Foreign Communist Parties’ Understanding of and Response to the New Stage of Capitalist Development

How to understand the development trend of contemporary capitalism is a major theoretical and practical issue concerning the future of socialism. Driven by the wave of economic globalization and the information technology revolution, contemporary capitalism has undergone significant changes. So, what new changes have occurred in capitalism, and has it developed into a new stage? In recent years, foreign communist parties, proceeding from their own national realities, have independently explored the stage of capitalist development, forming theoretical understandings with local and epochal characteristics. Taken together, from perspectives such as the relationship between competition and monopoly, spatial forms, industrial technology, ecological environmental protection, and cultural ethics, they have made various judgments that current capitalism is at stages including monopoly capitalism, state monopoly capitalism, transnational monopoly capitalism, globalized imperialism, new capitalism, green imperialism, and others. Although foreign communist parties hold diverse views on the stage of capitalist development, they generally believe that the changes in capitalist development have not resolved the inherent contradictions of capitalism, that the new social factors gestating within capitalist society are still growing, and that the inevitable demise of capitalism and the inevitable victory of socialism are irrefutable truths.

如何认识当代资本主义的发展态势，是关系到社会主义发展前途的重大理论和现实问题。在经济全球化和信息技术革命浪潮的推动下，当代资本主义发生了明显的变化。那么，资本主义究竟出现了什么样的新变化，有没有发展至一个新的阶段？近年来，国外共产党从本国实际出发，对资本主义发展阶段问题进行了独立自主的探索，形成了具有本土和时代特色的理论认知。综合来看，他们从竞争与垄断关系、空间形式、工业技术、生态环保及文化伦理等视角出发，作出了当前资本主义处于垄断资本主义、国家垄断资本主义、跨国垄断资本主义、全球化的帝国主义、新资本主义、绿色帝国主义阶段等多种判断。国外共产党虽然对资本主义发展阶段的看法是多样化的，但他们普遍认为资本主义的发展变化并未解决资本主义的固有矛盾，资本主义社会孕育的新社会因素仍在增长，资本主义必然灭亡、社会主义必然胜利是颠扑不破的真理。

I. Basic Basis for Foreign Communist Parties’ Assessment of the Stage of Capitalist Development

一、国外共产党研判资本主义发展阶段的基本依据

When judging the current stage of capitalist development, most foreign communist parties take the Marxist historical materialist principle of the historical forms of human society as their premise, Lenin’s theory of imperialism as their theoretical foundation, and changes in productive forces and relations of production as their basis for judgment.

大多数国外共产党判断当前资本主义发展阶段时，往往以马克思主义唯物史观关于人类社会历史形态的原理为立论前提，以列宁主义的“帝国主义论”为立论基点，以生产力和生产关系的变化为立论依据。

(A) Guided by the Marxist Historical Materialist View of the “Historical Epoch”

（一）以马克思主义唯物史观大的“历史时代”观为指导

Marxist historical materialism holds that the development of human society has gone through social formations such as primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and will in the future enter communist society. Marx and Engels pointed out that the modern bourgeoisie emerged from the old feudal society, undergoing a long process of development, and is “the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.” At the same time, the replacement of capitalism by a new, higher social formation, namely communist society, requires a period of revolutionary transformation, and the development of communist society itself must go through a first stage and a higher stage. In *The State and Revolution*, Lenin explicitly called the first stage of communist society socialism and the higher stage communism. “On a global scale, it is still a historical epoch in which the capitalist social formation occupies the dominant position, and this historical epoch is also one in which a new social formation—entering communist society through the transition of socialism—gradually and ultimately replaces the capitalist social formation.” Guided by the Marxist historical materialist theory of the stages of human social development, foreign communist parties generally emphasize in their party programs that the world today is in a period or epoch of transition from capitalism to socialism. In view of this, their discussions on the current stage of capitalist development are also premised on this “grand epoch.”

马克思主义唯物史观认为，人类社会的发展经历了原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会，以及未来将进入共产主义社会等社会形态。马克思恩格斯指出，现代资产阶级脱胎于旧的封建社会，经历了一个长期发展的过程，“是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物”；同时，资本主义被新的更高的社会形态，即共产主义社会替代需经历一个革命转变时期，共产主义社会的发展也要经历第一阶段和高级阶段两个阶段。列宁在《国家与革命》中更是明确地将共产主义社会第一阶段称为社会主义，将高级阶段称之为共产主义。“从全球范围来讲，现在仍然是资本主义社会形态占主要地位的历史时代，而这个历史时代又是新的社会形态即经过社会主义过渡而进入到共产主义社会，逐步最终取代资本主义社会的历史时代。”国外共产党在马克思主义唯物史观关于人类社会发展阶段理论的指导下，普遍在党纲中强调，当今世界正处于从资本主义向社会主义过渡的时期或时代。鉴于此，他们对于当前资本主义发展阶段的讨论也是建立在此“大时代”的前提下。

(B) Based on Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism

（二）以列宁的帝国主义理论为立论基点

The era of Marx and Engels was that of free competition capitalism, where industrial capital held a dominant position. In the view of Marx and Engels, “competition begets monopoly,” meaning free competition inevitably leads to monopoly, and the development of monopoly in turn requires free competition to pave the way; “monopoly can only maintain itself by continually entering into the struggle of competition.” At the end of the 19th century, with the development of productive forces and the concentration of capital, large monopoly organizations proliferated, and monopoly increasingly influenced the formation of political conditions. Based on the new changes in capitalism at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, Lenin creatively developed the Marxist theory of the laws of capitalist development, proposing the “theory of imperialism,” holding that capitalism had shifted from the stage of free competition to the stage of monopoly capitalism, i.e., the stage of imperialism. The imperialist stage is characterized by a high degree of concentration of production and capital, the formation of financial oligarchs, the prominent significance of capital export as distinct from commodity export, the formation of international monopoly alliances of capitalists, and the completion of the division of the world’s territory among the largest capitalist powers. Lenin pointed out that capitalist monopoly grows out of free competition, but it still “exists in the general environment of capitalism, commodity production, and competition, and is always in an irresolvable contradiction with this general environment,” inevitably leading to decay and stagnation. After analyzing the economic essence and characteristics of imperialism, Lenin concluded that imperialism is moribund and decaying capitalism, the eve of the socialist revolution. Lenin’s complete interpretation of the developmental characteristics of monopoly capitalism remains the basic theoretical yardstick for contemporary foreign communist parties to judge whether capitalism has undergone a qualitative change in the more than 100 years since Lenin’s theory of imperialism was proposed, how to define contemporary imperialism, and whether the conditions for socialist revolution are mature.

马克思恩格斯所处的时代是工业资本占据统治地位的自由竞争资本主义时代。在马克思恩格斯看来，“竞争产生着垄断”，即自由竞争必然导致垄断，而垄断的发展又需要自由竞争为其开路，“垄断只有不断投入竞争的斗争才能维持自己”。19世纪末，随着生产力的发展和资本的集中，大型垄断组织激增，垄断越来越多地影响政治条件的形成。列宁依据19世纪末20世纪初资本主义的新变化，创造性地发展了马克思主义关于资本主义发展规律的理论，提出了“帝国主义论”，认为资本主义已由自由竞争阶段转为垄断资本主义阶段，即帝国主义阶段。帝国主义阶段具有生产和资本的高度集中、金融寡头的形成、不同于商品输出的资本输出意义凸显、资本家国际垄断同盟的形成以及世界上的领土已被最大的资本主义大国瓜分完毕等特点。列宁指出，资本主义的垄断是从自由竞争中生长起来的，但是其仍然“处在资本主义、商品生产和竞争的一般环境里，同这种一般环境始终有无法解决的矛盾”，必然会走向腐朽和停滞。列宁在对帝国主义的经济实质和特点分析之后，得出帝国主义是腐朽的垂死的资本主义，是社会主义革命前夜的结论。列宁对于垄断资本主义发展特征的完整诠释，依然是当代国外共产党判断资本主义在列宁帝国主义论提出后100多年的发展中有无发生质变、如何定义当代帝国主义及社会主义革命的条件是否成熟的基本理论尺度。

(C) Using Changes in Productive Forces and Relations of Production as the Criterion for Judgment

（三）以生产力和生产关系的变化为判定尺度

In the *Communist Manifesto*, Marx and Engels stated: “Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones.” The continuous revolution and development of productive forces, and the corresponding revolutionary transformation of relations of production, are important features of the capitalist era. The first industrial revolution, marked by the widespread use of the steam engine in the 1760s-1770s, prompted capitalist society to develop from feudal capitalism to free competition capitalism. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, electrification and the development of monopoly organizations led capitalism into the stage of monopoly capitalism. In the current era, the arrival of a new round of technological revolution, marked by the widespread application of information technology, has brought profound changes to all fields of capitalist society: industrial structure has undergone tremendous changes, emerging industries have continuously emerged, capitalist globalization has reached an unprecedented level, and the degree of socialization of production has continuously increased. At the same time, relations of production have also undergone “a transformation from private share monopoly capital ownership to corporate share monopoly capital ownership.” [1]1 This refers to the shift from individual or family-controlled shareholding to institutional or corporate shareholding as the dominant form of capitalist ownership. For a period after World War II, some foreign communist and workers’ parties, constrained by Stalin’s theory of the “general crisis of capitalism,” [2]2 A theory advanced by Joseph Stalin in the 1920s-1950s, arguing that the world capitalist system was in a state of permanent and deepening crisis after the Russian Revolution, which some parties later criticized as overly deterministic. underestimated the development prospects of world capitalism, emphasized the theory of capitalist collapse, and committed “left” adventurist errors in formulating socialist strategies and tactics, which was detrimental to the development and progress of world socialism. Currently, most foreign communist parties are able to re-examine in their party programs the development and changes in capitalist productive forces and relations of production, and explore whether these changes are merely new features emerging in the gradual development of monopoly capitalism, or whether capitalism has undergone a partial qualitative change and thus developed into a new stage, forming a multi-dimensional interpretation of the development landscape of contemporary capitalism.

马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中提出：“生产的不断变革，一切社会状况不停的动荡，永远的不安定和变动，这就是资产阶级时代不同于过去一切时代的地方。”生产力的不断变革和发展，从而带来的生产关系的相应革命性转变是资本主义时代的重要特征。18世纪60-70年代，以蒸汽机的广泛使用为标志的第一次工业革命的发生促使资本主义社会由封建资本主义发展至自由竞争资本主义，19世纪末20世纪初，电气化和垄断组织的发展使资本主义步入到垄断资本主义阶段。当今时代，以信息技术广泛应用为标志的新一轮科技革命的到来，使资本主义社会各领域发生了深刻的变革，产业结构发生巨变，新兴产业不断涌现，资本主义全球化达到前所未有的水平，生产社会化的程度不断提高。与此同时，生产关系也经历了“从私人股份垄断资本所有制到法人股份垄断资本所有制的转化”。二战后一段时间，部分国外共产党和工人党受斯大林“资本主义总危机”理论的束缚，低估了世界资本主义的发展前景，强调资本主义崩溃论，在制定社会主义战略和策略时犯了“左”倾激进主义的错误，不利于世界社会主义的发展进步。当前，大多数国外共产党能够在党纲中重新审视资本主义生产力和生产关系的发展和变化，并就这些变化究竟是垄断资本主义在渐进式发展过程中呈现出的新特点，还是资本主义发生了局部质变，从而发展至新的阶段等问题进行了探索，形成了对当代资本主义发展图景的多维度诠释。

II. Foreign Communist Parties’ Understanding of the Current Stage of Capitalist Development

二、国外共产党对当前资本主义发展阶段的认识

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, especially after the outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis, the issue of the stage of capitalist development became a major focus for foreign communist parties. Most foreign communist parties, based on changes in the world political and economic situation and their own national conditions, have made epochal judgments on the development trend of capitalism from the perspective of the relationship between competition and monopoly. Some communist parties have put forward some new theses from diverse perspectives. Overall, the main views are as follows.

苏联解体、东欧剧变后，尤其是2008年金融危机爆发后，资本主义发展阶段问题成为国外共产党关注的一大重点。大多数国外共产党根据世界政治经济形势的变化和本国国情，在竞争与垄断的关系视角下对资本主义发展的态势作出时代化的判断，部分共产党从多样化的视角出发提出了一些新论断，总体而言主要有以下几种看法。

(A) Perspective on the Relationship between Competition and Monopoly: The Current Stage of Capitalist Development

（一）竞争与垄断关系视角：当前资本主义发展阶段

Competition and monopoly, as a pair of categories that are both interdependent and mutually opposed, the change in their relationship is an important perspective for Marxist theorists to assess the stage of capitalist development. From the perspective of the relationship between competition and monopoly, foreign communist parties generally believe that capitalism has gone through the period of primitive accumulation of capital, the stage of free competition, and the stage of monopoly capitalism in its development process. However, regarding whether current capitalism has undergone a partial qualitative change—that is, whether it has developed from the stage of monopoly capitalism to a new stage or to what stage—they have formed different views.

竞争与垄断作为一对既相互依存又相互对立的范畴，二者关系的变化是马克思主义理论家研判资本主义发展阶段的重要视角。从竞争与垄断关系的角度出发，国外共产党普遍认为资本主义在发展历程中经历了资本原始积累时期、自由竞争阶段和垄断资本主义阶段，然而，对于当前资本主义有无发生局部质变，即是否从垄断资本主义阶段发展至一个新的阶段或者发展到什么阶段，他们形成了不同的看法。

1. Capitalism is still in the monopoly capitalism stage proposed by Lenin

1. 当前资本主义仍处在列宁提出的垄断资本主义阶段

Multiple parties, including the New Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Communist Party (Italy), hold that since the 20th century, capitalism has remained in the stage of monopoly capitalism as described by Lenin, that is, the highest and final stage of capitalism. The new features and changes exhibited by contemporary capitalism—such as the global export of capital, the concentration and monopoly of financial capital, and the imperialist division and plunder of global resources—compared with Lenin’s era, only show a deepening in degree, without altering the essence of monopoly capitalism, nor changing its moribund and parasitic nature. Its moribund and parasitic character “is manifested in all production sectors, retail trade, and the circulation of money capital, and in all organizational structures and political institutions of capitalist society.” [3]3 Original source not provided in the input; the quotation is attributed to the New Communist Party of the Netherlands.

荷兰新共产党、共产党（意大利）等多个政党认为，自20世纪以来，资本主义一直处于列宁所言的垄断资本主义阶段，即资本主义的最高最后阶段。当代资本主义展现出的新特征和新变化：资本在全球的输出、金融资本的集中和垄断、帝国主义对全球资源的瓜分和掠夺等等，与列宁所处的时代相比，只是展现出了程度上的深化，并没有改变垄断资本主义的本质，也没有改变垄断资本主义垂死和腐朽的特质，其垂死性和腐朽性“表现在所有生产部门、零售业和货币资本流通中，表现在资本主义社会的所有组织结构和政治机构中”。

The New Communist Party of the Netherlands, at its Seventh National Congress in 2022, emphasized that current capitalism can only be imperialism or the monopoly capitalism stage, i.e., the decadent, moribund stage of capitalism before it is overthrown by the working class. Those petty-bourgeois assertions that imperialism has either ended or entered a new “super” or “post-imperialist” stage are usually based on misunderstandings of certain trends, such as the internationalization of production (“globalization”) or the role of the financial sector, and ultimately often serve as a roundabout way to defend the imperialist system and imperialist alliances like the European Union. The Communist Party (Italy) points out that the current stage of monopoly capitalism is characterized by the monopolistic concentration of capital and private property, leading to world resources being controlled by a tiny minority of the population and countries. According to UN data, 12 million people (0.2% of the world’s population) hold half of all assets held by the entire population, while 3 billion people hold only 4.2%. When moribund monopoly capitalism plunges the people into extreme poverty, the crises and contradictions it faces also mature, and it can no longer restart the cycle of reproduction and accumulation as in previous stages. Capitalism has reached its final stage, and socialism is the only truly alternative solution.

荷兰新共产党在2022年召开的第七次全国代表大会上强调，当前资本主义只能是帝国主义或垄断资本主义阶段，即资本主义在被工人阶级推翻之前的腐朽的、垂死的阶段，那些认为帝国主义要么已经结束，要么处于一个新的“超级”或者“后帝国主义”阶段的小资产阶级性质的论断，通常是基于对某些趋势，如生产国际化（“全球化”）或金融部门的作用的含义的误解，最终往往是伴随一种迂回的方式来为帝国主义制度和欧盟等帝国主义联盟作辩护。共产党（意大利）指出，当前垄断资本主义阶段的特点是资本和私有财产的垄断集中，导致世界资源被极少数人口和国家所控制。根据联合国的数据，当今世界上1200万人（占世界人口的0.2%）持有全部人口所持有资产的一半，而30亿人仅持有4.2%。垂死的垄断的资本主义在使人民陷入极度贫困的境地时，它自身面临的危机和矛盾也日益成熟，并且不再能够像以前阶段一样重启再生产和积累的循环，资本主义已经到了最后的阶段，社会主义是唯一真正的替代性的解决方案。

2. Current capitalism has developed from monopoly capitalism to the state monopoly capitalism stage

2. 当前资本主义已由垄断资本主义发展至国家垄断资本主义阶段

Some foreign communist parties, including the Communist Party USA, the Communist Party of Canada, the Communist Party of Spain (Workers’ Party), the People’s Progressive Party of Guyana, and the Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus, believe that in the monopoly capitalism stage, private monopoly dominates, but the present era has developed from private monopoly to state monopoly, and current capitalism is in the stage of state monopoly capitalism. The typical feature of this stage is that, driven by the socialization of production, the state increasingly intervenes directly in the economic process to safeguard the interests of monopolists, leading to an ever-greater integration of monopoly capital and state power. For example, the Communist Party of Canada states in its party program that state monopoly capitalism is a new stage where the interests of the state and finance capital are integrated, and the control of finance capital extends to all areas of the national economy and politics. At this stage, although the government appears independent of specific corporate interests, it has essentially become the main political tool for a small group of monopoly capitalists to control all spheres of society. State monopoly capitalism undermines the foundations of traditional bourgeois democracy. On the one hand, the subordination of the state to the interests of finance capital weakens the already limited role of elected governments; on the other hand, big business openly interferes in the electoral process and indirectly influences people’s thoughts and attitudes through control of the mass media, greatly diminishing the significance of elections. The Communist Party USA points out that in the stage of state monopoly capitalism, the capitalist state provides greater and more sustained economic and political support to monopoly enterprises, especially global banks and other financial industries. The U.S. government, like other imperialist states, cloaks itself in the guise of championing democracy and equality, uses foreign policy as a tool for monopoly capital accumulation, and develops international trade agreements that violate national sovereignty.

美国共产党、加拿大共产党、西班牙共产主义工人党、圭亚那人民进步党、塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党等部分国外共产党认为，在垄断资本主义阶段，私人垄断占据主导地位，当今时代已由私人垄断发展为国家垄断，当前资本主义处于国家垄断资本主义阶段。此阶段的典型特征是在生产社会化的推动下，国家为了维护垄断者的利益，越来越直接地干预经济过程，使垄断资本和国家权力愈益结合起来。譬如加拿大共产党在党纲中指出，国家垄断资本主义是国家和金融资本的利益相整合，金融资本的控制权扩展到国家经济和政治各个领域的一个新阶段。在此阶段，政府虽然看似独立于特定的企业利益之外，但实质上已成为由垄断资本家组成的小团体控制社会各领域的主要政治工具。国家垄断资本主义破坏了传统资产阶级民主的基础。一方面，国家从属于金融资本的利益削弱了民选政府本已有限的作用；另一方面，大企业公开干预选举过程，并间接通过控制大众媒体来影响人们的思想和态度，使选举的意义大打折扣。美国共产党指出，在国家垄断资本主义阶段，资本主义国家为垄断企业，尤其是全球银行等金融行业提供了更大、更持久的经济和政治支持。美国政府和其他帝国主义国家一样，披着拥护民主和平等的外衣，将外交政策作为为垄断企业积累资本的工具，还发展出侵犯国家主权的国际贸易协定。

3. Current capitalism has developed into the transnational monopoly capitalism stage

3. 当前资本主义发展至跨国垄断资本主义阶段

Some foreign communist parties believe that contemporary capitalism is not only different from the monopoly capitalism stage proposed by Lenin but has also undergone major changes compared with state monopoly capitalism, entering the stage of transnational monopoly capitalism. At this stage, large monopoly capital expands globally through carriers such as transnational corporations and international organizations, with the internationalization, centralization, and concentration of capital continuously increasing.

部分国外共产党认为，当代资本主义不仅不同于列宁所提的垄断资本主义阶段，而且与国家垄断资本主义相比也发生了大的变革，进入到跨国垄断资本主义阶段。在该阶段，大型垄断资本以跨国公司、国际组织等为载体在全球扩张，资本的国际化、中心化和集中化不断提高。

The Communist Party of Denmark, in its party program, explains the differences between transnational monopoly capitalism and the imperialist stage proposed by Lenin. First, in the stage of transnational monopoly capitalism, a new form of colonization has emerged: although some nationally independent states are no longer geopolitically subordinate to any single country, they have gradually become subordinate to the entire capitalist system and governed by the laws of capital circulation as a whole. Second, the global operation of transnational monopoly capitalism is regulated through formally highly politicized institutional rules, but in essence, it only provides a legal framework for exploitation. Third, the current development of information technology and the internet provides the technical conditions for capitalist globalization. The German Communist Party specifically analyzes the characteristics of transnational monopoly capitalism. On the one hand, the last barriers of domestic markets are gradually being dismantled, and the world market is increasingly becoming a unified global arena for capitalist competition. Transnational corporations and transnational financial groups have become the decisive forms of dominant capital and capital relations in the world market; transnational corporations can obstruct and intervene in national economic policies to secure the most profitable conditions for their operations. On the other hand, national and supranational institutions play a prominent role in resolving the conflicts of interest, intensified competition, and contradictions among transnational corporations, between transnational corporations and state monopoly capital, and between monopoly and non-monopoly capital that arise in the current stage of capitalist economic development. The Lebanese Communist Party, in its newly adopted party program in 2021, states that the capitalist world is witnessing a series of quantitative and qualitative changes, the most prominent of which is the transition from state monopoly capitalism to international monopoly capitalism. Twenty-first-century capitalism differs from the prevalent model of monopoly capitalism. Today, the G7, transnational corporations, nations, and powerful international organizations have transformed the world into a unified capital domain within an intersecting global network, where barriers to capital are eliminated and the role of states and governments in society is weakened.

丹麦共产党在党纲中阐释了跨国垄断资本主义与列宁所提的帝国主义阶段的不同。第一，在跨国垄断资本主义阶段，诞生了一种新的殖民形式，即一些民族独立国家虽在地缘政治意义上不再隶属于任何一个国家，但是它们却逐渐从属于整个资本主义体系，受整个资本运转规律的支配。第二，跨国垄断资本主义在全球的运作是通过形式上高度政治化的制度条例进行规范的，但实质上只是为剥削提供了合法性的框架。第三，当前信息技术和互联网的发展为资本主义全球化提供了技术条件。德国的共产党具体分析了跨国垄断资本主义的特点。一方面，国内市场的最后一道屏障正逐渐被拆除，世界市场日益成为资本主义竞争的全球统一场域，跨国公司和跨国金融集团已成为世界市场上主导资本和资本关系的决定形式，跨国公司可以阻挠和干预国家的经济政策，从而为其运营争取最有利可图的条件；另一方面，国家和超国家机构在解决现阶段资本主义在经济发展中面临的利益冲突、竞争加剧以及跨国公司之间、跨国公司与国家垄断资本之间、垄断资本与非垄断资本之间的矛盾中发挥了突出作用。黎巴嫩共产党在2021年新通过的党纲中表示，资本主义世界正在见证一系列量的和质的变化，其中最突出的是：从国家垄断资本主义向国际垄断资本主义的转变，21世纪的资本主义已不同于垄断资本主义盛行的模式，今天七国集团、跨国公司、民族和强大的国际组织将世界转变为交叉的全球网络中一个统一的资本领域，资本的障碍被消除，国家和政府在社会中的作用被减弱。

(2) Spatial form perspective: the imperialist stage of globalization

（二）空间形式视角：全球化的帝国主义阶段

Domestic scholars Li Cong and Zhang Yu argue that, from a spatial form perspective, capitalism has undergone “the development of national capitalism, international capitalism, and global capitalism.” [4]4 Li Cong and Zhang Yu, as cited in the original text; no further bibliographic details given. Some foreign communist parties, such as the Polish Communist Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist), also adopt a spatial form perspective to view the current stage of capitalist development, holding that capitalism has entered the “imperialist stage of globalization.” Foreign communist parties holding this view emphasize that an important feature of this stage is “the expansion of Western monopoly capitalism into every corner of the five continents,” along with its control over global politics, economics, and military affairs.

国内学者李琮和张宇认为，从空间形式上看，资本主义经历了“民族资本主义、国际资本主义和全球资本主义的发展”。部分国外共产党如波兰共产党、印度共产党（马克思主义）也采用空间形式的视角来看待当前资本主义的发展阶段，认为资本主义已步入“全球化的帝国主义”阶段。持此观点的国外共产党强调，该阶段一个重要特点是“西方垄断资本主义向全球五大洲各个角落扩张”，以及对全世界政治、经济和军事的控制。

The Polish Communist Party, in its party program, elucidates the distinctive features of the imperialist stage of globalization. On the one hand, at the international level, this is manifested in large industrial enterprises opening up and controlling the global market, carrying out economic plunder worldwide. “Third World countries” have been transformed into production factories for imperialism, suffering multiple forms of exploitation and oppression, such as cheap labor, forced child labor, deprivation of agricultural land and drinking water sources, ecological destruction, and ever-increasing foreign debt. This has created a huge imbalance in development between the imperialist countries and the countries they exploit. On the other hand, while carrying out economic plunder, imperialism also attempts to exercise political and military domination globally, undermining the right of nations to self-determination. For example, US imperialism, under the pretext of defending human rights or preventing terrorism, flagrantly interferes in the internal affairs of other countries and openly launches military aggression, triggering a series of bloody coups and international conflicts. The Communist Party of India (Marxist), in a resolution adopted at its 20th National Congress, emphasizes that an important feature of the imperialist stage of globalization is the accumulation and concentration of international financial capital. The state, as a machine for the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, openly destroys democratic institutions, abandons social responsibility, and its role is adjusted at any time to serve the interests of international financial corporations, acting as an umbrella for international financial institutions. However, the dominant position of international financial corporations does not mean the cessation of contradictions among imperialist powers. The law of uneven development of capitalism inevitably intensifies conflicts of interest between the core capitalist regions. At the same time, in this stage, imperialist countries pursue hegemonic ideological policies internationally. First, imperialism equates democracy with the free market, and under the cloak of democracy, through military and political intervention, challenges regimes that oppose neoliberalism and the free market. Second, under the banner of defending “human rights” and “universal values,” it openly carries out military intervention against independent sovereign states. Finally, it uses public opinion to incite anti-communist rhetoric, equating communism with totalitarianism and fascism.

波兰共产党在党纲中阐释了全球化的帝国主义阶段的鲜明特征。一方面，在国际社会上体现为大型工业企业开拓并掌握全球市场，在全球进行经济掠夺，“第三世界国家”已变为帝国主义的生产工厂，正在遭受着多种形式的剥削和压迫，比如低廉的劳动力、儿童被强迫工作、农业用地和饮用水源被剥夺、生态遭到破坏以及外债不断增加，这造成了帝国主义国家与受其剥削的国家之间发展的巨大不平衡。另一方面，在开展经济掠夺的同时，帝国主义还试图在全球开展政治和军事统治，破坏各国的自决权，如美帝国主义以捍卫人权或防止恐怖主义为借口，肆意干预他国内政和公开发动军事侵略，引发一系列血腥政变和国际争端。印度共产党（马克思主义）在第二十次全国代表大会上发布的决议中强调，全球化的帝国主义阶段一个重要特征是国际金融资本的积聚和集中，而国家作为资产阶级专政的机器，公然破坏民主制度，放弃社会责任，其角色随时为了促进国际金融公司的利益而调整，充当了国际金融机构的保护伞。但是，国际金融公司的优势主导地位并不意味着帝国主义之间矛盾的停止，资本主义发展不平衡规律的存在，使得资本主义中心地带之间的利益冲突必然加剧。与此同时，在该阶段，帝国主义国家在国际上奉行霸权主义的意识形态政策。首先，帝国主义将民主等同于自由市场，披着民主的外衣，通过军事和政治干预，挑战反对新自由主义和自由市场的政权；其次，打着维护“人权”和“普世价值”的旗帜，公然对独立的主权国家进行军事干预；最后，借助舆论煽动反共主义言论，将共产主义等同于极权主义和法西斯主义。

(III) Industrial-Technological Perspective: The Digital Capitalism Stage

（三）工业技术视角：数字资本主义阶段

Some foreign communist parties adopt an industrial-technological perspective to assess the new situation of capitalism, arguing that under the impetus of the information technology revolution, capitalism has developed into a stage of digital capitalism. In this stage, capitalism achieves “digital hegemony through digital capital, digital technology, and digital platforms.”

部分国外共产党采用工业技术的视角来研判资本主义的新态势，认为在信息技术革命的推动下，资本主义已发展至数字资本主义阶段，在此阶段资本主义通过“数字资本、数字技术和数字平台实现数字霸权”。

In recent years, the Spanish Communist Party’s newspaper, *Mundo Obrero*, has published several articles analyzing the nature and characteristics of digital capitalism. For example, an article titled “Fighting the New Forms of Exploitation of Human Labor: The Digital Specter” points out that digital capitalism encompasses all economic and social activities, including various forms of online commerce, conducted through digital platforms or technological frameworks. Digital capitalism deepens the exploitation of labor through digital platforms. First, in the field of digital labor, digital platforms become genuine labor intermediaries, blurring the already abused traditional “employment relationship.” The employer’s presence completely disappears, and the supervision and evaluation of workers are handled by algorithms and customers, which in effect creates a double enslavement of workers. Second, digital capitalism blurs the boundary between producers and consumers. Users are both users and consumers of digital platforms, and at the same time, during use, they contribute data and online opinions to tech giants for free, acting as substitutes for workers (e.g., market researchers). This also shows that the exploitative methods of digital capitalism are more concealed. Third, in the stage of digital capitalism, the invention and application of robots and automation technology are dissolving “work” or the “concept of work.” The article concludes by stating that in the face of the problems brought by digital capitalism, it is necessary for the state, society, and the broad working class to coordinate multiple forces to formulate response policies. José Luis Centella, Chairman of the Communist Party of Spain, in his article “The Development of 5G Technology and Its Impact on Our Lives,” proposes that in the face of digital capitalism, a democratic, advanced, and environmentally sustainable technological alternative should be established, so that the progress of science and technology can benefit all people on Earth.

近年来，西班牙共产党党报《工人世界》相继发布了多篇阐释和分析数字资本主义的本质和特征的文章。如《与剥削人类劳动的新形式：数字幽灵作斗争》一文指出，数字资本主义就是通过数字平台或技术框架进行的包括各种在线商务在内的所有经济和社会活动。数字资本主义借助数字平台进一步加深了对劳动力的剥削。其一，在数字劳动领域，数字平台成为真正的劳动中介，模糊了本已被滥用的传统“雇佣关系”，雇主的身影完全消失，对工人的监督和评估由算法和客户来处理，这其实无形中形成了对工人的双重奴役；其二，数字资本主义使生产者和消费者的界限变得模糊，用户既是数字平台的使用者和消费者，同时也在使用过程中无偿地为科技巨头贡献了数据和在线意见，充当了工人（如市场研究人员）的替代者，这也可以看出数字资本主义的剥削方式更加隐蔽；其三，在数字资本主义阶段，机器人和自动化技术的发明和应用，正在消解“工作”或者“工作概念”。文末表示，面对数字资本主义带来的问题，需要国家、社会和广大工人阶级多方力量协同起来制定应对政策。西班牙共产党主席何塞·路易斯·森特利亚在其文章《5G技术的发展及其对我们生活的影响》中提出，面对数字资本主义，应建立一种民主的、先进的和环境可持续的技术替代方案，以便科学技术的进步能够惠及地球上所有的人民。

(IV) Ecological and Environmental Perspective: The Green Imperialism Stage

（四）生态环保视角：绿色帝国主义阶段

Ecological and environmental protection is a key issue of concern for foreign communist parties in the post-materialist era. Currently, some foreign communist parties, when defining the stage of capitalist development, adopt an ecological and environmental protection perspective to examine this issue, emphasizing that capitalism has moved towards a stage of “green imperialism.” In this stage, “capitalist powers use environmental protection as a pretext to maintain neocolonialism, in order to secure their position in a changing world.”

生态环保是后物质主义时代国外共产党关注的重点议题。当前，部分国外共产党在界定资本主义发展阶段时，采用了生态环境保护的视角来看待此问题，强调资本主义已走向“绿色帝国主义”的阶段。在此阶段，“资本主义大国以环境保护为借口来维持新殖民主义，以维护其在不断变化的世界中的地位”。

The Communist Party of Norway, in its newly revised party program of 2015, clearly states that “capitalism seems to have reached a stage we can call ‘green imperialism’.” The party emphasizes that economic exploitation and resource plunder are the core driving forces of capitalism. Capitalism’s so-called “green transition” only serves to earn dividends and profits, doing almost nothing to help solve the climate crisis. For example, plans to buy and sell “climate quotas” or “carbon quotas” will not reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but will only help the rich accumulate wealth on the stock exchange. Therefore, the struggle to protect the climate and environment is closely linked to the struggle for social justice and peace. If the economic and political system that exploits people and nature is not changed, then no environmental or climate crisis can be resolved. The Communist Party of Finland, at the 21st International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, pointed out: “We regard the current stage of capitalism as ‘green imperialism.’ Green imperialism is an insidious example of capitalism capturing ‘good’ things to serve its own policies.” Specifically, capitalist hegemony uses the pretext of responding to the environmental crisis to vigorously promote imperialist projects. Moreover, capitalist hegemony capitalizes on the so-called “green” environmental movement, reducing it to merely advocating for environmental protection, without any exposure of the institutional factors causing environmental pollution, thus degenerating into a tool for optimizing capitalism. To this end, the party emphasizes that only by establishing a truly anti-capitalist and socialist-based “proletarian environmental movement” can the global environmental crisis be thoroughly resolved.

挪威共产党在2015年新修订的党纲中明确指出，“资本主义似乎已经到了我们可以称之为‘绿色帝国主义’的阶段”。该党强调，经济剥削和资源掠夺是资本主义的核心驱动力，资本主义所谓的“绿色转型”，只是服务于赚取股息和利润，对解决气候危机几乎没有帮助。例如买卖“气候配额”或者“碳配额”的计划不会减少二氧化碳排放，而只会帮助证券交易所的富人积累财富。因此，保护气候和环境的斗争是与争取社会正义与和平的斗争密切相关的，如果不改变剥削人和自然的经济政治体系，那么将无法解决任何环境和气候危机。芬兰共产党在第21次共产党和工人党国际会议上指出，我们把资本主义的当前阶段视为“绿色帝国主义”。“绿色帝国主义”是资本主义捕捉“好”的事物以服务于自己政策的阴险例子。具体而言，即资本主义霸权以应对环境危机为借口，大肆推行帝国主义方案。不仅如此，资本主义霸权还将所谓的“绿色”环境运动资本化，使得这种“绿色”环保运动仅仅停留在倡议环境保护的层面，丝毫不去揭露致使环境污染的制度因素，沦为了优化资本主义的工具。为此，该党强调只有建立一个真正反资本主义和基于社会主义的“无产阶级环保运动”，才能够彻底解决全球环境危机。

(V) Cultural-Ethical Perspective: The New Capitalism Stage

（五）文化伦理视角：新资本主义阶段

Both the Communist Refoundation Party of Italy and the Colombian Communist Party refer to the current stage of capitalism as “new capitalism” in their party programs. Unlike the Communist Refoundation Party of Italy, which comprehensively examines the revolutionary transformation of capitalism from multiple aspects such as political system, capital composition, nation-state, international relations, labor structure, and material changes, the Colombian Communist Party focuses on analyzing the changes in capitalism from the level of cultural-ethical values. The Colombian Communist Party points out that the process of production and wealth concentration not only leads to changes in capitalist economic behavior but is also reflected in the social, political, and ethical spheres. Currently, selfishness, competition, money, and cronyism have become the ethical principles of the new capitalism stage. These principles, combined with historical practices such as patronage and corruption, constitute the logical connotation of the cultural values of contemporary capitalist society. These ethical values are imposed on human subjective activities and are fully manifested in the daily practices of society.

意大利重建共产党及哥伦比亚共产党都在党纲中将当前资本主义阶段称之为“新资本主义”。不同于意大利重建共产党从政治体制、资本构成、民族国家、国际关系、劳动结构、物质变化等多个方面综合审视资本主义的革命性变革，哥伦比亚共产党重在从文化伦理价值观的层面分析资本主义的变化。哥伦比亚共产党指出，生产和财富集中的过程，不仅会导致资本主义经济行为发生变化，也会体现在社会、政治和伦理领域。当前，自私、竞争、金钱、任人唯亲已成为新资本主义阶段的伦理原则，这些原则与历史上的庇护、腐败等作风结合在一起，构成了当代资本主义社会文化价值观的逻辑内涵。这些伦理价值观被强加于人的主观活动中，并在社会日常实践中全部显现出来。

III. Foreign Communist Parties’ Strategic Responses to the New Changes in Capitalism

三、国外共产党应对资本主义新变化的战略策略

As the Party for Socialism and Liberation in the United States states in its party program: “Only by taking the international situation as our starting point can our strategy and tactics meet the needs of the working class and oppressed peoples worldwide.” Strategy is a long-term plan that governs the overall situation, while tactics or stratagems are the specific methods for achieving strategic goals. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the strategies formulated by foreign communist parties present two paths: one advocates the theory of the timeliness of socialist revolution, immediately overthrowing capitalist rule through revolution; the other advocates combining parliamentary and extra-parliamentary struggle methods, gradually overthrowing capitalism in stages. As for how to achieve these strategic goals, certain specific implementation tactics formulated by foreign communist parties share commonalities.

正如美国争取社会主义与解放党在党纲中所言：“只有以国际形势为出发点，我们的战略和战术才能顺应全世界工人阶级和被压迫人民的需要。”战略是统筹全局的长期规划，策略或战术是实现战略目标的具体方式。通过对比分析发现，国外共产党制定的战略呈现出两种路径：一条是主张社会主义革命及时论，立即通过革命推翻资本主义的统治；一条是主张将议会内和议会外的斗争手段结合起来，分阶段循序渐进推翻资本主义。而对于如何实现这些战略目标，国外共产党制定的某些具体的实施策略又具有共同之处。

(I) Two divergent strategic choices have emerged: the “theory of the timeliness of socialist revolution” and “gradually replacing capitalism”

（一）形成了“社会主义革命及时论”和“循序渐进替代资本主义”两种差异性的战略选择

Although foreign communist parties judge the current stage of capitalism from different perspectives, overall they exhibit two basic attitudes toward the development and changes of capitalism: one holds that the current new changes in capitalism are inevitable phenomena in the gradual development of monopoly capitalism, not involving changes in its essence; current capitalism remains decadent and moribund imperialism, the eve of socialist revolution. The other holds that capitalism has undergone partial qualitative changes, moving from one stage to another new stage; capitalism still has room for development, and there is still a long way to go to overthrow capitalism. Based on the understanding of whether the stage of capitalist development has changed or not, two divergent strategic positions have formed.

国外共产党虽然从不同视角出发对资本主义当前处于何种阶段作出了判断，但总体而言对资本主义的发展变化呈现出两种基本态度：一种认为当前资本主义的新变化是垄断资本主义在渐进式发展过程中呈现出的必然现象，并未涉及到其本质的变化，当前资本主义仍是腐朽的垂死的帝国主义，是社会主义革命的前夜；另一种则认为当前资本主义发生了局部的质变，已从一个阶段发展到另一个新阶段，资本主义还具有发展的空间，要想推翻资本主义，还有很长的路要走。基于资本主义发展阶段变与不变的认识，形成了两种差异性的战略定位。

1. Advocating the launch of socialist revolution to overthrow moribund imperialism

1. 主张发起社会主义革命，推翻垂死的帝国主义

Some foreign communist parties believe that capitalism is still in the stage of monopoly capitalism, that imperialism is the eve of the proletarian socialist revolution, and emphasize the timeliness and necessity of achieving socialism. The Communist Party (Italy) points out that current monopoly capitalism is dragging the earth and humanity into an abyss composed of economic crisis, war, poverty, hunger, disease, and environmental destruction. Socialism-communism is the only genuine alternative solution, but criticism and condemnation are insufficient to defeat the United States, the European Union, and other imperialist countries; the only way is to overthrow capitalism through revolution and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. The New Communist Party of the Netherlands criticizes reformist views and actions that mislead the direction of the anti-imperialist movement and hinder the outbreak of socialist revolution: first, weakening the contradiction between imperialism and socialism, elevating the international contrast between the “West” and the “Global South” or the “center” and the “periphery” to the central contradiction; second, simplifying imperialism into aggressive foreign policy, ignoring the economic base of monopoly capitalism and other important aspects, attempting to conceal the nature of imperialism; third, labeling all African, South American, and other countries as “dependent states” or “neo-colonies,” emphasizing that they should first complete national liberation struggles or bourgeois revolutions, thereby delaying and ultimately canceling socialist revolution.

部分国外共产党认为资本主义仍处于垄断资本主义阶段，帝国主义是无产阶级社会主义革命的前夜，强调社会主义实现的及时性和必要性。共产党（意大利）指出，当前垄断资本主义正在将地球和人类拖入由经济危机、战争、贫困、饥饿、疾病和环境破坏构成的深渊。社会主义-共产主义是唯一真正的替代解决方案，但是批判和谴责并不足以击败美国、欧盟和其他帝国主义国家，唯一的办法是用革命推翻资本主义，建立无产阶级政权。荷兰新共产党批判了误导反帝国主义运动的方向，阻碍社会主义革命爆发的改良主义观点和行为：一是弱化帝国主义和社会主义之间的矛盾，将“西方”与“全球南方”或“中心”和“外围”之间的国际对比上升为中心矛盾；二是把帝国主义简单化为侵略性的外交政策，忽略垄断资本主义的经济基础和其他重要方面，试图掩盖帝国主义的性质；三是将所有非洲、南美洲等国家都贴上“附属国”或“新殖民地”的标签，强调它们应首先完成民族解放斗争或者资产阶级革命，拖延并最终取消社会主义革命。

2. Advocating the gradual realization of socialism

2. 主张循序渐进实现社会主义

Some foreign communist parties believe that the transition from capitalism to socialism is long-term, that replacing capitalism cannot be achieved overnight, and that realizing socialism involves arduousness and complexity. On the one hand, they have formulated “two-stage” or “three-stage” strategic goals for the struggle for socialism. For example, the Communist Party USA, the Portuguese Communist Party, the German Communist Party, the Japanese Communist Party, etc., believe that the path to socialism must pass through “the stage of democratic revolution and the stage of socialist revolution”; the South African Communist Party advocates that the realization of socialism must go through “the stage of national democratic revolution and the stage of socialist revolution”; the Communist Party of Brazil believes that Brazil’s transition to socialism must go through three stages: preparation, socialization, and comprehensive socialist construction; and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, in its party program, proposes three stages for achieving strategic goals of socialism by peaceful means, etc. On the other hand, they also advocate establishing a distinct alternative system different from the global capitalist system. The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, the Communist Party of Kenya, and other parties emphasize that concepts proposed by the Communist Party of China, such as a community with a shared future for mankind and Chinese-path modernization, provide new solutions that can serve as references for replacing the capitalist development model. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) believes that the left-wing forces in many Latin American countries coming to power through democratic elections is a positive development challenging imperialism and neoliberalism, providing an important reference for world socialist forces to replace capitalism. In addition, some communist parties are also exploring paths to socialism suited to their own national conditions.

部分国外共产党认为，资本主义向社会主义过渡具有长期性，替代资本主义难以一蹴而就，实现社会主义存在着艰巨性和复杂性。一方面，他们制定了争取社会主义斗争的“两阶段”或“三阶段”战略目标。比如：美国共产党、葡萄牙共产党、德国的共产党、日本共产党等认为走向社会主义要经过“民主革命阶段和社会主义革命阶段”，南非共产党主张社会主义实现需经历“民族民主革命和社会主义革命阶段”，巴西共产党认为巴西过渡到社会主义要经过预备、社会主义化和全面建设社会主义三个阶段，以及俄罗斯联邦共产党在党纲中提出的以和平方式实现社会主义战略目标的三个阶段等等。另一方面，他们还主张应建立一套不同于全球资本主义体系的鲜明替代方案。摩尔多瓦共产党人党、肯尼亚共产党等政党强调中国共产党提出的人类命运共同体、中国式现代化等理念为替代资本主义发展模式提供了可供借鉴的新方案。印度共产党（马克思主义）认为，拉丁美洲许多国家的左翼力量通过民主选举上台执政，是向帝国主义和新自由主义发起挑战的积极进展，为世界社会主义力量提供了替代资本主义的重要方案参考。除此之外，部分共产党也在探索适合本国国情的走向社会主义的道路。

(II) Formulating some common anti-capitalist struggle tactics

（二）制定了一些共性的反资本主义斗争策略

Whether it is communist parties that advocate overthrowing capitalism in one fell swoop through revolution or those that advocate gradually replacing capitalism, they all recognize the importance of uniting the broad masses at home and abroad under the leadership of the communist party to jointly oppose capitalism.

无论是主张通过革命一举推翻资本主义的共产党还是主张循序渐进替代资本主义的共产党，都认识到在共产党的带领下，团结国内外广大民众，合力反对资本主义的重要性。

1. Uniting domestic masses to establish a people’s power alliance

1. 团结国内民众，建立人民力量联盟

Foreign communist parties believe that establishing a power alliance of the broad masses, including the proletariat, domestically is an important way to counter the offensives of domestic monopoly capital and the government. The Communist Party of Canada, in its party program, points out that social strata such as peasants, intellectuals, small business owners, professionals, youth, indigenous peoples, and women share common interests with the working class in opposing the exploitation of financial capital; uniting these forces to form a broad alliance is key to confronting monopoly capital and the government’s reactionary policies, safeguarding people’s economic and political interests, and thereby striving for social progress and change. The Communist Party USA emphasizes that advancing to the anti-monopoly stage becomes possible only when all those who, like the working class, regard monopoly power as an enemy unite. In this process, a large and growing left wing is crucial for maintaining the unity and development of the anti-monopoly people’s power alliance; it is conducive to coordinating the relationships among the multiracial, multiethnic, and multi-gender working class and all people oppressed by race, women, and youth groups.

国外共产党认为，在国内建立包括无产阶级在内的广大民众的力量联盟，是对抗国内垄断资本和政府攻势的重要方式。加拿大共产党在党纲中指出，农民、知识分子、小企业主、专业人士、青年、土著居民以及妇女等社会阶层与工人阶级在反对金融资本的剥削方面具有共同的利益，将这些力量联合起来，形成广泛的联盟，是与垄断资本和政府反动政策相对抗，维护人们的经济和政治利益，进而争取社会进步和变革的关键。美国共产党强调，只有当所有与工人阶级一样视垄断权力为敌人的人联合起来的时候，推进到反垄断阶段才成为可能。在此过程中，一个庞大的且不断壮大的左翼对于维持反垄断人民力量联盟的统一和发展至关重要，它有利于协调多种族、多民族、多性别的工人阶级与所有受种族压迫的人民、妇女、青年群体的关系。

2. Strengthening international unity to establish an anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly front

2. 增强国际联合，建立反帝反垄断阵线

Foreign communist parties point out that in the current era, the tentacles of capital have reached globally, and imperialism has launched a fierce offensive worldwide. Faced with this situation, communists, on the basis of leading the construction of a domestic people’s power alliance, must also focus on strengthening international unity and building an international anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly front. The Russian Party of Communists, in its party program, emphasizes that the communist movement is international; currently, world communists must unite to oppose capitalist globalization, express solidarity with the struggles of the world’s left wing, the proletariat, and oppressed nations for peace and security, and defend the sovereignty of socialist countries and countries pursuing anti-imperialist policies—this is the duty of all communists. The Communist Party of Spain, in the resolution adopted at its 20th National Congress, formulated short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals for strengthening the international anti-imperialist force alliance. In the short term, rebuild and restore bilateral relations with parties and organizations that have lost contact; in the medium term, actively participate in and organize international forums, and strive to strengthen ties with anti-imperialist movement organizations such as the Women’s International Democratic Federation and the World Peace Council; in the long term, establish a new great anti-imperialist front alliance, which will prioritize defending the people, while avoiding Eurocentrism and paternalistic dogmatism, and commit to becoming a fulcrum for coordinating social change processes and anti-imperialist struggle across all continents.

国外共产党指出，当今时代资本的魔爪已伸向全球，帝国主义在全世界展开了猛烈的攻势，面对此情势，共产党人在主导建设国内人民力量联盟的基础上，也要注重增强国际联合，构建国际反帝反垄断阵线。俄罗斯共产党人党在党纲中强调，共产主义运动是国际性的，当前世界共产主义者必须联合起来反对资本主义全球化，声援世界左翼、无产阶级和受压迫民族维护和平与安全的斗争，捍卫社会主义国家和反帝国主义政策国家的主权，这是所有共产主义者的义务。西班牙共产党在第二十次全国代表大会上通过的决议中，制定了增强国际反帝力量联盟的短期、中期和长期目标。从短期来看，重建和恢复与已经失去联系的政党和组织的双边关系；从中期来看，积极参与和组织国际性的论坛，并着力增强与国际妇女联合会和世界和平委员会等反帝国主义运动组织的联系；从长远看，建立一个新的伟大的反帝国主义阵线联盟，这一联盟将把保卫人民放在首位，同时该联盟将回避欧洲中心主义和家长式的教条主义，致力于成为世界各大洲协同一致捍卫社会变革进程和反帝国主义侵略斗争的支点。

IV. Evaluation of Foreign Communist Parties’ Understanding of the New Stage of Capitalist Development

四、对国外共产党关于资本主义发展新阶段认识的评析

Starting from their own national realities, foreign communist parties have conducted independent explorations of the current stage of capitalist development, forming theoretical viewpoints with unique local and contemporary characteristics. Overall, the perspectives of foreign communist parties on the stage of capitalist development are novel, some theoretical viewpoints possess a certain degree of scientificity and innovation, while some understandings merit further discussion.

国外共产党从本国实际出发，对当前资本主义发展阶段进行了独立自主的探索，形成了独具本土和时代特色的理论观点。总体而言，国外共产党对资本主义发展阶段的认识视角新颖，部分理论观点具有一定的科学性和创新性，同时也有一些认知值得进一步探讨。

(I) Foreign communist parties’ judgments on the current development trend of capitalism share commonalities amid differences

（一）国外共产党对当前资本主义发展态势的判断异中有同

Although foreign communist parties have diverse perspectives on the current stage of capitalist development, they agree on certain basic issues. On the one hand, foreign communist parties generally believe that the new changes and new developments of capitalism have not resolved capitalism’s inherent contradictions. The contradictions of contemporary capitalist society are intensifying, with frequent political, economic, and social crises. On the other hand, the new developments of capitalism have created material conditions for the realization of socialism, and the new social factors gestating within capitalist society are growing. For example, the German Communist Party holds that “today, the process of capital concentration promotes the formation of new, even higher stages of monopoly and the development of the socialization of production. Compared with Lenin’s era, the material prerequisites for socialism to replace capitalism are further taking shape.” The Communist Party of Greece states that “over the past 20 years, the socialist material prerequisites in Greece have been further developed,” and that “the material prerequisites for the realization of socialism in Greece stem from the development of Greek capitalist productive forces, from the sharpening of the basic contradictions of capitalism and its overall contradictions.” The Communist Party of Canada proposes that “capitalism in Canada and the world today is a crisis-ridden, decaying system, but it is gestating its opposite, socialism.”

虽然国外共产党对当前资本主义发展阶段的认识视角多元化，但是在一些基本问题上看法一致。一方面，国外共产党普遍认为，资本主义的新变化和新发展并没有解决资本主义的固有矛盾。当前资本主义社会矛盾愈益激化，政治、经济和社会危机频发。另一方面，资本主义的新发展为社会主义的实现创造了物质条件，资本主义社会内部孕育着的新社会因素在增长。比如：德国的共产党认为，“今天，资本的集中化过程，促进了新的、甚至高阶段的垄断的形成和生产社会化的发展。与列宁时代相比，社会主义取代资本主义的物质前提在进一步形成。”希腊共产党表示，“在过去的20年里，希腊的社会主义物质先决条件得到了进一步发展”，“希腊实现社会主义的物质前提源于希腊资本主义生产力的发展，源于资本主义基本矛盾及其整体矛盾的尖锐化”。加拿大共产党提出，“加拿大和当今世界的资本主义是一个危机四伏的腐朽体系，但是它孕育了其对立面社会主义。”

(II) Foreign communist parties’ judgments on the current stage of capitalist development possess a certain degree of innovation and progressiveness

（二）国外共产党对当前资本主义发展阶段的判断具有一定的创新性和进步性

Adhering to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, foreign communist parties keep pace with the times, forge ahead with innovation, and analyze the characteristics and essence of contemporary capitalism from perspectives such as the relationship between competition and monopoly, spatial forms, industrial technology, ecological environmental protection, and cultural ethics. They have formed a systematic understanding of the current stage of capitalist development and creatively developed the classical Marxist writers’ theories on the laws of capitalist development. At the same time, judging the stage of capitalist development is the foundation and prerequisite for formulating strategies and tactics in the struggle for socialism, and it concerns the direction of practical struggle. For instance, communist parties in some Nordic countries point out that capitalism has now developed to the stage of green imperialism, and their strategic objectives emphasize the establishment of a “green socialist society”: a truly environmentally protective, sustainable society. Theory guides practice, and they have accordingly carried out many protest marches with environmental protection as the theme. Furthermore, strategic proposals put forward by foreign communist parties, such as the anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly front and the people’s power alliance, have also been put into practice in struggles both inside and outside parliament. Parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party, the South African Communist Party, and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) have adopted methods such as forming left-wing front alliances to participate in parliamentary elections. The Labor Party of Austria has established an anti-imperialist youth united front organization. The Communist Party of Greece has led the establishment of the All Workers’ Militant Front organization, among others. Internationally, foreign communist parties also enhance the united momentum of world socialist forces by issuing joint statements, establishing regional organizations, convening international conferences, developing international propaganda media, and offering mutual support and solidarity.

国外共产党坚持马克思主义的立场、观点和方法，与时俱进，开拓创新，从竞争与垄断关系、空间形式、工业技术、生态环保及文化伦理等视角出发，分析了当前资本主义的特征和本质，形成了对当前资本主义发展阶段的系统认知，创造性地发展了马克思主义经典作家关于资本主义发展规律的理论。同时，对资本主义发展阶段进行研判是制定争取社会主义斗争战略和策略的基础和前提，关系到实践斗争的方向。比如北欧一些国家的共产党指出，当前资本主义已发展至绿色帝国主义阶段，他们制定的战略目标中即强调要建立“绿色的社会主义社会”：一个真正的保护环境、可持续发展的社会。理论是实践的先导，他们据此开展了诸多以环保为主题的示威游行行动。此外，国外共产党提出的反帝反垄断阵线、人民力量联盟等策略主张也在议会内外的斗争中得以践行。巴西共产党、南非共产党、印度共产党（马克思主义）等政党都采取了组建左翼阵线联盟等方式参与议会选举，奥地利劳动党创建了反帝国主义青年统一战线组织，希腊共产党领导建立了全体工人战斗阵线组织等等。在国际上，国外共产党还通过发布联合声明、建立区域组织、召开国际会议、发展国际宣传媒介以及互助声援等方式增强世界社会主义力量之间的联合之势。

(III) Some theoretical understandings of the current stage of capitalist development by foreign communist parties warrant further discussion

（三）国外共产党对当前资本主义发展阶段的部分理论认知值得进一步商榷

Some parties emphasize that capitalism is in the stage of globalized imperialism, arguing that from a spatial perspective, capitalism has expanded to every corner of the globe. This view undoubtedly confuses the two concepts of “capital” and “capitalism.” Economic globalization is the globalization of elements such as capital, trade, technology, and services; that is, the globalization of capital does not represent the globalization of capitalism. Capitalism is a social system and mode of production, a concept opposed to the socialist system. Currently, there are still five socialist countries in the world: China, Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, and the DPRK. Among them, socialist China, under the leadership of the Communist Party, has achieved remarkable development accomplishments and has become the backbone force promoting the revitalization of world socialism. Therefore, it is difficult for contemporary capitalism to develop into globalized imperialism. Moreover, some foreign communist parties believe that contemporary capitalism is still in the stage of monopoly capitalism as described by Lenin, and accordingly formulate strategic proposals for launching a socialist revolution in a timely manner, with their theoretical understanding tending toward conservatism. After Lenin proposed the stage of monopoly capitalism, over the past hundred-plus years, capitalism has undergone major changes in various fields. Capitalist society is vastly different from earlier primitive, slave, and feudal societies; “its developmental stages are very pronounced, and the transition (or passage) from one stage to the next is extremely prominent.” At the same time, the productive forces of contemporary capitalism are still developing, and the replacement of capitalism by a new, higher social form cannot be accomplished overnight. Moreover, the theme of the world has changed from revolution and war in Lenin’s era to peace and development. Unconditionally advocating socialist revolution is difficult for the broad masses to accept. (Notes omitted)

有的政党强调资本主义处于全球化的帝国主义阶段，认为当前资本主义从空间形式上看，已扩张至全球各个角落，此观点无疑混淆了“资本”和“资本主义”两种概念。经济全球化是资本、贸易、技术和服务等要素的全球化，也就是说，资本的全球化并不代表资本主义的全球化。资本主义是一种社会制度和生产方式，是与社会主义制度相对立的概念，目前全世界还有中国、越南、古巴、老挝和朝鲜五个社会主义国家，其中社会主义中国在共产党领导下，取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，成为推动世界社会主义振兴的中坚力量，因此，当前资本主义难以发展为全球化的帝国主义。再者，部分国外共产党认为当前资本主义仍处于列宁所言的垄断资本主义阶段，并据此制定了及时发动社会主义革命的战略主张，理论认知上趋于保守。列宁提出垄断资本主义阶段后，在过去百年多的时间里，资本主义在各个领域都发生了重大的变化，资本主义社会与此前的原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会大不相同，“它的发展阶段性十分明显，从一个阶段到下一个阶段的转变（或过渡）表现得非常突出”。同时，当前资本主义的生产力还在不断地发展，资本主义被新的更高的社会形态替代难以一蹴而就，而且世界主题已由列宁时代的革命与战争变为了和平与发展，一味地主张社会主义革命难以为广大民众所接受。（注释略）

(The author is a doctoral student at the School of Politics and International Relations, Central China Normal University)

（作者系华中师范大学政治与国际关系学院博士研究生）

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑