“The Second Session of the Gongyuan Marxist Academic Salon” Held in Beijing

On the morning of October 28, 2021, the Institute of Marxism of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences held the second session of the “Gongyuan Marxist Academic Salon.” This salon centered on a discussion of “common prosperity and public ownership.” Researcher Gong Yun, Vice President of the Institute of Marxism and Executive Deputy Director of the CASS Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, presided over the meeting and guided the discussion in depth in a timely manner. Researchers Hou Weimin and Peng Haihong of the Institute of Marxism delivered keynote speeches respectively, and several scholars engaged in exchange discussions. Over forty young scholars from the Institute of Marxism participated in this event. The on-site discussion was lively, with frequent interaction and a harmonious atmosphere; the second salon session yielded substantial results.

2021年10月28日上午，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院举办第二期“贡院马克思主义学术沙龙”。本次沙龙围绕“共同富裕和公有制”展开讨论。马研院副院长、中国社科院习研中心执行副主任龚云研究员主持会议并及时引导向深交流，马研院侯为民研究员、彭海红研究员分别做主旨发言，多位学者交流发言，四十多位马研院青年学者参加此次活动。现场讨论热烈、互动频繁、气氛融洽，第二次沙龙活动收获颇丰。

Gong Yun, Vice President of the Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院副院长龚云

In his remarks, Gong Yun pointed out that holding the “Gongyuan Marxist Academic Salon” has three objectives: first, to build an internal academic exchange platform within the Institute of Marxism, especially providing a channel for young scholars to exchange ideas, engage in debate, and make their voices heard, striving to make the salon a brand for academic exchange within the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and even in domestic and international Marxist theoretical circles; second, to construct a platform within the Institute of Marxism for articulating and publicizing major theoretical and practical issues, using new media and other channels to respond to theoretical and practical concerns of society; third, to create a growth platform for young scholars, providing an atmosphere of equal exchange, free expression, and willingness to debate, thereby promoting the development of young scholars.

龚云在讲话中指出，举办“贡院马克思主义学术沙龙”有三方面的目标：一是构建马克思主义研究院内部的学术交流平台，特别是为青年学者交流、碰撞、发声提供途径，力争将沙龙打造成社科院乃至国内、国际马克思主义理论学界的学术交流品牌；二是建设马研院关于重大理论和实践问题的发声、宣传平台，利用新媒体等渠道回应社会关切的理论和现实问题；三是打造青年学者的成长平台，为青年人提供平等交流、畅所欲言、敢于辩驳的氛围，推动青年学者的成长。

Panoramic view of the meeting

会议全景

Gong Yun stated that common prosperity has currently entered the practical stage, but there are still many theoretical issues regarding “common prosperity” that merit in-depth exploration. For example, the connotation of common prosperity, the relationship between common prosperity and the new stage of development, the relationship between common prosperity and the socialist market economy, the relationship between common prosperity and the private economy, the relationship between common prosperity and the second leap in China’s socialist agriculture [1]1 The “second leap” in China’s socialist agriculture refers to the transition from household-based contract farming to scaled, modernized, and collectivized agricultural operations, as distinct from the first leap of decollectivization in the early 1980s., the relationship between common prosperity and getting rich together [2]2 “Getting rich together” (共同致富) is a slogan often used interchangeably with “common prosperity” but sometimes distinguished as emphasizing the process of collective wealth creation rather than the outcome of equal distribution., the basis for selecting demonstration zones for common prosperity, how to embody the Party’s leadership in common prosperity, how to view the history of the collective economy and the relationship between the separation of three rights [3]3 The “separation of three rights” (三权分置) is a Chinese rural land reform policy that separates ownership (by the collective), contract rights (by individual households), and management rights (which can be transferred to third parties). and the collective economy, and so on. Therefore, it is very necessary to set up a special topic for discussion and exchange. This session of the salon chose “common prosperity and public ownership” as its theme.

龚云表示，当前共同富裕已进入实践阶段，但关于“共同富裕”在理论上仍存在诸多值得深入探讨的问题，例如，共同富裕的内涵，共同富裕与新发展阶段的关系，共同富裕与社会主义市场经济的关系，共同富裕与民营经济的关系，共同富裕与我国社会主义农业第二个飞跃的关系，共同富裕与共同致富的关系，共同富裕示范区的选择依据，如何在共同富裕中体现党的领导，如何看待集体经济的历史以及三权分置与集体经济的关系，等等，因此很有必要设一个专题进行讨论交流，本期沙龙选择“共同富裕和公有制”作为主题。

Hou Weimin, Researcher at the Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员侯为民

Researcher Hou Weimin shared his views on how to achieve common prosperity from the following three aspects:

侯为民研究员围绕如何实现共同富裕，从以下三个方面进行了分享：

First, three analytical perspectives of Marxism in elucidating common prosperity. One is from the analytical perspective of society as a community; common prosperity is directly related to the level of productive forces, and achieving common prosperity is based on a highly developed level of productive forces. Two is from the analytical perspective of the purpose of production; achieving common prosperity requires a shift from production aimed at exchange value and surplus value to production aimed at use value, a process accompanied by changes in the relations of production. Three is from the analytical perspective of the distribution of social wealth; the degree of equalization of wealth is a main indicator of common prosperity, and this perspective is outcome-oriented.

第一，马克思主义阐释共同富裕的三种分析视角。一是从社会作为共同体的分析视角出发，共同富裕与生产力水平直接相关，实现共同富裕以高度发达的生产力水平为基础；二是从生产目的的分析视角出发，实现共同富裕要从以交换价值、剩余价值为目的的生产，转变为以使用价值为目的的生产，这一过程伴随着所有制的变革；三是从社会财富分配的分析视角出发，富裕的均等化程度是共同富裕的主要标志，这一视角以结果为导向。

Second, key points in analyzing the issue of common prosperity. One is accurately grasping the theoretical sources of common prosperity; common prosperity is a further extension based on Marx’s relevant discussions and a development of Marxist theory, so it needs to be distinguished from some similar viewpoints in welfare economics. Two is clarifying the subject and object of common prosperity, and sorting out the relationship between the prosperity of the community and the prosperity of the individual in common prosperity. Three is the issue of changes in the relations of production: whether it is possible and how to achieve equalization of production outcomes through secondary and tertiary distribution under conditions of unequal distribution of the means of production.

第二，分析共同富裕问题的要点。一是准确把握共同富裕的理论来源，共同富裕是在马克思相关论述基础上的进一步扩展，是马克思主义理论的发展，因此需要与福利经济学中一些类似观点相区别；二是明确共同富裕的主体和客体，理清共同富裕中共同体的富裕与个体的富裕的关系；三是关于所有制变革问题，是否可能及如何在生产资料分配不均等的条件下，依靠二次分配和三次分配实现生产成果的均等。

Third, public ownership naturally promotes common prosperity. State-owned enterprises possess important resources, can ensure the stable supply of basic resources, and guarantee relative stability in consumption levels. Therefore, the basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together cannot be changed. However, state-owned enterprises also have phenomena of waste in human and material resources, and some have relatively low efficiency. Thus, while state-owned enterprises control industries vital to the economic lifeline, private enterprises can be encouraged to fully develop in other fields. At the same time, redistribution should pay attention to adjusting the development pattern and promoting state-owned enterprises to become bigger and stronger. Within state-owned enterprises, income distribution should also be further improved, balancing the relationship between distribution according to work and distribution according to factors of production.

第三，公有制天然促进共同富裕。国有企业占有重要资源，能够保证基础资源的稳定供应，保证消费水平的相对稳定，因此公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度不能改变。但国有企业也存在人力与物质资源浪费的现象，部分存在效率较低的情况，所以在国有企业控制关乎经济命脉行业的同时，可以鼓励私有企业在其他领域充分发展。同时，再分配应当注意调整发展格局，促进国有企业做大做强。国有企业内部也要进一步完善收入分配，平衡按劳分配与按要素分配之间的关系。

Peng Haihong, Researcher at the Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员彭海红

Peng Haihong shared her research findings on the relationship between the rural collective economy and common prosperity. She argued that the rural collective economy is the fundamental path and important guarantee for achieving common prosperity in rural areas. First, the biggest current imbalance is the urban-rural imbalance, and the difficulty of common prosperity lies in the prosperity of farmers. Second, common prosperity was first proposed in the Central Committee’s resolution on developing agricultural cooperatives [4]4 This refers to the “Resolution on the Development of Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives” adopted by the Central Committee of the CPC in December 1953, which first used the term “common prosperity” in an official Party document., so the rural collective economy contains the genes and code of common prosperity. She also shared three rural cases from her research that achieved common prosperity through developing the collective economy:

彭海红分享了其关于农村集体经济与共同富裕关系的研究成果。她认为，农村集体经济是实现农村共同富裕的根本途径与重要保障。首先，当前最大的不平衡是城乡不平衡，共同富裕的难点在于农民的富裕。其次，共同富裕最早提出于中央关于发展农业合作社的决议，所以农村集体经济包含了共同富裕的基因和密码。她还分享了调研的三个通过发展集体经济实现共同富裕的农村案例：

First, Liuzhuang Village in Henan Province. Liuzhuang Village follows a classic path of the collective economy, with highly collectivized means of production, collective joint operation of land, collective ownership of enterprises and small businesses, a distribution system aimed at common prosperity, distribution according to work, basic living needs guaranteed by the collective, and a comprehensive welfare system.

一是河南省刘庄村。刘庄村走的是经典意义上的集体经济道路，生产资料高度集体化，土地集体联营，企业、小商业集体所有，分配制度以共同富裕为目的，按劳分配，基本生活需求由集体兜底，福利制度完善。

Second, Tangyue Village in Guizhou Province. Tangyue Village implements a farmer shareholding cooperative system, that is, on the basis of confirming land rights, it transfers the right to contract management to cooperatives led by village collectives, achieving shareholding cooperation. Tangyue Village, with the help of land rights confirmation, established a cooperative with all its land and assets, reclaimed land management rights to the collective, and developed specialty agriculture and tourism.

二是贵州省塘约村。塘约村实行的是农民股份合作制，即在土地确权的基础上，流转承包权至村集体为主导的合作社，实现股份合作。塘约村借助土地确权，以全部土地与资产成立合作社，把土地经营权收归集体，发展特色农业和旅游业。

Third, Yantai City in Shandong Province. Yantai chose the path of agricultural cooperation in the New Era, taking the lead through the Organization Department [5]5 The Organization Department refers to the Organization Department of the CPC, which oversees Party personnel and cadre management at all levels; its direct involvement in economic affairs is a distinctive feature of the Party’s leadership in rural development. to grasp the collective economy, with Party branches taking the lead in establishing village collective cooperatives, stipulating shareholding ratios, having the branch secretary serve as the board chair, and tilting distribution toward disadvantaged groups.

三是山东省烟台市。烟台选择了新时代农业合作化道路，通过组织部牵头抓集体经济，党支部主导成立村集体合作社，规定股份占有比例，由支部书记担任理事长，在分配方面倾斜弱势群体。

Young scholars exchange and discuss

青年学者交流讨论

In the exchange session, scholars engaged in lively interactive discussions and even confrontations, with sparks of thought colliding from time to time. Issues raised included: With reference to developed countries such as those in Northern Europe and Japan, can common prosperity be achieved through secondary and tertiary distribution? Have high-income countries achieved common prosperity? Is common prosperity merely a matter of wealth distribution? How should taxation be levied to make income distribution fairer, and will it lead to the problem of “killing the rich to help the poor”? How should the relationship between common prosperity and public ownership be explained? How does public ownership promote common prosperity? What is the difference between the state-owned economy and state-owned enterprises in capitalist countries? What is the relationship between common prosperity and getting rich together? How should the realization of common prosperity be viewed dynamically? Around these issues, participating scholars expressed their views and engaged in in-depth discussion.

在交流环节，学者们进行了热烈的互动交流甚至交锋，不时碰撞出思想火花。涉及的问题包括：参照北欧、日本等发达国家，依靠二次、三次分配能否实现共同富裕？高收入国家是否实现了共同富裕？共同富裕是否仅仅是财富分配问题？如何征税让收入分配更加公平，会不会导致“杀富济贫”问题？共同富裕与公有制的关系应如何阐释？公有制如何促进共同富裕？国有经济与资本主义国家的国有企业区别何在？共同富裕和共同致富是什么关系？如何动态地看待共同富裕的实现？围绕上述问题，与会学者发表了自己的看法，进行了深入的探讨。

Researcher Yang Jing argued that it is insufficient to view common prosperity only from the perspective of the development of productive forces; it needs to be understood from a dynamic, stage-based perspective, and from the fact that common prosperity is an important feature of Chinese-path modernization. Common prosperity is the common prosperity of both material life and cultural-ethical life.

杨静研究员认为，仅从生产力发展的角度看共同富裕不够，需要从动态的、阶段性的角度出发，从共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征来理解共同富裕，共同富裕是物质生活和精神生活的共同富裕。

Researcher Zhang Jiangang argued that the collective economy can promote the development of the rural economy, revitalize collective property rights, and the resulting value-added income belongs to the rural collective, which can increase farmers’ income. State-owned enterprises and private enterprises each have their strengths in different fields and industries, and their comparative advantages can be leveraged through industrial structure adjustment. At the same time, the means by which state-owned enterprises promote common prosperity should be further enriched and improved.

张建刚研究员认为，集体经济能够促进农村经济的发展，盘活集体产权，产生的增值收益归农村集体所有，可提升农民收益。国有企业和私营企业在不同领域和行业各有长处，可以通过产业结构调整发挥其比较优势。同时，国有企业促进共同富裕的手段应进一步丰富完善。

Chen Renjiang, associate research fellow, argued that discussion of wealth and the criteria for measuring wealth should return to the Marxist conception of wealth. In different stages of social development, the criteria for wealth differ: in pre-capitalist society, wealth is measured by the quantity of material goods possessed; in capitalist society, it transforms into abstract value wealth, measured through monetization; in communist society, the criterion for wealth is free time, breaking free from dependence on things, and material wealth is no longer the goal pursued. As for material wealth, even if influenced solely by natural conditions, it cannot be equalized. Marxism is neither equalization of wealth nor anti-wealth, but rather trans-wealth, that is, it transcends the current concept of wealth. Common prosperity under socialism with Chinese characteristics has stages, that is, it transitions from dependence on things to the development of the free individuality of people. Therefore, the concept of wealth also has a transitional nature; the pursuit of spiritual wealth is the development of free individuality, and adding the criterion of spiritual wealth to common prosperity is a kind of transition. Common prosperity is essentially the universal expansion and universal possession of socialist public goods, which cannot be measured solely by GDP or the Gini coefficient.

陈人江副研究员认为，讨论富裕和衡量财富的标准，应该回到马克思主义财富观来讨论。在不同的社会发展阶段，财富的标准不一样，前资本主义社会以占有物质的多少来衡量财富；资本主义社会转变为抽象的价值财富，通过货币化来计量；共产主义社会财富标准是自由时间，摆脱了对物的依赖，物质财富不再是追求的目标。而对于物质财富而言，哪怕仅仅是受自然条件影响，也不可能均等。马克思主义既不是均富化，也不是反富化，而是超富化，即超越了目前的财富观念。中国特色社会主义的共同富裕有阶段性，即从对物的依赖向人的自由个性的发展转变，因此，财富的观念也有过渡性，精神富裕的追求就是自由个性的发展，共同富裕加入精神富裕的标准是一种过渡。共同富裕实质上是社会主义公共产品的普遍壮大和普遍占有，不能仅靠GDP、基尼系数来衡量。

Zhang Fujun, associate research fellow, argued that the current understanding of common prosperity differs from classical Marxist expositions, and it is necessary to discuss how to integrate it with the Marxist classics. There is also the problem of the generalization of common prosperity; the concept and connotation of common prosperity should have a basic definition and interpretation. The public economy and the non-public economy are not in a relationship of one rising while the other falls; taking public ownership as the mainstay is the foundation for realizing common prosperity.

张福军副研究员认为，当前对于共同富裕的理解与马克思主义经典阐述有差别，要讨论怎样与马克思主义经典相结合；还有存在的共同富裕的泛化问题，对共同富裕概念、内涵应该有基本的界定与解读。公有经济与非公经济不是此消彼长的关系，以公有制为主体是实现共同富裕的基础。

Liu Daoyi, assistant research fellow, argued that in current discussions, common prosperity has two directions, namely goal-orientation and result-orientation, which leads to a dichotomy between goal and result, and also leads to a causal relationship between common prosperity and public ownership. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the essence of socialism is common prosperity and public ownership; the two are mentioned together and coexist, so there is no question of which is the goal and which is the means. In the history of Marxist development, communists have particularly emphasized the issue of ownership. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s article on solidly advancing common prosperity also touches on this, so the issue of ownership will inevitably be involved in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

刘道一助理研究员认为，当前讨论中共同富裕有两个方向，即目的导向与结果导向，这样导致目的与结果的二分问题，也导向共同富裕与公有制的因果关系。邓小平同志指出社会主义的本质是共同富裕与公有制，二者并提，共同存在，因此不存在哪个是目的哪个是手段。马克思主义发展史上，共产党人特别强调所有制问题，习近平总书记关于扎实推进共同富裕的文章中也有涉及，因此，中国特色社会主义建设中一定会涉及所有制问题。

Song Lidan, associate research fellow, argued that the prerequisite for common prosperity is the elimination of large disparities in wealth and income. Western countries once claimed to have established a stable olive-shaped social structure, but the 2008 world financial crisis led to a crisis of the middle class in Western countries, so the Western social structure is still essentially pyramid-shaped. Regarding common prosperity, she put forward five points: 1. Many people equate expanding the middle-income group with common prosperity, but the Western olive-shaped society has already collapsed, and discussing only the middle-income group is insufficient; 2. The high welfare of Nordic countries is not common prosperity; the operating funds for their welfare come mainly from workers, and the richest 10% of people own 50% of domestic wealth; 3. How to achieve common prosperity between urban and rural areas? Agricultural production efficiency is lower than that of industry, and industry and cities supporting rural areas is a key point of common prosperity, which can only rely on the support of public ownership; 4. The phenomena of waste and bureaucratism in state-owned enterprises are related to the lack of democratic management, are not essential defects of state-owned enterprises, and are problems that can be solved. In areas where central enterprises cannot enter, local state-owned enterprises and small state-owned enterprises can also try; 5. Disparities in income and wealth stimulate latent social contradictions and crises. The key to solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development is, first, to solve the widening income gap, and second, the universal expansion and universal possession of social public goods, which requires transcending a single concept of wealth.

宋丽丹副研究员认为，共同富裕的前提是消灭较大的财富和收入差距。西方国家曾宣称建立了稳定的橄榄形社会结构，2008年世界金融危机导致西方国家中产阶级危机，因此西方社会结构实质上依旧是金字塔形。关于共同富裕，她提出五个方面的观点：1.许多人把扩大中等收入群体等同于共同富裕，但西方橄榄形社会已经破产，仅仅讨论中等收入群体不够；2.北欧的高福利不是共同富裕，他们福利运作资金主要来自劳动者，最富裕的10%的人占有国内财富的50%；3.城乡共同富裕如何实现，农业生产效率低于工业，工业与城市反哺农村是共同富裕的要点，只能依靠公有制的支持；4.国有企业的浪费、官僚主义现象，与民主管理缺失有关，不是国有企业的本质缺陷，是可以解决的问题，央企不能进入的领域，地方国企、小型国企也可以尝试；5.收入、财富差距激发社会潜藏矛盾与危机，解决发展不平衡、不充分问题的关键，一是要解决收入差距扩大，二是社会公共产品的普遍壮大与普遍占有，要超越单一的财富观。

Cui Yun, associate research fellow, argued that common prosperity in rural areas relies on the collective economy, and the key lies in diversifying the organizational forms of the collective economy to adapt to the development characteristics of different rural areas. It is necessary to form and improve a mechanism for producing “capable people” through institutional guarantees, such as the current “first secretary” [6]6 “First secretary” (第一书记) refers to a Party cadre sent from higher-level Party or government organs to a village or grassroots unit to lead and coordinate work, particularly in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. and other plans.

崔云副研究员认为，农村共同富裕依靠集体经济，关键在于集体经济的组织形式要多样化，适应不同地区农村的发展特点，要通过制度保障形成和完善出“能人”的机制，比如现在的“第一书记”等方案。

Gong Yun offered comments on the discussion at this salon. First, he emphasized the importance of concepts, categories, and discourse. Only on the basis of clarifying the connotation and extension of common prosperity and public ownership can the issue of common prosperity be explored in depth. Therefore, it is necessary to further develop theory on the basis of the classical framework. Second, he suggested that everyone read Engels’ *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State* to clarify the root cause of the gap between rich and poor in class society caused by private ownership. Finally, he emphasized the contribution of Xi Jinping’s economic thought to the theory of common prosperity.

龚云对本次沙龙的讨论做了点评。首先，他强调了概念、范畴、话语的重要性，只有在明确共同富裕、公有制的内涵和外延的基础上，才能深入探讨共同富裕问题，因此需要在经典框架的基础上，进一步发展理论。其次，他建议大家读恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》，理清阶级社会私有制导致社会贫富差距的根源何在。最后，他强调了习近平经济思想对共同富裕理论的贡献。

Gong Yun pointed out that common prosperity is the essence of socialism. It is undeniable that its connotation is first of all material prosperity, but it is not limited to material prosperity. Common prosperity is not equal, synchronous, or simultaneous prosperity. Common prosperity does not mean taking the Western path, and the important role of public ownership in realizing common prosperity cannot be denied.

龚云指出，共同富裕是社会主义的本质，不可否认其内涵首先是物质富裕，但不仅限于物质富裕；共同富裕不是同等、同步、同时的富裕；共同富裕不是走西方道路，不能否定公有制在实现共同富裕中的重要作用。

Finally, Gong Yun summarized the event. He pointed out that everyone’s discussion and exchange were deep and lively, fully demonstrating the spiritual outlook of the young scholars of the Academy of Marxism, and achieving the original purpose and goal of the salon. Due to the needs of epidemic prevention and control, some comrades registered but were unable to attend, and scholars from other units were not invited. At the same time, due to time constraints, many comrades who participated did not have the opportunity to speak, and some viewpoints of the comrades who spoke were not fully developed. Everyone felt that the discussion was not yet exhausted, and the topic of common prosperity had not been thoroughly discussed. There is still much room for exchange, and if conditions permit, another session could be organized.

最后，龚云对本次活动进行了总结。他指出，大家的讨论交流深入而热烈，充分展现了马研院青年学者的精神风貌，达到了沙龙举办的初衷和目的。由于疫情防控的需要，一些同志报名但未能参加，也未邀请其他单位的学者，同时由于时间有限，不少参与的同志没有机会发言，发言的同志有些观点未充分展开，大家意犹未尽，关于共同富裕的话题还没谈透，还有很大的交流空间，如有条件可以再组织一次。

(Contributed by Li Bin/Lü Yue, Marxist Research Network, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究网李彬/吕玥 供稿）