The Causes of and Responses to “De-globalization”

“De-risking,” “trade decoupling,” the “CHIPS Act”… In recent years, the United States and other Western countries have continuously engaged in “de-globalization” operations to safeguard their own interests and hegemony. Under the overlapping influence of factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitics, the current tide of globalization is surging in reverse, and the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Recognizing the causes and essence of “de-globalization” and proposing effective ideas and strategies for response have important theoretical and practical significance.

“去风险化”“贸易脱钩”“芯片法案”……近年来，美西方国家为维护自身利益与霸权而“逆全球化”操作不断。在新冠疫情、地缘政治等因素叠加影响下，当前全球化逆潮迭起，世界进入新的动荡变革期。认清“逆全球化”成因和实质，提出有效应对思路与策略，具有重要理论和现实意义。

Main Manifestations of “De-globalization”

“逆全球化”主要表现

In the process of globalization, some emerging countries have grown stronger, and China has become the world’s second-largest economy. The United States and other Western countries have already discovered that globalization has deviated from the track they preset; it does not necessarily lead to them becoming the main beneficiaries of political and economic interests, and it even challenges their own interests and status. Consequently, the United States and other Western countries constantly engage in “decoupling and severing supply chains” and “sanctions and counterbalances,” repeatedly stirring up waves of “de-globalization” in an attempt to block globalization from benefiting more countries.

在全球化过程中，一些新兴国家不断发展壮大，中国成为世界第二大经济体。美西方国家已然发现，全球化已偏离自己预设的轨道，不必然导向自己成为政治与经济利益的主要受益方，甚至使自身利益和地位受到挑战。于是，美西方不断进行“脱钩断链”“制裁制衡”，接连掀起“逆全球化”浪潮，企图阻滞全球化惠及更多国家。

Political alliance-building, perpetuating Cold War thinking. In the new historical period, the United States and other Western countries still vigorously engage in bloc politics, provoke opposition and confrontation, and forcefully impose unilateral sanctions. For a long time, the U.S. global strategy has been “divide and rule, strike one by one”: dividing the European Union, weakening Russia, and suppressing China, in a determined effort to maintain the traditional international political and economic order dominated by U.S. hegemony. At the 59th Munich Security Conference in 2023, from the aggressive peddling of the false narrative of “democracy versus authoritarianism” before and after the conference to the various confrontational voices transmitted inside and outside the venue, everything reflected the attempt by the United States and other Western countries to perpetuate the Cold War thinking of camp confrontation in the 21st century, thereby serving the maintenance of their own hegemony.

政治上结盟，延续冷战思维。在新的历史时期，美西方国家仍然大搞集团政治，挑动对立对抗，强推单边制裁。长期以来，美国的全球策略一直是“分而治之、逐个打击”，分化欧盟、削弱俄罗斯、打压中国，极力维护美霸权主导的传统国际政治经济秩序。2023年第五十九届慕尼黑安全会议，从会前会后大肆兜售“民主对抗威权”虚假叙事，到会场内外传递出种种对抗性声音，无不反映出美西方企图在21世纪延续阵营对立的冷战思维，从而为维护自身霸权服务。

Economic and trade sanctions, building “high walls and small yards.” In recent years, the United States has frequently used measures such as financial sanctions and trade controls, vigorously engaged in technological blockade and technological gaps, and actively provoked the Sino-U.S. trade war. Since 2018, the number of Chinese companies listed on the U.S. “Entity List” has increased from 130 to 532. The United States has successively issued a series of bills, including the *Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act*, the *Inflation Reduction Act*, and the *CHIPS and Science Act*. While increasing sanctions against foreign enterprises, it has adopted methods of either punishment or subsidies to promote the回流 (reshoring) of industries to the United States.

经贸上制裁，筑起“高墙小院”。近年来，美国频繁使用金融制裁和贸易管制等措施，大搞技术封锁、科技鸿沟，主动挑起中美贸易战。自2018年以来列入美国“实体清单”的中国企业数量从130家增至532家。美国陆续发布《基础设施投资与就业法案》《通胀削减法案》《芯片科学法案》等系列法案，在加大制裁国外企业的同时，采用或惩罚或补贴的方式促使产业回流美国。

Diplomatic “withdrawal from treaties,” disrupting the international order. The United States treats international cooperation under multilateral frameworks as a tool for pursuing unilateral interests: use it when it suits, discard it when it does not. Once it finds that such cooperation affects U.S. interests or that it cannot gain more from it, it willfully “withdraws from treaties” and “quits groups.” In recent years, the United States has successively withdrawn from a series of multilateral agreements and multilateral organizations, including the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on the Iranian nuclear issue, the *Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty* (INF Treaty), and UNESCO. These irresponsible practices have not only undermined the multilateral international order centered on the United Nations but have also exacerbated tensions between countries and even caused conflicts.

外交上“退约”，扰乱国际秩序。美国把多边框架下的国际合作当作谋取单边利益的工具，合则用，不合则弃，一旦发现其影响美国利益或不能从中获取更多，就任性地“退约”“退群”。近年来美国已先后退出伊核问题全面协议、《中导条约》、联合国教科文组织等一系列多边协定与多边组织。这些不负责任的做法，不仅破坏了以联合国为核心的多边主义国际秩序，还加剧了各国之间的紧张关系，甚至造成冲突。

Root Causes of “De-globalization”

“逆全球化”根源成因

The United States and other Western countries were once active advocates of globalization. Why have they, in recent years, acted contrary to their previous stance and become implementers of “de-globalization”? For the United States and other Western countries, there is no permanent globalization or “de-globalization,” only permanent interests. Whether to adopt a globalization or “de-globalization” strategy depends entirely on the need to safeguard their own interests and hegemony. Under the new circumstances of international competition, the United States and other Western countries, out of the need to maintain unipolar hegemony, are unwilling to see the development of China and other emerging countries, and thus use various “de-globalization” operations to contain them.

美西方国家曾是全球化的积极倡导者，为何近年来一反常态，成为“逆全球化”的实施者？对美西方国家来说，没有永远的全球化或者“逆全球化”，只有永远的利益，采用全球化还是“逆全球化”策略，完全视其维护自身利益和霸权的需要而定。在新的国际竞争形势下，美西方出于维持单极霸权需要，不愿看到中国等新兴国家发展，从而以种种“逆全球化”操作进行遏制。

Spillover and externalization of domestic contradictions. By means of globalization, the United States and other Western countries completed primitive accumulation of capital, expansion of industrial capital, and the leap of financial capital. Especially in the wave of globalization after the end of the Cold War, while the United States and other Western countries plundered huge gains, contradictions and risks also intensified, such as frequent financial crises, industrial hollowing out, and widening wealth gaps. These problems are not only difficult to overcome and alleviate in the short term but also lead to the accelerated accumulation of social contradictions. When the old methods of shifting contradictions proved minimally effective, the United States adopted “de-globalization” remedies such as “decoupling and severing supply chains” and “building walls and erecting fences.”

国内矛盾的外溢外化。借助全球化，美西方国家完成了资本原始积累、产业资本扩张和金融资本跃升。尤其是在冷战结束后的全球化浪潮中，美西方在强取豪夺巨大收益的同时，矛盾风险也在加剧，如金融危机频发、产业空心化和贫富差距拉大等。这些问题，不仅短期内难以克服和缓解，还导致社会矛盾加速累积。在旧的转嫁矛盾做法奏效甚微的情况下，美国就采取“脱钩断链”“筑墙垒院”等“逆全球化”疗法。

Negative-sum strategies in great-power games. In recent years, the United States and other Western countries have had to face not only their own internal problems but also challenges from emerging countries. The United States, which enjoyed unipolar world hegemony after the Cold War, takes it for granted that the 20th century was the “American Century” and that the 21st century must also be the “American Century.” Out of the need to safeguard its own interests and for strategic containment, the United States has replaced international cooperation with unilateral actions, adopting negative-sum strategies that harm even its own interests in order to contain and exhaust its opponents. For example, it no longer adheres to trade globalism but instead promotes regionalized trade and investment; it implements long-arm jurisdiction and vigorously co-opts and coerces allies to build a technological blockade line against China.

大国博弈的负和策略。近年来，美西方不仅要面对本国内部问题，还要应对新兴国家挑战。冷战后独享世界单极霸权的美国想当然地认为，20世纪是“美国世纪”，21世纪也必然是“美国世纪”。出于维护自身利益和战略遏制的需要，美国以单边行动取代国际合作，采取即便损害自身利益也要遏制消耗对手的负和策略。如不再奉行贸易全球主义，转而推进区域化贸易投资；实施长臂管辖，极力拉拢、威逼盟友打造对华科技封锁线。

Lagging effects of global governance. By means of the globalization they dominate, the United States and other Western countries have constructed an unfair and unreasonable international order, attempting to achieve the perpetual expansion of capitalism. However, over the past few decades, contrary to the will of the West, the economic weight of the United States and other Western countries in the global economic system has continuously declined, while the share of emerging countries has continuously risen. At the same time, global issues such as climate change and cybersecurity are becoming increasingly prominent, requiring the joint efforts of all countries in the world to address. Yet, current global governance mechanisms and capabilities have failed to adapt to these new changes, and the role of emerging countries has not been fully utilized, highlighting the insufficient counterbalancing force against “de-globalization.”

全球治理的滞后效应。借助自身主导的全球化，美西方构建起不公平不合理的国际秩序，企图实现资本主义永续扩张。但数十年来，不以西方意志为转移，美西方国家经济比重在全球经济体系中不断下降，新兴国家占比不断提升。同时，气候变化、网络安全等全球性问题日益突出，需要世界各国携手共同应对。然而，当前全球治理机制和能力未能适应新变化，新兴国家的作用没有得到充分发挥，凸显“逆全球化”制衡力量不足。

Strategies for Responding to “De-globalization”

“逆全球化”应对策略

Humanity shares one global village. With the continuous evolution of globalization, human society is increasingly becoming a community with a shared future where we are all in the same boat. We must fully recognize the essence of the United States and other Western countries using “de-globalization” as a tool for shifting contradictions, self-defense, and strategic containment, and, together with all countries in the world that support globalization, actively promote the healthy development of globalization in the direction of openness, inclusiveness, universal benefit, balance, cooperation, and win-win outcomes.

人类同住一个地球村。随着全球化不断演进，人类社会越来越成为休戚与共的命运共同体。我们要充分认清美西方以“逆全球化”为工具进行矛盾转嫁、自我防卫、战略遏制的本质，与拥护全球化的世界各国一道，积极推动全球化朝着开放包容、普惠平衡、合作共赢的健康方向发展。

Uphold the concept of win-win cooperation and stand on the right side of history. Facing the current adverse currents of unilateralism and the backwash of economic globalization, China has never wavered in its determination to expand opening up and has continuously raised the level of openness. Against the backdrop of rising trade protectionism, China has continuously expanded the breadth and depth of international cooperation, overcoming adverse effects such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and has held the China International Import Expo (CIIE) on schedule for five consecutive years. At a critical stage of global economic recovery, China is solidly promoting high-standard opening up, bringing more stability and certainty to a turbulent world. We must unswervingly continue to pursue a foreign policy of opening up, development, cooperation, and win-win outcomes, adhere to both “bringing in” and “going global,” build a fair competition environment for domestic and foreign investment, and continue to promote the development of economic globalization in the direction of universal benefit and win-win outcomes.

秉持合作共赢理念，站在历史正确一边。面对当前单边主义逆流和经济全球化回头浪，中国始终不改扩大开放的决心，不断提升开放水平。在贸易保护主义抬头的背景下，中国不断拓展国际合作的广度和深度，克服新冠疫情等不利影响，连续5年如期召开进博会。在当前世界处于经济复苏的关键阶段，中国扎实推进高水平对外开放，为动荡的世界带来更多稳定性和确定性。要坚定不移地继续奉行开放、发展、合作、共赢的对外政策，坚持“引进来”和“走出去”并重，构建公平竞争的内外资发展环境，继续推动经济全球化朝着普惠共赢方向发展。

Seize new historical opportunities and build a new type of globalization. In the current era, globalization has entered a new stage of kinetic energy conversion and system upgrade, and emerging countries have ushered in a historical opportunity to participate in building a new type of globalization. Building a new type of globalization depends on emerging countries and developing countries having more representation and voice in global governance. China has always advocated a global governance concept based on extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, established the Global Development Promotion Center, and created the Global Development and South-South Cooperation Fund, injecting new vitality into global cooperation and development. We must proactively turn challenges into opportunities, focus on opposing the de-globalization of the United States and other Western countries, aim to safeguard world economic development, actively explore new pathways for international cooperation that seek common ground while reserving differences and embrace inclusiveness and symbiosis, and blaze a trail of common development, win-win development, and shared development.

抓住历史新机遇，构建新型全球化。当今时代，全球化走到动能转换和系统升级的新阶段，新兴国家迎来参与构建新型全球化的历史机遇。构建新型全球化，有赖于新兴国家和发展中国家在全球治理中拥有更多代表性和发言权。中国始终倡导共商共建共享的全球治理观，提出共建“一带一路”倡议、成立全球发展促进中心、创设“全球发展和南南合作基金”等，为全球合作发展注入新活力。要主动把挑战化为机遇，以反对美西方逆全球化为重点、以维护世界经济发展为目标，积极探索求同存异、包容共生的国际合作新途径，开辟共同发展、共赢发展、共享发展之路。

Join hands to meet challenges and jointly build a community with a shared future for mankind. Faced with complex and volatile global issues, the disintegrating “de-globalization” is not the antidote; only the unity of the whole world in joint response is the true way out. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that we must “unify the interests of the people of our own country with the interests of the people of all countries, and move forward in the direction of building a community with a shared future for mankind.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Currently, changes of the world, of the times, and of history are unfolding in ways unprecedented in a century. We must deeply practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, take the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative as action plans, and make new and greater contributions to building a better world.

携手应对挑战，共建人类命运共同体。面对复杂多变的全球性问题，分崩离析的“逆全球化”不是解药，只有全世界团结起来携手应对才是真正的出路。习近平总书记指出，要“把本国人民利益同世界各国人民利益统一起来，朝着构建人类命运共同体的方向前行”。当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，我们要深入践行人类命运共同体理念，以全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议为行动方案，为建设更加美好的世界作出新的更大贡献。

Online Editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军