Why Is Strict Supervision and Discipline Enforcement a Sharp Weapon for the Party’s Self-Reform?

Research Center for the Party’s Innovation Theory, National University of Defense Technology

国防科技大学党的创新理论研究中心

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 21st collective study session of the

习近平总书记在中央政治局第二十一次集体学习时强调，“从严监督执纪是党的自我革命的利器，对违纪违法问题必须坚决处理”。习近平总书记从推进党的自我革命的战略高度，深刻阐明了从严监督执纪在党的建设中的重要地位和关键作用，为推进党的自我革命提供了根本遵循、指明了前进方向。依规依纪依法严格监督执纪，是惩治腐败、整饬作风的关键举措。新时代新征程，必须以严明的纪律强保障，以反腐惩恶清障碍，推进党的自我革命不断深入，确保党永远不变质、不变色、不变味。

I. Deeply Understanding the Great Significance of Strict Supervision and Discipline Enforcement

一、深刻认识从严监督执纪的重大意义

Self-revolution is the second answer [1]1 The “four major tests” (四大考验) refer to the tests of governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment, which the CPC identifies as ongoing challenges to its long-term rule. by which our Party has escaped the historical cycle of rise and fall, and it is the endogenous driving force and fundamental guarantee for the Party to maintain its vitality. Without strict discipline and powerful supervision and discipline enforcement, the fight against corruption will become a mere formality and lose its edge, and the Party will be unable to effectively solve its own problems. Strict supervision and discipline enforcement is the key to ensuring that the Party’s self-revolution is effectively advanced and achieves tangible results; it must be persistently and unremittingly pursued.

自我革命是我们党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案，是党永葆生机活力的内生动力和根本保证，没有严明的纪律和强有力的监督执纪，反腐败就会流于形式、失去锋芒，党就无法有效解决自身存在的问题。从严监督执纪是确保党的自我革命有效推进和取得实效的关键所在，必须一以贯之、毫不松懈地抓下去。

It is an inevitable requirement for maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity. Advanced nature and purity are the essential attributes of a Marxist political party; maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity is the prerequisite and guarantee for our Party to carry out all work well. At present, profound changes have taken place both in the Party’s own development and in the domestic and international situations it faces. Factors that weaken the Party’s advanced nature and impair its purity exist at all times, and dangers that violate the original aspiration and founding mission [2]2 The “four dangers” (四种危险) refer to the dangers of mental slackness, incompetence, disengagement from the people, and corruption, which the CPC recognizes as persistent internal risks. and shake the Party’s foundation are present everywhere. If they are not strictly guarded against and promptly rectified, small problems may become big ones, and small leaks may turn into large collapses, inevitably affecting the Party’s advanced nature and purity. On the New Journey of the New Era [3]3 “治未病” (zhì wèi bìng) is a concept from traditional Chinese medicine meaning “treating disease before it arises,” used here as a metaphor for preventive supervision., we must dare to face problems squarely and confront them directly, continue to carry out the most thorough self-revolution, always put discipline first and strengthen daily supervision, use Party discipline as the yardstick to measure the conduct of Party cadres and correct errors and deviations, strike at and seriously investigate unhealthy tendencies and corruption as soon as they emerge, resolutely eradicate deep-seated maladies, ensure the health of the Party’s organism, and forever maintain the Party’s advanced nature and purity.

永葆党的先进性和纯洁性的必然要求。先进性和纯洁性是马克思主义政党的本质属性，永葆党的先进性和纯洁性是我们党做好各项工作的前提和保证。当前，无论党自身发展，还是党面临的国内外形势都发生了深刻变化，各种弱化党的先进性、损害党的纯洁性的因素无时不有，各种违背初心和使命、动摇党的根基的危险无处不在，如果不严加防范、及时整治，小问题就可能变成大问题、小管涌就会沦为大塌方，势必影响党的先进性和纯洁性。新时代新征程，必须敢于正视问题、勇于直面问题，继续进行最彻底的自我革命，始终挺纪在前、强化日常监督，以党的纪律为尺子，衡量党员干部行为、纠正错误偏差，对不正之风和腐败问题露头就打、严肃查处，坚决革除顽瘴痼疾，确保党的肌体健康，永葆党的先进性和纯洁性。

It is the key to winning the trust and support of the people. The Party’s foundation lies in the people, its bloodline lies in the people, and its strength lies in the people. The people are the greatest source of confidence for our Party’s governance. Winning the trust of the people and gaining their support, the Party can overcome any difficulty and achieve victory in all endeavors. As a sharp weapon for the Party’s self-revolution, the starting point and ultimate goal of strict supervision and discipline enforcement are, in the final analysis, to safeguard the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [4]4 “咬咬耳朵，扯扯袖子” (yǎo yao ěrduo, chě che xiùzi) is a colloquial Chinese idiom meaning to give a gentle warning or reminder, literally “to bite the ear and pull the sleeve.”, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has focused on the corruption and unhealthy practices

赢得人民群众信任和支持的关键所在。党的根基在人民、血脉在人民、力量在人民。人民是我们党执政的最大底气，赢得人民信任、得到人民支持，党就能够克服任何困难，就能够无往而不胜。从严监督执纪作为党的自我革命的利器，其出发点和落脚点归根结底是维护最广大人民的根本利益。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央聚焦人民群众最深恶痛绝的腐败问题和不正之风，通过从严监督执纪，以“得罪千百人，不负十四亿”的坚定决心，坚持无禁区、全覆盖、零容忍，以刮骨疗毒的勇气清除害群之马，从严惩治侵害群众利益的各类问题，坚决遏制特权思想和特权现象，有效重塑了党的公信力、维护了社会公平正义、净化了政治生态，赢得了人民群众的信任与坚定支持。但也要清醒看到，反腐败斗争形势仍然严峻复杂，铲除腐败滋生土壤和条件任务仍然艰巨繁重，必须持续深化自我革命，以铁腕反腐、正风肃纪的实际成效厚植党长期执政的群众基础。

An important guarantee for the Party’s long-term governance and the advancement of its cause. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that self-revolution is the fundamental path for our Party to break out of the historical cycle of rise and fall and to achieve long-term governance; the longer the Party governs, the less it can afford to lose its spirit of self-revolution. By strengthening the restraint and supervision over the exercise of power, and by rigorously investigating and punishing corruption and improper practices, it is possible to effectively enhance the Party’s creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness, and to improve the Party’s governance capacity and leadership level. Over the past decade or more, through the revolutionary tempering of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era, an atmosphere of genuine, strict, and sustained management and discipline has basically taken shape within our Party. The conduct of the Party and the government has taken on a completely new look, and social customs and public sentiment have continued to improve. This has provided a strong guarantee for the historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state in the New Era, and has consolidated the political foundation for the Party’s long-term governance. On the new journey, facing the historical mission of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, facing major challenges that may be high winds and rough seas or even raging storms, and facing the long-standing “four major tests” [1]1 The “four major tests” (四大考验) refer to the tests of governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment, which the CPC identifies as ongoing challenges to its long-term rule. and “four dangers,” [2]2 The “four dangers” (四种危险) refer to the dangers of mental slackness, incompetence, disengagement from the people, and corruption, which the CPC recognizes as persistent internal risks. we must unswervingly advance the Party’s self-revolution, consciously plan and advance strict supervision and discipline enforcement within the overall framework of the Party’s and the state’s cause, continuously consolidate the Party’s long-term governing position, and promote the steady and sustained progress of Chinese-path modernization.

实现党长期执政和事业发展的重要保障。习近平总书记深刻指出，自我革命是我们党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率、实现长期执政的根本路径，越是长期执政越不能丧失自我革命精神。通过强化对权力运行的制约和监督，严肃查处腐败问题和不正之风，能够有效增强党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力，提高党的执政能力和领导水平。过去十几年，经过新时代全面从严治党的革命性锻造，我们党真管真严、敢管敢严、长管长严氛围基本形成，党风政风焕然一新，社风民风持续向好，为新时代党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革提供了坚强保障，巩固了党长期执政的政治基础。新征程上，面对以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的历史使命，面对可能出现的风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大挑战，面对长期存在的“四大考验”和“四种危险”，我们必须坚定不移推进党的自我革命，自觉把从严监督执纪放在党和国家事业发展大局中谋划推进，不断巩固党的长期执政地位，推动中国式现代化行稳致远。

II. Accurately Grasping the Core Essence of Strict Supervision and Discipline Enforcement

二、准确把握从严监督执纪的核心要义

Strict supervision and discipline enforcement is an important practical form of advancing the Party’s self-revolution, playing an irreplaceable and significant role in the process of the Party’s self-revolution in the New Era. It is necessary to deeply recognize the connotations and requirements contained within it, accurately grasp its core essence, and continuously consolidate and expand the achievements of the Party’s self-revolution.

从严监督执纪是推进党的自我革命的重要实践形式，在新时代党的自我革命进程中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。必须深刻认清蕴含其中的内涵和要求，准确把握其核心要义，不断巩固拓展党的自我革命成果。

It is necessary to adhere to comprehensive strictness and carry strictness through to the end. “Strictness” is a distinctive feature of our Party’s governance and self-discipline in the New Era and an important requirement of the Party’s spirit of self-revolution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “To govern the country, the Party must first be governed; to govern the Party, strictness is essential,” and “Our Party is the world’s largest Marxist governing party; being large means it must have the bearing of a large party, and being large also has its difficulties. Only through strict management and strict discipline can the proper demeanor of a large party be maintained and the unique problems of a large party be solved.” We must stand at the height of the Party’s long-term governance, the nation’s enduring peace and stability, and the people’s well-being and happiness, treat comprehensive and strict governance of the Party as a long-term strategy and an eternal subject of the Party, always adhere to putting strictness first, being comprehensive and strict, and carrying strictness through to the end, and ensure unremitting efforts. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has broken new ground by formulating and implementing the Eight-Point Regulations of the Central Committee, advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party with firm resolve, tenacious will, and unprecedented intensity, adhering to strictness in ideology, supervision, discipline enforcement, cadre management, work style, and anti-corruption. Comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has achieved remarkable results, and the Party has become stronger and more powerful through revolutionary tempering. On the new journey, the complexity of the situation and tasks facing the Party and the severity of risks and challenges are unprecedented. We must bear in mind that comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the way, and the Party’s self-revolution is always on the way. We must resolutely overcome any mood of slackening, resting, fatigue, or war-weariness, resolutely prevent mistaken expectations of changing direction or lowering the tone, always adhere to a problem-oriented approach, maintain strategic resolve, forever sound the charge, and persistently uphold the strict tone, strict measures, and strict atmosphere for the long term.

必须坚持全面从严、一严到底。“严”是新时代我们党管党治党的鲜明特征，是党的自我革命精神的重要要求。习近平总书记指出，“治国必先治党、治党务必从严”，“我们党是世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，大就要有大的样子，大也有大的难处，只有严管严治，才能保持大党应有的风范，解决大党独有的难题”。我们要站在事关党长期执政、国家长治久安、人民幸福安康的高度，把全面从严治党作为党的长期战略、永恒课题，始终坚持严字当头、全面从严、一严到底，做到常抓不懈。党的十八大以来，我们党从制定和落实中央八项规定开局破题，以坚定决心、顽强意志、空前力度推进全面从严治党，坚持思想从严、监督从严、执纪从严、治吏从严、作风从严、反腐从严，全面从严治党取得显著成绩，党在革命性锻造中变得更加坚强有力。新征程上，党面临的形势任务之复杂、风险挑战之严峻前所未有。我们必须牢记全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上，坚决克服松劲歇脚、疲劳厌战的情绪，坚决防止转变风向、降调变调的错误期待，始终坚持问题导向，保持战略定力，永远吹冲锋号，把严的基调、严的措施、严的氛围长期坚持下去。

We must persist in addressing problems early and at their inception, and in making such efforts routine and long-term. Supervision is the “frontline defense” for preventing and resolving the Party’s own risks and challenges, and an important manifestation of “treating disease before it arises” [3]3 “治未病” (zhì wèi bìng) is a concept from traditional Chinese medicine meaning “treating disease before it arises,” used here as a metaphor for preventive supervision.. Emphasizing the strengthening of self-supervision and actively accepting supervision by the people are fine traditions and unique strengths of the Party. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that to advance the Party’s self-revolution in depth, the combination of self-supervision and supervision by the people must serve as a powerful driving force. He stressed that “the management and supervision of Party organizations, the management and supervision of Party cadres and leading cadres in particular, and the management and supervision of inner-Party political life must be made strict in standards, systematic in content, complete in measures, and linked in links, so that nothing is omitted, nothing is lacking, and no link is broken.” We must strengthen all-round management and routine supervision of cadres, and for budding and tendentious problems that appear among cadres, we must promptly “tug at their ears” and “pull at their sleeves” [4]4 “咬咬耳朵，扯扯袖子” (yǎo yao ěrduo, chě che xiùzi) is a colloquial Chinese idiom meaning to give a gentle warning or reminder, literally “to bite the ear and pull the sleeve.”, offering early reminders and early corrections. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [5]5 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of Xi Jinping’s leadership and a major push for anti, our Party has continuously improved the Party and state supervision system, perfected the supervision system under the unified leadership of the Party that is comprehensive, authoritative, and efficient, improved the mechanisms for supervising and constraining the exercise of power, taken inner-Party supervision as the lead, promoted the coordination and integration of various types of supervision, and with the determination of “the horse never leaving the saddle, the reins never loosening” [6]6 The “Four Forms of Decadence” (四风) refers to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were the focus of the Party’s mass-line education campaign launched in 2013. and the perseverance of sustained and unremitting effort, has strictly enforced supervision, building a solid supervisory barrier for strict governance of the Party. On the new journey [7]7 The “Three Political Capabilities” (政治三力) refers to political judgment, political understanding, and political execution, a concept promoted under Xi Jinping to strengthen the political competence of Party cadres., we must firmly grasp the significance and work requirements of supervision, adhere to focusing on early detection and small matters, prioritizing daily work, and valuing persistence, giving prominence to key supervision of the “key minority” [8] while achieving full coverage of all Party organizations and all Party members, keeping the “searchlight” of supervision constantly shining, so that Party cadres become accustomed to exercising power and conducting work under supervision and constraints, and using routine and long-term supervision to consolidate the first line of defense for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

必须坚持抓早抓小、常态长效。监督是防范化解党自身风险挑战的“前置防线”，是“治未病”的重要体现。注重加强自我监督，主动接受人民监督，是党的优良传统和独特优势。习近平总书记指出，深入推进党的自我革命，要以自我监督和人民监督相结合为强大动力。强调“要把对党组织的管理和监督、对党员干部特别是领导干部的管理和监督、对党内政治生活的管理和监督在标准上严格起来，在内容上系统起来，在措施上完善起来，在环节上衔接起来，做到不漏项、不缺项、不掉链”。加强对干部全方位管理和经常性监督，对干部身上出现的苗头性、倾向性问题，要及时“咬咬”耳朵，扯扯袖子，早提醒、早纠正。党的十八大以来，我们党持续完善党和国家监督体系，健全党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效的监督体系，完善权力监督制约机制，以党内监督为主导，促进各类监督贯通协调，以马不离鞍、缰不松手的定力，持之以恒、常抓不懈的韧劲，从严抓监督，为从严管党治党筑起牢固的监督屏障。新征程上，必须牢牢把握监督的重要意义和工作要求，坚持立足于早、着眼于小、重在日常、贵在有恒，既突出对“关键少数”的重点监督，又实现对各级党组织和全体党员的全面覆盖，让监督的“探照灯”常亮长明，使党员干部习惯在监督和约束下履职用权、干事创业，以常态长效监督夯实全面从严治党第一道防线。

We must persist in enforcing discipline strictly and punishing every violation. Discipline is the lifeline of the Party, and strict enforcement of discipline is an important guarantee for maintaining the authority of Party discipline and advancing the Party’s self-revolution in depth. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “If the guiding principles and discipline are not clear, the Party will cease to be a party, and the state will cease to be a state” [9]; “The Party must govern the Party and govern it strictly—what does it rely on to govern, and by what means does it govern? It must rely on strict discipline.” In strictly enforcing discipline, we must set strict standards, turning hard requirements on Party conduct and discipline into hard measures, giving iron teeth to iron rules, sending a signal to the entire Party that enforcement will be strict to the end and without any concession, forming a deterrent effect, insisting that all Party members are equal before Party discipline, seriously investigating and strictly disciplining all negative and corrupt phenomena within the Party, and not allowing any special Party members who are not bound by discipline to exist. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has resolutely investigated and dealt with all kinds of disciplinary violations with the courage to turn the blade inward [10], making discipline a real hard constraint on the behavior of Party members, effectively safeguarding the Party’s unity and solidarity and the health of its body. On the new journey, to unswervingly advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and unremittingly deepen the Party’s self-revolution, we must place discipline building in a more prominent position, persist in enforcing discipline strictly and punishing every violation, precisely apply the “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement [11], strictly investigate and severely punish violations that defy the ban, making disciplinary rules truly become “live high-voltage lines” [12], using strict discipline enforcement to push discipline building deeper and more solidly, providing a strong disciplinary guarantee for the development of the Party’s cause.

必须坚持执纪必严、违纪必究。纪律是党的生命线，从严执纪是维护党的纪律权威、推进党的自我革命向纵深发展的重要保障。习近平总书记指出，“纲纪不彰，党将不党，国将不国”，“党要管党、从严治党，靠什么管，凭什么治，就要靠严明纪律”。在从严执纪上，要严格标准，将党风党纪硬要求变为硬举措、让铁规矩长出铁牙齿，向全党释放一严到底、寸步不让的信号，形成震慑效应，坚持党纪面前党员人人平等，对党内一切消极腐败现象认真查处、严肃执纪，不允许有不受纪律约束的特殊党员存在。党的十八大以来，我们党以刀刃向内的勇气坚决查处各类违纪行为，让纪律真正成为规范党员行为的硬约束，有力维护了党的团结统一和肌体健康。新征程上，坚定不移推进全面从严治党、驰而不息深化党的自我革命，必须把纪律建设摆在更加突出的位置，坚持执纪必严、违纪必究，精准运用监督执纪“四种形态”，严查严处顶风违纪问题，使纪律规矩真正成为“带电的高压线”，以严格执纪推动纪律建设走深走实，为党的事业发展提供坚强纪律保障。

III. Continuously Exploring the Practical Path of Strict Supervision and Discipline Enforcement

三、不断探索从严监督执纪的实践路径

The effectiveness of strict supervision and discipline enforcement directly affects the depth and breadth of the Party’s self-revolution. It must be precisely planned and systematically addressed, using scientific and effective methods to inject strong momentum into the Party’s self-revolution.

从严监督执纪成效如何，直接关系党的自我革命的深度与广度，必须精准谋划、系统施治，以科学有效的方式方法为党的自我革命注入强劲动能。

Adhere to grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together, and effectively build a solid ideological dam for Party members to resist corruption and prevent degeneration. Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline form an organic whole: Party spirit is the foundation, Party conduct is the manifestation, and Party discipline is the guarantee. Adhering to grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together, and integrating rectifying conduct, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption, is an important lever for promoting the Party’s self-revolution in a linked and progressive manner. Various problems that arise within the Party manifest in political, ideological, organizational, conduct, and disciplinary aspects, but the root cause lies in issues of ideals and convictions, Party spirit cultivation, and official morality and character. To implement the requirements of the Party’s self-revolution in the New Era and to rectify conduct and enforce discipline with a strict tone, we must organically combine tempering Party spirit, honing conduct, and strictly enforcing discipline, making Party cadres value, be alert to, and know when to stop, forming a high degree of self-awareness in observing rules and discipline. Use Party spirit education to “cast the soul” [13], strengthening political forging and ideological transformation in deepening centralized political training, consciously using ideals and convictions to strengthen the foundation, arming the mind with the Party’s innovative theories, cultivating oneself and managing the family with excellent traditional culture, educating and guiding the vast number of Party cadres to consolidate the foundation of faith, replenish the calcium of the spirit [14], and steady the rudder of thought, enhancing Party consciousness, Party member consciousness, and purpose consciousness, understanding great virtues, strictly observing public virtues, and guarding private virtues, valuing conduct, correcting integrity, and nurturing the mind, always being clear-minded people with firm political beliefs and who observe rules and discipline. Use Party conduct building to “shape the form” [15], unremittingly implement the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations [16], target and rectify the stubborn ills of the “four forms of decadence” [17], closely monitor new manifestations of formalism and bureaucratism, deeply uncover the hidden variations of hedonism and extravagance, strictly investigate issues such as empty slogans and fraud in implementing the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, strictly govern unhealthy practices such as illegal eating and drinking and illegal giving and receiving of gifts and money, using good Party conduct to drive government conduct and lead social conduct and public sentiment. Use Party discipline constraints to “establish rules” [18], establish a normalized and long-term mechanism for discipline education, linking the closed loop of learning, understanding, clarifying, and observing discipline, making discipline education run through the entire cycle of cadre growth and integrate into the entire process of organizational management, quickly investigating and severely punishing violations that defy the ban as soon as they appear, making those who do not stop or restrain themselves pay the price, guiding Party cadres to know respect, be cautious, and guard the bottom line.

坚持党性党风党纪一起抓，切实筑牢党员拒腐防变思想堤坝。党性党风党纪是一个有机整体，党性是根本，党风是表现，党纪是保障。坚持党性党风党纪一起抓、正风肃纪反腐相贯通，是推动党的自我革命环环相扣、层层递进的重要抓手。党内出现种种问题，表现在政治、思想、组织、作风、纪律等方面，但根子是理想信念、党性修养、官德人品等方面出了问题。落实新时代党的自我革命要求，以严的基调正风肃纪，必须把锤炼党性、砥砺作风、严明纪律有机结合起来，让党员干部重视、警醒、知止，形成遵规守纪的高度自觉。以党性教育“铸魂”，在深化集中政治整训中加强政治锻造和思想改造，自觉用理想信念强基固本，用党的创新理论武装头脑，用优秀传统文化修身齐家，教育引导广大党员干部筑牢信仰之基、补足精神之钙、把稳思想之舵，增强党的意识、党员意识、宗旨意识，明大德、严公德、守私德，重品行、正操守、养心性，始终做政治信念坚定、遵规守纪的明白人。以党风建设“塑形”，锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神，靶向整治“四风”顽疾，紧盯形式主义、官僚主义新表现，深挖享乐主义、奢靡之风隐形变异，严查贯彻党中央决策部署空喊口号、弄虚作假等问题，严治违规吃喝、违规收送礼品礼金等歪风，以优良党风带动政风、引领社风民风。以党纪约束“立规”，建立常态化长效化的纪律教育机制，贯通学纪、知纪、明纪、守纪闭合链路，使纪律教育贯穿干部成长全周期、融入组织管理全过程，对顶风违纪问题露头就速查严处，让不知止不收敛的行为付出代价，引导党员干部知敬畏、存戒惧、守底线。

Promote the integration of various supervision methods, continuously improving the penetration and effectiveness of supervision. Analyzing the typical corruption cases investigated in recent years, they all have a process of evolution from quantitative change to qualitative change, from minor faults to major mistakes, and the reasons can also be found in inadequate supervision. This warns us that supervision is the most powerful protection for Party cadres, and we must build a systematic, scientific, and efficient supervision system, value every detail, focus on routine, and do a solid and practical job of supervision. We should adhere to the leadership of inner-Party supervision, strictly implement democratic centralism, tighten and consolidate the supervision responsibilities of Party organizations at all levels, promote the mutual combination and complementary advantages of comprehensive supervision by Party committees, specialized supervision by discipline inspection commissions, daily supervision by grassroots Party organizations, and democratic supervision by Party members, fully mobilizing supervision from superiors to subordinates, between peers, and from subordinates to superiors, ensuring that inner-Party supervision is implemented and achieves practical results. Broaden external supervision channels, support and ensure that people’s congresses, political consultative conferences, and judicial organs exercise their supervisory powers in accordance with laws and regulations, effectively leverage the professional advantages of audit supervision to deeply investigate economic integrity risks, value mass supervision and public opinion supervision, smooth channels for expressing public opinion and providing feedback, using a tight and efficient supervision network to achieve full coverage of supervision over public officials and full-process “scanning” of the exercise of power. Do a solid job in the daily supervision of Party organizations, adhere to moving the gate forward and addressing problems early and at their inception, focus on regular correction and timely warning, closely monitor key links in the exercise of power, highlight the “key minority” of leading cadres, comprehensively understand the daily thoughts, work, conduct, and living conditions of Party cadres, unify behavioral management and thought management, regularly organize heart-to-heart talks and thought reports, use methods such as conversation reminders and criticism education to promptly correct budding and tendentious problems, constantly sound the ideological alarm bell, constantly correct behavioral deviations, and continuously improve the penetration and effectiveness of daily supervision by Party organizations.

推动各类监督方式相贯通，不断提高监督的穿透力和有效性。分析这些年来查处的典型腐败案件，都有一个从量变到质变、小节到大错的演变过程，也都能从监督不力上找到原因。这警示我们，监督是对党员干部最有力的保护，必须构建系统科学和高效运行的监督体系，重视点滴、着眼常态，从严从实抓好监督工作。应坚持党内监督引领，严格落实民主集中制，压紧压实各级党组织监督责任，推动党委全面监督、纪委专责监督、基层党组织日常监督、党员民主监督等相互结合、优势互补，把上级对下级、同级之间以及下级对上级的监督充分调动起来，确保党内监督落到实处、见到实效。拓宽外部监督渠道，支持和保证人大、政协和司法机关依法依规行使监督权，有效发挥审计监督的专业优势，深查经济领域廉政风险，重视群众监督和舆论监督，畅通民意表达和反馈渠道，以严密高效的监督网络，实现公职人员监督全覆盖、权力运行全过程“扫描”。抓实党组织日常监督，坚持关口前移、抓早抓小，注重常纠常治、及时预警，紧盯权力运行关键环节，突出领导干部“关键少数”，全面了解党员干部日常思想、工作、作风和生活状况，把行为管理和思想管理统一起来，定期组织谈心谈话、思想汇报，采取谈话提醒、批评教育等方式及时纠正苗头性、倾向性问题，常敲响思想警钟、常校正行为偏差，不断提高党组织日常监督的穿透力和有效性。

Persist in investigating and addressing both misconduct and corruption simultaneously, resolutely eradicate the soil and conditions that breed corruption. Unhealthy tendencies and corruption share the same root and are intertwined; they are the prominent issues that must be addressed in the current stage of Party building for clean governance and the fight against corruption. Deepening the simultaneous investigation and treatment of misconduct and corruption, and exerting force in an integrated manner, is an effective measure to sever the link between misconduct and corruption and to eradicate the soil that breeds corruption. It is necessary to strengthen the concept of simultaneous investigation and treatment, improve the mechanism for simultaneous investigation and treatment, both use “misconduct” to uncover “corruption” and punish “corruption” to correct “misconduct,” use “simultaneous investigation” to severely punish issues where misconduct and corruption are intertwined, use “simultaneous treatment” to eradicate the common roots of misconduct and corruption, and use the integration of “investigation” and “treatment” to block the evolution from misconduct to corruption. Persist in investigating corruption through misconduct, sever the chain of interests that leads from misconduct to corruption, and through recurring work-style issues, dig deep into the corruption roots behind them. Starting from rectifying the “Four Forms of Decadence”[6]6 The “Four Forms of Decadence” (四风) refers to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were the focus of the Party’s mass-line education campaign launched in 2013. closely linked to corruption, such as illegal eating and drinking, illegal gift-giving and receiving, dig deep into corruption issues hidden behind unhealthy tendencies, such as collusion between officials and businessmen, interest transfer, and power-for-money deals, and strictly prevent “covering up corruption with misconduct” or “catching misconduct but missing corruption.” Focus on correcting misconduct through corruption, pay attention to deeply analyzing the evolutionary pattern from misconduct to corruption in investigated corruption cases, clarify the evolutionary process from “losing integrity in small matters” to “failing to uphold integrity in major matters,” vigorously rectify the circle culture, privilege phenomena, and the “Four Forms of Decadence” behind the cases, and carry out targeted deepening of governance and eradication of stubborn diseases. Deeply address both symptoms and root causes, persist in using cases to promote reform and governance, implement the simultaneous investigation and treatment of misconduct and corruption throughout the entire process of case handling, rectification and correction, and warning education. Aiming at common and deep-seated problems discovered during supervision and discipline enforcement, promote reform of work models, tighten the institutional cage, standardize the operation of power, comprehensively strengthen the construction of a clean culture in the New Era, regularly carry out Party discipline study education and warning education, and compress the space for power rent-seeking from the source.

坚持风腐同查同治，坚决铲除腐败滋生的土壤和条件。不正之风和腐败问题同根同源、相互交织，是现阶段党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争要着力解决的突出问题。深化风腐同查同治、一体发力，是斩断风腐勾连、铲除腐败滋生土壤的有效举措，必须强化同查同治理念、健全同查同治机制，既以“风”挖“腐”，又惩“腐”纠“风”，以“同查”严惩风腐交织问题，以“同治”铲除风腐共性根源，以“查”、“治”贯通阻断风腐演变。坚持由风查腐，斩断由风及腐的利益链，透过反复出现的作风问题深挖背后的腐败根源，从整治违规吃喝、违规收送礼品礼金等与腐败紧密联系的“四风”问题入手，深挖不正之风隐藏的官商勾结、利益输送、权钱交易等腐败问题，严防“以风盖腐”、“抓风漏腐”。着力由腐纠风，注重从查处的腐败案件中深刻剖析由风及腐的演变规律，理清从“小节失守”到“大节不保”的演变过程，大力纠治案件背后的圈子文化、特权现象和“四风”问题，有的放矢深化治理、根治顽疾。深化标本兼治，坚持以案促改、以案促治，把风腐同查同治落实到案件查办、整改纠治、警示教育全过程各方面，针对监督执纪过程中发现的共性问题、深层次问题，推动工作模式改革、织密制度笼子、规范权力运行，全面加强新时代廉洁文化建设，常态化开展党纪学习教育和警示教育，从源头压缩权力寻租空间。

Build an excellent team, improve the quality and effectiveness of strict supervision and discipline enforcement. To advance the Party’s self-revolution, the discipline inspection and supervision contingent bears a glorious mission and significant responsibility. It must firmly shoulder the duty and mission of strict supervision and discipline enforcement, consciously adhere to higher standards and stricter requirements, and strive to forge an iron contingent of discipline inspection that reassures the Party and is trusted by the people. Strengthen political loyalty, unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to solidify the soul, highlight the study and understanding of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, deepening the Party’s self-revolution, and rectifying work style, enforcing discipline, and fighting corruption, take the lead in strengthening political training and enhancing the “Three Political Capabilities.”[7]7 The “Three Political Capabilities” (政治三力) refers to political judgment, political understanding, and political execution, a concept promoted under Xi Jinping to strengthen the political competence of Party cadres. Boldly carry out supervision and inspection, enforce discipline and law with an iron face, and demonstrate responsibility and interpret loyalty in struggle. Hone excellent skills, enhance the legal awareness, procedural awareness, and evidence awareness of the discipline inspection and supervision contingent, comprehensively improve the policy level, discipline and law literacy, and practical combat capability of the discipline inspection and supervision cadre contingent, focus on enhancing the practical ability of efficient supervision, strict discipline enforcement, and precise accountability, ensure that each supervision, discipline enforcement, and case handling stands the test of practice, the people, and history. Achieve self-restraint, improve internal control mechanisms, guide the vast number of discipline inspection and supervision cadres to remember their special identity, cultivate professional ethics, strictly rectify their minds and restrain their actions, and consciously accept the strictest constraints and supervision.

打造过硬队伍，提升从严监督执纪质量效益。推进党的自我革命，纪检监察队伍使命光荣、责任重大，必须坚定扛牢从严监督执纪的职责使命，自觉坚持更高标准、更严要求，努力锻造一支让党放心、人民信赖的纪检铁军。强化政治忠诚，坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂，突出学习领会习近平总书记关于全面从严治党、深化党的自我革命、正风肃纪反腐等重要论述，带头加强政治历练、提升“政治三力”。大胆监督检查，铁面执纪执法，在斗争中体现担当、诠释忠诚。锤炼过硬本领，增强纪检监察队伍法治意识、程序意识、证据意识，全面提升纪检监察干部队伍的政策水平、纪法素养和实战能力，着力增强高效监督、从严执纪、精准问责的实践能力，确保每次监督执纪、查办案件经得起实践、人民和历史的检验。做到自我约束，健全内控机制，引导广大纪检监察干部牢记特殊身份，培塑职业操守，严格正心束行，自觉接受最严格的约束和监督。

(Author: Cai Jue)

（执笔：蔡珏）