Exploring the Direction of Human Progress Amid the Deepening Evolution of Great Changes

In 2023, major-country relations were complex and volatile, geopolitical games unfolded one after another, and contradictions and conflicts emerged in an endless stream. The post-pandemic world was full of uncertainties. In this world of turmoil and interweaving changes, foreign communist parties, upholding the mission of a proletarian party, continued to hold high the great banner of Marxism, waged tit-for-tat struggles against hegemonism, power politics, and all forms of anti-communism, and, on the basis of thoroughly summing up development experiences and lessons, clarified development directions and plans, strove to defend the basic rights and interests of working people, and joined hands with left-wing forces to jointly build a new future, seeking more certainties for the development of human society in a world filled with uncertainties.

2023年，大国关系复杂多变、地缘政治博弈此起彼伏、矛盾冲突层出不穷，步入后疫情时代的世界充满变数。在这个变乱交织的世界中，外国共产党秉承无产阶级政党使命，继续高扬马克思主义伟大旗帜，与霸权主义、强权政治及形形色色反共主义进行针锋相对的斗争，在深入总结发展经验和教训的基础上，明确发展方向和方案，努力捍卫劳动者基本权益，携手左翼力量共谋建设新未来，在充斥着不确定性的世界中为人类社会发展探寻更多的确定性。

I. Solemnly Commemorating Important Historical Milestones, Looking Back on the Path to Forge Ahead

一、隆重纪念重要历史节点，回望来路砥砺前行

In 2023, communist parties in many countries celebrated the anniversary of their founding. On the important occasion of the 30th anniversary of the re-establishment of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the CPRF Central Committee, delivered a speech, recalling the CPRF’s journey from being banned to restoring its party organization, and even developing into the most powerful communist party in the former Soviet region. He emphasized that the CPRF had stood at the forefront of the people’s struggle over the past 30 years, playing an important role in opposing destructive reforms, supporting and protecting collective enterprises, and defending Russia’s security and sovereignty. He declared that the CPRF would never give up, would bravely advance along the thorny path, and would wage a great battle to promote the cause of justice and progress. 2023 was also the 30th anniversary of the re-establishment of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova. On November 7, 2023, the 106th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, a commemorative day, the PCRM held a celebration meeting attended by over 900 delegates from across the country. Party Chairman Vladimir Voronin delivered a speech, fondly recalling the great achievements of the Soviet socialist construction period, highly evaluating the PCRM’s governing achievements under harsh external conditions, thanking loyal PCRM members, and calling on young people to join the PCRM to tirelessly strive for truth and hope and to build a new society of equality and justice. In addition, 2023 was also the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Labour Party of Austria, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Malaysia, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Australia, the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, and the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Argentina. Each party organized a variety of commemorative activities.

2023年，多国共产党迎来建党周年纪念日。在俄罗斯联邦共产党重建30周年的重要时刻，俄共中央主席久加诺夫发表讲话，回首俄共从被禁到恢复党组织，以至发展成为前苏联地区最强大共产党的历程，强调俄共过去30年间一直站在人民斗争最前列，在反对破坏性改革、支持和保护集体企业以及捍卫俄罗斯安全和主权等方面发挥了重要作用，宣称俄共将永不言弃，沿着荆棘之路奋勇前行，为推动正义和进步事业而进行伟大战斗。2023年也是摩尔多瓦共产党人党重建30周年。2023年11月7日，在十月革命胜利106周年这个具有纪念意义的日子，摩共举行庆祝大会，来自全国的900余名代表出席会议。党主席沃罗宁发表讲话，深情回顾苏联社会主义建设时期的伟大成就，高度评价摩共在恶劣外部环境下取得的执政成就，致谢忠诚的摩共党员，呼吁青年人加入摩共，为实现真理和希望，建立一个平等、公正的新社会而不懈奋斗。此外，2023年也是奥地利劳动党建党10周年、马来西亚共产党建党30周年、澳大利亚共产党建党70周年、斯里兰卡共产党建党80周年、阿根廷共产党建党105周年，各党都组织了丰富多彩的纪念活动。

December 26, 2023, was the 130th anniversary of the birth of Comrade Mao Zedong. As this important day approached, communist parties in many countries, especially Maoist communist parties, put up posters, drew propaganda slogans, and held various forms of commemorative activities. Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and Prime Minister of Nepal, delivered a speech at a commemorative event held at the party headquarters, declaring that the world in the post-Mao era had undergone major changes, and that as staunch Maoists, one must learn to adapt to the environment and fundamentally understand the connotation of ideology and revolution, while defending Marxism remains the primary task facing the current communist movement. Multiple Maoist communist parties, including the Communist Party of Afghanistan (Maoist) and the Communist Party of Turkey (Marxist–Leninist), issued a joint statement, highly evaluating the historical status and contemporary significance of Mao Zedong Thought, and calling on the proletariat and the oppressed of the world to unite.

2023年12月26日是毛泽东同志诞辰130周年。在这个重要日子来临之际，多国共产党尤其是毛派共产党纷纷张贴海报、绘制宣传标语等，举行形式多样的纪念活动。尼共（毛主义中心）主席、尼泊尔总理普拉昌达在党部进行的纪念活动中致辞，宣称后毛泽东时代的世界发生了重大变化，作为坚定的毛主义者，要学会适应环境，从根本上理解意识形态和革命的内涵，而捍卫马克思主义仍然是当前共产主义运动面临的首要任务。阿富汗共产党（毛主义）、土耳其共产党（马列主义）等多个毛派共产党发表联合声明，高度评价毛泽东思想的历史地位和现实意义，呼吁全世界无产阶级和被压迫者联合起来。

2023 was also an important historical milestone, including the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution, the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Battle of Stalingrad, and the 175th anniversary of the publication of the *Communist Manifesto*. Communist parties in various countries commemorated these events by laying wreaths, holding celebration meetings, and writing prefaces for new editions of the *Communist Manifesto*.

2023年还是古巴革命爆发70周年、斯大林格勒战役胜利80周年、《共产党宣言》发表175周年等重要历史节点，各国共产党通过敬献花圈、举办庆祝会议、为新版《共产党宣言》撰写序言等活动进行纪念。

In 2023, several important leaders of foreign communist parties passed away, such as former General Secretary of the Jordanian Communist Party Munir Hamarneh, Deputy General Secretary of the South African Communist Party Chris Matlhako, former Chairman of the Workers’ Party of Ireland Tom French, Chairman of the Communist Party of Chile Guillermo Teillier del Valle, and communists with significant social influence, such as the famous director Francesco Maselli of the Party of the Italian Communists. Their deaths not only affected the development of communist parties in their respective countries to varying degrees but also represented a major loss for the international communist movement.

2023年，有多位外国共产党重要领导人与世长辞，如约旦共产党前总书记穆尼尔·哈马尔内、南非共产党副总书记克里斯·马特拉科、爱尔兰工人党前主席汤姆·弗伦奇、智利共产党主席吉列尔莫·特列尔·德尔瓦莱，以及如意大利重建共产党人、著名导演弗朗西斯科·马塞利等具有重要社会影响力的共产党人。他们的去世不仅对各国共产党的发展造成不同程度的影响，也是国际共产主义运动事业的重大损失。

II. Convening Party Congresses and Important Meetings, Anchoring the Party’s Development Direction

二、召开党代会及重要会议，锚定党的发展方向

In 2023, the ruling communist parties of socialist countries held central committee plenums to thoroughly summarize the achievements and existing problems of previous work and determine the main direction of work for the next period. The Communist Party of Vietnam held the 7th and 8th Plenums of the 13th Central Committee in May and October 2023, respectively. On the basis of fully affirming economic and social development achievements, extensive discussions were held on topics such as consolidating the macroeconomic foundation, promoting the stable and healthy development of markets at all levels, improving the quality of social policies, and building a contingent of intellectuals in the new era. The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party held the Mid-Term Meeting of the 11th Central Committee in August 2023. The meeting reviewed the implementation of the resolutions of the 11th Party Congress and the 9th Five-Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan, emphasizing that the Party’s future efforts will mainly focus on ensuring political stability, creating conditions to escape the ranks of least developed countries, strengthening Party leadership to promote the implementation of innovative policies, continuing to advance economic growth in line with green and sustainable development trends, and reducing poverty. The Communist Party of Cuba successively held the 6th and 7th Plenums of the 8th Central Committee in May and December 2023. The meetings evaluated the work of the Political Bureau, analyzed political and ideological work in accordance with the ideas, concepts, and guidelines proposed by the 8th Party Congress, condemned the brutal US blockade of Cuba and its severe impact, and called for vigorously developing the productive forces and inspiring the revolutionary spiritual strength of the people, emphasizing that only in this way can the national pride of the Cuban people be enhanced. The Workers’ Party of Korea successively held the 7th and 8th Enlarged Plenums of the 8th Central Committee in February and June 2023. The relevant meetings summarized the implementation of the new-era rural revolution program in 2022, conducted a mid-term evaluation of work in 2023 regarding the implementation of major policies to safeguard national interests and the security environment and achieve the comprehensive development of Korean-style socialism, and required major economic departments to consolidate the growth line already achieved, promote a new upsurge in the entire economy through more vigorous struggle, while continuously tapping military potential and achieving faster progress in enhancing self-defense capabilities.

2023年，社会主义国家执政的共产党举行中央全会，深入总结前段工作的成绩和存在的问题，确定接下来工作的主攻方向。越南共产党分别于2023年5月和10月召开十三届七中和八中全会，在全面肯定经济社会发展成就的基础上，围绕巩固宏观经济基础、促进各级市场平稳健康发展、提高社会政策质量以及新时期知识分子队伍建设等议题进行广泛讨论。老挝人民革命党于2023年8月召开十一届中央委员会中期会议。会议审查十一大决议以及国民经济社会发展“九五”计划的执行情况，强调党的未来努力方向将主要侧重于确保政治稳定，为摆脱最不发达国家行列创造条件，加强党的领导以推动创新政策的实施，继续推进符合绿色和可持续发展趋势的经济增长以及减少贫困等。古巴共产党先后于2023年5月和12月举行八届六中和七中全会，会议对政治局的工作进行了评估，依据古共八大提出的思想、概念和指导方针分析了政治思想工作情况，谴责帝国主义对古巴的残酷封锁及其带来的严重影响，呼吁大力发展生产力，激发革命的精神力量，强调唯有如此，才能增强古巴人民的民族自豪感。朝鲜劳动党先后于2023年2月和6月举行了八届七中和八中全会扩大会议，相关会议总结了2022年实施新时期农村革命纲领的情况，对2023年在执行维护国家利益和安全环境以及实现朝鲜式社会主义全面发展的重大政策方面的工作进行了中期评估，要求主要经济部门巩固已经达到的增长线，以更有力的斗争推动整个经济出现新的高潮，同时不断挖掘军事潜力，在增强自卫能力方面取得更快进展。

Several non-ruling communist parties held national congresses in 2023, analyzing the international and domestic situation and the Party’s struggle practice, and clarifying the specific tasks and action directions for the Party’s future development. From March 17 to 19, 2023, the German Communist Party held its 25th National Congress in Gotha. Approximately 175 delegates from almost all regional organizations of the DKP participated in the congress. Party Chairman Patrik Köbler delivered a speech, analyzing changes in the international balance of forces and the DKP’s tasks in social struggles and the peace movement. The congress finally adopted a motion titled “Heating, Bread, and Peace: Into the Classroom, Into Factories and Trade Unions, Into Communities, Onto the Streets.” Köbler was re-elected Party Chairman with over 90% support.

多个非执政共产党在2023年召开全国代表大会，分析国际国内形势和党的斗争实践，明确党未来发展的具体任务和行动方向。2023年3月17—19日，德国的共产党在哥达召开第二十五次全国代表大会。来自德共几乎所有地区组织的约175名代表参加了会议。党主席科伯勒发表讲话，分析了国际力量格局的变化以及德共在社会斗争与和平运动中的任务。大会最后通过了“取暖、面包与和平：走进课堂、走进工厂和工会、走进社区、走上街头”的动议，科伯勒以超过90%的支持率再次当选党主席。

In April 2023, the French Communist Party held its 39th National Congress in Marseille. At this congress, Fabien Roussel was re-elected National Secretary of the PCF with 80.4% support. The congress mapped out the PCF’s development roadmap for the next three years, calling for the establishment of a “New People’s Front” that transcends the “New Ecological and Social People’s Union,” continuing the struggle against pension reform, regaining the support of the vast majority of the people, and striving to return to the governing stage in 2027 to build a “free, strong, and happy France.”

2023年4月，法国共产党在马赛举行第三十九次全国代表大会。在此次会议上，法比安·鲁塞尔以80.4%的支持率再次当选法共全国书记。大会规划了法共未来三年发展路线图，呼吁建立一个超越“环保与社会人民新联盟”的“新人民阵线”，持续开展反对养老金改革的斗争，重新赢得最大多数的民众支持，争取2027年重返执政舞台，以建设一个“自由、强大、幸福的法国”。

The Communist Party of Pakistan held its 10th National Congress in June 2023, themed “Liberation from Imperialism, Warlord Rule, and Feudalism, to Build a Secular Socialist Society.” The congress emphasized the significance of revolutionary struggle, advocating for instilling class consciousness among the working class and the masses through class struggle, and then launching a revolutionary insurrection. The CPP particularly stressed the vital importance of conducting mass work, calling on party members to establish close ties with the masses by focusing on daily life issues as a strong bond.

巴基斯坦共产党于2023年6月召开主题为“从帝国主义、军阀统治和封建主义中解放出来，建立一个世俗的社会主义社会”的第十次全国代表大会。大会强调革命斗争的意义，主张通过阶级斗争，在工人阶级和群众中灌输阶级意识，进而发动革命暴动。巴共尤其强调开展群众工作的至关重要性，呼吁党员以关注日常生活问题为牢固纽带，与群众建立起密切联系。

The Communist Party of Venezuela held its 16th National Congress in October 2023. More than 100 delegates from across the country attended, engaging in in-depth discussions on the Party’s work line. Oscar Figuera, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Venezuela, delivered a speech proposing that the Party restructure its political and social forces to better achieve unity, emphasizing that the Party’s mission is “to strive to unite the people’s movement, the revolutionary movement, and democratic and patriotic currents, and to advance continuously in the struggle for a truly revolutionary cause.”

委内瑞拉共产党在2023年10月迎来党的第十六次全国代表大会。来自全国各地的100多名代表与会，深入讨论了委共的工作路线。委共总书记奥斯卡·菲格拉发表讲话，提出委共将对政治和社会力量进行重组以更好实现团结，强调委共的使命就是“努力团结人民运动、革命运动及民主和爱国潮流，在争取真正革命的斗争中不断前进”。

The 57th Congress of the Communist Party of Britain was held in London on 4–5 November 2023, under the slogan “Build a United Front against Monopoly Capitalism and War.” The congress conducted in-depth discussions on the international and domestic environment facing British communists, expressed concern over the emergence of a “new Cold War” and escalating militarization, and stressed that building a stronger, more influential Communist Party and a combative united front is crucial for helping the workers’ movement and the left determine strategy and direction. In recent years, the Communist Party of Britain has achieved new organizational progress, with party membership growing by 5% since the last congress, the majority being young members. Consequently, the congress also raised the necessity of strengthening intra-Party political education.

英国共产党第五十七次代表大会于2023年11月4—5日在伦敦举行。大会的口号是“建立反对垄断资本主义和战争的统一战线”。会议围绕英国共产党人面临的国际国内环境进行深入讨论，对“新冷战”局面的出现以及日益加剧的军事化表示担忧，强调建设一个更强大、更有影响力的共产党和富有战斗精神的统一战线，对于帮助工人运动和左翼确定战略和方向至关重要。英国共产党近年来在组织上实现新进展，自上届代表大会以来党员数量增长了5%，其中多数为青年党员，因而此次会议也提出了加强党内政治教育的必要性问题。

In November 2023, the Workers’ Party of Ireland held its annual conference. Delegates unanimously agreed to re-elect Ted Tynan as Party Chair and discussed a range of economic, political, social, and international issues. The conference emphasized the importance of class analysis, arguing that only through a detailed class analysis of history, events, and political movements can one more fully understand the surrounding world and its future direction of development. To this end, the Workers’ Party issued a call to transform protest actions into class politics, proposing that the Party’s key role is to provide a socialist alternative in turbulent times.

2023年11月，爱尔兰工人党召开年度会议。与会代表一致同意特德·泰南连任党主席，并讨论了一系列经济、政治、社会和国际问题。会议强调阶级分析的重要性，认为只有对历史、事件和政治运动进行详细的阶级分析，才能更加充分地理解周围世界及其未来发展方向。为此，工人党发出将抗议行动转化为阶级政治的呼吁，提出工人党的重要作用就是为动荡的时代提供社会主义替代方案。

III. Breakthroughs in Local Elections, Yet Overall Strength Remains Weak

三、地方选举实现突破，整体力量仍然孱弱

Participating in elections at various domestic levels and winning broader popular support to expand the social base of their existence is an important aspect of the political activities of foreign communist parties. In 2023, although their performance in national-level elections was less than satisfactory, some communist parties showed strong momentum in regional or local elections, achieving new breakthroughs.

参加国内各层级选举、赢取更多民众支持以扩大自身存在的社会基础，是外国共产党开展政治活动的重要方面。2023年，尽管在全国层面的选举表现不尽如人意，但部分共产党在地区或地方选举中展现出强劲势头，取得了新的突破。

The Communist Party of Austria is a representative party. Following its notable success in the Graz city council elections in 2019, in April 2023 the KPÖ achieved good results in the elections for the state of Salzburg and its capital city, Salzburg. In the Salzburg state election, the electoral list “KPÖ Plus,” formed by the KPÖ together with independents, made history, with its support rate surging from 0.31% to 11.66%. In the Salzburg city election, this list came second with 21.51% (an increase of 20.32%), trailing only the ruling People’s Party. When asked about the Party’s recipe for success, KPÖ Chair Hopfgartner specifically emphasized the importance of “common action” for the KPÖ, pointing out that ideological disputes must recede at critical moments and theoretical debates must be measured in practice. That is, the Party’s focus should not be on ideological differences but on the possibility of common action, because in such common action many differences will weaken, politics will no longer be oriented toward abstractly constructed objects, but will revolve around real subjects.

奥地利共产党是具有代表性的政党。继2019年在格拉茨市议会选举取得显著成绩之后，2023年4月，奥共在萨尔茨堡州及其首府萨尔茨堡市的选举中取得佳绩。在萨尔茨堡州选举中，奥共与无党派人士组成的选举名单“奥地利共产党+”创造历史，支持率从此前的0.31%急速增至11.66%。在萨尔茨堡市选举中，该选举名单以21.51%（上升了20.32%）的支持率位居第二，仅次于执政的人民党。在被问及党的成功之道时，奥共主席霍普夫加特纳特别强调“共同行动”对奥共的重要性，指出意识形态争论在关键时刻必须退后,理论争论必须在实践中加以衡量，即党的关注焦点不应是意识形态分歧,而是共同行动的可能性，因为在这种共同行动中,许多差异将会弱化，政治不再以抽象建构的对象为导向,而将围绕真实的主体展开。

The Communist Party of Greece also achieved breakthroughs in local elections. In the Greek regional and municipal elections held in October 2023, the KKE continued its upward trend of recent years, demonstrating strong political strength. The KKE fielded candidates in all 13 regions and 262 municipalities of Greece. After two rounds of voting, a total of six KKE members were elected mayors, and hundreds of communists were elected municipal and regional councillors. Nationwide, the KKE’s support rate rose from 6.86% in 2019 to over 10%.

希腊共产党在地方选举中也取得了突破。在2023年10月举行的希腊地区和市政选举中，希腊共产党延续了近年来的上升势头，展现出强大政治实力。希腊共产党在全国所有13个地区和262个城市都推出了候选人。经过两轮选举后，总共有6名希腊共产党人当选市长，数百名共产党人当选市政议员和地区议员。从全国范围看，希共的支持率从2019年的6.86%提升至超过10%。

In addition, foreign communist parties participated in several other important elections in 2023, with gains and losses, ups and downs, but overall their strength changed little. In the Cypriot presidential election held in February 2023, the independent candidate Mavroyiannis, supported by the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL), lost by a margin of less than 4%. Nevertheless, this election still demonstrated the considerable strength of the left, so AKEL expressed confidence in the Party’s future development prospects. In 2023, multiple Indian states held legislative assembly elections. In the traditional “red belt” state of Tripura, the Left Front, formed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India, and others, contested 43 of the 60 seats, attempting to regain control of the state lost in 2018, but ultimately failed to challenge the dominant position of the Bharatiya Janata Party, winning only 13 seats. Some observers believe that public weariness with the Left Front’s long tenure, as well as internal discord within the left and its failure to actively engage young voters, were the main reasons for the Left Front’s electoral defeat. In the Spanish general election held in July 2023, the Communist Party of Spain joined the left-wing electoral platform “Sumar,” established by Spanish communist and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour Yolanda Díaz, winning a total of 10 seats. In November 2023, “Sumar” formed a coalition government with the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party; besides Díaz, another Spanish communist, Sira Rego, became Minister of Children and Youth. In the Russian regional elections held in September 2023, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation participated in gubernatorial races in 19 of the 21 states, ultimately winning the governor positions in Oryol Oblast and the Republic of Khakassia, and strengthening the vertical distribution of the Party’s forces in some non-traditional support areas, for example winning seats in almost all city councils in Kherson Oblast. In the regional and local elections of November 2023, the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova won 4.33% of the vote, securing 47 councillor seats, but this was a decrease of 4 seats compared to the 2019 election. In the Serbian parliamentary election held in December 2023, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia achieved a new breakthrough, appearing on an electoral list for the first time in 23 years as a representative of the “Pro-Russian and Patriotic Alliance,” which ultimately received 4.79% of the vote.

除此之外，2023年外国共产党还参加了一些重要选举，各党有得有失、有起有落，整体力量变化不大。在2023年2月举行的塞浦路斯总统选举中，塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党支持的独立候选人马弗罗延尼斯以不到4%的差距惜败。尽管如此，这次选举仍然展现了左派力量的强大实力，因此劳进党表示对党的未来发展前景充满信心。2023年，印度多个邦举行议会选举。在传统“红色地带”特里普拉邦的选举中，印度共产党（马克思主义）、印度共产党等组建的左翼阵线，角逐全部60个议席中的43个，试图夺回2018年丢掉的该邦控制权，但最终未能冲击人民党的主导地位，仅获得13个议席。有观点认为，民众对左翼阵线漫长任期的厌倦，以及左翼发生内讧、未能积极联系年轻选民等，是左翼阵线选举失利的主要原因。在2023年7月举行的西班牙大选中，西班牙共产党加入由西班牙共产党人、副首相兼劳工部长约兰达·迪亚兹建立的左翼选举平台“苏马尔”，共斩获10个议席。2023年11月，“苏马尔”与工人社会党共同组建联合政府，除迪亚兹外，另一西班牙共产党人西拉·雷戈出任儿童和青年部长。在2023年9月举行的俄罗斯地方选举中，俄罗斯联邦共产党参加了总共21个州中19个州的州长竞选，最终获得奥廖尔州和哈卡斯共和国两个州长职位，并在一些俄共非传统支持选区强化了党的力量的垂直分布，比如在赫尔松州的几乎所有城市议会中都赢得了议席。在2023年11月的地区和地方选举中，摩尔多瓦共产党人党赢得了4.33%的选票，获得47个议员席位，但与2019年选举相比，减少了4个议席。在2023年12月举行的塞尔维亚议会选举中，南斯拉夫新共产党实现了新突破，作为“亲俄和爱国者联盟”的代表，时隔23年首次出现在选举名单中，而该联盟最终获得了4.79%的支持率。

IV. Focusing on Realistic Critique of Capitalism, Joining Forces with Left-wing Forces in Common Struggle

四、聚焦对资本主义的现实批判，携手左翼力量共同斗争

In 2023, foreign communist parties continued their struggles against capitalism and in defense of workers’ rights, expressing solidarity and mutual support. In the course of struggle, they constantly summed up experience, deepened theoretical reflection, and strove to explore the laws of capitalist development and change as well as the laws of working-class struggle under new historical conditions, seeking to build consensus and formulate common action plans.

2023年，外国共产党持续开展反对资本主义、捍卫劳动者权益的斗争，彼此声援、相互支持，并在斗争实践中不断总结经验，深化理论思考，努力探索在新的历史条件下资本主义的发展变化规律及工人阶级斗争规律，谋求形成共识，制定共同行动方案。

First, they actively waged struggles for the basic rights of the people. For example, inspired by the October Revolution, the South African Communist Party has in recent years launched the “Red October Campaign” annually, aimed at meeting people’s needs. The 2023 campaign focused on land, food, and work, using diverse forms of struggle and protest against rising living costs. Facing the government’s protective policies toward multinational energy companies, the Workers’ Party of Belgium launched the “Revolt of the Angry,” calling for lower energy prices and organizing weekly protests in different cities and towns to push the government to take relevant action.

一是积极进行争取民众基本权利的斗争。比如，受十月革命鼓舞，近年来南非共产党每年都会发起旨在满足人民需求的“红十月运动”。2023年运动聚焦土地、食物和工作，通过形式多样的斗争抗议不断上涨的生活成本。面对政府对跨国能源公司的保护性政策，比利时工人党发起“愤怒者的反抗运动”，呼吁降低能源价格，并每周在不同城市和城镇组织一次抗议活动，以推动政府采取相关行动。

Second, waging a resolute struggle against hegemonism and power politics. In 2023, conflicts and confrontations in international society occurred frequently, and opposing war, safeguarding peace, and defending justice constituted important content of the practical struggles of foreign communist parties. Communist party organizations in many countries organized protest marches and demonstrations, opposing their own governments' provision of weapons to Ukraine, condemning the attack on the Cuban embassy in the United States, opposing the US listing Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism, and calling for an immediate end to the blockade of Cuba. The Communist Party of Turkey launched a "humanitarian chain" action. Communist parties from many countries issued a declaration of "Solidarity with Palestine," participated in organizing large-scale protest marches and demonstrations as well as anti-war and anti-fascist rallies, expressed solidarity with Palestine, called for an immediate and permanent ceasefire and an end to the blockade of Gaza, and emphasized that only by respecting the free will of the people and ensuring its realization could there be a sole path to lasting peace in the Middle East.

二是与霸权主义和强权政治作坚决斗争。2023年国际社会冲突与对抗频发，反对战争、维护和平、捍卫正义构成外国共产党实践斗争的重要内容。多国共产党组织抗议游行示威，反对本国政府向乌克兰提供武器，谴责针对古巴驻美国大使馆的袭击事件，反对美国将古巴列入恐怖主义支持者名单，呼吁立即停止对古巴的封锁。土耳其共产党发起“人道链”行动，多国共产党发表“与巴勒斯坦团结起来”宣言，参与组织大规模游行示威及反战和反法西斯集会，声援巴勒斯坦，呼吁立即永久停火、结束对加沙的封锁，强调只有尊重人民的自由意愿并保证其实现，才是中东地区实现持久和平的唯一出路。

Third, waging a tit-for-tat struggle against various anti-communist and de-communist actions. In July 2023, the House of Representatives of the Dutch Parliament passed a motion concerning the great famine in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, describing this famine as a "genocide" against the Ukrainian people, claiming that the famine was "deliberately planned and implemented by the then Soviet regime to oppress the Ukrainian people." In response to this historical nihilist practice of demonizing communism, the New Communist Party of the Netherlands actively clarified historical truths through public statements and other means, defended the great achievements of the October Revolution and the Soviet Union, exposed the motion's aim of influencing public opinion and tarnishing the image of communist parties, highly praised the history of Soviet socialism as a history of cooperation, friendship, and solidarity, and criticized that capitalist restoration had brought war, hunger, and fascism back to this region. In response to the Kazakhstani government's rehabilitation of those repressed from 1918 to 1953 and the renaming of all cities and streets, communist parties in Kazakhstan actively carried out protest actions, pointing out that its purpose was to erase the memory of the younger generation of another social and political structure, and issued an appeal to left-wing forces worldwide to jointly resist this destructive act of tampering with history and de-communization.

三是与各种反共和去共产主义化行径展开针锋相对的斗争。2023年7月，荷兰议会众议院通过了一项关于苏联20世纪30年代大饥荒的动议，将这场饥荒描述为对乌克兰人民的“种族灭绝”，声称饥荒“由当时的苏联政权蓄意策划和实施，旨在压迫乌克兰人民”。针对这一妖魔化共产主义的历史虚无主义做法，荷兰新共产党通过公开发表声明等方式，积极澄清历史真相，捍卫十月革命和苏联社会主义伟大功绩，揭露动议企图影响舆论、丑化共产党形象的目的，高度赞扬苏联社会主义历史是一部合作、友谊和团结的历史，批评资本主义复辟将战争、饥饿和法西斯主义带回了这个地区。针对哈萨克斯坦政府为1918—1953年受镇压的人平反、重新命名所有城市和街道等做法，哈萨克斯坦共产主义政党积极开展抗议行动，指出其目的是抹去年轻一代对另一种社会和政治结构的记忆，并向世界左翼力量发出呼吁，共同抵制这种篡改历史、去共产主义化的破坏性行径。

In addition, foreign communist parties also actively participated in various forms of left-wing international forums, seminars, etc., strengthening cooperation with left-wing and progressive forces, and drawing forward momentum from exchanges and cooperation. On April 22, 2023, communist parties from many countries participated in the International Anti-Fascist Forum held in Minsk, Belarus, calling on progressive forces to unite to protect humanity from the threat of fascism. From October 27 to 28, 2023, communist parties from many countries participated in the World Peace Conference held in Rome, Italy, with 40 international left-wing and anti-fascist organizations from about 30 countries attending, jointly discussing the new challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. From November 10 to 12, 2023, communist parties from many countries participated in the 7th European Left, Green and Progressive Forces Forum, directly confronting the multiple crises facing European society and deeply exploring the formulation of alternative, fairer, and more environmentally friendly solutions, etc.

此外，外国共产党还积极参与各种形式的左翼国际论坛、研讨会等，与左翼及进步力量加强合作，从交流合作中激发前行力量。2023年4月22日，多国共产党参加了在白俄罗斯明斯克举行的国际反法西斯论坛，呼吁进步力量团结起来，保护人类免受法西斯主义的威胁。2023年10月27—28日，多国共产党参加了在意大利罗马举行的世界和平会议，来自约30个国家的40个国际左派和反法西斯组织与会，共同讨论人类在21世纪面临的新挑战。2023年11月10—12日，多国共产党参加了第七届欧洲左翼、绿色和进步力量论坛，直面欧洲社会面临的多重危机，深入探讨制定可替代的、更公平更环保的解决方案，等等。

V. Maintaining International Solidarity Enters a Critical Period, with Tendencies of Division and Anti-Division Coexisting

五、维护国际团结进入关键期，分裂与反分裂倾向共存

In recent years, contradictions and differences among foreign communist parties on major theoretical and practical issues have deepened. The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis exacerbated the rifts in understanding among communist parties, even triggering public debates among some communist parties, leading to the publicization of internal contradictions within the international communist movement. In 2023, these differences in understanding led to the dissolution of old coordinating organizations and the emergence of two new channels of exchange with diametrically opposed basic positions and clear boundaries, foreshadowing the deepening of internal contradictions within the international communist movement and potentially triggering more debates or even conflicts in the future.

近年来，外国共产党在重大理论和实践问题上的矛盾分歧有所加深。乌克兰危机的爆发，加剧各国共产党的认识裂痕，甚至引发部分共产党的公开辩论，导致国际共运内部矛盾公开化。2023年，这些认识分歧造成旧协调组织的解体和两个在基本立场观点上截然对立、界限分明的新交流渠道的产生，预示着国际共运内部矛盾深化，未来可能引发更多争论甚至冲突。

On the eve of the 22nd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties in October 2022, a new international liaison organization, the Global Anti-Imperialist Platform (PMA), was formed in France. The Global Anti-Imperialist Platform aims to coordinate world anti-imperialist forces and conduct effective anti-imperialist struggles by formulating correct lines of struggle. After its formation, the Global Anti-Imperialist Platform held its first and second meetings in Paris, France, and Belgrade, Serbia; in 2023, it held its third to fifth meetings in Caracas, Venezuela, Seoul, South Korea, and Athens, Greece, respectively. The platform's program states that the Ukraine crisis is the result of war launched by Western imperialism, especially the United States. Russia, China, and other countries, by maintaining their own independence and helping other countries gain independence, have effectively curbed the world hegemony of imperialism, bringing new hope to the world's people as an alternative to the excessive exploitation of imperialism. Thus, a new international liaison and exchange channel, opposed to the "European Communist and Workers' Parties Initiative" (ECI), gradually took shape.

2022年10月第二十二届世界共产党与工人党国际会议前夕，一个新的国际联系组织——全球反帝国主义平台（PMA）在法国组建。全球反帝国主义平台旨在通过制定正确的斗争路线，协调世界反帝国主义力量，进行有效的反帝斗争。全球反帝国主义平台组建后，在法国巴黎、塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德举办了第一和第二次会议；在2023年，又分别于委内瑞拉加拉加斯、韩国首尔和希腊雅典举行了第三至五次会议。全球反帝国主义平台纲领指出，乌克兰危机是西方帝国主义尤其美国发动战争的结果。俄罗斯、中国等国通过保持自身独立和帮助其他国家获得独立，有力遏制了帝国主义的世界霸权，为世界人民带来一种替代帝国主义过度剥削的新的希望。由此，一个与“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”（ECI）相对立的新的国际联系与交流渠道逐渐成形。

Some participating parties within the "European Communist and Workers' Parties Initiative" that held opposing positions, such as the Hungarian Workers' Party, the Communist Party (Italy), the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Russian Communist Workers' Party, and the Lebanese Communist Party, actively participated in the activities of the Global Anti-Imperialist Platform. In September 2023, the "European Communist and Workers' Parties Initiative" held its final online meeting. The Communist Party of Greece, a main founder of the initiative, highly evaluated the struggles and achievements of the "European Communist and Workers' Parties Initiative" before the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis, clearly pointed out the serious differences within the initiative, and publicly issued a dissolution statement, marking the end of this cooperation channel that had played a certain role in the European communist movement over the past decade. In November of the same year, the Communist Party of Greece initiated and separately established a new regional cooperation and exchange platform called "European Communist Action" (ECA). Twelve communist parties, including the Labor Party of Austria, the Workers' Party of Ireland, and the Communist Party of Sweden, attended the founding conference. The founding declaration of "European Communist Action" emphasized further improving the ideological-political framework to organize struggles on a more solid foundation, while pointing out that the goal of "European Communist Action" is to promote investigation and research on issues related to Europe, especially the European Union, and to assist in establishing common positions and struggles for participating parties.

“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”中一些持反对立场的参与党，如匈牙利工人党、共产党（意大利）、南斯拉夫新共产党、俄罗斯共产主义工人党、黎巴嫩共产党等积极参加了全球反帝国主义平台的活动。2023年9月，“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”召开了最后一次网络会议。作为倡议主要创立者的希腊共产党，高度评价“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”在乌克兰危机爆发之前所进行的斗争及其取得的成果，明确指出倡议内部的严重分歧，并公开发表解散声明，这一过去10年间曾经在欧洲共产主义运动中发挥了一定作用的合作渠道至此不复存在。同年11月，希腊共产党发起并另行组建了一个名为“欧洲共产主义行动”（ECA）的新的区域合作交流平台，奥地利劳动党、爱尔兰工人党、瑞典共产党等12个共产党出席了成立大会。“欧洲共产主义行动”成立宣言强调进一步完善意识形态—政治框架，以在更坚实的基础上组织斗争，同时指出“欧洲共产主义行动”的目标是促进对欧洲尤其是欧盟相关问题的调查和研究，协助确立参与党的共同立场和斗争。

At the same time, influenced by multiple factors such as division in the course of historical development, the phenomenon of two or even multiple communist parties coexisting and competing within a single country has become a huge obstacle to the united development of the international communist movement in recent years. In many countries such as Italy and the United Kingdom, there are multiple communist parties, and their differences and contradictions in understanding major theoretical and practical issues are prominent, leading to mutual exclusion and fighting their own battles, resulting in a long-term sluggish state of the communist movement in those countries. In 2023, new divisions within the communist movement continued to emerge within individual countries. In December, several defectors from the Progressive Party of Working People of Cyprus formed a political organization called the "Cyprus Communist Initiative." This organization uses the hammer and sickle as its symbol and class struggle as its slogan, claiming to counter any institutional forces and committed to filling the political vacuum that has existed in Cypriot society for many years, aiming to become a cohesive force for the struggle of the working class and broader popular strata. Although this organization currently has limited strength, due to relatively strong support from the Communist Party of Greece, it has planted hidden dangers for the united development of the communist movement in Cyprus.

与此同时，外国共产党在历史发展进程中受分裂等多重因素影响，在一国内部呈现的两个甚至多个共产党共生共存、相互竞争现象，成为近年来国际共产主义运动团结发展的巨大阻碍。在意大利、英国等不少国家，存在多个共产党，且在对重大理论和实践问题的认识上矛盾分歧突出，相互排斥、各自为战，导致本国共产主义运动长期萎靡不振。2023年，共产主义运动在一国内部持续出现新的分裂。12月，塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党的几个脱党成员组建名为“塞浦路斯共产主义倡议”的政治组织。该组织以锤子和镰刀为标志，以阶级斗争为口号，声称抗衡任何体制性力量，致力于填补塞浦路斯社会多年来存在的政治真空，以成为工人阶级和更广泛民众阶层斗争的凝聚力量。该组织虽然目前力量有限，但因受希腊共产党的支持较多，为塞浦路斯共产主义运动的团结发展埋下了隐患。

It should also be noted that, at a time when international solidarity is facing challenges, communist parties in many countries are striving to strengthen their contacts and coordination, seeking to expand consensus and bridge differences, and promoting the development of the international communist movement in a more sound and healthy direction. On the one hand, they are actively strengthening domestic or regional contacts and cooperation. On July 8–9, 2023, the German Communist Party, the New Communist Party of the Netherlands, and the Communist Party of Luxembourg held a joint meeting of the three parties, conducting in-depth discussions on imperialist wars and capitalist crises as well as the role of communists in opposing war and crisis. The participating communist parties recognized that the parties held different positions on certain issues, but emphasized that the discussions should be constructive, with the aim of taking joint action and providing an ideological basis for further discussions. In 2023, communist parties in Denmark achieved an important breakthrough on the path of unity and cooperation. After 30 years of division, on September 3, 2023, two communist parties in Denmark—the Communist Party of Denmark (DKP) and the Communist Party in Denmark (KPid)—issued a public statement announcing the merger of the two parties, which would thereafter pool their experience and strength to jointly strive to build a strong communist party capable of advancing the workers’ movement and class struggle.

也应看到，在国际团结面临挑战之际，多国共产党努力加强联系协调，寻求扩大共识、弥合分歧，推动国际共产主义运动朝着更加良性、健康的方向发展。一方面，积极加强国内或区域间联系与合作。2023年7月8—9日，德国的共产党、荷兰新共产党、卢森堡共产党举行三党联席会议，围绕帝国主义战争和资本主义危机以及共产党人在反对战争和危机中的作用进行深入讨论。与会共产党认识到各方在某些问题上持有不同立场，但强调讨论应是建设性的，目的是采取联合行动，并为进一步讨论提供思想基础。2023年，丹麦共产主义政党在团结合作道路上取得了重要突破。在历经30年分裂之后，2023年9月3日，丹麦的两个共产主义政党丹麦共产党（DKP）和共产党在丹麦（KPid）发表公开声明，宣布两党合并，其后将汇聚两党的经验和力量，共同为建设一个强大的、能够推动工人运动和阶级斗争的共产党而努力奋斗。

On the other hand, some traditional channels of contact and coordination are still playing an active role. From October 19 to 22, 2023, the 23rd International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties was held in Izmir, Turkey, with 121 delegates from 68 communist and workers’ parties in 54 countries attending. The theme of the meeting was “Political and Ideological Struggle against Capitalists and Imperialism.” The participating parties exchanged views on the recent international political, military, and economic situation, and called for an ideological and political struggle to expose bourgeois media and imperialist lies. At this meeting, the Ukraine crisis once again drew the attention of many parties. Although there were different understandings and views on the origins and nature of the conflict, the parties were generally able to seek common ground while reserving differences and shelving disagreements. The meeting finally issued a joint “Plan of Action,” emphasizing the continued strengthening of interaction and contact among the world’s communist and workers’ parties, thereby opening up new prospects for the parties to build consensus and cooperate hand in hand.

另一方面，一些传统的联系与协调渠道仍然在发挥积极作用。2023年10月19—22日，第二十三届世界共产党与工人党国际会议在土耳其伊兹密尔召开，来自54个国家68个共产党和工人党的121名代表出席会议。会议主题为“反抗资本家和帝国主义的政治和意识形态斗争”。与会各党围绕新近的国际政治、军事和经济局势交换意见，呼吁开展揭批资产阶级媒体和帝国主义谎言的意识形态和政治斗争。在此次会议上，乌克兰危机再次引发多国政党的关注，虽然围绕冲突缘起和性质等问题存在不同认识和看法，但总体上能够求同存异、搁置分歧，会议最后发布了共同“行动计划”，强调将继续加强世界共产党、工人党间的互动与联系等，从而为各国党凝聚共识、携手合作开辟了新前景。

VI. Conclusion

六、结语

Looking at 2023 as a whole, foreign communist parties have maintained firm positions and clear targets in their struggles, demonstrating the distinctive party image and ideological attributes of communist parties. At the same time, the rapid changes in the international and domestic situation have continuously given rise to new problems and contradictions. Communist parties in various countries have made timely adaptive adjustments, resulting in some new changes in the focus, issues, strategies, and even outcomes of their struggles. Overall, the development trend of foreign communist parties in recent years has shown a certain continuity and stability, with the overall characteristic of advancing amid a low tide being very prominent. In the deep evolution of changes unseen in a century, unity, cooperation, and coordinated action have outstanding practical significance, which will help accelerate the historical pace of the revival of world socialism. Therefore, how to strive to expand consensus, bridge differences, and achieve cooperation has become the primary issue that foreign communist parties should communicate deeply and strive to resolve in the coming period.

综观2023年，外国共产党立场主张坚定、斗争指向明确，展现了作为共产主义政党鲜明的政党形象和意识形态属性。同时，国际国内形势的急剧变化不断催生新问题新矛盾，各国共产党及时进行适应性调整，在斗争重点、议题、策略乃至斗争结果等方面出现一些新变化。总的来看，近年来外国共产党的发展态势呈现一定连续性和稳定性，在低潮中奋进的总体特征非常显著。在大变局深度演进中，团结合作、协调行动具有突出的现实意义，这将有利于加速世界社会主义复兴的历史步伐。因此，如何努力扩大共识、弥合分歧、实现合作，成为未来一段时期外国共产党应该深入沟通并着力解决的首要问题。

(Author: Researcher and Vice President of the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者：中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院副院长、研究员）

Online Editor: Youheng

网络编辑：有恒