的宣传、纪念或抗议活动，揭露帝国主义的贪婪和压迫，引导人民群众对资本主义进行反思，激发人民对社会主义理想的共鸣。每年“五一”国际劳动节，奥地利劳动党都会组织群众集会、游行、示威，响应号召的群众人数逐年增加。

On the other hand, the Austrian Labor Party’s struggles within parliament have also achieved certain results. In January 2020, the Austrian Labor Party made a breakthrough in the municipal elections in Lower Austria, entering a town council for the first time. In the town of Neusiedl an der Zaya in the Gänserndorf district of Lower Austria, the Austrian Labor Party won 5.4% of the vote, securing one of the 19 seats on the town council. Armin Kolarik, a 30-year-old worker and member of the Party Central Committee, will serve on the town council for five years. Party Chairman Tibor Zenker stated: “This seemingly small victory is actually a big step forward for the Party… We are now on the political map of Austria. We will use this platform to defend the interests of the working class and to encourage, mobilize, and organize the working class in the struggle against capitalism and imperialism.”

另一方面，奥地利劳动党的议会内斗争也取得了一定成绩。2020年1月，奥地利劳动党在下奥地利州的市镇选举中取得了突破性进展，首次成功进入镇议会。在下奥地利州下辖的根瑟恩多夫县的新锡德尔镇，奥地利劳动党获得了5.4%的选票，赢得了镇议会19个席位中的一席。党的中央委员会成员、30岁的工人阿明·科拉里克在镇议会任职五年。党主席蒂博尔·曾克尔表示：“这看似微小的胜利实际上是党向前迈进的一大步……我们现在处在奥地利的政治版图上，我们要利用这个平台来维护工人阶级的利益，并鼓励、动员、组织工人阶级进行反对资本主义和帝国主义的斗争。”

(III) Striving to Be an Active Participant in the International Communist Movement

（三）争做国际共产主义运动的积极参加者

The Austrian Labor Party strengthens ties with other communist parties and organizations through multiple channels, enhances inter-party exchanges, and practices the spirit of internationalism. In developing bilateral relations, in recent years the Austrian Labor Party has established mutually trusting and respectful bilateral relations with the People’s Communist Party of Spain, the Communist Party of Italy, the German Communist Party, the Communist Party of Sweden, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Turkey, the Communist Party of Venezuela, the Communist Party of Mexico, the Communist Party of Cuba, and the Communist Party of Greece. At the Third National Congress of the Austrian Labor Party in 2018, 15 foreign communist parties, workers’ parties, or communist organizations attended to offer congratulations, indicating progress in its development of relations with other communist parties and organizations. Since 2018, it has held formal talks with the Communist Party of Greece, the Communist Party of Italy, the Socialist Workers’ Party of Croatia, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, and representatives of the Cuban embassy and consulate in Austria, and has actively expressed solidarity with or supported the struggles of communist parties in various countries. It frequently issues joint statements with fraternal parties; for example, on June 18, 2019, it jointly issued with 34 communist parties the “Joint Statement of Communist and Workers’ Parties on the Escalation of Tensions and Dangers Caused by the US War on Iran.”

奥地利劳动党通过多种途径加强与其他共产主义政党和组织的联系，加强党际交流，践行国际主义精神。在发展双边关系上，近年来，奥地利劳动党与西班牙人民共产党、意大利共产党、德国共产党、瑞典共产党、南斯拉夫新共产党、土耳其共产党、委内瑞拉共产党、墨西哥共产党、古巴共产党、希腊共产党建立了互信互重的双边关系。在2018年奥地利劳动党第三次全国代表大会上，有15个外国共产党、工人党或共产主义组织与会进行祝贺，说明它在发展与其他共产主义政党和组织方面取得的进展。2018年以来，它分别与希腊共产党、意大利共产党、克罗地亚社会主义工人党、南斯拉夫新共产党、古巴驻奥使领馆代表等进行过正式会谈，并积极声援或支持各国共产党的斗争。它经常与兄弟党派发表联合声明，例如2019年6月18日与34个共产主义政党联合发表了《共产党和工人党关于美国对伊战争加剧紧张局势和危险的联合声明》。

In developing multilateral exchanges, the Austrian Labor Party hosted an international conference commemorating the 100th anniversary of the victory of the Russian October Revolution, with more than ten fraternal parties, including the Portuguese Communist Party, the Communist Party of Venezuela, the Communist Party of Mexico, the Communist Party of Australia, the Communist Party of Sweden, the Communist Party of Italy, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Denmark, and the Communist Party of Greece, either attending or sending congratulatory letters. It is a founding member of the “Initiative of Communist and Workers’ Parties of Europe,” established in 2013, and was successfully elected to the new secretariat of that organization in December 2020. It has participated in all International Meetings of Communist and Workers’ Parties since 2018, actively contributed to the drafting and translation of relevant documents, and became a full member of the meeting. Its official website, “Solidarity Net,” ranks 43rd in the number of articles published among 121 communist parties, workers’ parties, or communist organizations, demonstrating its influence. It also actively participates in various international seminars hosted by the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia in Prague, the Communist Party of Greece in Athens, and others.

在发展多边交流上，奥地利劳动党举办的纪念俄国十月革命胜利100周年的国际会议，葡萄牙共产党、委内瑞拉共产党、墨西哥共产党、澳大利亚共产党、瑞典共产党、意大利共产党、南斯拉夫新共产党、丹麦共产党、希腊共产党等十余个兄弟党与会或发来贺信。它是2013年成立的“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”的创始成员，在2020年12月更是成功当选该组织新一届秘书处成员。它参加了2018年以来的历次世界共产党和工人党国际会议，积极参与有关文件的制定和翻译工作，并成为该会议的正式会员，其官网“团结网”的发文量在121个共产党、工人党或共产主义组织中排名第43位，其影响力显而易见。它还积极参加欧洲共产党会议、捷克和摩拉维亚共产党在布拉格、希腊共产党在雅典等主办的各种国际研讨会。

IV. Relevant Assessment

四、相关评析

After ten years of development, the Austrian Labor Party has achieved certain results in political struggles at home and abroad and has gained a certain degree of political discourse power. The progress it has demonstrated and the difficulties it has faced in exploring the path of socialist revolution are also a portrayal and microcosm of the exploration of the path of socialist revolution by European communist and workers’ parties since the 21st century.

经过十年的发展，奥地利劳动党在国内外的政治斗争中取得了一定成绩，拥有了一定的政治话语权。它在探索社会主义革命道路中表现出的进步性和面临的困难也是21世纪以来欧洲共产党和工人党探索社会主义革命道路的写照和缩影。

(I) The Progressiveness of the Austrian Labor Party’s Exploration of the Path of Socialist Revolution

（一）奥地利劳动党探索社会主义革命道路的进步性

The Austrian Labor Party’s exploration of the path of socialist revolution reflects the development of socialist revolutionary theory since the 21st century. Marx once pointed out: “Socialism cannot be realized without revolution. Socialism needs this political action because it needs to destroy and abolish old things.” [11]11 Karl Marx, “Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality,” 1847. After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, [12]12 The drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe refer to the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc satellite states between 1989 and 1991. anti-communist forces in Europe became increasingly rampant and populism continued to rise. Against this unfavorable backdrop, it is very commendable that the Austrian Labor Party can inherit the revolutionary tradition of the working class’s struggle against capitalism, fascism, and colonialism, and form a revolutionary working-class party that believes in Marxism-Leninism. Just as Lenin said: “Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary movement.” [13]13 V. I. Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?” 1902. The Austrian Labor Party’s exploration of the path of socialist revolution vividly embodies the new atmosphere and new dynamics in the development of socialist revolutionary theory since the 21st century.

奥地利劳动党对社会主义革命道路的探索体现了21世纪以来社会主义革命理论的发展。马克思曾指出：“社会主义不通过革命是不可能实现的。社会主义需要这种政治行动，因为它需要破坏和废除旧的东西。”苏东剧变后，欧洲反共势力日益猖獗、民粹主义不断崛起，在此不利背景下，奥地利劳动党能够继承工人阶级反资本主义、反法西斯主义、反殖民主义斗争的革命传统，组建信仰马克思列宁主义的、具有革命性的工人阶级政党，是非常难能可贵的。就像列宁所说的：“没有革命的理论，就不会有革命的运动”，奥地利劳动党对社会主义革命道路的探索生动体现了21世纪以来社会主义革命理论发展的新气象、新动态。

The Austrian Labor Party insists on the localization of Marxism. Although the Austrian Labor Party split from the Communist Party of Austria, from the perspective of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, [14]14 “Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground” (守正创新) is a Chinese Communist Party formulation that means maintaining core principles while innovating in practice. its theory of socialist revolution is a creative transformation of the “Socialism with Austrian Characteristics” proposed by the Communist Party of Austria in the 1980s. Both adhere to Marxism-Leninism, a view of the times that keeps pace with the times, the analytical method of social classes, socialist democratic thought, theories on the particularity and generality of socialism, proletarian internationalism, and anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly ideas. It soberly recognizes that the current domestic situation in Austria is unfavorable for socialist revolution, so the Party’s most important task for now remains strengthening ties with the working class, educating, supporting, and mobilizing the working class, cultivating the socialist consciousness of the working class, and promptly organizing “the most conscious groups into combat units.” The Austrian Labor Party also emphasizes that although the working class is currently on the defensive, as they accumulate experience in the struggle for democracy and socialism, achieve partial victories, and increase their level of organization, they will surely regain the initiative when revolutionary conditions mature. “When the rulers face a working class that is conscious, organized, combat-ready, and capable of truly taking large-scale action, they may make concessions and compromises”; as the working class and the masses increasingly demand world peace, social security, and democratic progress, the revolutionary forces of class struggle will gradually strengthen. “This is a long and arduous road, but it is indispensable.”

奥地利劳动党坚持马克思主义本土化。奥地利劳动党虽然是从奥地利共产党分离出来的，但从守正创新上看，它的社会主义革命理论是20世纪80年代奥地利共产党提出的“奥地利色彩的社会主义”的创造性转化。它们都坚持马克思列宁主义、与时俱进的时代观、社会阶级的分析方法、社会主义民主思想、关于社会主义特殊性与一般性的理论、无产阶级国际主义、反帝反垄断思想等。它清醒地认识到，目前奥地利国内形势不利于社会主义革命，所以党接下来最主要的任务依然是加强同工人阶级的联系，教育、支持并动员工人阶级，培育工人阶级的社会主义意识，并及时将“最有意识的群体组织成战斗单位”。奥地利劳动党还强调，虽然工人阶级目前处于守势，但随着他们在争取民主和社会主义斗争中经验的积累、局部斗争的胜利以及组织程度的提高，等到革命条件成熟时，他们一定会重新掌握主动权。“当统治者面对一个有意识、有组织、有战斗力且能够真正采取大规模行动的工人阶级时，它有可能做出让步和妥协”；随着工人阶级和人民群众对世界和平、社会保障、民主进步的需求日益强烈，阶级斗争的革命力量会逐步得到强化，“这是一条漫长艰巨的道路，但它必不可少”。

The Austrian Party of Labour is a new force in Europe that opposes imperialism, monopoly, and defends socialism. In its view, the European Union, NATO, etc., “are imperialist alliances, important tools used by monopolists to invade and oppress the people.” Therefore, the Austrian Party of Labour unequivocally opposes their monopoly policies and interventionist activities, actively supports the socialist struggles waged by communist and workers’ parties in various countries, resolutely opposes anti-communist forces, fascism, and militarism, denounces reformism and opportunism, expresses solidarity with the struggles of the people of all countries against imperialism and interventionism, defends the interests of the working class and the masses under capitalist rule, and unremittingly fights to improve their working and living conditions.

奥地利劳动党是欧洲反帝、反垄断、捍卫社会主义的新生力量。在它看来，欧盟、北约等“是帝国主义联盟，是垄断者侵略和压迫人民的重要工具”，所以奥地利劳动党旗帜鲜明地反对其垄断政策和干涉活动，积极支持各国共产党和工人党进行的社会主义斗争，坚决反对反共势力、法西斯主义和军国主义，痛斥改良主义和机会主义，声援世界各国人民的反对帝国主义、反干涉主义斗争，维护资本主义统治下工人阶级和人民群众利益，并为改善其工作和生存状况而不懈斗争。

(II) Problems Faced by the Austrian Party of Labour in Exploring the Path of Socialist Revolution

（二）奥地利劳动党探索社会主义革命道路面临的问题

The Austrian Party of Labour is young, weak in strength, and lacks experience in struggle. Its membership of fewer than one thousand people restricts the Party’s role as a fighting bastion and limits its influence; a shortage of financial resources makes it difficult for the Party’s institutions to operate efficiently and restricts the conduct of organizational activities both inside and outside the Party; while its relatively radical theoretical positions have rallied a part of Austria’s communist forces, its criticism of other left-wing parties, such as the Communist Party of Austria, is detrimental to internal unity and external alliances.

奥地利劳动党年轻、力量薄弱且斗争经验不足。党员不足千人制约了奥地利劳动党战斗堡垒作用的发挥，限制了其影响力；财政资金匮乏导致党的机构难以高效运转，限制了党内外组织活动的开展；较为激进的理论主张虽然凝聚了奥地利一部分共产主义力量，但对奥地利共产党等其他左翼政党的指责不利于内部团结和外部联合。

Its grasp of the national conditions is insufficient, and there is a gap between the theory of socialist revolution and practice. Some scholars argue: “The market economy and the system of social partnership are the two most important factors in Austria’s economic development.” This means that the Austrian Party of Labour’s positions opposing the EU and other economic cooperation organizations, as well as opposing social partnership and the market economy, are currently unattractive. Since Austria has never established a socialist system, and given the deeply rooted “it will be fine” mentality and the “subject-like national character” [15]15 “Subject-like national character” (臣仆的国民性) refers to a perceived historical tendency in Austrian political culture toward deference to authority and passive acceptance of the status quo, a concept sometimes invoked in Marxist critiques of the absence of a revolutionary tradition in Austria. in Austria, cultivating the people’s confidence in socialism and formulating more pragmatic policies that the people truly recognize are issues the Austrian Party of Labour must focus on resolving at present.

对国情把握不够充分，社会主义革命的理论与实践衔接不足。有学者认为：“市场经济和社会伙伴制度是奥地利经济发展的两个最重要因素。”这意味着奥地利劳动党反对欧盟及其他经济合作组织、反对社会伙伴关系和市场经济等主张在当下难有吸引力。由于奥地利未曾建立过社会主义制度，加之奥地利存在根深蒂固的“就会好起来”的观念及“臣仆的国民性”，培育民众对社会主义的信心、制定更多民众真正认可的务实政策，是奥地利劳动党当下需要着重解决的问题。

Under extremely difficult domestic and international conditions, the Austrian Party of Labour has adhered to the truth, dared to explore, and fought tenaciously, establishing a unique set of theories on socialist revolution. This is very rare for a young Marxist-Leninist party. However, its theory of socialist revolution still has many shortcomings and needs to be constantly tested, developed, and improved in practice.

在极为困难的国内外条件下，奥地利劳动党坚持真理，勇于探索，顽强斗争，创立了一套独具特色的社会主义革命理论，这对于一个年轻的马列主义政党来说是十分难得的。但其社会主义革命理论还有诸多不足，需在实践中不断检验、发展和完善。

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心