The New “Networked” Trend in Relations among Foreign Communist Parties in the 21st Century

On December 1, 2017, Xi Jinping proposed at the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meeting: “Political parties of different countries should enhance mutual trust, strengthen communication, and closely coordinate, exploring the establishment of a new type of inter-party relations based on a new type of international relations that seeks common ground while reserving differences, mutual respect, and mutual learning, building a multi-form, multi-level international network for political party exchange and cooperation, and gathering strong forces to build a community with a shared future for mankind.” [1]1 The “new type of inter-party relations” (新型政党关系) is a concept proposed by Xi Jinping, distinct from the “new type of international relations” (新型国际关系) also promoted by China. It emphasizes mutual respect and cooperation among political parties globally, framed within the broader goal of building a community with a shared future for mankind. The concept of a new type of inter-party relations is a new initiative and new approach by Chinese Communists to world political party interactions from the perspective of a community with a shared future for mankind, and a scientific summary of the history of world political party relations and their experiences and lessons. Since the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the pattern of the international communist movement has undergone a historic transformation. In the new historical period, relations among foreign communist parties have undergone a series of new changes and exhibited some new characteristics, overall presenting a new “networked” development trend. Studying the current state of relations among foreign communist parties in the 21st century is not only a practical need for comprehensively understanding the development trends of foreign communist parties today and accurately grasping the reality of the international communist movement, but also an inevitable requirement for putting the concept of a new type of inter-party relations into practice.

2017年12月1日，习近平在中国共产党与世界政党高层对话会上提出：“不同国家的政党应该增进互信、加强沟通、密切协作，探索在新型国际关系的基础上建立求同存异、相互尊重、互学互鉴的新型政党关系，搭建多种形式、多种层次的国际政党交流合作网络，汇聚构建人类命运共同体的强大力量。”新型政党关系理念，是中国共产党人站在人类命运共同体的视角对世界政党交往的新倡议和新思路，是对世界政党关系发展史及其经验与教训的科学概括。苏东剧变以来，国际共产主义运动格局发生了历史性转变。在新的历史时期，国外共产党之间的关系发生了一系列新变化、体现出一些新特点，整体呈现出“网络化”的发展新态势。研究21世纪国外共产党政党关系的现状，不仅是全面认识当今国外共产党发展动向、准确把握国际共产主义运动实际的现实需要，更是践行新型政党关系理念的必然要求。

I. The Proposal of the “Networked” Nature of Relations among Foreign Communist Parties

一、国外共产党政党关系的“网络化”的提出

Currently, domestic academic discussions on relations among foreign communist parties are scattered in articles on the development trends of foreign communist parties, with content mainly divided into two aspects: First, communication and cooperation among communist parties worldwide have been strengthened. In the 1970s and 1980s, no extensive international links were established among communist parties worldwide. Entering the 21st century, through the holding of regional and international meetings, once-interrupted links among communist and workers’ parties and left-wing parties have been restored. Through “vertical and horizontal alliances,” [2]2 “Vertical and horizontal alliances” (合纵连横) is a classical Chinese idiom originally referring to the Warring States period strategy of forming alliances (vertical alliances against Qin, horizontal alliances with Qin). Here it is used metaphorically to describe communist parties forming various cross-cutting alliances. communication, coordination, contact, and cooperation among various communist parties have been strengthened, gradually forming a new form of united organization that is multi-level, broad in scope, and networked. Channels for inter-party exchanges among world communist parties have continuously expanded. In addition to the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties since 1998, parties also send representatives to each other’s party congresses and party newspaper festivals, organize various forms of seminars, and expand cooperation with other left-wing parties and non-governmental organizations through collaboration with new social movements. Second, internal friction and splits still exist within world communist parties. Currently, in some countries, communist parties have numerous internal factions, splitting into several or even dozens of factions, and sectarianism runs rampant within international united organizations of communist parties. The development of the international communist movement has long been accompanied by splits, internal friction, and disputes among communist parties. Today, many communist political party organizations are active on the stage of the international communist movement, and each faction has its own international united platform, with clear boundaries and obvious exclusivity.

目前，国内学界对国外共产党政党关系的论述散见于国外共产党发展态势的相关文章之中，其内容主要分为两个方面：一是世界各国共产党之间的沟通与合作得到加强。20世纪七八十年代，世界各国共产党之间没有建立广泛的国际联系，进入21世纪后，通过举行地区性和国际性会议，一度中断的共产党与工人党、左翼党之间的联系得到恢复。各国共产党通过“合纵”“连横”，彼此之间的沟通与协调、联系与合作得到加强，逐渐形成了一种多层次、宽领域、网络化的新的联合形式。世界共产党党际交往的渠道不断拓展，除了1998年以来的共产党和工人党国际会议，各党还互派代表参加彼此的党代会和党报节，组织各种形式的研讨会，并通过与新社会运动合作拓展与其他左翼政党、非政府组织等的合作。二是世界共产党内部仍存在内耗和分裂。目前，有的国家的共产党内部派别林立，内部裂变为若干个甚至几十个派别，共产党的国际联合组织之中宗派主义横行。国际共产主义运动的发展过程中长期伴随着共产党的分裂、内耗、纷争，当今国际共产主义运动舞台上活跃着众多共产主义政党组织，且各派政党都有自己的国际联合平台，界限分明，具有明显的排他性。

The current relations among foreign communist parties have long broken away from the past form of linkage centered on the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, showing new changes. However, existing research on this issue is still relatively fragmented, and most of it discusses the relations of unity and division among foreign communist parties from the level of describing changes. But unity or division is only one aspect of party relations. In the 21st century, relations among foreign communist parties are more embodied in a “networked” trend, i.e., the prominence of typed main forces is more outstanding, intensive exchanges and interactions are more frequent, diversified modes of connection are more obvious, loose internationalism is more distinct, and normalized trends of dispute are more significant, etc.

当前国外共产党之间的关系早已打破了过去以苏共为中心的联系形式，呈现出新的变化。然而，现有研究对这一问题的认识还比较零散，且大多是从描述变化的层面论述国外共产党之间联合与分裂的关系。但是，联合或分裂只是政党关系的一个方面，21世纪国外共产党的政党关系更多体现为“网络化”态势，即类型化的主体力量更加突出、密集性的交流互动更加频繁、多样化的联结方式更加明显、松散性的国际主义更加鲜明、常态化的纷争态势更加显著等。

II. Manifestations of the Current “Networked” Nature of Relations among Foreign Communist Parties

二、当前国外共产党政党关系“网络化”的表现

After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the pattern of the international communist movement underwent major changes, and a “networked” party relationship gradually formed among foreign communist parties. Compared with party relations in various periods in the history of the international communist movement, this “networked” party relationship exhibits a series of characteristics that distinguish it from previous stages.

苏东剧变后，国际共产主义运动格局发生了重大变化，国外共产党之间逐渐形成了“网络化”的政党关系。与国际共产主义运动史上各个时期的政党关系相比，这种“网络化”的政党关系表现出一系列区别于此前阶段的特征。

(I) The Prominence of Typed Main Forces is More Outstanding

（一）类型化的主体力量更加突出

Since the 21st century, the world socialist movement has gradually shaken off the shadow of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and is slowly moving toward revival. Correspondingly, the systemic crisis of capitalism has been deepening. In this process, Marxism and socialism have gained increasing recognition, sparked more social reflection, and given rise to many new communist parties or organizations. Facing the new situation of the 21st century, foreign communist parties have differentiated their understanding and application of Marxism, forming diverse theoretical interests and strategic choices, making the typed characteristics of current world communist parties more prominent. According to incomplete statistics, there are over 400 communist parties of various sizes worldwide, still active in various countries and regions, whether in power or not, legal or not. Moreover, in some countries, such as Turkey, India, Nepal, and the United States, there is not just one or a few communist parties; some countries even have dozens of communist political party organizations.

21世纪以来，世界社会主义运动逐渐摆脱了苏东剧变的阴霾，正缓慢走向复兴。与之相对应的是，资本主义的系统性危机不断加深，在这一过程中，马克思主义、社会主义获得了越来越多的认同，引发了更多的社会思考，并催生出许多新的共产主义政党或组织。面对21世纪的新情况，国外共产党对马克思主义进行了差别化理解与应用，形成了多样化的理论旨趣和策略选择，使当前世界共产党的类型化特征更加突出。据不完全统计，世界上有400多个大大小小的共产党，无论是否执政、是否合法，依然活跃在各个国家和地区。而且一些国家，如土耳其、印度、尼泊尔、美国等，不止存在一个或几个共产党，有的国家甚至存在几十个共产主义政党组织。

These communist parties also have differences in the expression of their guiding ideology in their party constitutions and programs. Some express it as “Marxism-Leninism,” emphasizing adherence to the guiding role of Marxism while also upholding Leninism, believing that Leninism still has important significance in guiding the working class to seize political power and carry out socialist construction. Some express it as “Marxism,” regarding Marxism as the theoretical foundation of the working-class party, but questioning, criticizing, or even denying Leninism. Some express it as “Marxism-Leninism-Maoism,” i.e., while emphasizing the guiding role of Marxism-Leninism, they particularly emphasize the guiding role of Mao Zedong Thought, considering Maoism the product of the third stage of world revolution and a scientific guiding ideology following Marxism and Leninism. [3]3 “Maoism” (毛主义) here refers to the ideological current that elevates Mao Zedong Thought to a universal stage of Marxism-Leninism, distinct from the official Chinese Communist Party position which treats it as Marxism-Leninism adapted to Chinese conditions. It is often associated with certain Maoist parties, particularly in South Asia. Still others express it as “scientific socialism,” regarding scientific socialism as synonymous with Marxism-Leninism, but drawing a clear line with the Soviet-style Marxism-Leninism and rejecting the cult of personality. The diversity in the expression of guiding ideology reflects the typed characteristics of foreign communist parties. According to the different expressions of guiding ideology, major foreign communist parties can be divided into the following types: (1) the innovative development type of Marxism, (2) the traditional revolutionary type of Leninism, (3) the Western democratization tendency type (advocating the negation of Leninism, downplaying ideological colors, and getting close to daily life and reality), (4) the Western Marxist type, (5) the nationalist local characteristics type, (6) the Maoist people’s war type, (7) the Trotskyist type, (8) the Hoxhaist line type, etc.

这些共产党在其党章和党纲中对指导思想的表述也存在差异。有的表述为“马克思列宁主义”，意在强调坚持马克思主义指导地位的同时，还坚持列宁主义，认为列宁主义在指导工人阶级夺取政权和进行社会主义建设方面仍有重要意义。有的表述为“马克思主义”，将马克思主义视为工人阶级政党的理论基础，但对列宁主义持质疑、批判甚至否定的态度。有的表述为“马列毛主义”，即在强调马克思列宁主义的指导地位的基础上，特别强调毛泽东思想的指导地位，认为毛主义是世界革命进入第三阶段的产物，是继马克思主义、列宁主义之后的科学指导思想。还有的表述为“科学社会主义”，将科学社会主义视为马克思列宁主义的同义语，但要与苏联式的马列主义划清界限，也拒绝个人崇拜。指导思想表述上的多元化反映了国外共产党的类型化特征。按照指导思想表述的不同，可以把国外主要共产党分为以下几种类型：（1）马克思主义的创新发展型，（2）列宁主义的传统革命型，（3）西方民主化倾向型（主张否定列宁主义、淡化意识形态色彩、贴近日常生活与现实），（4）西方马克思主义型，（5）民族主义本土特色型，（6）毛主义人民战争型，（7）托洛茨基主义型，（8）霍查主义路线型，等等。

(II) Intensive Exchanges and Interactions Are More Frequent

（二）密集性的交流互动更加频繁

Although the typological characteristics of foreign communist parties in the 21st century are pronounced, and the paths they pursue to achieve socialism are not identical, whether driven by the needs of party development or by the internationalist character of the communist movement, the dense exchanges and interactions among current foreign communist parties have become more frequent. In terms of modes of exchange, communist parties deepen inter-party communication and cooperation through mutual visits, multilateral meetings, invitations to party newspaper festivals or party congresses, and the like. With the development and application of digital technology and the internet, when in-person meetings are inconvenient, communist parties also maintain contact through leaders’ telephone talks and multilateral telephone conferences. In terms of the content of exchanges, in addition to exchanging views on traditional, classic issues of long-standing concern such as “relations between the two systems,” “socialist revolution and construction,” “theories and strategies related to capitalism,” and “war and imperialism,” communist parties also focus, in line with the development of the times, on contemporary topics such as “political parties and modernization,” “ecological environment,” and “gender politics,” and have formed many consensuses on these matters. In terms of frequency of interaction, taking international conferences as an example, the world’s communist parties annually rely on various platforms and organizational mechanisms to convene multilateral meetings to discuss and exchange views on issues of common concern. The International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties (IMCWP) has operated on an annual meeting system since its inception and has to date held 23 consecutive annual meetings. In terms of timing of interaction, communist parties typically conduct inter-party contacts on major anniversaries, important festivals, and key events related to the international communist movement, using methods such as online letters, issuing statements, or in-person cooperation, visits, and attendance. For example, in early October 2024, as tensions in the Middle East escalated once again, communist parties from many countries issued joint statements on left-wing websites such as “Defend Communism” and “Solidnet,” expressing solidarity with the Palestinian and Lebanese peoples and opposing further expansion of the Middle East war situation. Examples include the “We Oppose the Expansion of the Middle East War” signed by 59 parties on October 7, and the “Joint Statement of Solidarity with the Palestinian and Lebanese Peoples, Opposing the War of Occupation and Genocide” signed by 61 parties on October 8.

虽然21世纪国外共产党的类型化特征明显，追求实现社会主义的道路也不尽相同，但无论是出于政党发展的需要或是共产主义运动国际性特征的驱使，当前国外共产党之间密集性的交流互动表现得更加频繁。在交流方式上，各国共产党通过互访、举行多边会议、受邀参加党报节或党代会等方式，深化党际之间的沟通与合作。随着数字技术和互联网的发展与应用，在不方便进行线下会晤的时候，各国共产党还通过领导人电话会谈、多边电话会议等保持联系。在交流内容上，各国共产党除了就长期关注的“两制关系”“社会主义革命与建设”“资本主义相关理论和策略”“战争和帝国主义”等传统、经典问题交换意见，还会根据时代发展，聚焦“政党与现代化”“生态环境”“性别政治”等时代性话题，并就此形成了许多共识。在互动频次上，以国际会议为例，世界共产党每年都会依托各种平台和组织机制，就共同关心的话题召开多边会议进行讨论并交换意见。共产党和工人党国际会议（IMCWP）从其成立开始就以年会制运作，至今已连续召开了23届年会。在互动时机上，各国共产党通常在与国际共产主义运动有关的重大纪念日、重要节日、重要事件等时间节点上，以线上致信、发表声明或进行线下合作、访问、出席等方式，开展党际联系。例如，2024年10月初，随着中东地区紧张局势的再度升级，多国共产党在“保卫共产主义”“团结网”等左翼网站发布联合声明，声援巴勒斯坦和黎巴嫩人民、反对进一步扩大中东战争局势，如10月7日59个政党签署的《我们反对中东战争扩大化》、10月8日61个政党签署的《声援巴勒斯坦和黎巴嫩人民，反对占领和种族灭绝战争的联合声明》。

(3) Diversified modes of connection are becoming more pronounced

（三）多样化的联结方式更加明显

Facing a harsh survival environment and the practical need to carry out socialist struggle, foreign communist parties have actively pursued international unity after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, exploring new forms of solidarity for the 21st-century international communist movement through more diversified modes of unity. At the organizational level, foreign communist parties have established a series of normalized organizational mechanisms to strengthen party exchanges and cooperation. In terms of regional unity mechanisms, each region where communist parties are active today has corresponding solidarity organizations. Examples include the “Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union” (СКП-КПСС) composed of communist parties in the post-Soviet space, the “São Paulo Forum” (FSP), an annual meeting of Latin American left-wing parties and organizations with broad participation from Latin American communist parties, the “Arab Left Forum,” a conference-based organization of Arab communist and left-wing parties, the “African Left Network Forum” (ALNEF) jointly initiated by the South African Communist Party and the Sudanese Communist Party, the “Party of the European Left” (PEL), which explores new paths for European socialism, and the “European Communist Action” (ECA) led by the Communist Party of Greece. The International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, as a worldwide international cooperation organization, creates conditions for broad unity among communist and workers’ parties of various countries. At the behavioral level, communist parties have carried out a series of coordinated joint actions, reflected both in coordinated protest activities such as demonstrations and collective expressions of solidarity, and in actions to form party alliances or united fronts, thereby deepening inter-party interaction and ties. In terms of specific forms, in addition to traditional forms such as in-person mutual visits, joint meetings, and collective protest demonstrations, the development of internet technology has also provided more convenient and faster channels for exchanges among communist and workers’ parties. They frequently use party media and online platforms to issue joint statements on important issues of common concern. Today, most communist parties in the world have public official websites, electronic publications, and new media platforms. Different types of communist parties have also created their own online platforms, such as the Marxist-Leninist Solidnet (http://www.solidnet.org/), the Maoist “Newspaper of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism” (https://ci-ic.org/), the “Red Herald” (https://redherald.org/), “Maoist Road” (https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/); the Trotskyist “Defend Marxism” (https://marxist.com/); the Hoxhaist “International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations” (https://cipoml.net/), “Communist International” (http://ciml.250x.com/), and so on. Communist and workers’ parties of various countries make full use of these online platforms to issue statements on global hot-button issues and the struggle goals of communist and workers’ parties at key time points such as important anniversaries and major festivals, creating a synergistic effect with offline protest actions.

面对严峻的生存环境和开展社会主义斗争的现实需要，国外共产党在苏东剧变后仍然积极开展国际联合，以更加多样化的联合方式探索21世纪国际共产主义运动团结的新形式。在组织层面，国外共产党建立了一系列加强政党交流与协作的常态化组织机制。就区域性的联合化机制而言，当今世界共产党活跃的各个地区都有相应的团结性组织，如后苏联空间地区共产党组成的“共产党联盟—苏联共产党”（СКП-КПСС），拉美国家共产党广泛参与的拉美左翼政党和组织年会“圣保罗论坛”（FSP），阿拉伯地区共产党和左翼政党间的会议性组织“阿拉伯左翼论坛”（The Arab Left Forum），南非共产党与苏丹共产党联合发起的“非洲左翼网络论坛”（ALNEF），致力于探索欧洲社会主义新道路的“欧洲左翼党”（PEL）以及希腊共产党主导的“欧洲共产主义行动”（ECA）等。共产党和工人党国际会议则作为世界性的国际合作组织，为各国共产党和工人党的广泛联合创造条件。在行为层面，各国共产党开展了一系列协调一致的联合行动，既体现为协调一致的游行示威、集体声援等抗议活动,也体现为组成政党联盟或统一战线的行动，从而深化了党际互动与联系。在具体形式上，除了线下的互访会晤、共同召开会议、集体示威抗议等传统形式外，互联网技术的发展也为各国共产党和工人党之间的交往提供了更加方便和快捷的途径，它们频繁利用党媒和网络平台，就共同关切的重要问题发布联合声明。如今，世界上多数共产党都有公开的官方网站、电子刊物、新媒体平台等。不同类型的共产党也创建了各自的网络平台，如马列主义的团结网（http://www.solidnet.org/）、毛主义的“马列毛主义网报”（https://ci-ic.org/）、《红色先驱报》（https://redherald.org/）、“毛主义之路”（https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/）；托洛茨基主义的“保卫马克思主义”（https://marxist.com/）；霍查主义的“马列主义政党和组织国际会议”（https://cipoml.net/）、“共产国际”（http://ciml.250x.com/）等。各国共产党和工人党充分利用这些网络平台，在重要纪念日、重大节日等关键时间节点就全球热点问题、共产党和工人党的斗争目标等问题发表声明，与线下的抗争行动形成协同效应。

(4) Loose internationalism is becoming more pronounced

（四）松散性的国际主义更加鲜明

Looseness is a manifestation of the special phenomenon whereby foreign communist parties currently implement internationalism and explore new forms of party unity. The international united organizations of different levels and scales established by the world’s communist parties are primarily intended to facilitate communication and dialogue, the exchange of ideas and work experience among communist and workers’ parties of various countries, and serve as multilateral contact mechanisms for deepening mutual solidarity and cooperation. These mechanisms share certain common traits, such as not insisting on centralized and unified leadership, having no permanent leading bodies, and possessing no common program or constitution. For example, as the largest current multilateral exchange platform for communist and workers’ parties, the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties has not set up a leading body, only a Working Group responsible for the meeting’s work. According to regulations, the Working Group “has no right to make decisions on behalf of the communist and workers’ parties on matters other than those explicitly stipulated in its tasks, and must fully respect equality among members.” [14]14 The International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties (IMCWP) is an annual conference first held in 1998, bringing together communist and workers’ parties from around the world for discussion and coordination, but without binding authority over its participants. The International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (ICOR) also states in its founding declaration: “Consultative and coordinated exchange and cooperation among independent parties and organizations is our organizational principle,” “each organization decides for itself which plans and activities to support,” and “based on mutual respect for the sovereignty of member organizations, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.” [15]15 The International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (ICOR) is a platform founded in 2010 that includes Maoist, Marxist-Leninist, and other anti-revisionist parties, emphasizing the independence of its member organizations. The European Communist Action also clearly states in its founding declaration that it is not a unified party; any European communist or workers’ party, including those from non-EU countries, can join as long as it endorses the declaration’s content. Its organizational goal is to promote contact and exchange between parties and strengthen joint action among them. Overall, in their actual operation, these united organizations mostly adhere to principles such as independence, equal status, mutual respect, and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, and impose few restrictions on membership, allowing parties to participate in multiple united organizations or movements simultaneously. Communist parties of various countries voluntarily sign joint declarations or carry out coordinated international struggles. For instance, in 2022, the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties ultimately produced two distinctly different resolutions: 28 parties, including the Communist Party of Greece, signed the “Resolution on the Imperialist War in Ukraine,” while 37 parties and organizations, including the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, signed another resolution, “The Struggle against US and NATO Imperialism and Their Quest for World Hegemony Is a Key Task of Progressive Forces.” [16]16 The 2022 IMCWP saw a split over the Ukraine war, with the Greek Communist Party (KKE) and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) issuing rival resolutions reflecting their opposing geopolitical positions. In the face of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, there have been statements supporting the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Communist Party, anti-war demonstrations and marches, and humanitarian aid provided for war refugees. These are all voluntary actions by communist parties under the guidance of the spirit of internationalism, and also demonstrate the absolute autonomy of communist parties within the international united mechanism. Thus, the current international unity of the world’s communist parties lacks a unified organization or central leadership, nor does it have a written program or action framework; it is a form of loose internationalist behavior.

松散性是当前国外共产党贯彻国际主义、探索政党联合新形势的特殊现象的表征。世界共产党建立的不同层级、不同规模的国际联合组织，主要是为了方便各国共产党和工人党加强沟通与对话、交流思想观点和工作经验，是深化彼此团结与合作的多边联系机制。这些机制有一些相同的特质，如并不坚持集中统一领导、没有常设的领导机构、没有共同的纲领和章程。例如，作为当前最大的共产党和工人党多边交流平台，共产党和工人党国际会议没有设置领导机构，只设立了负责会议工作的工作组。按照规定，工作组“无权代表共产党和工人党就工作组任务中明确规定的事项以外的其他事项作出决定，并且要充分尊重成员之间的平等”。革命政党和组织国际协调（ICOR）在其成立宣言中也提出：“独立自主的党派与组织进行协商一致的交流与协作，是我们的组织原则”，“每个组织自行决定支持哪些计划和活动”，“以相互尊重组织成员的主权为基础，互不干涉内部事务”。欧洲共产主义行动在其创立宣言中也明确表示，它不是一个统一的政党，只要赞同其宣言内容，任何欧洲国家包括非欧盟国家的共产党和工人党都能加入，其组织目标是促进政党之间的联系与交流，加强政党之间的联合行动。总体而言，这些联合组织在实际运行过程中，大都秉持独立自主、地位平等、互相尊重、互不干涉内部事务等原则，且对于成员身份也不作过多约束，可以同时参与多个联合组织或运动。各国共产党出于自愿签署联合声明或开展协调一致的国际性斗争。例如，2022年共产党和工人党国际会议最终形成了两份截然不同的决议，包括希腊共产党在内的28个政党签署了《关于乌克兰领土上的帝国主义战争的决议》，而包括俄罗斯联邦共产党在内的37个政党和组织另外签署了《反对美国和北约帝国主义、谋求世界霸权的斗争是进步力量的关键任务的决议》；面对巴以冲突，既有支持巴勒斯坦人民和巴勒斯坦共产党的声明，又有反战的游行示威活动，还有为战争难民提供的人道主义援助。这些都是各国共产党在国际主义精神引领下的自愿行动，也显示了各国共产党在国际联合机制中的绝对自主权。由此可见，当前世界共产党的国际联合既没有统一的组织和中心领导，也没有成文的纲领或行动框架，是一种松散的国际主义行为。

(5) The trend toward normalized contention is more pronounced

（五）常态化的纷争态势更加显著

Divergence, internal friction, and contention among communist parties are concomitant phenomena of the international communist movement. Since the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, struggles among foreign communist parties have continued unabated, and internal strife and mutual contention have also shown a trend toward normalization. For example, in order to regroup forces among Western European left-wing parties that had been severely impacted, 15 communist parties from 11 countries established the “Party of the European Left” in 2004. However, questioning the nature and development direction of the Party of the European Left, the Communist Party of Greece and others formed another united organization of European left-wing parties in 2013 — the “Initiative of Communist and Workers’ Parties of Europe” (hereinafter “the Initiative”). Although both are united organizations of European left-wing forces, they are fundamentally opposed in practice. As the Initiative declared in its founding statement: “The European Union is the center of European imperialism; it supports aggressive plans against peoples and allies with the USA and NATO. We are not a so-called ‘European party’ within the EU, nor a member of the ‘Party of the European Left’ within it.” The two operated in parallel for a full decade, until the Initiative dissolved due to long-unresolved internal differences. However, these differences did not dissipate with the cessation of the Initiative’s activities; instead, they were further exacerbated by the Greek Communist Party’s unilateral decision to dissolve the organization, provoking sharp criticism from some former member parties and highlighting the long-standing internal strife and contention within it. The contention among foreign communist parties is mainly concentrated in ideological and theoretical struggle. Major issues facing the international communist movement since the 21st century and world hot-button issues have become “normalized topics” of their debate. For example, communist parties of various countries frequently argue over issues such as the capitalist crisis, imperialism, social alliances, opportunism, revolution and reform, and models of socialism. In recent years, with the frequent outbreak of local wars, foreign communist parties have debated fiercely over the nature of war, the identification of imperialism in war, united fronts, and other issues, finding it difficult to reach consensus. These issues have gradually evolved into “normalized topics” of debate among foreign communist parties today.

共产党之间的分歧、内耗、纷争是国际共产主义运动的伴生现象。苏东剧变以来，国外共产党之间的斗争持续不断，内斗与相互之间的纷争也呈现出常态化趋势。例如，受到严重冲击的西欧左翼政党为了重新整合力量，来自11个国家的15个共产党于2004年成立了“欧洲左翼党”。但是，由于质疑欧洲左翼党的性质和发展方向，希腊共产党等于2013年组建了另一个欧洲左翼政党联合组织——“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”（以下简称“倡议”）。虽然二者都是欧洲左翼力量的联合组织，但在实际中是根本对立的。正如“倡议”在成立宣言中声明的：“欧盟是欧洲帝国主义的中心，它支持针对各国人民的侵略计划，与美国和北约结盟。我们不是欧盟中的所谓‘欧洲政党’，也不是其中的‘欧洲左翼党’成员。”二者平行运行长达十年，直到“倡议”因为内部分歧长期未能得到缓和而解体。但是，这些分歧不仅没有随着“倡议”活动的终止而消散，反而由于希腊共产党单方面宣布解散的行为被进一步激化，引发了一些原成员政党的尖锐批判，凸显了其内部长期存在的内斗与纷争。国外共产党的纷争主要集中于思想和理论斗争，21世纪以来国际共产主义运动面临的重大问题以及世界热点问题等成为其争论的“常态性话题”。例如，各国共产党常在资本主义危机、帝国主义、社会联盟、机会主义、革命与改革、社会主义模式等问题上争论不休。而近年来，局部战争频发，国外共产党在战争的本质、战争中帝国主义的认定、统一战线等问题上争论激烈，且难以形成共识，这些问题逐渐演变成当今国外共产党争论的“常态性话题”。

III. New Characteristics of the Current “Networked” Relations among Foreign Communist Parties

三、当前国外共产党政党关系“网络化”的新特征

Compared with traditional relations among communist parties, “networked” has become a new form of current relations among foreign communist parties, presenting many new features in the basic pattern of the international communist movement, the interaction logic of communist parties, the structural form of the international communist movement, and ideological struggle.

与传统的共产党之间的关系相比，“网络化”成为当前国外共产党政党关系的新形态，在国际共产主义运动基本格局、共产党的互动逻辑、国际共产主义运动结构形式以及意识形态斗争上呈现许多新的特征。

(1) Coexistence of parallelism and interweaving in the basic pattern

（一）基本格局上平行性与交织性并存

The tragedy of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe made communist parties of various countries generally realize that “socialism has no single model; the starting point and real conditions of the socialist path must be considered from the perspective of historical materialism.” Therefore, since entering the 21st century, communist parties of various countries have explored socialist development paths suitable for their own national conditions, starting from their respective countries’ historical traditions and real conditions, reflecting a characteristic of diverse and autonomous exploration. Examples include France’s “ecological communism,” the Communist Party USA’s “Bill of Rights Socialism,” the Brazilian Communist Party’s “New National Development Plan,” and the Communist Party of India (Marxist)’s theory of “people’s democratic government.”

苏东剧变的悲剧使各国共产党普遍意识到，“社会主义没有单一的模式，必须以唯物史观的视角考虑社会主义道路的出发点和现实条件。”因此，进入21世纪以来，各国共产党从各自国家的历史传统和现实条件出发，探索适合本国国情的社会主义发展道路，体现出多元自主探索的特征。如法国的“生态共产主义”、美国共产党的“权利法案社会主义”、巴西共产党的“新国家发展计划”、印度共产党（马克思主义）的“人民民主政府”理论等。

Although specific national conditions differ, making it impossible for communist parties to follow a completely identical development path, guided by the ideal of achieving socialism-communism, communist parties have still reached consensus in many aspects through necessary exchanges and contacts, reflecting a multi-dimensional network of interweaving and joint progress. Under the impact of the 2008 international financial crisis, communist parties of various countries achieved consensus on several points: re-raising the political task of carrying out class struggle and striving for proletarian state power; advocating for democratic nationalization to make economic preparations for the transition to socialism; shifting from defense to offense, adopting various measures to awaken the class consciousness of the masses. In recent years, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a resurgence of anti-communism in capitalist countries, making the situation facing communist parties even more severe. To this end, communist parties of various countries unanimously agree on the need to strengthen Party political building, ideological building, and organizational building, and to enhance the capacity to lead the socialist struggle; to lead the working class and broad popular strata in extensive struggles, awakening their class consciousness and revolutionary confidence, enhancing their political literacy, and preparing conditions for socialist revolution; to value left-wing and progressive social forces, establishing broad social alliances or united fronts; under the guidance of the principle of proletarian internationalism, to carry out various forms and levels of inter-party interaction, using the unity of the proletariat to confront the “brotherly alliance of the bourgeoisie.” The consensus among communist parties of various countries on ideals and beliefs, goals, values, ideology, and practical struggle is conducive to promoting the formation of a new common socialist spirit that conforms to the characteristics of the times, binding together scattered communist actions through spiritual bonds, and jointly advancing the contemporary international communist movement.

尽管具体国情不同，各国共产党不可能走完全一致的发展道路，但在实现社会主义—共产主义理想的指引下，共产党之间通过必要的交流与联系，仍在许多方面达成了共识，体现出交织共进的多维格局网络。在2008年国际金融危机的影响下，各国共产党在多个方面取得了共识：重新提出开展阶级斗争、争取无产阶级政权的政治任务；主张实行民主的国有化，为向社会主义过渡做经济准备；从防守转向进攻，采取各种措施唤醒民众的阶级意识。近年来，新冠疫情的冲击使资本主义国家的反共主义趁机抬头，共产党面临的形势更加严峻。为此，各国共产党一致赞同要加强党的政治建设、思想建设和组织建设，强化领导社会主义斗争的能力；要领导工人阶级和大众阶层广泛开展斗争，唤醒其阶级觉悟和革命信心、提升政治素养，为社会主义革命准备条件；要重视左翼和社会进步力量，建立广泛的社会联盟或统一阵线；要在无产阶级国际主义原则的指导下，开展各种形式、各种层次的党际互动，以无产者的联合对抗“资产阶级兄弟联盟”。各国共产党在理想信念、奋斗目标、价值观念、意识形态、实践斗争等方面的共识有利于推动符合时代特征的新的社会主义共同精神的形成，使分散的共产主义行动依靠精神纽带交织在一起，共同推动当代国际共产主义运动向前发展。

(2) Mutual exclusivity of unification and struggle in the logic of interaction

（二）互动逻辑上联合化与斗争性互斥

The current unity of the world’s communist parties is neither a highly centralized and unified organizational form like that of the Comintern period, nor an international conference form marked by the great-power chauvinism once favored by the CPSU; instead, it presents a new set of methods. Communist parties in various countries actively explore the establishment of various conferences, forums, and other organizational mechanisms to provide platforms for strengthening inter-party contacts and cooperation. Whether it is a joint mechanism like the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, bilateral or multilateral meetings and exchanges, or joint statements or resolutions, common expressions of solidarity and action, all reflect the efforts of communist parties in various countries to actively explore new forms of unity and cooperation under the new international situation, further strengthening the trend toward the unification of communist parties.

当前世界共产党的联合，既不是共产国际时期高度集中统一的联盟组织形式，也不是苏共曾经热衷的大党主义倾向的国际会议形式，而呈现出一套新的方式。各国共产党积极探索建立各种会议、论坛等组织机制，为加强党际联系与合作提供平台。无论是类似共产党和工人党国际会议这样的联合机制，还是双边、多边的会晤交流，抑或联合声明或决议、共同声援与行动，都体现出各国共产党在新的国际形势下积极探索团结合作新形式的努力，使共产党的联合化趋势进一步加强。

However, it is undeniable that the current grand international unity of communist parties has never been truly realized because of the existence of internal struggles. In fact, this struggle originates from the differences among communist parties. “Due to differences in the economic, political, cultural, and historical traditions of various countries, the historical tasks they must undertake also differ. Consequently, among communist parties in different countries or between different types of communist parties, their theories and strategies also exhibit certain differences.” [17]17 Yu Weihai, “The Current State and Characteristics of Relations among Foreign Communist Parties,” *Journal of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee (Chinese Academy of Governance)*, 2019, no. 5. Yet, some communist parties absolutize these differences, treating them as fundamental distinctions and elevating them to the level of ideological opposition, which leads to ideological and organizational opposition and splits among communist parties. For example, on September 11, 2023, the official website of the “Initiative of Communist and Workers’ Parties of Europe” announced the dissolution of that organization due to serious internal disagreements.

但不可否认的是，当前共产党的国际大联合始终因为有内部斗争的存在而无法真正实现。实际上，这种斗争来源于共产党之间的差异性。“由于各国的经济、政治、文化和历史传统的不同，所要承担的历史任务也有差异，因而，在不同国家共产党或不同类型的共产党之间，其理论和策略又表现出一定的差异性。”然而，一些共产党将这些差异绝对化，将其视做根本性差别并上升到意识形态层面的对立，就会造成共产党之间在思想和组织上的对立与分裂。例如，2023年9月11日，“欧洲共产党和工人党倡议”官网宣布，因内部严重分歧而解散该组织。

This trend toward unification still contains a tendency toward separation, leading to a contradictory interactive network within the current international communist movement. In this movement of both unity and opposition, the unification of communist parties helps to alleviate the confrontational posture between them, curbs the expansion of struggle, and prevents the international communist movement from falling apart again; at the same time, however, struggles among communist parties in various countries hinder the in-depth development of this unification, keeping the current international unification in a state of “weak unification.”

这种联合化仍存在分离趋势，导致了当前国际共产主义运动的矛盾互动网络。在两者既统一又对立的运动中，共产党的联合有利于缓解彼此间的对立态势，制约斗争的扩大化，使国际共产主义运动不至于再次分崩离析；但同时，各国共产党之间的斗争又会阻碍这种联合的深入开展，使当前的国际联合始终维持“弱联合”的状态。

(3) The Interweaving of Flat and Networked Structures in Organizational Form

（三）结构形式上扁平化与网格化交融

Before the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the CPSU often regarded itself as the leader of the international communist movement, continuing the great-power chauvinism and “father-party” practices of the Comintern period. Correspondingly, an increasing number of communist parties sought to break free from the control of the Soviet Union and the CPSU, engaging in independent, autonomous inter-party exchanges and cooperation based on seeking common ground while reserving differences. However, this never completely eliminated the centralist pattern and hierarchical relations within the international communist movement. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the CPSU, hundreds of communist parties of various sizes and types emerged around the world, and the consensus among the vast majority of communist parties is that a unified leading center is unnecessary. As the socialist country with the best development and most outstanding achievements in the current era, socialism with Chinese characteristics, led by the Communist Party of China, has become the mainstay of world socialism in the 21st century. However, the Communist Party of China has never regarded itself as a “father-party”; instead, it adheres to the concept of new-type party-to-party relations based on “seeking common ground while reserving differences, mutual respect, and mutual learning,” [18]18 “Seeking common ground while reserving differences, mutual respect, and mutual learning” is a formulation of the CPC’s principle for building new-type party-to-party relations with foreign political parties, emphasizing equality and non-interference. conducting exchanges and cooperation with communist parties of other countries on the basis of equal status and mutual respect. Currently, the international communist movement has moved beyond the 20th-century model of “one center” and “unified leadership,” truly achieving “decentralization” in its organizational form.

苏东剧变之前，苏共常以国际共产主义运动领导者自居，延续了共产国际时期的大党主义和“老子党”的做法。与之相对应的是，越来越多的共产党试图摆脱苏联和苏共的控制，开展独立自主、求同存异的党际交流与合作，但始终没有完全消除国际共运内部的中心格局和等级关系。苏联解体、苏共倒台后，世界上诞生了大大小小、类型各异的数百个共产党，不需要统一的领导中心已经成为绝大多数共产党的共识。作为当今时代发展最好、成就最为卓越的社会主义国家，中国共产党引领的中国特色社会主义成为21世纪世界社会主义的中流砥柱。但是，中国共产党向来不以“老子党”自居，而是秉持“求同存异、相互尊重、互学互鉴”的新型政党关系理念，与其他国家共产党开展基于地位平等和相互尊重的交流与合作。当前，国际共产主义运动走出了20世纪“一个中心”和“统一领导”的模式，在结构形式上真正实现了“去中心化”。

On this basis, the international communist movement has also transformed from the past “center-periphery” type of movement into the current flat networked movement. The dissolution of the Soviet Union freed communist parties in various countries from the interference of CPSU great-power chauvinism and strict ideological constraints, achieving independence, autonomy, and mutual equality in terms of identity. On the one hand, regarding their respective development, communist parties in various countries can autonomously explore socialist paths suitable for their own countries and carry out socialist struggles. On the other hand, from the perspective of the mutual relations among communist parties, although communist parties are distributed around the world, they can voluntarily unite on the basis of equal status and mutual respect around issues of common concern, using various conferences, forums, and other organizational mechanisms to conduct bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation, and coordinate actions at the national, regional, or global level. Communist parties overlap in their participation in joint actions and in multiple organizational mechanisms, presenting a network-like interaction and forming an interwoven network structure in party-to-party relations.

在此基础上，国际共产主义运动也由过去“中心—外围”式的运动转变为如今扁平化的网络运动。苏联解体使各国共产党摆脱了苏共大党主义的干涉和严格的意识形态束缚，在身份上实现了独立自主和彼此平等。一方面，就各自发展而言，各国共产党可以自主地探索适合本国的社会主义道路，开展社会主义斗争；另一方面，从共产党的相互关系来看，虽然各国共产党分布在世界各地，但因为共同关心的议题又能在地位平等和相互尊重的基础上进行自愿联合，借助各种会议、论坛等组织机制开展双边、多边交流与合作，在国内、地区或全球组织协调一致的行动。共产党在参与联合行动中、在参与多组织机制中实现重叠，呈现出网状式交往，在政党关系上形成了交错的网络结构。

(4) The Confrontation between Internationalism and Sectarianism in Ideology

（四）意识形态上国际主义与宗派主义对抗

Internationalism is a position that communist parties have always upheld. Entering the 21st century, in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the Soviet Union and the Comintern period, foreign communist parties advocate a return to the Marxist-Leninist principle of internationalism. “Since the dissolution of the Comintern, the forms and norms of unity in the international communist movement have naturally changed. With the maturation and growth of communist parties in various countries, and considering the complex national conditions they face and the different responsibilities they must undertake, relying on an organized center to guide the world socialist movement is no longer feasible.” [19]19 “The International Communist Movement in the 21st Century: A Roundtable Discussion,” *World Socialism Studies*, 2016, no. 1. Therefore, most communist parties advocate international unity while respecting differences. Internationalism has regained prevalence and has guided communist parties in various countries to carry out fruitful practical explorations.

国际主义是共产党始终坚持的立场。进入21世纪，为了避免重蹈苏联和共产国际时期的覆辙，国外共产党倡导回归马克思列宁主义的国际主义原则。“自共产国际解散以来，国际共产主义运动团结的形式和准则自然发生了变化。随着各国共产党的成熟和壮大，并考虑到其所处的复杂国情和需要承担的不同责任，依靠一个有组织的中心来指导世界社会主义运动已不可行。”因此，多数共产党都主张在尊重差异的前提下开展国际联合，国际主义重新盛行，并指引着各国共产党开展了富有成效的实践探索。

However, there are still a small number of communist parties that regard themselves as the “orthodox Marxism,” adopting a monolithic and either-or attitude toward political differences and ideological divergences, continuing the sectarianism of the history of the international communist movement, and forming distinct factions within the current communist camp. They one-sidedly emphasize proletarian internationalism, ignoring, denying, or even directly attacking other communist parties’ explorations in localization, adaptation to the times, and nationalization, attempting to restore the historical tradition of the Comintern period of “one center leading” and “one line of action.” Sectarianism completely deviates from the principles and requirements of proletarian internationalism, severely severs the spiritual bond that unites communist parties in various countries as a unified proletarian party, leads to the long-term fragmentation of the communist camp, and also results in ideological opposition among communist parties.

但是，目前仍有少数共产党以“马克思主义正统”自居，持一元化和非此即彼的态度对待政见分歧和思想差异，延续了国际共运史上的宗派主义，在如今共产党阵营中形成了明显的派别。它们片面强调无产阶级的国际主义，忽视、否定甚至直接攻击其他共产党的本土化、时代化、民族化探索，试图恢复共产国际时期“一个中心领导”“一条路线行动”的历史传统。宗派主义完全背离了无产阶级国际主义的原则和要求，严重割裂了各国共产党作为统一的无产阶级政党团结在一起的精神纽带，导致了共产党阵营的长期碎片化，也导致了共产党意识形态上的对立。

IV. Reflections on the Current “Networked” Trend in Relations among Foreign Communist Parties

四、对当前国外共产党政党关系“网络化”的思考

The new “networked” trend in relations among foreign communist parties enriches the connotation and form of the 21st-century international communist movement, reflecting the development and progress of the international communist movement since the 20th century, especially after World War II. However, this “networked” trend also contains contradictions and disputes among communist parties in various countries, making it difficult to achieve genuine international unity among foreign communist forces. The Communist Party of China is not only the world’s largest Marxist ruling party but also a Marxist mission-oriented party. [20]20 “Marxist mission-oriented party” (马克思主义使命型政党) is a term used in CPC discourse to describe the Party’s self-understanding as bearing a historical mission to realize communism and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The current new “networked” trend in relations among foreign communist parties warrants our reflection.

当前国外共产党政党关系“网络化”的新态势丰富了21世纪国际共产主义运动的内涵和形式，体现了20世纪特别是二战以来国际共产主义运动的发展与进步，不过，这种“网络化”也内含着各国共产党之间的矛盾和纷争，导致国外共产主义力量真正的国际联合始终难以实现。中国共产党不仅是世界第一大马克思主义执政党，也是马克思主义使命型政党，当前国外共产党政党关系“网络化” 新态势值得我们反思。

First, the current “networked” party relations among foreign communist parties indicate that the international communist movement has not only not disappeared but has taken on new content and forms appropriate to the era. This “networked” party relations embody both the theoretical explorations of foreign communists and the practical development of the international communist movement in the 21st century. The international communist movement no longer adheres to the “theory of world revolution” in ideology, has undergone a process of “decentralization” in organization, and is no longer a “center-periphery” type of proletarian revolutionary movement in its mode of operation. Most current communist parties have a more contemporary understanding of the “international character” of the socialist cause. Communist parties of various countries maintain close inter-party ties through intensive exchanges, and they coalesce common strength through diverse linking methods such as establishing joint mechanisms, issuing joint statements, and taking concerted actions, exhibiting clear characteristics of unification. At the same time, due to differentiated explorations in ideology and practice, the world’s communist parties display obvious characteristics of pluralization and typification in terms of main forces, joint mechanisms, joint agendas, and development directions, which to a certain extent leads to internal sectarianism and dogmatism. Thus, the current situation among foreign communist parties—parallel exploration intertwined with joint progress, multiple alliances alongside frequent struggles—constitutes the new content and characteristics of the international communist movement in the 21st century. The new changes and features presented here undoubtedly indicate that we cannot use the established theoretical system and analytical framework to understand and interpret the contemporary international communist movement. Instead, we must study and establish a discourse system and disciplinary system for scientific socialism and the international communist movement that aligns with the new historical characteristics of the 21st century.

第一，当前国外共产党“网络化”的政党关系表明，国际共产主义运动不仅没有消失，而且形成了新的时代内容和形式。这种“网络化”的政党关系既体现了国外共产党人的理论探索，也反映了21世纪国际共产主义运动的实践发展。国际共产主义运动在思想上已不再坚持“世界革命论”，在组织上经历了“去中心化”的演变过程，在运动模式上不再是“中心—外围”式的无产阶级革命运动，当前大多数共产党对社会主义事业“国际性”的认知更具时代性。各国共产党通过密集性的交流保持党际紧密联系，通过建立联合机制、发布联合声明、采取一致行动等多样化的联结方式凝聚共同力量，体现出明显的联合化特征。同时，由于意识形态和实践过程中的差异化探索，世界共产党在主体力量、联合机制、联合议题、发展方向等方面表现出明显的多元化、类型化特征，从而在一定程度上导致了内部的宗派主义、教条主义。可见，当前国外共产党之间既平行探索又交织共进、既多方联合又频繁斗争，由此构成了21世纪国际共产主义运动新的内容与特点。而其中所呈现出来的新变化和新特征，无疑昭示着我们不能沿用固有的理论体系和分析框架来理解和诠释当代国际共产主义运动，而要从21世纪新的历史特点去研究和建立与之相符的科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动的话语体系和学科体系。

Second, truly achieving the unity of international communist forces is a long and arduous task; under current conditions, promoting limited unity of the international communist movement is the feasible approach. Compared with the development of the international communist movement after World War II, the current “networked” party relations among foreign communist parties certainly represent progress, but the deep-rooted sectarianism and factional opposition within them also reveal the differences and splits among international communist forces. It is precisely this fundamental problem that has long remained unresolved, leading to the loose “networked” state of the current international communist movement. To a certain extent, it can be said that the “networked” nature of foreign communist parties today is essentially an immature manifestation of Marxist parties’ exploration of international unity. The communist cause is the common cause of all humanity. Achieving final victory through international unity cannot rely solely on the self-organization of the proletariat; it also requires that proletarian parties unite with parties representing the interests of other laboring classes or strata, and unite all forces that sympathize with and support the proletarian revolutionary movement. As things stand, under the real conditions of “weak unity” and “frequent struggles” among Marxist parties themselves, it is clearly unrealistic to achieve the great unity and grand alliance of the proletariat and the world socialist movement. However, “networked” party relations still contain the possibility of unity and connection. Adopting a concept of the international communist movement centered on “oneself,” and promoting the development of the international communist movement under the goal and concept of “limited unity” and within the discourse system and practical mechanisms, is a feasible strategic choice for us at present.

第二，真正实现国际共产主义力量的联合任重而道远，当前条件下，促进国际共运的有限联合才是可行的。与二战后的国际共产主义运动发展情况相比，当前国外共产党“网络化”的政党关系固然体现了一种进步，但其内部根深蒂固的宗派主义与派别对立也显示了国际共产主义力量内部的分歧与分裂。正是这一根本性的问题长久以来得不到彻底解决，才导致了当前的国际共产主义运动的松散的“网络化”状态。一定程度上可以说，当今国外共产党“网络化”实质是马克思主义政党探索国际联合不成熟的表现。共产主义事业是全人类共同的事业，通过国际联合争取最终胜利不能单单依靠无产者的自我联合，还需要无产阶级政党团结代表其他劳动阶级或劳动阶层利益的政党共同行动，联合一切同情和支持无产阶级革命运动的力量。现在看来，在马克思主义政党自身“弱联合”和“频斗争”的现实境遇下，要实现无产阶级与世界社会主义运动的大团结、大联合，显然是不切实际的。然而，“网络化”的政党关系仍然蕴含着联合、联通的可能性，建立以“我”为主的国际共产主义运动观，在“有限联合”的目标和理念下、在话语体系和实践机制中助推国际共产主义运动的发展，是当前我们可行的战略选择。

Third, the Communist Party of China must adhere to the concept of a new type of party-to-party relations to guide the healthy development of relations among Marxist parties. Xi Jinping pointed out at the ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC: “The Communist Party of China pays close attention to the future of humanity and moves forward hand in hand with all progressive forces in the world. China has always been a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a defender of the international order.” This fully demonstrates the mission and responsibility of the CPC as the world’s largest Marxist ruling party. The “networked” party relations among foreign communist parties indicate the complex situation of the current international communist movement, and the revival of the world socialist movement still faces numerous obstacles. The new type of party-to-party relations proposed by Xi Jinping clarifies, in epistemological terms, the basic norms and proper modes of interaction between parties, and serves, in methodological terms, as the key to guiding the healthy development of relations among Marxist parties. Therefore, it is necessary for us to deepen research and interpretation of the formation, connotations, characteristics, value, and pathways of the concept of the new type of party-to-party relations, and to effectively promote the application and transformation of this concept. By relying on exchange mechanisms such as the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meeting and the World Socialism Forum, we can build high-end political dialogue platforms with broad representation and international influence, tell the story of the CPC well, and construct a Chinese discourse and Chinese narrative system. The CPC must fully play a leading role, promote cohesion, unity, and collective action among the world’s communist parties, and work together with foreign communist parties to make new and greater contributions to the development of world socialism and the progress of human society.

第三，中国共产党要坚持以新型政党关系理念引领马克思主义政党关系的良性发展。习近平在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上指出：“中国共产党关注人类前途命运，同世界上一切进步力量携手前进，中国始终是世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者。”这充分彰显了中国共产党作为世界第一大马克思主义执政党的使命担当。国外共产党“网络化”的政党关系表明了当前国际共产主义运动的复杂态势，世界社会主义运动的复兴还面临重重阻碍。习近平提出的新型政党关系在认识论上厘清了政党之间交往的基本准则和应有模式，在方法论上成为引导马克思主义政党关系良性发展的钥匙。因此，我们有必要加深对新型政党关系理念的形成、内涵、特征、价值、路径等的研究与阐释，并切实推动这一理念的应用转化，依托中国共产党与世界政党高层对话会、世界社会主义论坛等交流机制，打造具有广泛代表性和国际影响力的高端政治对话平台，讲好中国共产党的故事，构建中国话语和中国叙事体系。中国共产党要充分发挥引领作用，推动世界共产党之间的凝聚团结与集体行动，与国外共产党一道，为世界社会主义发展和人类社会进步作出新的更大贡献。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心