The Theoretical Value and Practical Significance of Lenin’s Ideological Legacy for World Revolution and the Vietnamese Revolution

With his rich theoretical accumulation and extensive practical experience, Lenin defended and developed Marxism in the new historical period of imperialism and proletarian revolution. In 1917, he led the great October Revolution to victory, established the world’s first Soviet government of workers and peasants, turned scientific socialism from theory into living reality, and opened a new epoch in human history for the transition from capitalism to socialism. Throughout his arduous and extraordinary revolutionary career, Lenin made immense contributions to the working class and oppressed peoples worldwide, bearing profound significance for the times.

列宁以其丰厚的理论积淀和丰富的实践经验，在帝国主义和无产阶级革命新的历史时期捍卫和发展了马克思主义，在1917年领导伟大的十月革命取得了胜利，建立了世界上第一个工农苏维埃政权，使科学社会主义从理论变成了生动的现实，开辟了资本主义向社会主义过渡的人类历史新纪元。在列宁艰苦卓绝的伟大革命生涯中，他为全世界工人阶级和被压迫人民作出了巨大贡献，具有深刻的时代意义。

I. Lenin Creatively Developed Marx’s Theory on the Possibility of Proletarian Revolution Achieving Victory in the Era of Imperialism, Successfully Led the October Revolution to Victory, and Opened a New Epoch for the Transition from Capitalism to Socialism

一、列宁创造性地发展了马克思关于无产阶级革命可能在帝国主义时期取得胜利的理论，成功领导十月革命取得胜利，开辟了资本主义向社会主义过渡的新纪元

When analyzing the natural historical process of human social development during the capitalist period, Marx and Engels once predicted: “The communist revolution will not merely be a revolution in one country, but will occur simultaneously in all civilized countries, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.” [1]1 Marx and Engels, *Manifesto of the Communist Party* (1848), on the simultaneous nature of communist revolution. According to the general laws of social development, when productive forces develop to a point that the existing relations of production can no longer contain them, a social revolution will inevitably erupt, breaking the old relations of production and establishing new ones that meet the requirements of the development of productive forces. However, when analyzing the essence of capitalism in the era of imperialism, Lenin discovered new characteristics of capitalism. In his work *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism*, Lenin revealed the law of uneven development of capitalism and predicted: “Socialism may first achieve victory in a few or even in a single capitalist country taken separately.” [2]2 Lenin, *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism* (1917), Chapter 10.

马克思和恩格斯在分析资本主义时期人类社会发展的自然历史进程时曾预言：“共产主义革命将不仅仅是一个国家的革命，而是在一切文明国家里，至少在英国、美国、法国、德国同时发生的革命。”1根据社会发展的一般规律，当生产力发展到原有生产关系所不能容纳时，必然会导致一场社会革命，打破旧的生产关系，建立适应生产力发展要求的新的生产关系。但是，列宁在分析帝国主义时期的资本主义本质时，发现了资本主义的新特征。列宁在其著作《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》中揭示了资本主义发展不平衡的规律，并预言：“社会主义可能首先在少数或者甚至在单独一个资本主义国家内获得胜利。”2

When analyzing the specific situation in Russia at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Lenin pointed out that Russia had become the focal point of all social contradictions in the era of imperialism and the weakest link in the chain of world imperialism. [3]3 Lenin’s analysis of Russia as the “weakest link” in the imperialist chain, developed in his writings on the national and colonial questions (1915–1917). From that time on, Lenin and the true Marxists in Russia actively prepared the conditions for the Russian proletarian revolution. Under the leadership of the Russian Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin, the Russian working class and working people launched the great October Revolution, overthrew the reactionary bourgeois regime, and established the world’s first Soviet government of workers and peasants. They achieved a historic leap from scientific socialism as theory to reality and from the practice of one country to that of many countries, opening an era of transition from capitalism to socialism.

列宁在分析19世纪末和20世纪初俄国的具体形势时指出，俄国已成为帝国主义时代各种社会矛盾的焦点和世界帝国主义链条中最薄弱的环节3。从那时起，列宁和俄国真正的马克思主义者积极地为俄国无产阶级革命的条件做准备。在以列宁为首的俄国布尔什维克党的领导下，俄国工人阶级和劳动人民发动了伟大的十月革命，推翻了资产阶级反动政权，建立了世界上第一个工农苏维埃政权；实现了科学社会主义从理论变为现实、从一国实践变为多国实践的历史性飞跃，开辟了从资本主义向社会主义过渡的时代。

The victory of the October Revolution was neither a historical “premature birth” as distorted by hostile forces, nor a result of “subjective improvisation” or “a mere accident.” The victory of the October Revolution possessed objective inevitability, because Russian imperialism had already exposed contradictions that were unprecedentedly acute and insurmountable by itself: the tsarist system had become extremely decadent, the Russian bourgeoisie had turned into a highly reactionary force, and the Russian working class and working people were trapped in dire straits, ready to rise up and overthrow the yoke of exploitation and oppression. Therefore, the victory of the October Revolution was the inevitable result of long-term and conscious meticulous preparation by Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party. The Bolshevik Party was a genuinely revolutionary party armed with Marxist revolutionary theory. Lenin developed Marxism and creatively applied the universal principles of Marxism to the concrete practice of Russia.

十月革命的胜利，既不是敌对势力歪曲论调中所谓的历史的“早产儿”，更不是所谓“主观即兴”的结果或者“一种偶然”。十月革命的胜利具有客观必然性，因为俄国帝国主义已经暴露出其本身所无法克服的且是前所未有的尖锐矛盾：沙皇制度已十分腐朽，俄国资产阶级成为极其反动的力量，俄国工人阶级和劳动人民陷入困境，随时准备奋起反抗并推翻剥削和压迫的枷锁。因此，十月革命的胜利，是列宁和俄国布尔什维克党经过长时间的、有意识的精心准备的必然结果。布尔什维克党是一个用马克思主义革命理论武装起来的真正的革命的政党。列宁发展了马克思主义，并把马克思主义普遍原理创造性地运用到俄国的具体实践中。

II. Lenin’s Supplement, Development, and Innovation of Marxist Theory on Socialism and the Path to Socialism

二、列宁对马克思主义关于社会主义和社会主义道路理论的补充、发展和创新

After the victory of the October Revolution, the most fundamental and urgent problem facing Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party was how to organize and build socialism in Russia, enabling the backward country to embark on the socialist path. The historical mission that revolutionary leader Lenin then undertook was to creatively apply Marxism to the construction of the first socialist state in human history.

十月革命取得胜利后，摆在列宁及俄国布尔什维克党面前的最基本、最迫切的问题，就是如何在俄国组织和建设社会主义，使落后的俄国走上社会主义道路。革命领袖列宁接下来所肩负的历史重任，就是要将马克思主义创造性地运用到人类历史上第一个社会主义国家的建设事业中去。

In the early period after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1921, in order to cope with the urgent situation of repelling internal enemies, resisting foreign invaders, and defending the newborn Soviet regime, Lenin led Soviet Russia in implementing the “War Communism policy” as an emergency measure. However, when Soviet Russia entered a period of peaceful national construction, this policy no longer suited the needs of the developing situation and became an obstacle to development, causing production to stall, plunging Soviet Russia into an economic and social crisis, and potentially leading to a political crisis. Lenin recognized this. At the Tenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) held in March 1921, with the wisdom and ability unique to Communists, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party made a historic decision: to replace the “War Communism policy” with the “New Economic Policy.” Following the line of thinking that “one must retreat, advance in a roundabout way, first ‘build a solid bridge’ in a small-peasant country, and thereby transition to socialism,” [4]4 Lenin’s formulation on the New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921. they shifted the focus of revolution to economic and cultural construction and implemented an overall reform of the socialist construction model and path.

在十月革命胜利之初的1918—1921年，为应对抵御内寇、抗击外敌和保卫新生苏维埃政权的迫切形势，列宁领导苏维埃俄国实施了作为应急措施的“战时共产主义政策”。然而，当苏维埃俄国进入和平建设国家的时期，这一政策就不再适应形势发展的需要而成为发展的障碍，造成生产停顿，使苏维埃俄国陷入经济社会危机并有可能导致政治危机。列宁意识到了这一点。在1921年3月召开的苏共十大上，以共产党人所特有的智慧和本领，列宁和布尔什维克党作出了历史性的决定，以“新经济政策”代替“战时共产主义政策”，按照“退一步、迂回前进，在小农国家先‘建立起牢固的桥梁’，从而过渡到社会主义”4的思路，将革命的重心转移到经济和文化建设上来，实行社会主义建设模式和道路的总体性改革。

The “New Economic Policy” adopted thorough and forceful reform measures. It advocated developing a commodity economy with multiple economic sectors, replacing the surplus grain appropriation system with a grain tax; expanding commodity exchange between town and country and between workers and peasants; permitting freedom of trade; implementing economic accounting; and paying attention to the immediate interests of laborers while encouraging individual interests. By applying Marxist scientific dialectical thinking, Lenin clearly recognized that to successfully build socialism in Russia, it was necessary to learn from and draw on the advanced achievements of capitalism, and to “be willing to absorb the good things from abroad.” [5]5 Lenin, “The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government” (1918), on learning from capitalist techniques. Lenin pointed out that Communists must also learn to engage in commerce, learn the organizational methods of leadership and management, and know how to “enrich their minds with all the knowledge wealth created by all of humanity.” [6]6 Lenin, “The Tasks of the Youth Leagues” (1920), on acquiring all human knowledge. All these methods were aimed at tapping and utilizing various resources and economic sectors to develop production, “dragging socialism into everyday life”; [7]7 Lenin, “On the New Economic Policy” (1921), emphasizing the practical embedding of socialism. and building a model of real socialism [8]8 The term “real socialism” here refers to socialism as actually constructed in practice, as opposed to abstract theoretical models. through the living practice of coming from production, being in production, and developing production.

“新经济政策”采取彻底而强有力的改革措施，主张发展多种经济成分的商品经济，以征收粮食税代替余粮收集制；扩大城乡之间、工农之间的商品交换；允许经商自由；实行经济核算制；关注劳动者的切身利益鼓励个人利益。通过运用马克思主义的科学辩证思维，列宁清楚地认识到，要想在俄国成功建设社会主义，就必须学习和借鉴资本主义的先进成果，必须“乐于吸取外国的好东西”5。列宁指出，共产主义者也要学习经商，学习领导和管理的组织方式，懂得用“全人类创造的一切知识财富以丰富自己的头脑”6。所有这些办法都是为了挖掘和发挥各种资源、各种经济成分来发展生产，“把社会主义拖进日常生活”7；通过来自生产、正在生产和发展生产的生动实践来建设现实社会主义8模式。

Under the conditions of that time, the implementation of the “New Economic Policy” did not go smoothly. Many within the Party questioned whether this policy was a “compromise” with capitalism, harboring the risk of restoring capitalism in Russia, and betraying Marx’s teachings on the revolutionary cause. Through analyzing practice, Lenin discovered that for a backward country to transition to socialism, a multi-sector economic structure was an inevitable objective reality. [9]9 Lenin’s analysis of the multi-sector economy in transitional societies, developed in his works on the NEP (1921–1923). This did not contradict Marxist theory. In his *Critique of the Gotha Programme*, Marx pointed out that “socialism has just emerged from capitalist society; therefore, it is still stamped in every respect—economic, moral, and intellectual—with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges.” [10]10 Marx, *Critique of the Gotha Programme* (1875), Part I, on the birthmarks of capitalist society in early socialism. This is an objective characteristic of the socialist transitional period, especially for backward small-peasant countries. Practice proved that through the implementation of the “New Economic Policy,” Soviet Russia’s economy quickly recovered, society moved toward stability, and the people’s living standards gradually improved, thereby demonstrating the vitality and superiority of socialism. Regrettably, after Lenin’s death, this policy was not fully implemented.

在当时的条件下，“新经济政策”的实施过程并不顺利。党员队伍中有不少人质疑该政策是对资本主义的“妥协”，潜藏着在俄国恢复资本主义的风险，背叛了马克思关于革命事业的遗训。列宁通过对实践进行分析发现，落后国家过渡到社会主义，多种成分的经济结构是必然的客观存在9。这与马克思主义理论并不矛盾。马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中指出，由于“社会主义是刚刚从资本主义社会中产生出来的，因此它在各方面，在经济、道德和精神方面都还带着它脱胎出来的那个旧社会的痕迹”10。这是社会主义过渡时期的客观特征，特别是对于落后的小农国家而言。实践证明，通过实施“新经济政策”，苏维埃俄国的经济迅速恢复，社会走向稳定，人民生活水平逐步提高，从而证明了社会主义的生命力和优越性。遗憾的是，列宁去世后，这一政策没有得到充分实施。

For over a hundred years, real-existing socialism in the world has experienced many twists and turns. The Soviet Union and other socialist countries achieved many great accomplishments during their existence and development, but from the 1970s onward they stagnated and fell into a serious crisis. Later, socialism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe collapsed. This was a great loss for the world revolutionary movement, but it was clearly not the collapse of socialism, still less the collapse of Marxism-Leninism. It was only the collapse of a model of real-existing socialism that carried many defects, for example, a highly centralized planned economy, bureaucratism, idealism, dogmatism, detachment from the masses, detachment from the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism (especially the principle of concreteness and historicity), relaxation of the Party’s vanguard leading role, failure to proactively adapt to the frequent changes occurring in economic, political and social life, and so on. This was also the consequence of serious errors in the political line, ideology and cadre work of the ruling party during the reform process. This failure has deepened our understanding of the great significance of the shift from the “War Communism policy” to the “New Economic Policy.” Lenin provided valuable, classic guidance for the cause of reform and renovation of real-existing socialism, in order to overcome economic stagnation and crisis and continue to restore and develop the economy.

一百多年来，世界上的现实社会主义经历了许多波折。苏联和其他社会主义国家在其存在和发展的过程中已取得了许多伟大成就，但却从20世纪70年代开始停滞不前，陷入严重危机之中。后来，苏联、东欧社会主义垮台了。这是世界革命运动的巨大损失，但显然不是社会主义的垮台，更不是马克思列宁主义的垮台。这只是一种带有很多缺陷的现实社会主义模式的垮台，例如，高度集中的计划经济，官僚主义、唯心主义、教条主义，脱离群众、脱离马列主义的基本原则（特别是具体的、历史的原则），放松党的先锋领导作用，不主动适应经济、政治和社会生活频繁发生的变化，等等。这也是执政党在改革过程中的政治路线、思想和干部工作中严重失误的后果。这次失败使我们进一步认识到从“战时共产主义政策”转向“新经济政策”的重大意义，列宁为现实社会主义的改革和革新事业提供了宝贵的、经典的指导，以克服经济停滞和危机，继续恢复和发展经济。

III. Lenin Is a Model of Defending, Supplementing and Creatively Developing Marxism

三、列宁是捍卫、补充和创造性地发展马克思主义的典范

Against the background of capitalism’s transition to the imperialist stage and the dissolution of the Second International, Lenin waged a resolute struggle against opportunism that attacked and distorted Marxism. He wrote a series of famous works, including *What Is to Be Done?* (1902), *One Step Forward, Two Steps Back* (1903), [11]11 The Russian title of Lenin’s 1904 work is *One Step Forward, Two Steps Back*; the Chinese translation is *Further, Two Steps Back*. *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* (1909), *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism* (1916), *The State and Revolution* (1917), *The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky* (1918), and others. Through these works, Lenin pointed out the essence of the opportunists, who “very readily accept any formula, and at the same time very readily abandon that formula.” [12]12 V. I. Lenin, *The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky* (1918). He pointed out that the opportunists accept the slogan of defense of the fatherland and bourgeois patriotism, and accept class struggle, but in essence they deny the dictatorship of the proletariat, deny violent revolution, extol the path of reformism, and support superficial adjustments within the framework of the capitalist system; they only pay lip service to Marxism, wrap themselves in the cloak of Marxism, yet attempt to bury Marxism; they call for and support the workers’ struggle, on the condition that the workers do not smash the bourgeois state machine and replace it with the dictatorship of the proletariat—that is, the workers may struggle, but they must never win! [13]13 Ibid. With his profound learning, rich experience in revolutionary practice, and firm conviction in Marxism and its methodology, Lenin exposed and refuted the reactionary erroneous views of opportunism, and defended the scientific character, revolutionary character and purity of Marxism. Lenin and the true communists of Russia ideologically and theoretically defeated the opportunists, making Marxism the true ideological and theoretical banner of the October Revolution and an important condition and prerequisite for the victory of the revolution.

在资本主义向帝国主义阶段过渡和第二国际解散的背景之下，列宁对攻击和歪曲马克思主义的机会主义进行了坚决的斗争。他撰写了《怎么办？》（1902年）、《进一步，退两步》（1904年）、《唯物主义和经验批判主义》（1909年）、《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》（1916年）、《国家与革命》（1917年）、《无产阶级革命和叛徒考茨基》（1918年）等一系列名著。通过这些著作，列宁指出了机会主义者“很容易赞成任何公式，同时也很容易背弃这个公式”11的本质，指出机会主义者承认保卫祖国的口号和资产阶级爱国主义，承认阶级斗争，但本质上却否认无产阶级专政，否认暴力革命，颂扬改良主义道路，支持在资本主义制度框架下进行浅层次的调整；他们只是在口头上承认马克思主义，披着马克思主义的外衣，却企图埋葬马克思主义；他们呼吁并支持工人的斗争，前提是他们不打碎资产阶级国家机器并代之以无产阶级专政，也就是说，工人尽管斗争，但绝对不能取得胜利！12列宁以其渊博的学识、丰富的革命实践经验，以及对马克思主义及其方法论的坚定信念，揭露并驳斥了机会主义的反动错误观点，捍卫了马克思主义的科学性、革命性和纯洁性。列宁和俄国真正的共产主义者在思想和理论上战胜了机会主义者，使马克思主义真正成为十月革命的思想理论旗帜，并成为革命取得胜利的重要条件和前提。

Lenin believed that defending Marxism requires combining revolutionary strategy and tactics with the resolution of practical political tasks. After the victory of the October Revolution, Lenin clearly pointed out that revolutionaries “must prove by deeds that they are capable not only of overthrowing the exploiters, but also of organizing themselves for self-defense.” [14]14 V. I. Lenin, *The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government* (1918). Lenin pointed out that “the revolution must be good at self-defense,” in order to resist the constant counterattacks of all kinds of bourgeois, oppressive and exploitative forces seeking to regain their “lost paradise”; it is necessary to resolutely oppose opportunism and reactionary ideological trends in order to defend the victorious fruits of the socialist revolution and socialist construction.

列宁认为，捍卫马克思主义就要将革命的策略和战略与解决实际政治任务相结合。十月革命胜利后，列宁明确指出，革命者“应当用事实证明它不仅能够推翻剥削者，而且能够组织起来进行自卫”13。列宁指出，“革命要善于自卫”，以抵抗各种资产阶级、压迫和剥削势力时刻为夺回“失去的天堂”而进行的反抗；必须坚决反对机会主义和反动思潮，以保卫社会主义革命和社会主义建设的胜利果实。

Lenin emphasized that defending the fruits of revolution requires not only strengthening military and national defense capabilities, but also creating new economic relations oneself and building a new society, [15]15 Ibid. requiring high productivity, a modern and developed economy; high popular intelligence and a high cultural level; and building a new type of state with democratic politics, attracting the broad masses of the people to participate in state and social management. This requires not only persisting in the struggle against external hostile arguments and actions, but also persisting in the struggle against various internal maladies and degeneration, especially bureaucratism, corruption, bribery, and the infantile disorder of communism. [16]16 “Infantile disorder of communism” refers to Lenin’s 1920 work *“Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder*. Lenin issued a warning: “If we ourselves do not make mistakes, no one can destroy us. That ‘if’ is the whole crux of the matter. If splits occur through our fault, then everything is lost.” [17]17 V. I. Lenin, *Speech at a Meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies* (1919).

列宁强调，捍卫革命成果不仅要增强军事和国防实力，而且要自己创造新的经济关系，建立新社会14，要有高生产率、现代化发达的经济；民智高、文化水平高；要建设一个民主政治的新型国家，吸引广大人民群众参与国家和社会管理。这不仅要坚持与外部敌对论调和行动作斗争，还要坚持与内部各种弊病和蜕化尤其是官僚主义、贪污、贿赂和共产主义幼稚病等作斗争。列宁发出警告：“如果我们本身不犯错误，谁也摧毁不了我们。这个‘如果’就是全部问题的所在。如果由于我们的过错而造成了分裂，那就一切都完了。”15

History has proven that Lenin was the first reformer in the process of building and perfecting real-existing socialism. It was precisely against the background of capitalism’s transition from free competition to imperialism, and in the practice of leading the Russian revolution and struggle, that Lenin comprehensively, creatively applied, supplemented and developed the three components of Marxism—philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism. This is Lenin’s epoch-making outstanding contribution to the progress of all humanity.

历史已证明，列宁是现实社会主义建设和完善进程中的第一位改革者。正是在资本主义从自由竞争向帝国主义过渡的背景下，列宁在领导俄国革命和斗争的实践中，对马克思主义的三个组成部分，即哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义进行了全面的创造性的运用、补充和发展。这是列宁为全世界人类进步所作出的具有划时代意义的杰出贡献。

IV. Lenin’s Theory on the National and Colonial Question Provided Valuable Guiding Ideology for the National Independence Struggle of Oppressed Nations

四、列宁关于民族和殖民地问题的理论为被压迫民族的民族独立斗争提供了宝贵的指导思想

When capitalism develops into imperialism, it intensifies colonial expansion and launches imperialist wars; at this point, the colonial national question becomes the most fundamental and urgent political practice question for the communist and workers’ parties of various countries. Therefore, Lenin devoted a great deal of energy to studying this question, completing works such as *On the National Programme of the RSDLP* (1913), *On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination* (1914), *The Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination* (1916), *Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions* (1920), and others, forming a scientific theory on the path of colonial national liberation. These works are consistently permeated with ideas such as the complete equality of all nations, the right of all nations to self-determination, and the unity of the workers of all nations.

当资本主义发展成帝国主义，就会加强殖民扩张、发动帝国主义战争，这时，殖民地民族问题就成为了各国共产党和工人党最根本、最紧迫的政治实践问题。因此，列宁花费了大量精力去研究这个问题，完成了《论俄国社会民主工党的民族纲领》（1913年）、《论民族自决权》（1914年）、《社会主义革命和民族自决权》（1916年）、《民族和殖民地问题提纲初稿》（1920年）等著作，形成了关于殖民地民族解放道路的科学理论。这些著作始终贯穿各民族完全平等、各民族拥有自决权及各民族工人联合起来等思想。

Lenin believed that the proletarian revolutionary movement in the metropolitan countries must be closely linked with the liberation revolutionary movement of the colonial nations; in order to thoroughly resolve the national question, the liberation revolutionary movement of the colonial nations must take the path of proletarian revolution. Liberating the colonial nations is not only the responsibility and duty of the working class and communists in the metropolitan countries, but also a condition for ensuring their victory in struggle. Under the new situation, the implementation of the national programme must be united with the world revolutionary movement and the internationalism of the working class. Lenin developed the slogan “Workers of the world, unite!” into “Workers of the world and oppressed nations, unite!”, making it the common slogan of the working class, working people and oppressed nations of the whole world.

列宁认为，宗主国的无产阶级革命运动必须与殖民地民族的解放革命运动紧密联系在一起；为了彻底解决民族问题，殖民地民族的解放革命运动必须走无产阶级革命道路。解放殖民地民族，不仅是宗主国工人阶级和共产主义者的责任和义务，也是确保其取得斗争胜利的条件。在新形势下，民族纲领的实施必须与世界革命运动和工人阶级的国际主义联合起来。列宁将“全世界无产者，联合起来！”的口号发展成“全世界无产者和被压迫民族，联合起来！”，使之成为全世界工人阶级、劳动人民和被压迫民族的共同口号。

By leading the socialist construction cause in Soviet Russia, as well as by founding and leading the Communist International (established in March 1919), Lenin devoted himself wholeheartedly to the national liberation cause of the colonies, regarding it as one of the goals and tasks bearing on the life or death of the socialist revolution. Under the radiant illumination of Leninism, under the profound influence of the great October Revolution, and with the effective assistance of the Communist International founded by Lenin, the working people of many colonial countries awakened; they rose up to resist imperialism and old and new colonialism, struggling for independence and freedom. After being liberated from the shackles of imperialism and colonialism, many countries and nations chose the socialist path, contributing to the world revolutionary movement of the 20th century. At the same time, in the practice of the national liberation movements in the colonies, and in the process of socialist construction, the communist and workers’ parties of various countries added many valuable viewpoints and theories to the theoretical treasury of Marxism, including the distinctive theories of the Communist Party of Vietnam and President Ho Chi Minh. Under the new circumstances of the times, starting from the practice of the Vietnamese revolution, President Ho Chi Minh pointed out that communism spreads more easily in Asia than in Europe; that the outbreak and victory of the national independence revolution in the colonies could precede the proletarian revolution in the metropolitan countries; that national independence must be combined with socialism; and that the socialist revolution and the people’s democratic national revolution should be carried out simultaneously in both the north and the south of Vietnam. These theoretical explorations and innovations supplement, enrich and develop Marxism-Leninism, proving the vitality of Marxism-Leninism in the new era.

列宁通过领导苏俄社会主义建设事业，以及创建和领导共产国际（1919年3月成立），为殖民地的民族解放事业鞠躬尽瘁，并视之为关系到社会主义革命生死存亡的目标和任务之一。在列宁主义的光辉照耀下，在伟大的十月革命的深刻影响下，在列宁建立的共产国际的有效帮助下，许多殖民地国家的劳动人民觉醒了，他们奋起反抗帝国主义和新旧殖民主义，为争取独立和自由而斗争。许多国家和民族在摆脱帝国主义和殖民主义桎梏而获得解放之后选择了社会主义道路，为20世纪世界革命运动作出了贡献。与此同时，在各殖民地的民族解放运动实践中，在社会主义建设的进程中，各国共产党和工人党为马克思主义的理论宝库增添了许多宝贵的观点和理论，其中包括越南共产党和胡志明主席的富有特色的理论。在新的时代形势下，胡志明主席从越南革命实践出发，指出共产主义在亚洲比在欧洲更容易传播；殖民地民族独立革命的爆发和胜利可能先于宗主国的无产阶级革命；民族独立要与社会主义相结合；在越南南北两地同时进行社会主义革命和人民民主民族革命；等等。这些理论探索和创新是对马克思列宁主义的补充、丰富和发展，证明了马克思列宁主义在新时代的生命力。

V. Lenin’s Ideological Legacy Illuminates the Path of the Vietnamese Revolution in the Ho Chi Minh Era

五、列宁的思想遗产照亮了胡志明时代的越南革命道路

In the process of seeking a path to save the country, Nguyen Ai Quoc[18]18 Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) was the name used by Ho Chi Minh during his early revolutionary activities abroad, before he adopted the name Ho Chi Minh. transformed from a patriot into a communist. The turning point was his contact with Lenin’s “Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions” published in 1920. He wrote: “Lenin’s theses moved me deeply, excited me, enlightened me and filled me with confidence! I was so happy that tears streamed down my face. Sitting alone in my room, I shouted as if speaking to a great crowd: ‘Suffering, enslaved compatriots, this is what we want! This is our path to liberation!’ From then on, I placed complete faith in Lenin and the Third International.”[19]19 Ho Chi Minh, *Complete Works*, vol. 1, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2011, p. 462.

在寻找救国道路的过程中，阮爱国16从一个爱国主义者变成了一个共产主义者。其转折点是他接触了列宁于1920年发表的《关于民族和殖民地问题的提纲（初稿）》。他写道：“列宁的提纲令我无比感动、振奋、豁然开朗并充满信心！我高兴得热泪盈眶，独自坐在屋里，就像对着广大群众讲话一样大声喊道：‘被奴役的苦难的同胞们，这就是我们想要的！这就是我们的解放道路！’从那时起，我完全信仰列宁和第三国际。”17

President Ho Chi Minh’s faith in Lenin and the October Revolution, and his choice of the proletarian revolutionary path, stemmed not only from his feelings of and respect for Lenin and his admiration for the October Revolution led by Lenin, but, more importantly, from what Ho Chi Minh discovered in his decades-long journey seeking a path to save the country across the world, and from his study of ideological theory and political practice: there are many kinds of “revolution” and many kinds of “doctrines” and “theories,” but only the Russian October Revolution was truly successful, and Leninism is “the most truthful, the most resolute, and the most revolutionary doctrine.”[20]20 Ho Chi Minh, *Complete Works*, vol. 1, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2011, p. 463. Only by following the path of the Russian October Revolution and Marxism-Leninism could the objective demands of national history be met, namely, national independence and the people’s adequate food and clothing, freedom and happiness.

胡志明主席信仰列宁和十月革命，并选择了无产阶级革命道路，不仅仅是出于他对列宁的感情和敬重，以及对列宁领导的十月革命的敬仰，而且更重要的是，胡志明从他几十年来在世界各国寻求救国道路的历程、对思想理论和政治实践的研究中发现：“革命”有很多种，“主义”“学说”也有很多种，但只有俄国十月革命才是真正的成功，列宁主义是“最真实、最坚定和最革命的主义”18。只有追随俄国十月革命的道路和马克思列宁主义，才能满足民族历史的客观要求，即民族的独立和人民的温饱、自由和幸福。

From then on, Ho Chi Minh recognized that “to save the country and achieve national liberation, there is no other road but the proletarian revolution.”[21]21 Ho Chi Minh, *Complete Works*, vol. 9, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2011, p. 314. Only with the liberation of the proletariat can there be national liberation; at the same time, if the problem of national independence is not solved, the liberation of the proletariat is also impossible. National independence is closely linked to the guarantee of people’s various rights, including the right to life, the right to equality, the right to freedom, and the right to pursue happiness. National independence is closely linked to socialism, and the people’s democratic national revolution is closely linked to the socialist revolution—this is the only path for the Vietnamese revolution. Unswervingly and consistently holding high the banner of “national independence is closely linked to socialism”—this is an unprecedented, entirely new approach, the result of creatively applying Marxism-Leninism to the practice of the Vietnamese revolution, the guiding policy of the Communist Party of Vietnam, and the only correct path to ensure the continuous victory of Vietnam’s national liberation struggle and national construction cause.

从此，胡志明认识到，“要想救国和获得民族解放，别无他路，只有无产阶级革命道路”19。只有无产阶级的解放才有民族的解放，与此同时，民族独立问题解决不了，无产阶级的解放也是不可能实现的。民族独立与保障人的各项权利紧密相关，包括生命权、平等权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。民族独立与社会主义紧密相连，人民民主民族革命与社会主义革命紧密相连，这是越南革命的必由之路。始终如一坚定不移地高举“民族独立与社会主义紧密相连”的旗帜——这是一种史无前例的、全新的方式，是将马克思列宁主义创造性地运用到越南革命实践的结果，是越南共产党的领导方针，并且是推动越南民族解放斗争和国家建设事业不断取得胜利的唯一正确道路。

VI. With Its Wisdom and Capability, the Communist Party of Vietnam, Adhering to Reform and Upholding Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, Will Surely Lead the Vietnamese People to Victory in the Cause of Building and Defending the Socialist State

六、越南共产党以其智慧和本领，坚持革新，坚定马克思列宁主义、胡志明思想，必将领导越南人民取得建设和保卫社会主义国家事业的胜利

The Communist Party of Vietnam, combining Vietnam’s concrete practice, upholds, creatively applies and develops Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, and profoundly grasps the laws of objective development, advancing reform (Doi Moi), transitioning from a centralized bureaucratic subsidy system to a socialist-oriented market economy, vigorously promoting industrialization, modernization and active international integration, and continuing to adhere to the socialist path aimed at achieving the goal of a “prosperous people, a strong country, democracy, fairness and civilization.”

越南共产党结合越南的具体实践，坚持、创造性地运用和发展马克思列宁主义和胡志明思想，并深刻把握客观发展规律，推进革新，从集中官僚包给制转向社会主义定向的市场经济，大力推动工业化、现代化并积极融入国际，继续坚持走旨在实现“民富、国强、民主、公平、文明”目标的社会主义道路。

In the practice of reform, the Communist Party of Vietnam continuously supplements and perfects its theoretical understanding of socialism and the socialist path in Vietnam. On this basis, the Communist Party of Vietnam puts forward the following propositions: comprehensively and synchronously perfect the socialist-oriented market economy system; concentrate efforts on vigorously reforming the growth model and adjusting the economic structure to improve production efficiency, quality, efficiency and competitiveness; synchronously perfect the sustainable development mechanism, combining economic growth with cultural development, human development, solving social problems, and protecting resources and the environment; build and promote Vietnamese national cultural values; promote patriotism and the concept of development, combining the strength of the great national unity with the strength of the times; while resolutely and persistently defending territorial integrity and national sovereignty and independence, maintain a peaceful and stable development environment; actively and proactively integrate comprehensively, deeply and extensively into the international community, adhere to independence and self-reliance, and ensure the supremacy of national and ethnic interests on the basis of respect for international law and the principles of equality and mutual benefit.

在革新实践中，越南共产党不断地补充和完善关于社会主义和越南社会主义道路的理论认识。在此基础上，越南共产党提出下列主张：全面同步完善社会主义定向的市场经济体制；集中精力大力革新增长模式，调整经济结构以提高生产效率、质量、效益和竞争力；同步完善可持续发展机制，将经济增长与文化发展、人的发展、解决社会问题、保护资源环境相结合；构建和弘扬越南民族文化价值观；弘扬爱国主义和发展理念，将全民族大团结力量与时代力量相结合；在坚决、坚持保卫领土完整和国家主权独立的同时，维护和平稳定的发展环境；积极主动地全面、深入、广泛融入国际，在尊重国际法和平等互利原则的基础上，坚持独立自主，保障国家和民族利益至上。

As a genuine revolutionary party with over 90 years of construction and development, rich experience and solid capability, the Communist Party of Vietnam is always clearly aware of the importance of strengthening Party building and rectification, and building a clean and strong political system; it constantly improves its leadership capacity, governing capacity and combat effectiveness; strengthens close ties with the masses, relying on the people to advance Party building; strengthens the building of the contingent of Party cadres and members, especially building a contingent of strategic-level cadres who are high-quality, capable, prestigious, competent in their duties, and able to solve new theoretical and practical problems, difficulties and challenges arising in the reform process. In particular, since the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Party has resolutely, synchronously, methodically, deeply and breakthroughly carried out the work of combating corruption and preventing the degeneration of political ideology, morality and lifestyle, as well as internal “self-evolution” and “self-transformation,” and has achieved outstanding results. As a result, corruption, negativity and waste in Vietnam have been gradually curbed, receiving warm welcome, high praise and support from the broad masses of cadres, Party members and the people, making outstanding contributions to the Party building and rectification work during the term of the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

作为一个经过90多年的建设和发展、拥有丰富的经验和坚实的本领的真正的革命党，越南共产党始终清醒地认识到加强党的建设和整顿、建设纯洁强大的政治系统的重要性；始终不断提高党的领导能力、执政能力和战斗力；加强与人民群众的密切联系，依靠人民推进党的建设；加强党员干部队伍建设，特别是要建设高素质、有能力、有威望的、能胜任本职工作的，以及能够解决革新进程中出现的新的理论和实践问题、困难和挑战的战略级干部队伍。尤其是，自越共十二大以来，越南共产党坚决、同步、有条不紊、深入并突破性地开展了打击贪污腐败和防止政治思想、道德、生活作风蜕化及内部“自我演变”“自我转化”等现象的工作，并取得了突出成绩。由此，越南的腐败、消极和浪费现象逐步得到遏制，获得广大干部、党员和人民群众的热烈欢迎、高度赞誉和拥护，为越南共产党的十二大任期党的建设和整顿工作作出了突出贡献。

After 35 years of reform and 30 years of implementing the “Platform for National Construction in the Period of Transition to Socialism” (hereinafter referred to as the “Platform”), especially in the last decade, “Vietnam has achieved historic and great accomplishments,” “never before has the country had such a foundation, potential and position.”[22]22 Document of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2021, vol. 1, p. 25. Vietnam has risen to become a middle-income developing country, with its economic scale and development level improved; culture, society and people have been comprehensively developed; people’s material and spiritual lives have been improved and are increasingly enriched; the great national unity has been continuously consolidated; political and social stability has been maintained, and national defense and security have been strengthened; sovereignty and independence have been safeguarded, and the country’s status, prestige and image on the international stage have been increasingly elevated.

经过35年的革新和30年实施《社会主义过渡时期国家建设纲领》（以下简称《纲领》），尤其是近十年来，“越南已经取得了历史性的巨大成就”，“从未有过像今天这样的基业、潜力和地位”20。越南已崛起成为中等收入的发展中国家，经济规模和发展水平得到提升；文化、社会和人得到全面发展；人们的物质生活和精神生活得到改善并日渐丰富；全民族大团结不断稳固；政治社会稳定，国防安全得到增强；主权独立得到维护，国家在国际舞台上的地位、声望和形象日益提升。

These achievements worthy of pride are the crystallization of the creativity of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Vietnamese people, proving that the socialist path of Vietnam conforms to Vietnam’s national conditions and the trend of the times, that the reform and opening-up line of the Communist Party of Vietnam is correct and creative, and that the correct leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the primary factor determining the victory of the Vietnamese revolution. The 1991 Platform (supplemented in 2011) will continue to be the banner of thought, the banner of struggle, the banner that unites, consolidates, and inspires the entire Party and the entire people, and the foundation for the Communist Party of Vietnam to continue developing the theoretical system of socialism, adhere to the socialist path, and perfect the line for national construction and development in the new period.[23]23 The 1991 Platform refers to the “Platform for National Construction in the Period of Transition to Socialism” adopted by the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1991, which was supplemented in 2011.

这些值得自豪的成就，是越南共产党和越南人民创造力的结晶，证明了越南社会主义道路符合越南国情和时代发展趋势，越南共产党的革新路线是正确的，是具有创造性的，越南共产党的正确领导是决定越南革命胜利的首要因素。1991年《纲领》（2011年增补）将继续成为思想的旗帜、战斗的旗帜，是团结、凝聚和鼓舞全党全国人民的旗帜，是越南共产党继续发展社会主义理论体系、坚持社会主义道路、完善新时期国家建设和发展路线的基础21。

VII. Conclusion

七、结语

Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of the genius leader Lenin (22 April 1870 to 22 April 2020) is an opportunity for us to pay tribute to Lenin’s life and revolutionary cause, and also an opportunity to commemorate his great contributions to the working class, the working people, and the oppressed nations of the world. This is also an opportunity to promote our continued research on Lenin, with the aim of further understanding Lenin’s wisdom, ability, and personality in defending and creatively applying and developing Marxism in the cause of socialist construction in Soviet Russia, and of more deeply absorbing the experiences and lessons from the process of world socialist construction. We will thereby increase our ability to adhere to and creatively apply and develop Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, to firmly uphold the goal of national independence and socialism, to firmly uphold the reform and opening-up line, and with strong will, determination, and intense desire to overcome all difficulties and challenges, to create a Vietnamese miracle and realize the great wish of the great President Ho Chi Minh in his lifetime: to make Vietnam a socialist-oriented developed country on par with the great powers of the world.

纪念天才领袖列宁150周年（1870年4月22日至2020年4月22日）诞辰是我们向列宁的一生、列宁的革命事业致敬的契机，也是纪念他为全世界工人阶级、劳动人民和被压迫民族作出的伟大贡献的契机。这也是推动我们继续对列宁进行研究的契机，目的是进一步认识列宁在苏维埃俄国社会主义建设事业中捍卫和创造性地运用和发展马克思主义的智慧、本领和人格，更加深入地吸取世界社会主义建设进程中的经验教训。我们将借此增长本领，从而坚持和创造性地运用和发展马克思列宁主义、胡志明思想，坚定民族独立和社会主义的目标，坚定革新路线，以坚强的意志、决心和强烈的愿望克服一切困难和挑战，创造越南奇迹，实现伟大的胡志明主席生前的心愿：使越南成为与世界大国比肩的社会主义定向的发达国家。

(Author biographies: Nguyễn Xuân Thắng, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council of Vietnam, President of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Hanoi, Vietnam; Wei Lichun, Assistant Researcher, PhD, Institute of Vietnamese Studies, Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences; Pan Jin’e, Director of the Research Department, Chief Researcher, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者简介：阮春胜,（Nguyễn Xuân Thắng），越共中央政治局委员、越南中央理论委员会主席、胡志明国家政治学院院长，越南河内；韦丽春，广西社会科学院越南研究所助理研究员、博士；潘金娥，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究部主任、首席研究员，中国社会科学院大学教授、博士生导师）

(Fund: Supported by the 2023 key Marxist institute and Marxist theory research and construction project base support project of the Propaganda Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Party Committee, “Developments in Vietnam in Thought and Theory, Political Construction, and Party Building” (2023))

（基金：广西壮族自治区党委宣传部2023年度重点马克思主义学院、马克思主义理论研究和建设工程基地扶持项目“越南在思想理论、政治建设、党的建设等方面的动态”（2023）资助）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心