A Review of Overseas Scholarship on China’s Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that comprehensive deepening of reform must be taken as the fundamental driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China, with great political courage, has pushed forward comprehensive deepening of reform, driving historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state, and writing a new chapter of reform and opening up in the New Era. This article aims to systematically review and assess representative English-language literature by overseas scholars on China’s comprehensive deepening of reform, to deeply understand from an external perspective the extraordinary achievements, historical significance, and future direction of comprehensive deepening of reform, to objectively recognize the theoretical contributions and limitations of English-language research, and to propose policy recommendations for telling the story of China’s reform well and creating an external舆论 environment favorable to reform, development, and stability.

习近平总书记指出，要把全面深化改革作为推进中国式现代化的根本动力。中共十八大以来，中国共产党以巨大的政治勇气推进全面深化改革，推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，在新时代谱写了改革开放新篇章。本文拟系统梳理评介海外学者关于中国全面深化改革的代表性英文文献，从他者视角深刻理解全面深化改革的非凡成就、历史意义和前景走向，客观认识英文研究成果的理论贡献与局限性，为讲好中国改革故事、营造有利于改革发展稳定的外部舆论环境提出政策建议。

I. Overseas Scholars’ Overall Assessments of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

一、海外学者关于全面深化改革的总体性评价

Many overseas scholars positively evaluate the measures and outcomes of China’s comprehensive deepening of reform, holding that comprehensive deepening of reform has brought about changes in China’s public organizational structure, processes, culture, and technology, and has enhanced China’s state capacity to respond to changes and challenges in the domestic and international environment.

许多海外学者积极评价中国全面深化改革举措及成效，认为全面深化改革实现了对中国公共组织结构、流程、文化和技术的变革，提高了中国应对国内外环境变化和挑战的国家能力。

(1) The Overall Goal of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Has Important Innovative Significance

（一）全面深化改革总目标具有重要创新意义

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC proposed that the overall goal of comprehensive deepening of reform is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to modernize the state governance system and governance capacity. The major proposition of “modernizing the state governance system and governance capacity” has attracted widespread attention from overseas scholars. Anna Lisa Ahlers and others argue that the concept of “governance” involves political analysis, encompassing numerous issues such as the characteristics of government, power, structure, and organization. “Governance” emphasizes the output- and outcome-orientation of politics, focusing on solving collective problems within a particular policy domain. He Li argues that since 2012, state governance reform and innovation have become the core pillar of China’s grand strategy. The reform concept based on good governance provides an important theoretical and practical foundation for China’s governance reform, and strengthening governance capacity building can help China establish legitimacy without converging with Western systems. Kuotsai Tom Liou argues that China’s government reform is committed to pursuing good governance, taking concepts such as public participation, democracy and rule of law, transparency, government responsiveness, consensus building, fairness and inclusiveness, efficiency improvement, and accountability enhancement as value orientations, and using improving government efficiency, combating corruption, and applying information technology as main means to promote changes in the state governance system, effectively improving state governance capacity.

中共十八届三中全会提出，全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。“国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”这一重大命题引起海外学者广泛关注。李安娜（Anna Lisa Ahlers）等认为，“治理”这一概念涉及政治分析，包括政府的特征、权力、结构和组织等众多议题。“治理”强调政治的产出和结果导向，聚焦于解决某一个政策领域的群体性问题。李和（He Li）认为，2012年以来国家治理改革和创新已成为中国大战略的核心支柱。基于善治的改革理念为中国的治理改革提供了重要的理论和实践基础，加强治理能力建设能够帮助中国在不趋同于西方体制的情况下建立合法性。刘国材（Kuotsai Tom Liou）认为，中国的政府改革致力于追求良政善治，以公众参与、民主法治、透明度、政府回应性、增进共识、公平包容、提高效率以及强化问责等理念作为价值导向，以提高政府效率、反腐败、运用信息技术为主要手段推动国家治理体系变革，有效提高了国家治理能力。

(2) The Decision-Making System and Promotion Methods of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Are Continuously Optimized

（二）全面深化改革的决策体制和推进方法不断优化

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC established the Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform, and the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC changed the Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform into the Central Commission for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform, responsible for the top-level design, overall layout, coordination, overall promotion, and supervision of implementation of major work in comprehensive deepening of reform. Lance L. P. Gore, in an article comparing the Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform with the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System established in 1982, points out that the Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform is “an institution with an unprecedented scope of power and responsibility.” The State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System established in the early period of reform and opening up was a constituent department of the State Council, with its scope of responsibility mainly focused on economic system reform. The Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform is a top-level design institution that transcends existing Party and state departments, helping to coordinate reform tasks in political, economic, social, cultural, ecological, and other fields. Considering the scope, scale, and complexity of China’s reforms since 2013, the Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening of Reform is the authoritative institution needed for the new round of reforms.

中共十八届三中全会成立中央全面深化改革领导小组，中共十九届三中全会将中央全面深化改革领导小组改为中央全面深化改革委员会，负责全面深化改革重大工作的顶层设计、总体布局、统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实。郭良平（Lance L. P. Gore）撰文对比中央全面深化改革领导小组和1982年组建的国家经济体制改革委员会后指出，中央全面深化改革领导小组是“一个权力和责任范围空前的机构”。改革开放初期成立的国家经济体制改革委员会是国务院组成部门，职责范围主要聚焦于经济体制改革。中央全面深化改革领导小组是一个超越现有党和国家部门的顶层设计机构，有助于统筹政治、经济、社会、文化、生态等各领域改革任务。考虑到2013年以来中国改革的范围、规模和复杂性，全面深化改革领导小组是新一轮改革所需的权威机构。

General Secretary Xi Jinping, during the second collective study session of the 18th Central Committee Political Bureau, pointed out that “crossing the river by feeling the stones is a reform method rich in Chinese characteristics and suited to China’s national conditions.” Some overseas scholars believe that in the process of comprehensive deepening of reform, top-level design and grassroots exploration have achieved organic integration and positive interaction. Abbey S. Heffer and Gunter Schubert’s research finds that since 2012, against the backdrop of strengthened top-level design, local policy experimentation in China has not ceased to operate; local

习近平总书记在十八届中央政治局第二次集体学习时指出，“摸着石头过河，是富有中国特色、符合中国国情的改革方法”。一些海外学者认为，在全面深化改革进程中，顶层设计与基层探索实现了有机结合、良性互动。阿贝·S. 赫弗（Abbey S. Heffer）和舒耕德（Gunter Schubert）研究发现，2012年以来，在强化顶层设计的背景下，中国地方政策试验并没有停止运作，地方政府一如既往地肩负着提出创新政策解决方案的任务，体现出“压力下试验”的新特征。舒耕德和萨沙·日夫科夫（Sascha Zhivkov）以福建省自由贸易试验区为案例，讨论顶层设计下中国的经济改革实践，认为自由贸易试验区的主要成就是探索出可复制推广的优化营商环境的政策举措。

(3) The Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Has Practical Advantages and Theoretical Value from a Comparative Perspective

（三）比较视野下全面深化改革具有实践优势和理论价值

Some overseas scholars observe the practical development and reform model of China’s comprehensive deepening of reform from a comparative perspective. Tom Christensen and others, drawing on post-new public management theory, analyze China’s comprehensive deepening of reform model and argue that China’s reform measures conform to the core features emphasized by post-new public management theory: structural integration, enhancement of top-level design capacity, and strengthening of centralized, unified central leadership. From a structure-instrument perspective, the Chinese Communist Party, as the ruling party, possesses sufficient authority to maintain political stability, enabling it to implement super-ministry reform under centralized, unified leadership and resolve the problem of organizational fragmentation through coordinated action. From a culture-institution perspective, post-new public management theory emphasizes collective values and ethical standards, which align with fine traditional Chinese culture. The common vision of the “Chinese Dream” [1]1 The “Chinese Dream” (中国梦) is a political slogan introduced by Xi Jinping in 2012, envisioning the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. proposed since the 18th National Congress of the CPC has effectively united people’s hearts, to some extent resolving governance difficulties caused by heterogeneity, complexity, and hybridity in Chinese society. Liang Tang compares China’s comprehensive deepening of reform practices with Western reform practices, arguing that economic modernization and political democratization are the ultimate goals of political and economic system reform in modern states, and China’s reform is no exception. Although China’s comprehensive deepening of reform differs from the Western model, it is not diametrically opposed. In reform and opening up, China critically absorbed some concepts, mechanisms, and methods from Western state reform models, exploring and forming a reform model suited to its national conditions. The characteristics by which China’s comprehensive deepening of reform surpasses the Western model are: on the one hand, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government possess a holistic view based on national interests, enabling them to break free from the constraints of interest groups and autonomously formulate reform measures suited to the country’s actual conditions; on the other hand, while maintaining political stability, China advocates values such as democracy, rule of law, fairness, and justice, while simultaneously absorbing and drawing on useful institutional tools and methods from other countries to advance its own modernization process. Steven J. Balla argues that governance reform is a component of the Chinese Communist Party’s development strategy in the new development stage. He studied online consultation cases from over 100 central ministry and provincial government websites, concluding that online consultation has improved the level of government information disclosure and promoted public participation in government decision-making. Online consultation is a gradual administrative reform measure under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, helping China address governance challenges in the new development stage.

一些海外学者从比较视野出发，观察中国全面深化改革的实践发展和改革模式。汤姆·克里斯滕森（Tom Christensen）等借助后新公共管理（Post-New Public Management）理论，分析中国全面深化改革模式，认为中国的改革举措符合后新公共管理理论强调的结构整合和提高顶层设计能力、强化中央集中统一领导的核心特征。从结构—工具视角观察，中国共产党作为执政党有足够的权威来保持政治稳定，能够在集中统一领导下实施大部制改革，通过协调一致的行动解决组织结构碎片化的问题。从文化—制度视角观察，后新公共管理理论强调集体价值、道德标准，这与中华优秀传统文化相契合，中共十八大以来提出的“中国梦”等共同愿景有效凝聚人心，在一定程度上解决了中国社会中由异质性、复杂性和混合性所导致的治理难题。唐亮（Liang Tang）将中国全面深化改革实践与西方改革实践进行比较，认为经济现代化和政治民主化是现代国家政治经济制度改革的最终目标，中国的改革也不例外。中国全面深化改革与西方模式虽有差异但并不是截然对立的，中国在改革开放中批判性地吸收了西方国家改革模式的一些理念、机制和方法，探索形成了符合本国国情的改革模式。中国的全面深化改革超越西方模式的特点在于：一方面，中国共产党和中国政府具有基于国家利益的全局观，能够摆脱利益集团掣肘，自主制定符合本国实际的改革举措；另一方面，中国在保持政治稳定的基础上倡导民主、法治、公平、正义等价值观，同时吸收借鉴各国有益的制度工具方法推进本国现代化发展进程。史蒂文·巴拉（Steven J. Balla）认为，治理改革是新发展阶段下中国共产党发展战略的组成部分。他研究了100多个中央部委和省级政府网站的在线咨询案例，认为在线咨询提升了政府信息公开水平，促进了政府决策的公众参与。在线咨询是中国共产党领导下的渐进式行政改革举措，有助于中国应对新发展阶段的治理挑战。

II. Overseas Scholars’ Observations on Several Areas of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

二、海外学者对全面深化改革若干领域的观察

(1) Reform in the Economic Sphere

（一）经济领域改革

Economic system reform is the key task of the comprehensive deepening of reform, and overseas scholars have paid close attention to it. Barry Naughton argues that China’s economy, driven by market-oriented reforms, has achieved sustained growth, has already shed the old planned-economy model, and that the relationship between government and the market has been reshaped. The government’s goal in promoting economic development has shifted from simple economic growth to redistribution, social equity, and economic security. At present, the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation, while the government’s role is more evident in areas such as strategic planning and economic regulation. He believes that problems such as an insufficiently rational income distribution structure and inadequate public-service funding still exist in the operation of China’s economic system, and he recommends further deepening economic system reform focused on social security, income redistribution, and improving the business environment. On the basis of field research, Thomas Heberer and Gunter Schubert propose that the future of China’s development of a socialist market economy depends on the healthy development of the private economy. Chinese private entrepreneurs have become an influential “strategic group” in the process of deepening economic system reform; they are able to push the government to improve the business environment through both formal and informal channels. As one of the driving forces of China’s economy, this “strategic group” of private entrepreneurs plays an important role in maintaining social and political stability.

经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点任务，海外学者对此高度关注。巴里·诺顿（Barry Naughton）认为，中国经济在市场化改革推动下取得了持续增长，已经摆脱了旧的计划经济模式，政府与市场关系得到了重塑。政府推动经济发展的目标从单纯的经济增长转向了再分配、社会公平和经济安全。当前，市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用，政府作用则更多体现在战略规划、经济调节等领域。他认为，中国经济制度运行中仍存在收入分配结构不够合理、公共服务资金投入不足等问题，建议进一步深化以社会保障、收入再分配、改善营商环境为重点的经济体制改革。王海(Thomas Heberer)和舒耕德在实地调研基础上提出，中国发展社会主义市场经济的未来取决于民营经济的健康发展。中国民营企业家在深化经济体制改革过程中成为了一个有影响力的“战略群体”，他们能够通过正式和非正式渠道推动政府优化营商环境。作为中国经济的驱动力之一，民营企业家这一“战略群体”在维护社会政治稳定方面发挥着重要作用。

Some overseas scholars analyze the challenges facing China’s economy and explore the direction and focus of the next stage of economic system reform. Dwight H. Perkins argues that China’s economy faces three major challenges: population aging, carbon neutrality, and low consumption combined with high investment. He proposes that for China’s sustainable economic development, the focus of investment should shift from resource-intensive housing and infrastructure toward providing the people with better public services: free, high-quality education for the children of the floating population and for left-behind children in rural areas, better healthcare services, and investment in clean energy to replace coal and other fossil fuels. Shang-Jin Wei argues that the slowdown in China’s economic growth is partly cyclical—a result of the relative weakness of the world economy—but mainly structural. He believes that China’s past economic growth was supported by a series of market-oriented institutional reforms and a demographic dividend, but that since 2012 China’s working-age population has been declining, labor costs have risen, and the advantage of low wages has gradually faded; the focus of China’s deepening economic system reform should be on raising total factor productivity. Fabrizio Zilibotti argues that since 2013 China has started an innovation-led growth engine, pushing the transformation of economic development from investment-driven growth to innovation-driven growth. He proposes that a trade-off must be made between sustainable long-term growth and the short-term goal of high growth. Through structural reform, China has changed its previous single-minded focus on the growth rate, emphasizing sustainable, stable growth under the New Normal—a wise choice. Whether the transformation to innovation-driven growth can be achieved is the key to high-quality economic development; deepening reform in the economic sphere should change the practice of relying too heavily on fixed-asset investment to drive growth, and instead make innovation the main driver of economic development by strengthening investor protection.

一些海外学者分析中国经济面临的挑战，探讨了下一步经济体制改革的方向和重点。德怀特·珀金斯（Dwight H. Perkins）认为中国经济面临人口老龄化、碳中和以及低消费、高投资等三大挑战。他提出，中国经济的可持续发展应当将投资重心从资源密集型的住房和基础设施转向为人民提供更好的公共服务，为流动人口子女和农村留守儿童提供免费的优质教育，提供更好的医疗保健服务，投资清洁能源以取代煤炭和其他化石燃料。魏尚进（Shang-Jin Wei）认为，中国经济增长放缓的部分原因是周期性的，是世界经济相对疲弱的结果，但主要原因是结构性的。他认为，中国过去的经济增长基于一系列市场化的体制改革和人口红利支撑，但2012年以来中国的劳动力人口总量呈下降趋势，劳动力成本上升，低工资优势逐渐消退，中国深化经济体制改革的重点在于提高全要素生产率。法布里齐奥·齐利博蒂（Fabrizio Zilibotti）认为，2013年以来中国开启了以创新为主导的增长引擎，推动经济发展从投资驱动型增长向创新驱动型增长转型。他提出，需要在可持续的长期增长与高增长的短期目标之间作出取舍。中国通过结构性改革，改变了以往对经济增长率的单一关注，强调新常态下可持续的、稳定的经济增长，这是一种明智的选择。能否实现创新驱动型增长转型是经济高质量发展的关键，深化经济领域改革应当改变过于依赖固定资产投资拉动增长的做法，而是通过加强对投资者的保护，使创新成为经济发展的主要动力。

In addition, some overseas scholars focus on the effectiveness of reforms in specific areas such as China’s supply-side structural reform, mixed-ownership reform of state-owned enterprises, and rural cooperative reform. Hyun Sang Baek analyzes the relationship between China’s supply-side structural reform and sustainable growth. He argues that China’s supply-side structural reform innovatively proceeds from the supply side rather than the demand side, guiding the public sector—including state-owned enterprises, local governments, and state-owned commercial banks—to participate jointly. By cutting overcapacity, reducing excess inventory, deleveraging, lowering costs, and strengthening areas of weakness, it has reduced the negative impact of overcapacity on economic growth and provided important momentum for China’s sustainable economic growth under the New Normal. Kasper Ingeman Beck, through policy texts and case studies, analyzes in detail the mixed-ownership reform of China’s state-owned enterprises since 2013. He argues that mixed-ownership reform has consolidated China’s political-economic system, organically integrating plan and market as two modes of economic regulation, and public ownership with the private economy. Brooke Wilmsen and others conducted field research on rural cooperative reform in Hubei Province. They point out that cooperatives can effectively utilize farmland in areas with a high degree of out-migration of farming households or where large-scale production is suitable, while in areas of smallholder farming they mainly perform a political function. They argue that although the role of cooperatives in agricultural transformation in the region is not yet sufficiently evident, they may play an important role in the future.

此外，还有一些海外学者关注中国实施的供给侧结构性改革、国企混合所有制改革、农村合作社改革等具体领域的改革成效。白玄尚（Hyun Sang Baek）分析了中国供给侧结构性改革与可持续增长之间的关系。他认为，中国的供给侧结构性改革创新性地从供给侧而不是需求侧进行改革，引导包括国有企业、地方政府和国有商业银行在内的公共部门共同参与，通过去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板，减少了产能过剩对经济增长的负面影响，为新常态下中国经济可持续增长提供了重要动力。卡斯珀·贝克（Kasper Ingeman Beck）通过政策文本和案例研究详细分析了2013年以来中国国有企业混合所有制改革。他认为，混合所有制改革巩固了中国的政治经济体系，将计划与市场两种经济调节模式、公有制与私营经济有机地融合在一起。布鲁克·威尔森（Brooke Wilmsen）等实地调研了湖北省的农村合作社改革。他们指出，合作社在农户外迁程度高或适合大规模生产的地区能够有效地利用农田，在小农户地区则主要发挥政治功能。他认为，虽然合作社在该地区农业转型中的作用还不够明显，但未来可能会发挥重要作用。

(II) Reform in the Political Sphere

（二）政治领域改革

Political system reform is an important component of the comprehensive deepening of reform and plays a significant role in safeguarding and promoting economic and social development. Rana Mitter points out that since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has been constructing a political discourse system distinct from that of the West. He argues that the Chinese leader’s proposal of “whole-process people’s democracy” inherits the Marxist idea of the “people’s democratic dictatorship.” Howard Wang argues that the Communist Party of China has proposed to “coordinate development and security,” emphasizing attention to a series of security issues—economic security, political security, cultural security, food security, data security, biological security, and supply chain security—under the guidance of a holistic approach to national security. “Coordinating development and security” means that China’s leaders want China’s economic development and security situation to complement each other and interact positively. Susan Trevaskes argues that since 2012 China has placed great emphasis on law-based governance, which is crucial for understanding the direction of development of the Chinese Party and state.

政治体制改革是全面深化改革的重要组成部分，对经济社会发展发挥着重要的保障和促进作用。拉纳·米特(Rana Mitter)指出，中共十八大以来，中国正在建构区别于西方的政治话语体系。他认为，中国领导人提出的“全过程人民民主”继承了马克思主义的“人民民主专政”思想。霍华德（Howard Wang）认为，中国共产党提出要“统筹发展和安全”，强调在总体国家安全观指引下重视经济安全、政治安全、文化安全、粮食安全、数据安全、生物安全和供应链安全等一系列安全问题。“统筹发展和安全”意味着，中国领导人希望中国的经济发展和安全状态相辅相成、良性互动。苏珊·特雷瓦斯基（Susan Trevaskes）认为，2012年以来中国高度重视依法治国，这对于理解中国党和国家发展方向至关重要。

Deepening the reform of Party and state institutions is an inevitable requirement for comprehensively deepening reform and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Some overseas scholars argue that the Communist Party of China has strengthened centralized, unified leadership through the reform of Party and state institutions. Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard points out that the Communist Party of China has not fallen into decline as some Western scholars predicted. On the contrary, in recent years the Communist Party of China has strengthened its centralized, unified leadership over state institutions.

深化党和国家机构改革，是全面深化改革、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的必然要求。一些海外学者认为，中国共产党通过党和国家机构改革加强了集中统一领导。柏思德（Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard）指出，中国共产党并没有像一些西方学者预测的那样陷入衰落。相反，近年来中国共产党加强了对国家机构的集中统一领导。

Other overseas scholars conduct research on topics such as changes in the values of the Chinese people and the relationship between the state and intellectuals. Sungmin Cho, through analysis of survey data, points out that China has achieved progress in concepts of democracy and the rule of law alongside long-term economic growth; Chinese people’s understanding of democracy has its own characteristics; and modernization theory is applicable to explaining the Chinese case. Elizabeth J. Perry focuses on the relationship between the state and intellectuals. She argues that the expectation and moral role of Chinese scholars since ancient times has been to serve the state. The Chinese Party and government attach great importance to higher education reform and development, propose the goal of building world-class universities, and have constructed a good relationship between the state and intellectuals, which plays an important role in maintaining national stability.

还有海外学者针对中国民众的价值观变化和国家与知识分子关系等议题开展研究。宋敏哲（Sungmin Cho）通过分析调查数据指出，中国在长期经济增长的同时取得了民主法治观念上的进步，中国人对民主的理解具有自身特点，现代化理论适用于解释中国案例。裴宜理（Elizabeth J. Perry）关注国家与知识分子的关系。她认为，中国学者自古以来的期望和道德角色就是为国家服务。中国党和政府高度重视高等教育改革和发展，提出建设世界一流大学目标，构建了国家与知识分子的良好关系，这对于维护国家稳定发挥着重要作用。

(III) Reform in the Cultural Sphere

（三）文化领域改革

Reform of the cultural system is an important task in the comprehensive deepening of reform and is of great significance for enhancing the country’s cultural soft power. Orna Naftali points out that the Chinese Communist Party has consistently attached importance to carrying out “patriotic education” activities in schools, media, and public spaces to guide young people in strengthening their national identity. Based on questionnaire surveys and interviews with 856 secondary school students, it was found that Chinese adolescents exhibit a strong sense of national identity, with terms such as “patriotic,” “pride,” “building the country,” and “winning glory for the country” being high-frequency keywords mentioned by students in conversations with researchers. Maria Repnikova and others, taking The Paper (Pengpai Xinwen) as a case study, examine China’s media digital transformation in the new media era. They argue that The Paper has created a new form of journalism that both attracts the general public and helps strengthen the ruling party’s propaganda work. Dan Chen focuses on the practical functions of livelihood news programs on prefecture-level city television stations in China. She finds that the production process of livelihood news has changed the political role of local television media. Media coverage of livelihood news, by helping solve practical problems faced by the people, can effectively promote the supply of local public services.

文化体制改革是全面深化改革的重要任务，对于增强国家文化软实力具有重要意义。纳夫塔利·奥尔纳（Orna Naftali）指出，中国共产党一直重视在学校、媒体和公共场所开展“爱国主义教育”活动，引导青少年增强国家认同。通过对856名中学生的问卷调查和访谈发现，中国青少年展现出较强的国家认同，“爱国”“自豪”“建设国家”“为国争光”等话语是中学生与研究者交谈时提及的高频关键词。玛利亚（Maria Repnikova）等以澎湃新闻为案例研究新媒体时代中国的媒体数字化转型，他们认为澎湃新闻创造了一种新的新闻形式，既能够吸引社会大众，又有助于加强执政党的宣传工作。陈聃（Dan Chen）关注中国地级市电视台民生新闻节目的现实功能，她发现民生新闻的制作过程改变了地方电视媒体的政治角色。媒体报道民生新闻，帮助解决人民群众面临的现实问题，能够有效促进地方公共服务供给。

Some overseas scholars focus on the reform and development process of China’s cultural undertakings and cultural industries. Cangbai Wang, taking the protection and utilization of cultural heritage in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province as a case study, reveals how local governments skillfully use three interrelated carriers—museums, memorial building complexes, and expressive local folk activities—within urban spaces to promote cultural inheritance and development. Svetlana Kharchenkova uses archival materials and interview data to explore how commercial galleries and auction houses, the two dominant organizational forms in China’s contemporary art market, were established in China. She argues that China’s unique political, cultural, and institutional environment has reshaped the organizational forms of foreign cultural market entities. Confucius Institutes are educational institutions for disseminating the Chinese language and culture. One study, taking the Confucius Institute project in Ethiopia as a case, analyzes how China, by integrating language and cultural promotion, has gained the support and recognition of university administrators, students, and Chinese language teachers, and summarizes the experiences and lessons of the success of Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms in Ethiopia.

一些海外学者关注中国的文化事业和文化产业改革发展进程。王苍柏（Cangbai Wang）以广东省江门市文化遗产保护利用为案例，揭示地方政府如何在城市空间中巧妙地运用博物馆、纪念建筑群和富有表现力的地方民俗活动三种相互关联的载体推动文化传承发展。韩思玮（Svetlana Kharchenkova）运用档案资料和访谈资料探讨商业画廊和拍卖行这两种中国当代艺术市场中占主导地位的组织机构是如何在中国建立起来的，中国独特的政治、文化和制度环境重新塑造了外来文化市场主体的组织形态。孔子学院是传播汉语和中国文化的教育机构，有研究以埃塞俄比亚孔子学院项目为案例，分析中国如何通过将语言和文化推广相融合，获得大学管理者、学生和汉语教师的支持认同，总结提炼了孔子学院和孔子课堂在埃塞俄比亚获得成功的经验启示。

In recent years, some unique Chinese cultural products and cultural phenomena have attracted attention overseas. Since 2012, the documentary series *A Bite of China*, produced by China Central Television (CCTV), has been enthusiastically received by audiences both at home and abroad, becoming a well-known brand of Chinese food culture. The unprecedented success and influence of *A Bite of China* are largely attributable to CCTV’s integration strategy against the backdrop of media reform. The participation and re-creation of media audiences online have injected new vitality into the formation and spread of the “Bite of China phenomenon.” Jonathan Sullivan and others argue that the celebrity effect in China is a unique popular cultural phenomenon. Celebrities match the advertising-centered business model of commercial media and the internet, while also serving as a powerful tool for disseminating the discourse of the Party and the state. Government departments guide celebrities to convey positive messages by enacting laws such as the *Advertising Law* and the *Moral Code for Advertising Activities*, encouraging the public to emulate them, thereby achieving public policy objectives.

近年来一些独特的中国文化产品和文化现象在海外引起关注。2012年以来中央电视台制作的《舌尖上的中国》系列纪录片受到海内外观众的热烈追捧，成为中国饮食文化的知名品牌。《舌尖上的中国》的空前成功和影响力在很大程度上归功于央视在媒体改革背景下的融合策略，媒体受众在网络上的参与和再创造为“舌尖现象”的形成和传播注入了新的活力。乔纳森（Jonathan Sullivan）等认为，中国的名人明星效应是一种独特的流行文化现象。名人明星与商业媒体、互联网依赖广告为中心的商业模式相匹配，同时也是传播党和国家话语的强有力工具。政府部门通过制定《广告法》《广告活动道德规范》等方式引导名人明星传递正面信息，鼓励大众效仿，进而实现公共政策目标。

(4) Reform in the Social Sphere

（四）社会领域改革

Some overseas scholars argue that since 2012, China has promoted a series of institutional innovations in the social sphere, reforming and improving the social governance system, but it also needs to promptly address some new problems. Marianne von Blomberg and others focus on the construction of China’s social credit system. They argue that China has created a unique type of public regulation

一些海外学者认为，2012年以来中国在社会领域推动了一系列制度创新，改革和完善社会治理体制，但同时也需要及时解决一些新问题。玛丽安·布隆伯格（Marianne von Blomberg）等关注中国社会信用体系建设，认为中国通过社会信用失信惩戒创造了一种独特的公共监管类型，有望解决传统监管手段的低效问题。当然，这种“声誉监管”也因缺乏信用修复机制而可能带来新的挑战。简·克里斯托弗·米特尔斯泰特（Jean Christopher Mittelstaedt）认为，中国基层治理中的网格化管理模式是现有治理结构向社区的拓展。网格化管理通过地图绘制、数据采集、信息共享等手段强化基层治理，更多强调自上而下的管理，聚焦社会稳定。新冠疫情期间，网格化管理展现出作为追踪机制和服务提供协调平台的有效性。

Deepening comprehensive reform in the education sector is an important task in advancing reform and innovation in social undertakings. Richard B. Freeman and others argue that the quality of China’s universities and their research levels have greatly improved, the growth rate of patents has been rapid, and the results of education reform have been notable. China’s education reform actively adapts to the trend of globalization, encouraging outstanding talent to receive education abroad and return to China to engage in innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby enabling Chinese institutions of higher learning to quickly move to the world’s scientific and technological frontiers in certain fields. Jun Li holds that education reform focuses on improving education quality, optimizing education structure, and promoting education equity, with reform objectives mainly including equality, quality, efficiency, and revitalization. Rapid economic and social development has laid a material foundation for education reform. From compulsory education to higher education, from curriculum reform to institutional innovation, from quantitative growth to quality improvement, China’s education reform reflects value orientations such as standardization and diversification.

深化教育领域综合改革是推进社会事业改革创新的重要任务。理查德·弗里曼（Richard B. Freeman）等认为，中国大学的办学质量和研究水平大幅度提高，专利增长速度迅猛，教育改革成效显著。中国的教育改革积极适应全球化趋势，鼓励优秀人才接受海外教育并回国从事创新创业活动，使中国高等院校在一些科技领域快速跻身世界科技前沿。李军（Jun Li）认为，教育领域改革以提高教育质量、优化教育结构、促进教育公平为重点，改革的目标主要包括平等、质量、效率和振兴。经济社会快速发展为教育领域改革奠定了物质基础，从义务教育到高等教育、从课程改革到制度创新、从数量增长到质量提高，中国教育改革体现出标准化、多样化等价值导向。

Some overseas scholars argue that China has carried out beneficial reform explorations in safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood and promoting common prosperity. Alison Booth and others focus on China’s labor-capital relations, contending that proactive trade unions provide effective protection and services for urban and rural migrant workers, and that union members enjoy better treatment in terms of wages, insurance, supplementary benefits, and signing written contracts. Through field research in four provinces—Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi—Elena Meyer-Clement found that rural community construction is an important policy in China’s new-type urbanization and rural transformation. Rural community construction has accelerated the adjustment of rural spatial structure.

一些海外学者提出，中国在保障和改善民生、促进共同富裕方面进行了有益的改革探索。艾利森·布斯（Alison Booth）等关注中国劳资关系，认为积极进取的工会组织为城乡农民工提供了有效的保护和服务，工会成员在工资、保险、附加福利和签订书面合同等方面享有更好的待遇。埃琳娜·迈耶-克莱门特（Elena Meyer-Clement）通过对河南、江苏、安徽、江西等四省调研发现，农村社区建设是中国新型城镇化和乡村改造的重要政策。农村社区建设加快了农村空间结构调整。

(5) Reform in the Field of Ecological Civilization

（五）生态文明领域改革

Ecological and environmental protection is a global issue, and overseas scholars pay close attention to the achievements of China’s ecological civilization construction. Tao-chiu Lam and others argue that China’s local governments have continuously strengthened environmental protection institution building, enriched and adjusted the regulatory and enforcement functions of environmental protection bureaus, implemented the de-profitization reform of public institutions in the environmental protection field, and effectively constructed a local environmental protection governance system. Based on a case analysis of water environment governance in Zhejiang Province from 2012 to 2018, Jessica Teets and others found that social organizations play an active role in ecological and environmental governance. By mobilizing the public to collect and integrate water pollution information and deeply participating in environmental governance practices, social organizations not only achieve the action goal of solving environmental problems but also increase public satisfaction with government environmental protection policies.

生态环境保护是全球性议题，海外学者十分关注中国生态文明建设成果。林道超（Tao-chiu Lam）等认为，中国地方政府持续加强环境保护制度建设，充实调整环保局监管执法职能，实施环境保护领域事业单位去营利化改革，有效构建了地方环境保护治理体系。杰西卡·蒂斯（Jessica Teets）等基于2012至2018年浙江省水环境治理的案例剖析发现，社会组织在生态环境治理中发挥积极作用。社会组织通过动员民众收集整合水污染信息深度参与环境治理实践，不仅实现了解决环境问题的行动目标，同时提高了民众对政府环境保护政策的满意度。

Some overseas scholars focus on the rule-of-law reform in China’s ecological civilization construction, arguing that China is exploring new governance pathways for ecological civilization through reforms in legislation, law enforcement, and the judiciary. Benjamin van Rooij found that local protectionism is an obstacle that China’s environmental regulatory enforcement must overcome. The central government has reduced the negative impact of local protectionism on environmental enforcement by compressing the discretionary power in environmental law enforcement, employing campaign-style governance, implementing vertical management reform of local environmental protection departments, and changing the incentive structure for local leaders.

一些海外学者关注中国生态文明建设法治改革，认为中国通过立法、执法和司法等领域改革探寻生态文明新的治理之道。本雅明·范罗吉（Benjamin van Rooij）发现，地方保护主义是中国环境监管执法必须突破的障碍。中央政府通过压缩环境执法自由裁量权、运动型治理、地方环保部门垂直管理改革、改变地方领导人的激励结构等方式减少了地方保护主义对环境执法的负面影响。

In addition, some scholars have explored reforms in the field of ecological civilization from the perspective of intergovernmental relations. Genia Kostka has argued that simply analyzing environmental protection laws and regulations is insufficient to explain China’s environmental governance practices; the fiscal structure between the central and local governments and the cadre incentive system profoundly affect the implementation of local environmental governance. She believes that green transformation can bring about significant improvements in environmental governance outcomes, but concentrating environmental protection authority upward is not a panacea; the next step should be to effectively mobilize the initiative of local governments in environmental governance reform. Sarah Eaton and others argue that China has implemented vertical management reforms in the field of environmental protection, enhancing environmental governance capacity through measures such as the accountability system and the division of fiscal powers and responsibilities. However, there are still certain shortcomings in managing cross-regional ecological and environmental issues, and consideration should be given to how to further incentivize local governments to strengthen cooperation in environmental protection.

此外，还有学者从政府间关系视角探讨生态文明领域的改革。吉尼娅·科斯塔卡（Genia Kostka）提出，单纯分析环保法律规范不足以解释中国的环境治理实践，央地财政结构和干部激励制度深刻影响地方环境治理执行效果。她认为，绿色转型可以带来环境治理结果的显著改善，但环保事权向上集中并不是万能的，下一步应当在环境治理改革中有效调动地方政府的积极性。莎拉·伊顿（Sarah Eaton）等认为，中国在环境保护领域实施垂直管理改革，通过问责制和财权事权划分等举措提高环境保护治理能力，但在管理跨区域生态环境问题方面仍存在一定短板，应当思考如何进一步激励地方政府加强环境保护合作。

(6) Reform in the Field of Party Building

（六）党的建设领域改革

Overseas scholars have developed new understandings of the position, role, and function of the Communist Party of China in China’s national governance. Kerry Brown argues that the CPC is different from political parties in Western countries, possessing unique characteristics in terms of discourse, history, and ideology. Since 2012, Chinese leaders have put forward reform visions in various areas of modern political system construction, including national capacity, rule of law, and democratic accountability. It is safe to say that no other country can do what China is doing as quickly and on such a large scale. The CPC has strengthened its leadership over national development goals and macro-strategic direction, while focusing on enhancing the executive capacity of state organs and administrative institutions.

海外学者对中国共产党在中国国家治理中的地位、作用和功能有了新的认识。克里·布朗（Kerry Brown）认为，中国共产党不同于西方国家的政党，具有独特的话语、历史和意识形态特点。2012年以来，中国领导人在国家能力、法治和民主问责制等现代政体建设的各领域均提出了改革愿景。可以肯定地说，没有哪个国家能够如此迅速、如此大规模地做中国正在做的事情。中国共产党加强对国家发展目标和宏观战略方向的引领，并着力提高国家政权机关和行政机构的执行力。

The construction and reform dynamics of the CPC’s cadre contingent have attracted widespread attention from overseas scholars. Melanie Manion argues that China’s cadre selection and appointment mechanism effectively examines the political performance and capabilities of leading cadres while obtaining comprehensive information about the candidates through multiple channels. China’s cadre system combines institutionalization with flexibility and universality with heterogeneity. Bruce Dickson points out that although China’s cadre contingent is gradually becoming younger, more educated, and more professional, attention must also be paid to rectifying the motives and interest orientations of new members, further enhancing the cohesion of the cadre contingent and public trust. David Shambaugh has systematically studied China’s cadre education and training system. He notes that China possesses a vast and complex cadre training system. Party schools (administrative academies) at all levels and cadre academies are not only training institutions for improving cadres’ professional knowledge and governance capabilities but also important institutions for providing cadres with guidance on major policies. Charlotte Lee argues that the CPC has achieved large-scale, regularized cadre training by building a vast and complex cadre education and training system composed of Party schools (administrative academies) and cadre academies at all levels. The courses offered by cadre education and training institutions balance theoretical education, Party spirit education, and practical skills in management techniques, effectively enhancing cadres’ ability to adapt to organizational change. The CPC’s high emphasis on cadre education and training helps build a learning-oriented Party and improve its governance capacity and leadership level.

中国共产党的干部队伍建设与改革动态引起了海外学者的广泛关注。墨宁（Melanie Manion）认为，中国的干部选拔任用机制在有效考察领导干部政绩和能力的同时通过多种渠道获取被考察人的全面信息，中国的干部制度兼具制度性与灵活性结合、普适性与异质性结合的特点。狄忠蒲（Bruce Dickson）指出，虽然中国的干部队伍逐渐年轻化、知识化、专业化，但也需要重视端正新成员的入党动机和利益取向，进一步增强干部队伍的凝聚力和公众信任。沈大伟（David Shambaugh）系统研究了中国的干部教育培训体系。他指出，中国拥有庞大而复杂的干部培训体系。各级党校（行政学院）和干部学院既是提高干部专业知识和治理能力的培训机构，也是向干部进行重大政策辅导的重要机构。夏洛特·李（Charlotte Lee）认为，中国共产党通过建设由各级党校（行政学院）和干部学院组成的庞大而复杂的干部教育培训体系，实现了大规模、常态化的干部培训。干部教育培训机构开设的课程兼顾理论教育、党性教育和管理技术实用技能，有效提高了干部适应组织变革的能力。中国共产党高度重视干部教育培训，有助于建设学习型政党、提高执政能力和领导水平。

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [7]7 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, adopted the “Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms,” which set out the overall framework for reform across multiple sectors. made major deployments to reform the Party’s discipline inspection system and improve the anti-corruption leadership system and working mechanisms. Andrew Wedeman argues that since the 18th CPC National Congress, Chinese leaders have launched an anti-corruption campaign called “Tiger Hunt.” According to the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) published by Transparency International, China is at a medium level globally; compared with many other developing countries, China has a higher degree of integrity and greater anti-corruption efforts. Flora Sapio has studied the historical changes in the CPC’s discipline inspection and supervision organs. She argues that the National Commission of Supervision, established in 2018, integrated existing anti-corruption institutions and functions and is the highest supervisory organ. This institutional arrangement was not determined by any given development path but was a scientific decision based on the country’s own conditions and institutional goals.

中共十八届三中全会作出了改革党的纪律检查体制，健全反腐败领导体制和工作机制的重大部署。魏昂德(Andrew Wedeman)认为，中共十八大以来中国领导人开启了一场“打老虎”（Tiger Hunt）的反腐败行动。根据透明国际发布的腐败感知指数（CPI），中国处于全球中等水平，相比于许多其他发展中国家，中国的清廉程度更高，反腐败力度更大。芙罗拉·萨皮奥（Flora Sapio）研究了中国共产党纪检监察机关的历史变迁。她认为，2018年组建的国家监察委员会整合了现有的反腐败机构和职能，是最高监察机关。这种制度安排并非由任何既定的发展路径所决定，而是基于自身国情和制度目标所作出的科学决策。

In addition, some scholars have studied changes in the CPC’s leadership methods over state-owned enterprises. Beck and Boistel [8]8 The text gives “贝克和柏思德” (Beike and Boside). The English rendering “Beck and Boistel” follows the authors’ likely names as they appear in the original Chinese source; the exact Western-language names are not specified in the input. analyzed the role of the CPC in the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises. The study found that through reform measures such as “two-way entry, cross-appointment” and placing “three important and one major” [9]9 “Three important and one major” (三重一大) refers to major decisions, important personnel appointments, major project arrangements, and large-scale use of funds, which must be decided collectively by the Party leadership group. decisions under prior review, the Party has consolidated its dominant position in personnel appointments and major decisions within state-owned enterprises, creating a new model of corporate governance.

此外，还有学者研究了中国共产党对国有企业的领导方式变革。贝克和柏思德分析了中国共产党在国有企业公司治理中的作用。研究发现，通过实施“双向进入、交叉任命”和“三重一大”决策前置等改革举措，党巩固了其在国有企业人事任命和重大决策方面的主导地位，创造了一种新型的公司治理模式。

3. Main Characteristics of Overseas Research on Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

三、海外学者关于全面深化改革研究的主要特点

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, English-language scholarship on China’s comprehensive deepening of reform has exhibited some new characteristics.

中共十八大以来，英文学界关于中国全面深化改革的研究展现出一些新的特点。

(1) In Terms of Research Content: Macro Strategy Combined with Micro Issues, Covering All Key Areas of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（一）从研究内容看，宏观战略与微观议题相结合，覆盖全面深化改革各个重点领域

Overseas research on comprehensive deepening of reform includes both macro-level topics such as the overall goals, institutional mechanisms, and methods of advancing reform, and reforms in specific fields such as the economy, politics, society, and Party building. This indicates that comprehensive deepening of reform occupies an important position in recent overseas China studies. A considerable portion of the English-language literature consists of general studies on China’s national governance system reform, macroeconomic system reform, and Party building. At the same time, the English-language literature includes a large number of empirical analyses based on micro-level case studies, such as reforms of Party and state institutions, China’s state-owned enterprise reform, rural reform, higher education reform, and targeted poverty alleviation. These studies provide vivid material for the international community to understand the frontier dynamics of China’s reforms. Overseas scholars comprehensively employ multiple research methods, including textual research, historical analysis, and field investigation. Most of the literature uses statistical data and case materials from China, and some researchers have collected primary data through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews.

关于全面深化改革的海外研究既包括全面深化改革的总目标、体制机制和推进方法等宏观层面的议题，也涵盖了经济、政治、社会和党的建设等各具体领域改革，这说明全面深化改革在近年的海外中国研究中占据重要地位。英文文献中相当一部分是关于中国国家治理体系改革、宏观经济体制改革、党的建设等方面的总体性研究。与此同时，海外文献中出现了围绕党和国家机构改革、中国国企改革、农村改革、高等教育改革、精准扶贫等大量基于微观个案的实证分析，这些研究为国际社会了解中国改革前沿动态提供了鲜活素材。海外学者综合运用文本研究、历史分析、实地调研等多种研究方法，大部分文献使用了来自中国的统计数据和案例素材，部分研究者通过问卷调查和深度访谈采集了一手数据。

(2) In Terms of Research Type: Predominantly Area Studies, with Increasing Discipline-Based Theoretical Research

（二）从研究类型看，以区域国别研究为主，学科理论研究日益增多

Most of the English-language literature on comprehensive deepening of reform adopts an area studies perspective, which focuses on revealing the uniqueness and complexity of China’s reforms and offers commentary on reform goals, processes, outcomes, and future prospects. Area studies are adept at sorting and analyzing official documents and media reports on China’s comprehensive deepening of reform. However, due to the long publication cycles of English-language papers and books, some published literature suffers from outdated data, untimely case updates, and inaccurate judgments of reality. In addition, in recent years, there has been an increase in English-language research on China’s reforms based on disciplinary theories such as political science, economics, and public management, which interweaves and complements area studies. A major difference between discipline-based theoretical research and area studies is that the former not only takes China’s comprehensive deepening of reform as its research object but also attempts to extract distinctive theoretical viewpoints from China’s reform experience materials to engage in dialogue with classical disciplinary theories, testing or challenging existing theories, and striving to create new theories based on Chinese experience. The strength of area studies lies in their relatively full presentation of the process and details of China’s comprehensive deepening of reform; their limitation is that they overemphasize the uniqueness of China’s reforms and lack a perspective for dialogue with general reform theories. The strength of discipline-based theoretical research is its focus on using general disciplinary principles to analyze the influencing factors and causal mechanisms of China’s reforms; however, because classical disciplinary theories mainly originate from the practices of other countries, some studies exhibit a “cutting the feet to fit the shoes” phenomenon when analyzing China’s reform cases.

全面深化改革的大部分英文文献采用了区域国别研究视角，这种研究视角注重揭示中国改革的独特性和复杂性，对改革目标、历程、成效和未来展望作出评述。区域国别研究擅长对中国全面深化改革的官方文献和媒体报道进行梳理分析。但由于英文论文和著作发表和出版周期较长，一些已出版文献存在数据陈旧、案例更新不及时、现实判断不准确等问题。此外，近年来英文文献中基于政治学、经济学、公共管理学等学科理论的中国改革研究日益增多，与区域国别研究呈现交错互补态势。学科理论研究与区域国别研究的一大区别在于，前者不仅将中国全面深化改革作为研究对象，而且尝试从中国改革经验素材中提炼与众不同的理论观点与经典学科理论进行对话，检验或挑战现有的理论，力求基于中国经验创造新的理论。区域国别研究的优势是对中国全面深化改革的历程和细节展现较为充分，局限在于过于强调中国改革的独特性，缺乏与一般改革理论进行对话的视野。学科理论研究的优势是注重运用一般性学科原理分析中国改革的影响因素和因果机制，但由于学科经典理论主要源自他国实践，部分研究对中国改革案例分析存在“削足适履”现象。

(3) In Terms of Author Groups: A Broad Distribution of Scholars from Various Countries, with Increasing Collaborative Research between Domestic and International Scholars

（三）从作者群体看，各国学者来源分布广泛，国内外学者合作研究增多

Overseas scholars and institutions conducting research on China’s comprehensive deepening of reform come from a wide range of sources. These include senior scholars from globally renowned China-studies institutions such as the Harvard-Yenching Institute, the Oxford University China Centre, and the East Asian Institute of the National University of Singapore, who have long tracked Chinese issues, as well as a large number of scholars from other universities and research institutes, some of whom were not originally专职 [n10] in China studies. At the same time, a noteworthy phenomenon is the increasing number of papers co-authored by overseas and Chinese scholars. By collaborating with overseas scholars or independently publishing academic papers, Chinese scholars have played an active role in telling the story of China’s reform to the outside world.

对中国全面深化改革开展研究的海外学者及机构来源广泛，既有来自哈佛大学燕京学社、牛津大学中国研究中心、新加坡国立大学东亚研究所等全球知名中国研究机构长期跟踪研究中国问题的资深学者，也有大量其他高等院校、研究机构以及一些原本并非专职从事中国研究的学者参与其中。与此同时，一个引人关注的现象是海外学者与中国国内学者合作发表的论文日益增多。国内学者通过与海外学者合作或独立发表学术论文，在对外讲好中国改革故事方面发挥了积极作用。

(4) From the Perspective of Stance: Coexistence of Endorsement, Sincere Advice, and Ideological Bias

（四）从观点倾向看，认同支持、真诚建议和意识形态偏见共存

Most researchers endorse and support China’s implementation of comprehensive deepening of reform, positively evaluate the achievements made in this area, and believe that China has achieved important breakthroughs in improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. They are also optimistic about the prospects of reform in key areas. Many overseas scholars, through field research and data analysis, have studied the difficulties and problems existing in reform and put forward suggestions for further promoting comprehensive deepening of reform. For example, in the field of economic reform, overseas scholars suggest that the Chinese government further optimize the business environment, raise total-factor labor productivity, improve the socialist market economy system, strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, and better promote scientific and technological innovation. In the field of social reform, they suggest that China deepen reforms of the social security system and the social welfare system, optimize the income distribution structure, and raise the level of public services such as education and medical care. However, it should also be noted that some overseas academic institutions originated from the geopolitical needs of major powers during the Cold War in their area and country studies of China, and their personnel find it difficult to shake off ideological bias, lacking objectivity and accuracy in their analysis and judgment of China’s reform issues. There are still some overseas scholars who fail to objectively view the remarkable results and latest progress of China’s reforms, one-sidedly interpreting the problems existing in the reforms and their economic and social impacts, and holding a negative attitude toward the prospects of reform.

大部分研究者认同支持中国实施全面深化改革，积极评价中国全面深化改革取得的成就，认为中国在完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化方面实现了重要突破，并对中国重点领域的改革前景表示乐观。许多海外学者通过实地调研和数据分析研究改革存在的困境和问题，对进一步推动全面深化改革提出了建议。例如，在经济改革领域，海外学者建议中国政府进一步优化营商环境，提高全要素劳动生产率，完善社会主义市场经济制度，加大对知识产权的保护力度，更好促进科技创新。在社会改革领域，建议中国深化社会保障制度改革、社会福利制度改革，优化收入分配结构，提高教育、医疗等公共服务水平。但也应当注意，一些海外学术机构针对中国的区域国别研究起源于冷战时期大国地缘政治需要，其人员难以摆脱意识形态偏见，对中国改革问题的分析和判断缺乏客观性和准确性。仍有一些海外学者未能客观看待中国改革取得的显著成效和最新进展，片面解读改革中存在的问题及其经济社会影响，对改革前景持消极态度。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

Comprehensive deepening of reform is a field that has attracted notable attention in overseas China studies in recent years. Overseas scholars positively evaluate the progress made in comprehensive deepening of reform, focusing on the efforts of the Communist Party of China to break down institutional and mechanistic drawbacks in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and Party building, and to advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. The research of these overseas scholars provides diverse perspectives and unique pathways for understanding and grasping the theoretical, practical, and institutional achievements of comprehensive deepening of reform, and some of their suggestions have reference value for planning the key tasks and main directions of a new round of comprehensive deepening of reform.

全面深化改革是近年来海外中国研究中一个引人关注的领域。海外学者积极评价全面深化改革取得的进展，关注中国共产党在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、党的建设等领域破除体制机制弊端，为推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化作出的努力。这些海外学者的研究为理解把握全面深化改革取得的理论成果、实践成果、制度成果提供了多元视角和独特路径，其中一些建议对谋划新一轮全面深化改革的重点任务和主攻方向具有参考价值。

It is undeniable that some English-language literature has exhibited a certain degree of misreading and misjudgment regarding China’s comprehensive deepening of reform, with some literature suffering from ideological bias and low academic quality. Some English-language literature selectively ignores the progressive significance of China’s reforms and wantonly exaggerates the difficulties and challenges China faces in reform. Other English-language literature, while affirming the achievements of China’s comprehensive deepening of reform, often ties these achievements to the “China threat theory.” Still other English-language literature lacks in-depth investigation and research, cites incomplete data and materials, mechanically applies existing theories to evaluate China’s reforms, and lacks the rigor of academic research and practical reference value.

不可否认，有一些英文文献对中国全面深化改革的认知出现了一定程度的误读误判，部分文献存在意识形态偏见、学术质量不高等问题。一些英文文献选择性忽视中国改革的进步意义，肆意渲染中国改革面临的困难和挑战。有的英文文献虽然肯定了中国全面深化改革取得的成就，但往往将改革成就与“中国威胁论”进行捆绑。还有一些英文文献调查研究不够深入，引用数据和资料不全面，简单套用既有理论评价中国改革，缺乏学术研究的严谨性和实践参考价值。

To tell the story of China’s reform well on the new journey of the New Era, and to present a true, multi-dimensional, and comprehensive picture of the frontier dynamics of comprehensive deepening of reform, we should further promote innovative breakthroughs in both theory and practice.

在新时代新征程上讲好中国改革故事，真实、立体、全面展示全面深化改革的前沿动态，应当进一步推动理论和实践的创新突破。

First, correctly understand the relationship between institutional confidence and comprehensive deepening of reform. Accurately grasp and understand the distinctions and connections among the fundamental systems, basic systems, and important systems within the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics; unswervingly uphold and consolidate the fundamental systems; draw on and absorb all outstanding achievements of human civilization to optimize and improve the systems that have an important impact on economic and social development; and accelerate the realization of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

第一，正确认识制度自信与全面深化改革的关系。准确理解和把握中国特色社会主义制度体系中根本制度、基本制度和重要制度的区别与联系，毫不动摇坚持和巩固根本制度，借鉴吸收人类一切优秀文明成果优化完善对经济社会发展具有重要影响的制度，加快推动实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

Second, innovate the narrative discourse system of China’s reform to enhance the targeting and effectiveness of international communication. We should adhere to segmented international communication, telling the story of the people’s leader personally driving reform, the story of the people’s wisdom in creating reform, and the story of the contrast between the past and present of reform achievements, tailored to the characteristics of different regions, countries, and audiences. This will broadly build international consensus and create an international public opinion atmosphere that supports China’s reform.

第二，创新中国改革叙事话语体系，增强国际传播针对性、有效性。要坚持分众化国际传播，针对不同区域国别和受众特点讲好人民领袖亲自推动改革的故事、人民群众创造改革智慧的故事、改革成就今昔对比的故事，广泛凝聚国际社会共识，营造支持中国改革的国际舆论氛围。

Third, strengthen support and guidance for domestic scholars and build platforms for spreading the good voice of China’s reform to the world. Encourage domestic scholars to publish academic papers and current affairs commentary articles on China’s reform issues in international journals, insist on using Chinese theories to explain Chinese practice, and construct an independent Chinese knowledge system.

第三，加强对国内学者的支持引导，为向全世界传播中国改革好声音搭建平台。鼓励国内学者围绕中国改革问题在国际期刊发表学术论文和时政评论文章，坚持运用中国理论阐释中国实践，构建中国自主知识体系。

Fourth, strengthen academic ties with overseas academic institutions and scholars, and smooth the channels for international academic exchange and communication. Regularly track and sort out the research dynamics of overseas China studies institutions, use important international conferences or forums to build platforms for cooperation and exchange on reform research between China and foreign countries, connect with a group of high-level experts who understand and are friendly to China and have international influence, and provide convenient conditions for overseas scholars to conduct field research in China.

第四，加强同海外学术机构和学者的学术联系，畅通国际学术交流交往渠道。定期跟踪梳理海外中国研究机构的研究动态，利用重要国际会议或论坛搭建中外改革研究合作交流平台，联系一批知华友华且具有国际影响力的高层次专家，为海外学者来华开展调查研究提供便利条件。

(Author Biographies: Zhang Ke: Teaching and Research Department of Public Administration, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance); Teaching and Research Department of Public Administration, Party School of the CPC Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee (Xinjiang Administrative Academy). Liu Xinyue: Teaching and Research Department of Public Administration, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance).)

（作者简介：张克：中央党校（国家行政学院）公共管理教研部，新疆维吾尔自治区党委党校（新疆行政学院）公共管理教研部；刘馨岳：中央党校（国家行政学院）公共管理教研部）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心