Developments in Foreign Communist Parties in 2024: New Opportunities Amidst the Low Ebb, Unity Amidst Diversity

In 2024, the international situation grew more complex, with instability and uncertainty becoming more pronounced, and the epochal feature of the accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century further deepened. Amidst intricate domestic and international circumstances, foreign communist parties actively engaged in actions both inside and outside parliaments, striving to expand their social support base, broaden their influence, defend workers' rights, express solidarity with international just and progressive causes, and promote the building of a better world. In their critique and struggle against capitalism, they demonstrated their unique and important role.

2024年，国际局势更趋复杂，不稳定性、不确定性更加凸显，百年大变局加速演进的时代特征进一步深度呈现。在错综复杂的内外形势下，外国共产党积极开展议会内外行动，争取拓展社会支持基础，扩大自身影响力，捍卫劳动者权利，声援国际正义进步事业，推动建设更加美好世界，在对资本主义的批判和抗争中彰显了自身独特而重要的作用。

Forging Ahead on the Path of Advancing Human Progress

在推动人类进步的道路上奋勇前行

Commemoration, critique, and struggle were the keywords for the extra-parliamentary political activities of foreign communist parties in 2024.

纪念、批判、斗争，是2024年外国共产党议会外政治活动的关键词。

The year 2024 marked the 120th anniversary of Lenin's death. Foreign communist parties, through extensive commemorative activities, published articles, and issued statements, deeply recalled Lenin's great contributions, seeking the direction for the development of the socialist movement from the review and summary of the revolutionary leader's thought. The General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), Sitaram Yechury, published a lengthy article on the party's official website, likening Lenin to "the North Star guiding humanity's revolutionary liberation and progress," leaving an indelible mark on the process of the world proletarian revolution. He argued that Lenin not only grasped the essence of Marx's creative scientific thought but also advanced it with the times; Lenin's ideological contributions merit continuous study to further promote the development of the global revolutionary movement.[1]1 Sitaram Yechury (1952–2024) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 2015 until his death in September 2024. The newspaper of the Communist Party of Ireland, *Socialist Voice*, published an article reviewing Lenin's revolutionary career and great contributions, concluding with the lines from the American poet Langston Hughes's poem commemorating Lenin, "Between the night and the dawn, a red star rises," highly praising Lenin's great achievements.[2]2 Langston Hughes (1901–1967) was an American poet, social activist, and a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance. The Communist Party of Greece organized rallies and a themed concert to commemorate Lenin, with its General Secretary, Dimitris Koutsoumpas, delivering a speech emphasizing the importance of Lenin's legacy and its significant role in guiding the contemporary struggle of the working class.[3]3 Dimitris Koutsoumpas (b. 1955) has been the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece since 2013. The participating parties of "European Communist Action" issued a joint statement, highly evaluating Lenin's great historical contributions, emphasizing that Lenin was an outstanding thinker and revolutionary who made immense contributions to the cause of working-class liberation, the abolition of exploitation, and the construction of a socialist-communist society. Lenin's rich theoretical legacy and his experience in political practice and Party building possess enduring vitality, especially his analysis of the issue of imperialist war, which is more relevant than ever before. Commemorating Lenin today is not only to pay tribute to this world proletarian leader but also to call upon all working people, communist and workers' parties of all countries, to deeply study revolutionary theory guiding revolutionary action, to follow the spirit of Leninism, and to defend the development of Leninism in the 21st century.[4]4 "European Communist Action" is a network of communist and workers' parties in Europe, founded in 2023.

2024年是列宁逝世120周年。外国共产党通过广泛开展纪念活动、刊发文章和发表声明等，深切缅怀列宁的伟大贡献，从对革命伟人思想的回顾与总结中探寻社会主义运动的发展方向。印度共产党（马克思主义）总书记亚秋里在该党官网刊发长文，将列宁比喻为“指引人类革命解放进步的北极星”，在世界无产阶级革命进程中留下不可磨灭的印记；认为列宁不仅掌握了马克思主义创造性科学思想的精髓，而且使其与时俱进；列宁的思想贡献值得不断研究，进而推动全球革命运动的发展。[1]爱尔兰共产党党报《社会主义之声》刊文回顾列宁的革命生涯和伟大贡献，并以美国诗人兰斯顿·休斯纪念列宁的诗句“黑夜与黎明之间，一颗红星升起”结尾，高度赞扬列宁的伟大功绩。[2]希腊共产党组织集会、举办主题音乐会纪念列宁，该党总书记库楚巴斯发表演讲，强调列宁遗产的重要性及其在引导当代工人阶级斗争中发挥的重大作用。[3]“欧洲共产主义行动”的参与党发表联合声明，高度评价列宁的伟大历史功绩，强调列宁是杰出的思想家和革命家，为工人阶级解放事业、废除剥削和建设社会主义—共产主义社会作出了巨大贡献。列宁丰富的理论遗产及其在政治实践和党的建设中的经验具有持久的生命力，尤其是关于帝国主义战争问题的分析比以往任何时候都更加具有现实意义。如今纪念列宁，不仅是为了向这位世界无产阶级领袖致敬，也是为了号召所有劳动人民、各国共产党和工人党，深入学习指导革命行动的革命理论，遵循列宁主义精神，捍卫列宁主义在21世纪的发展。[4]

The year 2024 also marked the 75th anniversary of the founding of NATO. As relevant countries held large-scale celebrations, foreign communist parties wrote articles and issued statements in direct opposition, profoundly exposing NATO's nature and its reactionary character. Many communist parties republished a commentary article by Nikos Mottas, editor-in-chief of the left-wing website "Defend Communism," which reviewed the history of NATO's founding and development, pointedly stating that NATO has never been a "defensive alliance" but an imperialist organization aimed at maintaining and expanding the interests of its capitalist member states worldwide.[5]5 Nikos Mottas is a Greek communist journalist and editor-in-chief of the left-wing website "Defend Communism." The Communist Party of the Workers of Spain issued a statement pointing out that NATO and its member states provoke armed conflicts and coups globally, causing instability, and are currently intensifying activities against other major powers, thereby significantly increasing the risk of armed conflict for control over strategic resources, markets, and commodity transport routes. The statement openly called for "Say no to NATO! Say no to imperialist war!"[6]6 The Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 2019.

2024年是北约成立75周年，在相关国家开展大规模庆祝活动之际，外国共产党针锋相对地撰写文章、发表声明，深刻揭露北约的本质及其反动性。多国共产党转发左翼网站“捍卫共产主义”主编尼科斯·莫塔斯的评论文章，该文回顾了北约成立和发展史，一针见血地指出，北约从来都不是“防御性联盟”，而是一个帝国主义组织，旨在维护和扩大其资本主义成员国在全世界的利益。[5]西班牙工人共产党发表声明指出，北约及其成员国在全球挑起武装冲突、政变，引发不稳定，其当前正在加强针对其他大国的活动，从而大大增加了为控制战略资源、市场和商品运输线而发生武装冲突的风险；声明公开呼吁“向北约说不！向帝国主义战争说不！”[6]

In 2024, foreign communist parties continued to vigorously promote extra-parliamentary struggles against capitalism, demonstrating the party's principles and positions through issuing statements, organizing and leading demonstrations, protests, and other actions.

2024年，外国共产党继续大力推动反对资本主义的议会外斗争，通过发表声明、组织领导游行示威和抗议行动等方式彰显党的原则和立场。

First, they strengthened mutual support and waged uncompromising struggles against various anti-communist and anti-socialist ideologies and actions. In 2024, the European Parliament issued a report titled "European Historical Awareness," which placed Nazism, fascism, and communism on the same level, even equating communism with imperialist oppression and enslavement (colonialism). Many communist parties strongly criticized this, arguing that this act was intended to obscure the fact that barbaric capitalism is the only existing totalitarianism, attempting to use sophistry to promote so-called "democracy" and "human rights" while concealing the wars and crimes against humanity initiated and participated in by imperialism.[7]7 The European Parliament report "European Historical Awareness" was adopted in 2024, sparking controversy for equating communism with Nazism and fascism. Many communist parties vigorously expressed solidarity with Daniel Jadue, a member of the Communist Party of Chile and former mayor of Recoleta, who was arrested on false charges, exposing the matter as a political conspiracy and demanding his acquittal. Many communist parties issued a joint statement calling for strengthened unity, full support for the efforts of the Cuban Communist Party leadership and the Cuban people to overcome difficulties, and joint actions against the US blockade and sanctions on Cuba.

一是加强相互支持，与各种反共反社会主义思潮和行径开展毫不妥协的斗争。2024年，欧洲议会发表了一份题为《欧洲历史意识》的报告，将纳粹、法西斯和共产主义并列，甚至将共产主义与帝国主义压迫和奴役（殖民主义）等同。多国共产党对此展开强烈批判，批评这一行径是为了掩盖野蛮的资本主义才是唯一现存极权主义的事实，试图通过巧言令色宣扬所谓“民主”和“人权”，掩盖帝国主义发动和参与战争以及犯下的反人类罪行。[7]多国共产党大力声援因遭诬陷而被逮捕的智利共产党党员、雷科莱塔市前市长丹尼尔·贾杜，揭露此事系政治阴谋的事实，要求将其无罪释放。多国共产党发表联合声明，呼吁加强团结，全力支持古共领导层和古巴人民为克服困难所付出的努力，采取共同行动反对美国对古巴的封锁和制裁。

Second, they deeply engaged in struggles against the rightward shift in their own countries' policies and development trends. The Communist Party of Argentina repeatedly organized and participated in strike struggles against the free-market fundamentalist government of Javier Milei, striving to defend democracy, labor rights, and guarantees of a basic living wage. The Communist Party of Greece led and initiated multiple demonstrations defending workers' rights, particularly launching nationwide general strikes in November and December 2024, demanding higher wages and pensions and the protection of collective labor agreements. In the United States, after Donald Trump won the presidential election, the Communist Party USA conducted an in-depth analysis of the electoral process, once again raising the necessity of building an anti-MAGA (Make America Great Again) coalition and calling for preparations to struggle against right-wing authoritarian rule.

二是深入开展反对本国右翼化政策及其发展趋向的斗争。阿根廷共产党多次组织、参与反对米莱自由市场原教旨主义政府的罢工斗争，努力捍卫民主、劳工权利和基本生活工资保障。希腊共产党领导发起多场捍卫劳动者权利的游行示威，尤其是在2024年11月和12月连续发起全国性大罢工，要求提高工资和养老金、保护集体劳动协议。在美国，特朗普赢得大选胜利后，美国共产党对选举过程进行深入分析，再次提出推动建立反MAGA（让美国再次伟大）联盟的必要性问题，呼吁做好准备开展反对右翼独裁统治的斗争。

Third, they vigorously supported international peace and just causes against imperialism and hegemonism. Many communist parties issued statements expressing solidarity with the war-ravaged peoples of Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria, and strongly condemned Israel. Leaders of the communist parties of Israel and Palestine held in-person and online meetings in July and October 2024 respectively, discussing the escalating political situation in the region and how to strengthen political struggles and joint actions in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories, calling for enhanced collective action and a common struggle to stop Israel's war of aggression and genocide.[8]8 The Communist Party of Israel (CPI) and the Palestinian Communist Party (PCP) are separate parties operating in their respective territories.

三是大力支持国际反对帝国主义和霸权主义的和平正义事业。多国共产党发表声明，声援遭受战火摧残的巴勒斯坦、黎巴嫩和叙利亚人民，对以色列予以强烈谴责。以色列和巴勒斯坦两国共产党领导人分别于2024年7月、10月举行线下和线上会晤，讨论该地区不断升级的政治局势以及如何加强以色列和巴勒斯坦被占地区的政治斗争和联合行动，呼吁加强集体行动，开展制止以色列侵略战争和种族灭绝的共同斗争。[8]

Differentiation in Electoral Performance Amidst Changes in Party Landscapes

政党格局变动中选举表现差异化凸显

The year 2024 was called a global "super election year," with approximately 4.2 billion people in about 80 countries participating in important elections at various levels. The vast majority of foreign communist parties currently lack the strength to win elections and take state power. Therefore, in these election campaigns, which serve as political barometers, their performance more often reflects a relative recovery or decline in their own strength. At this level, the electoral performance of foreign communist parties in 2024 was a mixed bag, showing certain differences.

2024年被称为全球“超级选举年”，约80个国家的42亿人参与了各层级的重要选举。绝大多数外国共产党目前不具备赢得选举、掌控国家政权的实力，因此在具有政治风向标意义的选举运动中，更多体现的是自身力量的相对复苏或衰减。在这一层面上，2024年外国共产党的选举表现喜忧参半，呈现出一定的差异性。

European countries held the once-every-five-years European Parliament elections this year. Looking at the election results, with the center-right and center-left party groups seeing some increase in support, the centrist group experiencing a significant decline, and the radical left group remaining relatively stable (winning a total of 5% of the vote and 36 seats), European communist parties overall displayed three different patterns of performance.

欧洲国家在本年度迎来了5年一次的欧洲议会选举。从选举结果看，在中右和中左翼党团支持率有所增加、中间党团支持率大幅下降、激进左翼党团保持相对稳定（共获得5%的选票和36个议席）的总体态势下，欧洲共产党整体上呈现三种不同表现。

First, some communist parties performed relatively stably. For example, the Communist Party of Greece won 9.3% of the vote. The Progressive Party of Working People of Cyprus, although ultimately winning only one seat in the European Parliament (one fewer than in the previous election), still garnered over 20% support, demonstrating its important position on the domestic political stage.

一是一些共产党的表现相对稳定。比如希腊共产党获得9.3%的选票，塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党尽管最终只获得1个欧洲议会议席（较上次选举减少1个席位），但仍然赢得超过20%的支持率，显示了在国内政治舞台上的重要地位。

Second, some traditional old parties continued to languish, showing clear disadvantages especially in comparison with other domestic radical left-wing parties. The support rate for “La France Insoumise” (France Unbowed) was close to 10%, while the French Communist Party’s vote share was less than 3%. Similar to the national general election held in March 2024 (where the Portuguese Communist Party received 3.3% support), the coalition led by the Portuguese Communist Party only achieved a support rate of 4.1%. The performance of the Spanish radical left-wing alliance “Sumar” was also barely satisfactory, obtaining only 4.7% support and 3 seats in the European Parliament. However, the Spanish Communist Party, which participated in the alliance as an important force, fared even worse, failing to win even a single seat. This directly led to the resignation of Spanish Communist Party member and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour Yolanda Díaz from her position as leader of “Sumar”.

二是一些传统老党持续低迷，尤其在与国内其他激进左翼政党的比较中尽显劣势。“不屈的法兰西”的支持率接近10%，而法国共产党的得票率仅仅不到3%。与2024年3月举行的全国大选类似（葡萄牙共产党获得3.3%的支持率），葡共主导的联盟支持率仅为4.1%。西班牙激进左翼联盟“苏马尔”的表现也是差强人意，仅获得4.7%的支持率和3个欧洲议会议席，但作为重要力量参与联盟的西班牙共产党相比而言更加惨淡，甚至颗粒未收，这也直接导致西共党员、政府副总统兼劳工部长约兰达·迪亚斯辞去了“苏马尔”领导人职务。

Third, some communist parties showed relatively clear signs of revival. The coalition “Stačilo!” (Enough!), based on the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, received 9.6% support and 2 seats in the European Parliament, ranking fourth in the Czech Republic. The party’s chairperson, Kateřina Konečná, was elected to the European Parliament for the third time. In Austrian municipal elections, the Communist Party of Austria continued its “miracle” seen in several previous local elections, winning 10 seats in the Salzburg city council, a significant increase from its previous single seat. In the European Parliament elections, although the Communist Party of Austria did not win any seats, its vote share more than quadrupled (increasing from 0.8% in 2019 to 3%), and notably, it received support from 10% of young people under 30, an encouraging result. In the Belgian federal, regional, and European Parliament “triple” elections held on June 9, 2024, the Workers’ Party of Belgium won 15 seats in the Chamber of Representatives (an increase of 3 seats compared to the previous election); it fielded candidates in a total of 67 cities (compared to 61 in 2018), winning 197 seats (compared to 138 in 2018); in elections for 10 provincial councils, its seat count increased from 11 to 18; its support rate in the European Parliament election was 10.7%, with its seat count rising from 1 to 2. Although some European communist parties achieved remarkable results, research also points out that “the success of a few parties cannot conceal the ongoing defensive posture of the European left and the existential crises faced by individual parties.” [9]9 This is a citation from a scholarly work or report referenced by the author. The original source is not provided in the text.

三是一些共产党呈现较明显的复兴迹象。以捷克和摩拉维亚共产党为基础的联盟“足够了！”获得9.6%的支持率和2个欧洲议会议席，在捷克国内位列第四，该党主席卡特琳娜·科内奇纳第三次当选欧洲议会议员。在奥地利市政选举中，奥地利共产党继续上演着此前多次地方选举的“奇迹”，在萨尔茨堡市议会中获得10个席位，相较于之前的1个席位实现大幅提升。在欧洲议会选举中，奥地利共产党尽管没有获得任何议席，但得票率翻了两番有余（从2019年的0.8%增加到3%），尤其是获得了10%的30岁以下青年人的支持，成绩令人鼓舞。在2024年6月9日举行的比利时联邦、地区和欧洲议会“三合一”选举中，比利时工人党获得15个众议院席位（较上次增加3个议席）；总共在67个城市（2018年为61个）参加竞选，赢得197个席位（2018年为138个）；在10个省议会的选举中，议席数从11个增加到18个；欧洲议会选举的支持率为10.7%，议席数从1个增加到2个。虽然部分欧洲共产党成绩斐然，但也有研究指出，“少数党的成功并不能掩盖欧洲左翼持续的防御姿态和个别政党的生存危机”。[9]

Similar to European elections, the performance of foreign communist parties in elections at various levels in other parts of the world also showed stark disparities. On the one hand, communist parties in countries such as Turkey, Serbia, Sri Lanka, and Uruguay performed prominently, adding a bright spot to the development of the world socialist movement in 2024. In the local elections held in March 2024, the Communist Party of Turkey’s vote count doubled compared to 2023, winning a total of 10 municipal council seats and 1 provincial council seat, and receiving over 1% of the vote in 32 districts and numerous small towns. [10]10 The source of this data is a citation referenced by the author, not provided in the text. In the Serbian local elections of June 2024, the Executive Secretary of the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Denić, was elected as a councillor in Zemun, the party’s first councillor in Serbia since 1996. In the Sri Lankan presidential election of September 2024, the Marxist Dissanayake stood out and was successfully elected as the new President of Sri Lanka. In November, the left-wing alliance “National People’s Power”, led by Dissanayake and dominated by the Marxist party “Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna” (People’s Liberation Front), achieved a historic victory, winning a total of 159 seats, more than a two-thirds majority, in the parliamentary election. In the Uruguayan elections for the Senate, Chamber of Representatives, and Presidency held from October to November 2024, the opposition coalition “Frente Amplio” (Broad Front) was victorious in all. As an important participating party in the Broad Front, the Communist Party of Uruguay won 2 of the 30 seats in the Senate and 5 of the 99 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. Among them, Communist Party member Ana Olivera served as President of the Chamber of Representatives, and the party is expected to obtain 4 ministerial/deputy ministerial positions in the new government.

与欧洲选举类似，外国共产党在世界其他地区的各层级选举同样差距悬殊。一方面，土耳其、塞尔维亚、斯里兰卡、乌拉圭等国共产党表现抢眼，为2024年世界社会主义运动的发展增添了一抹亮色。在2024年3月举行的地方选举中，土耳其共产党的得票数达到2023年的两倍，共获得10个市议会席位和1个省议会席位，并在32个地区和诸多小城镇中获得超过1%的选票。[10]在2024年6月塞尔维亚地方选举中，南斯拉夫新共产党执行书记德尼奇当选泽蒙市议员，这也是1996年后该党在塞尔维亚的首位议员。在2024年9月的斯里兰卡总统选举中，马克思主义者迪萨纳亚克脱颖而出，成功当选新一任斯里兰卡总统。11月，迪萨纳亚克领导的、以马克思主义政党“人民解放阵线”为主导力量的左翼联盟“国家人民力量”党取得历史性胜利，共获得159个议席，超过三分之二席位，赢得议会选举。在2024年10—11月举行的乌拉圭参众两院及总统选举中，反对党联盟“广泛阵线”均获得胜利。作为“广泛阵线”的重要参与党，乌拉圭共产党在参议院获得30个席位中的2个，在众议院获得99个席位中的5个，其中乌共党员安娜·奥利维拉出任众议院议长，该党有望在新一届政府中获得4个部长/副部长职位。

On the other hand, the support rates for most communist parties showed little overall change, fluctuating only slightly up or down. In June 2024, in the largest-ever Indian general election, with over 600 million people actually casting votes, the performance of India’s various communist parties improved slightly. Among them, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) won 4 seats, an increase of 1 seat compared to 2019, while the Communist Party of India won 2 seats, the same as in the previous election. In the Russian regional parliamentary elections held in September 2024, the majority of seats at all levels of parliament were occupied by the United Russia party. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation won seats in 12 regional parliaments, ranking second. The CPRF claimed that this election preserved its core voter base and consolidated its positions in some regions, but that the exclusion of some communists from the elections for various reasons, as well as the use of electronic voting, limited the CPRF from achieving better results. [11]11 This is a citation from a statement or report by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, referenced by the author. In the Japanese House of Representatives election held in October 2024, the Japanese Communist Party, based on its appeal for “five changes” – correcting corruption, opposing the Japan-US military alliance, and supporting prioritizing livelihoods, environmental protection, and gender equality – won a total of 8 seats, a decrease of 2 seats compared to the 2022 election. Facing electoral defeat, the JCP emphasized that the root cause lies in the decline of the party’s own strength, called on the entire party to maintain confidence in the party’s policies, programmatic line, and scientific socialism, and set about strengthening Party building in preparation for the House of Councillors and related elections in 2025. [12]12 This is a citation from a statement or resolution by the Japanese Communist Party, referenced by the author.

另一方面，多数共产党的支持率整体变化不大，仅上下略有浮动。2024年6月，在有6亿多人实际参与投票、有史以来最大规模的印度大选中，印度各共产党的成绩略有提高。其中，印度共产党（马克思主义）赢得了4个议席，比2019年增加1个席位，而印度共产党赢得了2个议席，与上次选举相同。在2024年9月举行的俄罗斯地方议会选举中，各级议会的大部分席位都被统一俄罗斯党占据，俄罗斯联邦共产党在12个地方议会中获得议席，位居第二。俄共宣称，这次选举保留了自己的核心选民，在一些地区巩固了阵地，但部分共产党人出于种种原因被排除在选举之外以及电子投票的使用限制了俄共获得更好的成绩。[11]在2024年10月举行的日本众议院选举中，基于纠治腐败、反对日美军事同盟、支持优先生活、环保和性别平等“五个改变”诉求的日本共产党，共获得8个议席，较2022年选举减少2席。面对选举失利，日共强调根本原因在于党自身力量的衰退，号召全党对党的政策、纲领路线和科学社会主义保持信心，着手加强党的建设，为2025年参议院等相关选举做好准备。[12]

Furthermore, the support rates for communist parties in some countries experienced a relatively significant decline. In the Brazilian municipal elections, the Communist Party of Brazil won only 19 mayoral positions, a decrease of 27 compared to 2020, and the number of local councillors it won also dropped from 707 seats in 2020 to 354 seats. In the Chilean local elections, the Communist Party of Chile only succeeded in re-electing mayors in Lo Espejo and Recoleta, losing its hold on executive power in the city of Santiago, and won only 12 regional councillor and 97 municipal councillor seats, a significant reduction compared to the previous election. Some other communist parties faced the dilemma of choosing electoral partners. For example, in the 2024 South African general election, the South African Communist Party still participated in the election through the “Tripartite Alliance” with the African National Congress. However, the ANC lost its majority party status for the first time in 30 years and was forced to reach a compromise with the right-wing Democratic Alliance, forming a multi-party “Government of National Unity”. Although the SACP stated that it respected the ANC’s choice, it also firmly opposed cooperation between left- and right-wing parties and explicitly stated that it would contest the 2026 local elections independently of the ANC.

此外，部分国家共产党的支持率出现较大幅度下滑。在巴西市政选举中，巴西共产党仅获得19个市长职位，较2020年减少27个，所获地方议员数也从2020年的707席减少到354席。在智利地方选举中，智利共产党仅在洛埃斯佩霍和雷科莱塔连任市长职位，丧失了在圣地亚哥市的执政权，且仅获得12个大区议员和97个市议员席位，相较此前选举大幅减少。还有一些共产党面临选择竞选伙伴的困境。例如，在2024年南非大选中，南非共产党仍然通过与非洲人国民大会（非国大）组成的“三方联盟”参加选举，但非国大执政30年来首次丧失了多数党席位，被迫与右翼政党民主联盟达成妥协，联合多党组建“民族团结政府”。南非共产党虽然表示尊重非国大的选择，但也坚决反对左、右翼政党合作，并明确表示将在2026年地方选举中脱离非国大单独参选。

Formulating Development Strategies Based on Actual National Conditions

从本国实际情况出发制定发展战略

In 2024, communist parties in power in socialist countries formulated corresponding strategies based on their specific national conditions to prevent risks, maintain stability, and promote development, steadily advancing economic and social construction. Vietnam’s political situation underwent significant changes, with high-level leaders such as State President Vo Van Thuong and National Assembly Chairman Vuong Dinh Hue resigning in the “Blazing Furnace” anti-corruption campaign.[13]13 The “Blazing Furnace” (Lò lửa) is the name of a major anti-corruption campaign launched by the Communist Party of Vietnam under General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong, which has led to the resignation or arrest of numerous high-ranking officials. In July, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Nguyen Phu Trong died in office due to illness; after succeeding him, State President To Lam stated that he would continue to follow the governance and administration ideas of successive Vietnamese leaders, especially Nguyen Phu Trong. In September, the Communist Party of Vietnam held the Tenth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, determining that successfully fulfilling the resolutions of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the highest goal for the entire Party, people, and military in 2025, and that all resources will be mobilized with the utmost determination, greatest effort, and strongest measures to strive to achieve or even surpass the set targets. Laos’s political and economic situation progressed steadily in 2024, but it also faced certain risks and tests. The 11th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, held in December, confirmed that economic growth in 2024 would see a slight decline, reflecting the ongoing challenges Laos faces amid global economic instability. The meeting emphasized, first, the urgent need to reform currently underperforming state-owned enterprises; second, the priority of addressing educational issues, especially high dropout rates and low education levels, proposing increased investment in education to narrow the urban-rural gap in educational opportunities. To address the country’s economic difficulties and the development gap between the capital and provinces, as well as between cities and rural areas, the Workers’ Party of Korea vigorously promoted the “Local Development 20×10 Policy” in 2024, which entails building modern provincial industrial factories in 20 cities and counties each year and raising the basic material and cultural living standards of all cities, counties, and the entire population to a higher level within 10 years. Facing a severe economic and social situation, the Communist Party of Cuba held the 9th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee in December 2024. The meeting focused on assessing economic and social development, discussed proposals for the national economy and the 2025 budget plan, analyzed issues concerning shareholders in the state and non-state sectors of the economy, and proposed prioritizing four tasks in 2025: strengthening national unity, improving political and ideological work, correcting economic distortions, and resolving social deviations.[14]14 The “Local Development 20×10 Policy” is a North Korean economic initiative announced in 2024, aiming to build modern factories in 20 cities and counties annually for ten years to reduce regional disparities.

2024年，在社会主义国家执政的共产党根据本国具体实际制定相应战略，以防风险、保稳定、促发展，稳步推进经济社会建设。越南政局出现较大变化，国家主席武文赏、国会主席王廷惠等高层领导人在“熔炉”反腐运动中引咎辞职。7月，越共中央总书记阮富仲因病在任上去世，国家主席苏林接任后表示将继续坚持越南各代领导人尤其是阮富仲的治国理政思路。9月，越共召开十三届十中全会，确定胜利完成越共十三大决议是2025年全党、全民和全军的最高奋斗目标，并将以最高的决心、最大的努力、强有力的措施调动一切资源努力实现甚至超越既定目标。老挝2024年政治经济平稳推进，但也面临一定的风险考验。12月召开的老挝人民革命党十一届八中全会，确认2024年经济增长将有小幅下降，认为这反映了老挝在全球经济不稳定情况下面临的持续挑战。会议强调，一是迫切需要对目前表现不佳的国有企业进行改革；二是要优先解决教育问题尤其是高辍学率和低教育水平问题，提出要加大教育投入，缩小城乡教育机会差距。[13]为解决国家经济困难以及首都与各省、城市与农村之间的发展差距，朝鲜劳动党在2024年大力推进“地方发展20×10政策”，即每年在20个市、郡建设现代化的省级工业工厂，并在10年内将所有城市、县和全体人口的基本物质和文化生活提高到一个更高的水平。面对严峻的经济社会形势，古巴共产党于2024年12月召开八届九中全会，会议重点评估经济社会发展情况，讨论了国民经济和2025年预算计划的提案，分析了国有和非国有经济股东问题，提出2025年将把加强民族团结、完善政治思想工作、纠正经济扭曲、解决社会偏差四项工作放在优先位置。[14]

In 2024, communist parties in multiple countries held congresses to summarize the party’s development experiences and lessons and to chart a blueprint for development in the coming period. The Japanese Communist Party held its 29th National Congress in Shizuoka Prefecture in January, lasting four days, with 648 delegates from across the country attending. The meeting conducted in-depth discussions around the draft resolution, especially on the international situation, domestic political situation, Party building, the contradictions of world capitalism and the value of scientific socialism, and the study of the JCP’s century-long history. It emphasized building a stronger Japanese Communist Party, striving to increase the number of Party members by 30% from the current level by the end of 2028, and doubling the number of members among youth and workers. The congress elected a new Central Committee, electing Tomoko Tamura as Chairperson, while former Chairperson Kazuo Shii was elected as Chair of the Party’s Central Committee.[15]15 The Japanese Communist Party (JCP) is a major left-wing political party in Japan, advocating for scientific socialism and a peaceful, democratic transition to socialism.

2024年，多国共产党召开代表大会，总结党的发展经验教训，绘制未来一段时期发展蓝图。日本共产党于1月在静冈县召开为期4天的第29次全国代表大会，来自各地的648名代表与会。会议围绕决议草案，尤其是国际局势、国内政局、党的建设、世界资本主义的矛盾和科学社会主义的价值以及日共百年党史学习等问题进行了深入探讨，强调要建立一个更强大的日本共产党，到2028年底努力将党员数量在目前水平基础上提升30%，并将青年以及工人中的党员数量翻一番。大会选举产生了新一届中央委员会，选举田村智子为委员长，前委员长志位和夫被推选为党的中央委员会主席。[15]

The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) held its 32nd National Congress in Chicago from June 7 to 9, 2024. To fully mobilize the enthusiasm of its approximately 15,000 members, the CPUSA organized thorough pre-congress discussions through club meetings and regional conferences involving all members. During the congress, CPUSA Co-Chair Joe Sims delivered a report to the congress, elaborating on the CPUSA’s views and propositions around analyzing the current U.S. political situation, carrying out the anti-fascist struggle, strengthening Party organizational building, and reinforcing collective struggle strength. The report emphasized that today’s fascism is a special product of capitalism’s development to the imperialist stage, characterized by a unique form of class rule, and that anti-fascism will be a long and difficult struggle; only through mass movements led by the working class can real change be achieved. The report stated that the CPUSA’s most important current task is to rebuild the Party within the working class and trade union movement, which will make the trade union movement and the working class more united, thereby raising the struggle against racism, immigrant discrimination, and gender discrimination to a new level.[16]16 The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States, founded in 1919.

美国共产党（CPUSA）于2024年6月7—9日在芝加哥召开了党的第32次全国代表大会。为充分调动目前约15000名党员的积极性，美共通过俱乐部会议、地区大会等组织全体党员进行了充分的会前讨论。会议期间，美共联合主席乔·西姆斯作大会报告，围绕分析当前美国政治形势、开展反法西斯斗争、加强党组织建设、强化集体斗争力量等阐述了美共观点和主张，强调今天的法西斯主义是资本主义发展到帝国主义阶段的特殊产物，其特点是独特的阶级统治形式，反法西斯主义将是一场漫长而艰难的斗争，只有通过开展工人阶级领导的群众运动，才能实现真正的变革。报告提出，美共当前最重要的工作就是在工人阶级和工会运动中重建党，这将使工会运动和工人阶级更加团结，从而将反种族主义、反移民歧视、反性别歧视的斗争提高到一个新的水平。[16]

The 14th Congress of the Communist Party of Turkey was held on September 7–8, 2024, with nearly 400 delegates from across the country attending, adopting the slogan “Strengthen ourselves to complete the revolutionary task, march towards revolution and socialism.” The meeting discussed in depth the Palestine-Israel conflict, Turkey’s foreign policy under the Ukraine crisis, immigration issues, Turkey’s economy and the transformation of class struggle, and the revolutionary tasks of the Communist Party of Turkey. It reiterated that the Communist Party of Turkey will continue to oppose capitalism, oppose NATO and imperialist wars, and struggle for the establishment of a secular social order.[17]17 The Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1920, operating under legal restrictions and advocating for a secular, socialist Turkey.

土耳其共产党第十四次代表大会于2024年9月7—8日举行，来自各地近400名党代表参会，提出了“壮大自身完成革命任务，向革命和社会主义迈进”的口号。会议深入讨论了巴以冲突、乌克兰危机下土耳其的外交政策、移民问题、土耳其经济和阶级斗争的转型以及土耳其共产党的革命任务等，并再次重申，土共将继续反对资本主义、反对北约和帝国主义战争，为建立世俗社会秩序而斗争。[17]

December 16, 2023, Athens, Greece. Members of the Communist Party of Greece participate in the vote on the 2024 Greek budget draft.

2023年12月16日，希腊雅典，希腊共产党党员参加2024年希腊预算草案投票。

The 28th National Congress of the Communist Party of Argentina was held on September 20–21, 2024. The congress adopted a political resolution, deeply analyzing the cycles of popular movements in Latin America, the scope and limitations of different processes. It emphasized that given the current domestic and international political situation in Argentina, the Party’s role is to propose a socialist alternative, promote the construction of a revolutionary, feminist, Latin Americanist, and anti-imperialist left, continue to strengthen unity at different levels, and promote the achievement of a programmatic agreement, with the aim of forming a national and social liberation front in Argentina. To advance this goal, the Communist Party of Argentina reaffirmed the importance of the Leninist organizational form. The meeting elected Jorge Alberto Correynes to succeed General Secretary Victor Kot, who passed away earlier in the year, as the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of Argentina.

阿根廷共产党第28次全国代表大会于2024年9月20—21日举行。大会通过政治决议，深入分析了拉丁美洲的民众运动周期、不同进程的范围和局限性，强调鉴于当前阿根廷内外政治形势，该党的作用是提出社会主义替代方案，推动建设革命的、女权主义的、拉美主义的和反帝的左翼，继续在不同层面加强团结，促进达成纲领性协议，以期在阿根廷形成一个民族和社会解放阵线。为推动实现这一目标，阿共重申列宁主义组织形式的重要性。会议选举豪尔赫·阿尔贝托·科雷伊内斯接替年初去世的总书记维克多·科特，担任阿共新任总书记。

Widening Contradictions and Differences Hinder the Progress of World Socialism

矛盾分歧持续扩大阻碍世界社会主义前进步伐

In 2024, contradictions and differences among foreign communist parties further intensified, hindering the unity and progress of the world socialist movement.

2024年，外国共产党间的矛盾分歧进一步凸显，阻碍了世界社会主义运动团结进步。

Multiple new communist parties were established worldwide this year. In March 2024, a German communist organization was formed and held its first Party-building Congress from June 21 to 23, officially naming the Party the Communist Party of Germany, proposing to advance Party building by better focusing on strategic issues over the next three years. On October 12, the American Communist Party (ACP) held its first National Congress in Chicago, emphasizing that it is “the formal reorganization and successor of the historical Communist Party of the United States,” and advocates for and builds a society that is of, by, and for the American people. On November 9, the anniversary of the German November Revolution of 1918, the Austrian Revolutionary Party held its founding congress in Vienna and organized a demonstration. The meeting criticized the Austrian left for falling into pessimism and cynicism, emphasizing the need to revive the revolutionary tradition of the Austrian workers’ movement, overthrow capitalism, and build a society without exploitation, suffering, and oppression.[18]18 The German November Revolution of 1918 was a socialist-inspired uprising that led to the abdication of the Kaiser and the establishment of the Weimar Republic. The establishment of these new parties reflects, on the one hand, the trend of diversification and pluralism in world socialism; on the other hand, it also reflects the further intensification of divisions within the international communist movement based on different struggle principles and goals, with the fragmentation and splitting of the movement continuing to expand.

本年度世界范围内有多个新共产党成立。2024年3月，德国共产主义组织建立并于6月21—23日召开第一次党建大会，正式将党的名称确定为德国共产党，提出通过未来3年更好地聚焦战略问题推进党的建设。10月12日，美国的共产党（ACP）在芝加哥举行首次全国代表大会，强调自己是“历史上美国共产党的正式重组和继承者”，拥护并建立一个为美国人民所有、所治、所享的社会。11月9日，在1918年德国十一月革命周年纪念当天，奥地利革命党在维也纳发起成立大会并组织示威游行。会议批评奥地利左派陷入悲观和犬儒主义，强调需要复兴奥地利工人运动的革命传统，推翻资本主义，建设一个没有剥削、苦难和压迫的社会。[18]这些新党的成立，一方面反映了世界社会主义多样化、多元化发展趋势，另一方面也反映出国际共产主义运动内部基于不同的斗争原则和目标，分歧进一步加剧，运动的碎片化、分裂化继续扩大。

After the 2023 split of the European Communist and Workers’ Parties Initiative and the successive establishment of the “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” and “European Communist Action,” these two organizations have respectively carried out activities, gradually forming their own “circles of friends,” with increasingly significant differences in positions and viewpoints. “European Communist Action” has continued to uphold and manifest the positions and propositions of the relevant parties through convening meetings, issuing joint statements, and other means. On February 17, 2024, on the second anniversary of the Ukraine crisis, “European Communist Action” convened a meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, for in-depth reflection. Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey, delivered an opening address. The meeting concluded with a joint statement, which held that the root cause of the Ukraine crisis is the competition and contradictions within the entire imperialist system, that the protagonists of the conflict are the bourgeoisies of the two countries rather than the peoples, and emphasized the importance of analyzing war from a class perspective, noting that a non-class perspective could lead some countries within the imperialist system to mistakenly side with the bourgeoisie. The statement indicated that the relevant parties would continue to represent the working people in advancing peace, social justice, and socialism, and oppose nationalism, racism, fascism, and militarism.[19]19 “European Communist Action” is a grouping of communist and workers’ parties formed in 2023 after a split in the broader European Communist and Workers’ Parties Initiative. The “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” is another grouping formed around the same time, with a different strategic orientation.

在2023年欧洲共产党和工人党倡议组织分裂、“世界反帝国主义平台”和“欧洲共产主义行动”相继成立后，这两个组织分别开展活动，逐渐形成各自的“朋友圈”，立场、观点等方面差异愈益显著。“欧洲共产主义行动”通过召开会议、发表共同声明等方式，继续坚持和彰显相关党的立场和主张。2024年2月17日，在乌克兰危机两周年之际，“欧洲共产主义行动”在土耳其伊斯坦布尔召开会议进行深入反思。土耳其共产党总书记凯末尔·奥库扬致开幕词，会议最后发表联合声明，认为乌克兰危机的根源是整个帝国主义体系内部的竞争和矛盾，冲突的主角是两国的资产阶级而非人民，强调用阶级观点分析战争的重要性，非阶级观点可能导致帝国主义体系内一些国家错误地站在资产阶级一边。声明相关党表示，将继续代表劳动人民推动实现和平、社会正义和社会主义，反对民族主义、种族主义、法西斯主义和军国主义。[19]

Correspondingly, the “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” held two international conferences in 2024, in Washington, D.C., USA, in May and in Dakar, Senegal, in October. Among these, the Dakar International Conference was the largest since the platform’s inception, with approximately 50 political parties from Africa and around the world in attendance. The conference theme was “Pan-Africanism and Anti-Imperialism.” It issued the *Dakar Declaration* titled “We Must Strengthen the Anti-Imperialist Front,” which analyzed the current world situation and criticized the imperialist camp for prolonging the Ukraine crisis, intensifying the war in West Asia (the Middle East), and further promoting war in East Asia and the Western Pacific, arguing that the world is plunging into a third world war. To this end, the conference proposed three major action objectives: strengthening mass anti-imperialist struggle, intensifying ideological struggle against pro-imperialist ideas, and striving to make the communist movement the true core of the anti-imperialist struggle.[20]20 The Dakar Declaration is the formal statement issued by the October 2024 conference of the World Anti-Imperialist Platform.

与此相应，“世界反帝国主义平台”分别于2024年5月和10月在美国华盛顿和塞内加尔达喀尔举行两次国际会议。其中，达喀尔国际会议是平台会议举办以来规模最大的一届，来自非洲和世界各地约50个政党与会。会议主题为“泛非主义与反帝国主义”，发表了题为“我们必须加强反帝阵线”的《达喀尔宣言》，分析当前世界形势，批判帝国主义阵营在延长乌克兰危机，加剧西亚（中东）战争，进一步推动东亚和西太平洋战争，世界正在陷入第三次世界大战。为此，会议提出了三大行动目标，即加强群众性反帝斗争、加强反对亲帝国主义思想的意识形态斗争、努力使共产主义运动成为真正反帝斗争的核心。[20]

Against this backdrop, the unity of the international communist movement in 2024 faced severe tests. The two newly established organizations, the “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” and “European Communist Action,” represent two different positions and tendencies, with mutual criticism and accusations between them intensifying. After persistently criticizing and attacking the “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” in 2023, “European Communist Action” repeatedly brought up old issues in 2024. In February, the 6th Congress of the Labour Party of Austria was held, and its resolution explicitly stated that the current international communist movement is in a state of differentiation, criticizing the “World Anti-Imperialist Platform” as having an anti-communist character, arguing that its role is to balance various forces within the imperialist world system and to weaken the revolutionary communist forces for socialism. The Labour Party of Austria believes that only by strengthening the Marxist-Leninist pole can the working class and the revolutionary struggle for socialism be turned back onto the offensive.[21]21 The Labour Party of Austria is a Marxist-Leninist party. “Neo-Kautskyism” refers to positions associated with Karl Kautsky, a prominent Marxist theorist later criticized by Lenin for centrism and reformism. At the same time, within the same country, mutual attacks and criticism among different proletarian parties have also shown a trend of becoming more open and expanded. For example, the Communist Revolutionary Party of France accused the French Communist Party’s understanding of contemporary capitalism and its coalition stance of being “neo-Kautskyist” views, thereby laying hidden dangers for further division and fragmentation of the international communist movement.

在此背景下，2024年国际共产主义运动的团结面临严峻考验。“世界反帝国主义平台”和“欧洲共产主义行动”两个新建组织，代表着两种不同的立场和趋向，二者之间相互批评指责不断加剧。在2023年持续对“世界反帝国主义平台”展开批评攻击之后，2024年“欧洲共产主义行动”不断老话重提。2月，奥地利劳动党六大召开，其决议明确指出当前国际共产主义运动正处于分化之中，批评“世界反帝国主义平台”具有反共性质，认为其作用是平衡帝国主义世界体系内各种力量，并削弱社会主义的革命共产主义力量。奥地利劳动党认为，只有加强马克思列宁主义一极，才能使工人阶级和争取社会主义的革命斗争事业重新转向进攻。[21]与此同时，在同一国家内部，不同无产阶级政党间相互攻讦批评也有公开化、扩大化趋势，比如法国共产主义革命党指责法国共产党关于当今资本主义的认识及其联合立场为“新考茨基主义”观点等，从而为国际共产主义运动进一步分化分裂埋下隐患。

On May 1, 2023, in Izmir, Turkey, members of the Communist Party of Turkey celebrated International Workers’ Day.

2023年5月1日，土耳其伊兹密尔，土耳其共产党党员庆祝国际劳动节。

The repeated splits and mergers among Nepal’s communist parties also represent a difficult problem for the unity and cooperation of the contemporary international communist movement. In 2017, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) merged and won the election, but the partnership between the two parties collapsed midway through the five-year term due to internal power struggles. After the 2022 general election in Nepal, the two parties set aside past grievances, formed a new alliance, and established a coalition government, but the new government collapsed after only two months of cooperation. The CPN (Maoist Centre) then formed a new coalition government with the Nepali Congress and others. In March 2024, the two parties joined forces again, but cooperation ended after only four months. The CPN (UML) formed a new government with the Nepali Congress, and party chairman KP Sharma Oli became Prime Minister of Nepal for the third time. The tortuous path of unity among Nepal’s communist parties reflects, at a deeper level, internal differences that are difficult to bridge.

尼泊尔共产主义政党的分分合合，也同样是当今国际共产主义运动团结合作的难解之题。2017年，尼共（毛主义中心）与尼共（联合马列）实现合并，并赢得了选举，但5年任期中途，两党伙伴关系因内部权力纷争而夭折。2022年尼泊尔大选后，两党捐弃前嫌再次缔结新联盟并组建联合政府，但新政府仅维持两个月合作再次破裂，尼共（毛主义中心）转而与大会党等重建联合政府。2024年3月，两党又重新联手，但仅在4个月之后合作又终止，尼共（联合马列）与大会党联手组建新政府，该党主席奥利第三次出任尼泊尔总理。尼泊尔共产主义政党的联合之路一波三折，在更深层次上折射了难以弥合的内部分歧。

Conclusion

结语

The year 2024 witnessed the unremitting and indomitable struggle of foreign communist parties to achieve the revival of world socialism. The impressive performance of several communist parties in the “super election year” has also boosted confidence and strengthened the foundation for this struggle. The world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, which presents both challenges and opportunities. It particularly offers immense room for development for those communist parties that can organically combine adherence to principle with flexibility, enabling them to be reborn, revive, and achieve a “counterattack” amid adversity. The development of foreign communist parties in 2024 has also once again proven the importance of unity and cooperation. World socialism can only advance through the unity and cooperation of socialist forces. The current practice of foreign communist parties profoundly demonstrates that only by fully recognizing the importance of unity, better bridging differences, and establishing consensus on the basis of common goals can we gather people’s hearts and pool strength to a greater extent, and promote the growing revitalization of world socialism.

2024年见证了外国共产党为实现世界社会主义复兴而坚持不懈、一往无前的奋斗历程。多个共产党在“超级选举年”的亮眼表现，也为这一斗争提振了信心、增强了底气。世界百年未有之大变局既是挑战也是机遇，尤其为那些能够把坚持原则性与保持灵活性有机结合起来的共产党提供了巨大的发展空间，使其能够在逆境中重生、复兴，实现“逆袭”。2024年外国共产党的发展也再次证明了团结合作的重要性。世界社会主义只有在社会主义力量的团结合作中才能开拓前进。当前外国共产党的实践深刻表明，只有充分认识团结的重要性，在共同目标的基础上更好地弥合分歧、确立共识，才能更大程度地凝聚人心、汇聚力量，推动世界社会主义日益走向振兴。

(Fund: Phased results of the major project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’ Marxist Theory Research and Construction Project, “New Developments of Foreign Socialism under the Great Changes Unseen in a Century” [Project Approval No. 2019mgczd003])

（基金： 中国社会科学院马克思主义理论研究和建设工程重大项目“世界大变局下国外社会主义新发展”（项目批准号：2019mgczd003）的阶段性成果）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心