Current Situation, Reflections, and Mechanism Construction for Chinese Universities to Resist Overseas Religious Infiltration from the Perspective of Holistic Governance

Holistic governance is a governance action oriented toward "problem-solving," which advocates for effective coordination and integration to make policy objectives of multiple governance subjects consistent and continuous, and policy implementation means mutually reinforcing, with the goal of close cooperation and seamless collaboration among them. Holistic governance opposes fragmented management where each acts on its own, advocating for management to move from dispersion to concentration, from parts to the whole, from fragmentation to integration, thereby forming an organic and unified whole to handle those cross-departmental, cross-level thorny issues related to public interests. The concept of holistic governance is an effective theoretical tool for examining the modernization level of religious governance in China and a unique perspective for studying the resistance of Chinese universities to overseas religious infiltration.

整体性治理是以“问题解决”为导向，主张通过有效协调与整合，使多元治理主体间的政策目标连续一致，政策执行手段相互强化，以彼此间紧密配合、合作无间为目标的治理行动。整体性治理反对各自为政的碎片化管理，主张管理从分散走向集中,从部分走向整体,从破碎走向整合，从而形成一个有机团结的整体来处理那些与公众利益相关的跨部门、跨层级的棘手问题。整体性治理理念是检视我国宗教治理现代化水平的一个有效理论工具，是研究我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的独特视角。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the 2016 National Conference on Religious Work: "We must resolutely resist the use of religion by overseas forces for infiltration and prevent the erosion of religious extremist ideas." The use of religion by overseas forces for infiltration refers to "activities and propaganda carried out by overseas groups, organizations, and individuals using religion to violate China's constitution, laws, regulations, and policies." The fundamental intention of overseas religious infiltration is to seize ideological positions. Universities are not only key places for talent cultivation in China but also important targets for overseas hostile forces to carry out religious infiltration. In the long-term practice of resisting overseas religious infiltration, Chinese universities have accumulated much good experience and achieved tangible results, but certain problems still exist. Based on the perspective of holistic governance, this paper evaluates and reflects on the current work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration, and on this basis, explores the holistic governance ideas and countermeasures for Chinese universities to resist overseas religious infiltration in the New Era. Compared with traditional control-oriented thinking, holistic governance pays more attention to the scientific nature of governance concepts, the synergy of governance subjects, the targeting of governance methods, and the effectiveness of governance mechanisms, which has strong practical significance and application value.

习近平总书记在2016年全国宗教工作会议上强调：“要坚决抵御境外利用宗教进行渗透，防范宗教极端思想侵害。”境外利于宗教进行渗透是指“境外团体、组织和个人利用宗教从事各种违反我国宪法、法律、法规和政策的活动和宣传。”境外宗教渗透的根本意图在于争夺意识形态阵地，高校既是我国人才培养的关键场所，也是境外敌对势力进行宗教渗透的重要目标。我国高校在长期抵御境外宗教渗透的实践中，积累了许多好的经验，取得实实在在成效，但仍存在一定的问题。本文基于整体性治理的视角，对当前我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的情况进行了评估和反思，并在此基础上探讨了新时代我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的整体性治理思路和对策。同传统的管控思路相比，整体性治理更加关注治理理念的科学性、治理主体的协同性、治理方式的针对性、治理机制的有效性，具有很强的现实意义和应用价值。

I. Current Situation and Experience of Chinese Universities in Resisting Overseas Religious Infiltration

一、我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的现状与经验

In the long-term struggle of "infiltration and counter-infiltration," Chinese universities have done a great deal of work in resisting overseas religious infiltration by constructing organizational management systems, legal and regulatory and policy systems, and ideal and belief education systems, accumulating much good experience and achieving positive social results.

在长期的“渗透与反渗透”斗争中，我国高校通过构建组织管理体系、法律法规和政策体系、理想信念教育体系等，在抵御境外宗教渗透方面做了大量的工作，积累了许多好的经验并取得了好的社会成效。

(A) High Priority, Building an Efficient Organizational Management System

（一）高度重视，搭建高效的组织管理体系

1. Establishing work teams. The main subjects of Chinese universities' work in resisting overseas religious infiltration are the ideological and political work personnel and Party affairs personnel of the relevant functional departments under the leadership of the Party committee and the basic-level colleges and departments. Some universities have also established special leading groups for resisting overseas religious infiltration, generally headed by the university's main responsible person, with members including the heads of relevant functional departments such as the university Party and government office, propaganda department, united front work department, student affairs department, graduate school, security department, personnel department, academic affairs office, international exchange office, scientific research office, and the university Youth League committee, as well as the secretaries of the Party committees (general Party branches) of each second-level unit. In recent years, teachers of ideological and political theory courses and specialized course teachers have also increasingly participated and played a role.

1.建立工作队伍。我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的主体是党委领导下的学校相关职能部门和各基层院系的思想政治工作人员和党务工作人员。部分高校还成立了抵御境外宗教渗透专项工作领导小组，一般是由学校主要负责人担任组长，成员涵盖校党政办、宣传部、统战部、学工部、研究生院、保卫处、人事处、教务处、国际交流处、科研处、校团委等相关职能部门的负责人和各二级单位党委（党总支）书记。近年来，思想政治理论课教师、专业课教师等，也越来越多地参与其中，发挥作用。

2. Clarifying work targets. China implements a policy of freedom of religious belief, and the lawful religious activities of believers are protected by law. Using religion for infiltration usually manifests as overseas hostile forces using religion to carry out separatist activities, interfere in the internal affairs of Chinese religions, and conduct illegal missionary activities. Specifically for universities, the targets of resisting overseas religious infiltration are mainly people and activities suspected of illegal religious propagation, such as some religious organizations and individuals organizing student fellowships and other forms to carry out illegal missionary activities on campus, a trend that has intensified in recent years. Therefore, most universities take activities such as "distributing religious propaganda materials," "conducting house churches around the campus," and "teaching religion through the internet and sending emails" as their main work targets.

2.明晰工作对象。我国实行宗教信仰自由政策，信教群众合法的宗教活动是受到法律保护的。利用宗教进行渗透通常表现为境外敌对势力利用宗教进行分裂活动、干涉我国宗教的内部事务和进行非法传教活动。具体到高校来说，其抵御境外宗教渗透的对象主要是涉嫌进行非法宗教传播的人及活动，比如一些宗教组织和个人通过组织学生团契等形式，在校园进行非法传教活动，近年来有愈演愈烈的趋势。所以，大部分高校将“散发宗教宣传资料”、“在校园周边开展家庭教会”、“通过互联网和发送电子邮件的方式来传授宗教”等活动作为主要工作对象。

3. Operation of a linear organizational management model. For a period of time, Chinese universities' resistance to infiltration has mainly relied on a linear organizational management model. Under this model, the university, based on relevant work requirements issued by higher authorities, delegates work tasks layer by layer, and work feedback is reported back up level by level. The characteristics of this model are clear and centralized management authority, clear and unified task instructions, and the ability to relatively efficiently complete various tasks assigned by higher authorities. In a certain sense, this model leans more towards a control-oriented approach. Of course, even governance does not exclude necessary control, and under certain temporal and spatial conditions, adopting this model also has its rationality and applicability.

3.直线式的组织管理模式运作。一段时间以来，我国高校抵御渗透主要依靠直线式的组织管理模式，在这种模式下，学校根据上级下达的相关工作要求，将工作任务层层下达，工作反馈再反向逐级上报。该模式的特点是管理权限明确集中、指令任务清晰统一，能够比较高效完成上级交办的各项任务。从一定意义上讲，这种模式比较偏向管控思路，当然即便治理也并不排除必要的管控，而且在一定的时空条件下，采取这种模式也有其合理性和适用性。

(B) Management According to Law, Forming a Complete Legal, Regulatory, and Policy System

（二）依法管理，形成完备的法律法规和政策体系

Article 36 of China's Constitution stipulates: "The state protects normal religious activities. No one may use religion to engage in activities that disrupt social order, impair the health of citizens, or interfere with the state's educational system." "Religious groups and religious affairs are not subject to the domination of foreign forces." The "Education Law of the People's Republic of China" clearly stipulates: "The state implements the separation of education from religion. No organization or individual may use religion to engage in activities that interfere with the state's educational system." The "Regulations on the Management of Students in Ordinary Institutions of Higher Learning" clearly requires that "schools shall adhere to the principle of separation of education from religion. No organization or individual may conduct religious activities on campus." The "Regulations on the Administration of Acceptance of Foreign Students by Institutions of Higher Learning" emphasizes that "missionary activities and religious gatherings are strictly prohibited on campus." Subsequently, some provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and universities formulated relevant implementation opinions and management regulations. In 2020, the "Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of the Ideological and Political Work System in Universities" jointly issued by eight departments including the Ministry of Education, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, and the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee required universities to earnestly implement the responsibility system for ideological work and "resolutely resist the use of religion by overseas forces for infiltration and prevent campus missionary activities." To implement the spirit of higher-level documents, universities, based on the above laws, regulations, policies, and relevant document spirit, have also formulated specific measures and work plans that suit their own actual conditions, making the work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration more legally and procedurally based.

我国宪法第36条规定：“国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。”“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。”《中华人民共和国教育法》明确规定：“国家实行教育与宗教相分离。任何组织和个人不得利用宗教进行妨碍国家教育制度的活动。”《普通高等学校学生管理规定》明确要求“学校应当坚持教育与宗教相分离原则。任何组织和个人不得在学校进行宗教活动。”《高等学校接受外国留学生管理规定》强调了“校内严禁进行传教及宗教聚会等活动。”随后，部分省市自治区和高校制定了相关实施意见和管理规定。2020年，教育部、中组部、中宣部等八部门联合印发的《关于加快构建高校思想政治工作体系的意见》要求各高校必须认真落实意识形态工作责任制，“坚决抵御境外利用宗教渗透，防范校园传教活动。”为贯彻落实上级文件精神，各高校根据以上法律、法规、政策和相关文件精神，也制定了符合本校实际的具体措施和工作方案，使我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作更加有法可依、有章可循。

(C) Active Guidance, Building a Complete Ideal and Belief Education System

（三）积极引导，构建完整的理想信念教育体系

1. Running ideological and political theory courses well. Ideological and political theory courses are the main channel for resisting overseas religious infiltration education in Chinese universities. From the perspective of curriculum design: the "Basic Principles of Marxism" course aims to help students grasp Marxism as a whole, and its scientific atheism content is a sharp weapon for resisting overseas religious infiltration; the "Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought and the Theoretical System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" course and the "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" course aim to help students master the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and the Party's theory of religious work and the Party's basic policy on religious work contained therein both have a clear anti-infiltration orientation; the "Outline of Modern Chinese History" course aims to guide students to understand the "Four Choices" [1]1 The 2016 National Conference on Religious Work was a high-level meeting convened by the CPC Central Committee to address religious policy and management in the context of the New Era. and enhance historical confidence, and telling the story of the Party leading the people to resist overseas religious infiltration is an important part; the "Ideological and Moral Cultivation and Rule of Law" course aims to guide students to scientifically understand life, strengthen moral cultivation and legal literacy, and resisting overseas religious infiltration is its inherent meaning. At the same time, in accordance with General Secretary Xi Jinping's requirement at the National Conference on Ideological and Political Work in Universities to "make all courses move in the same direction as ideological and political theory courses, forming a synergistic effect," the pace of building "curriculum-based ideological and political education" in universities is also accelerating. In short, ideological and political theory courses, from principles and original works to Sinicized achievements, from history, reality to the future, from serious ideological indoctrination to gentle persuasion education, especially by teaching the inevitability of the Sinicization of religion in China, have relatively effectively enhanced students' vigilance against resisting overseas religious infiltration and prompted them to actively combine resisting infiltration with practicing core socialist values and promoting their own healthy growth.

1.办好思想政治理论课。思想政治理论课是我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透教育的主渠道。从课程设置上看：“马克思主义基本原理”课旨在帮助学生从整体上把握马克思主义，而其中的科学无神论内容是抵御境外宗教渗透的锐利武器；“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”课、“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想”课旨在帮助学生掌握马克思主义中国化的理论成果，而其中党的宗教工作理论、党的宗教工作基本方针都包含鲜明的反渗透指向；“中国近现代史纲要”课旨在引导学生认识“四个选择”、增强历史自信，而讲好党领导人民抵御境外宗教渗透的故事是重要内容；“思想道德与法治”课旨在引导学生科学认识人生，加强道德修养和法治素养，而抵御境外宗教渗透是其题中之义。同时，按照习近平总书记在全国高校思想政治工作会议上提出的“使各类课程与思想政治理论课同向同行，形成协同效应”的要求，高校“课程思政”建设的步伐也在加快推进。总之，思想政治理论课从原理、原著到中国化成果，从历史、现实到未来，从严肃的思想灌输到温情的说服教育，特别是通过讲授我国宗教中国化的必然性，较为有效地提升了学生对抵御境外宗教渗透的警惕性，并促使其主动地将抵御渗透同践行社会主义核心价值观、促进自身的健康成长结合起来。

2. Conducting campus cultural activities. University campus culture is a high-level form of social subculture, and in the process of students’ growth and development, “through the specific spiritual environment and cultural atmosphere of the campus, it enables every campus member to unconsciously achieve identification with the mainstream culture (socialist culture) in terms of ideological concepts, latent consciousness, psychological quality, behavioral patterns, and value orientations.” Universities guide students’ ideals, beliefs, and value orientations through campus propaganda platforms; popularize Marxist views on religion and religious laws and policies among students through campus public cultural activities such as knowledge contests, speech competitions, and prize-winning essay contests; enhance students’ social skills and collective sense of honor through diverse and engaging club recreational activities; and reduce students’ sense of helplessness by addressing difficulties encountered in their study and life through the campus “one-stop” comprehensive service platform. This has formed a campus cultural education atmosphere that takes love for the country and the school as its foundation, integrating ideological content, knowledge, interest, and service, thereby creating a campus cultural education protective layer against overseas religious infiltration. At the same time, universities also pay special attention to using modern new media technology to positively guide online public opinion, in order to counteract the negative influence of some illegal online platforms that operate under the banner of religion on students.

2.开展校园文化活动。高校校园文化是社会亚文化的高层次形态，并在大学生的成长成才过程中“通过校园这一特定的精神环境和文化氛围，使每个校园人潜移默化地在思想观念、意识潜能、心理素质、行为方式、价值取向等方面与主流文化（社会主义文化）实现认同。”高校通过校园宣传平台对学生的理想信念、价值取向进行引导，通过知识竞赛、演讲比赛、有奖征文等校园公共文化活动对学生进行马克思主义宗教观、宗教法规政策等的普及，通过形式多样、饶有趣味的社团文娱活动增进学生的社交能力和集体荣誉感，通过校园“一站式”综合服务平台解决学生学习生活中遇到的难题以减少无助感，从而形成了以爱国爱校为底色，融思想性、知识性、趣味性和服务性于一体的校园文化教育氛围，打造了抵御境外宗教渗透的校园文化教育防护层。同时，高校还特别注重利用现代新媒体技术手段对网络舆论进行正面引导，以消解一些不法网络平台打着宗教旗号对学生的负面影响。

3. Strengthening humanistic care. Students from financially disadvantaged families, those with family discord, or those with poor interpersonal skills are more likely to embrace religion in order to obtain comfort and warmth that is difficult to find in reality. For this reason, humanistic care and psychological counseling in universities are becoming increasingly important. In this regard, a large number of counselors and class advisors have done extensive work. Through their material and emotional care, they help some students adjust their mindset in a timely manner when facing setbacks and difficulties, emerge from the shadows, and integrate into normal campus study and life, thereby avoiding being attracted, infiltrated, and exploited by those with ulterior motives.

3.加强人文关怀。家境困难、家庭不和、人际交往能力较差的学生容易投入宗教怀抱，以获取在现实中难以得到的宽慰和温暖。为此，高校的人文关怀、心理疏导就显得越来越重要。在这方面，广大辅导员、班主任做了大量的工作，正是通过他们的物质和精神关爱，使得一部分学生在面对挫折和困难时能够及时调整心态、走出阴霾，融入正常的校园学习和生活中，避免被别有用心的人吸引、渗透和利用。

In summary, the governance of universities cannot be separated from the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration. As an important component of ideological and political work in Chinese universities and an indispensable part of the Party’s religious work, resisting overseas religious infiltration has made its own contribution to implementing the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education.[2]2 “Fostering virtue and nurturing talent” (立德树人) is a core principle of Chinese higher education policy, emphasizing moral education as the foundation of talent cultivation.

总之，高校治理，离不开抵御境外宗教渗透这项工作。抵御境外宗教渗透作为我国高校思想政治工作的重要组成部分、作为党的宗教工作不可或缺的组成部分，为落实立德树人根本任务作出了自己的贡献。

II. Problems and Reflections on the Work of Chinese Universities in Resisting Overseas Religious Infiltration from the Perspective of Holistic Governance

二、整体性治理视域下我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作存在的问题及反思

Entering the New Era, the infiltration of overseas religious forces into universities has continuously developed in the direction of more concealed intentions, more diversified methods, more professional means, and more internationalized scope. Based on the perspective of holistic governance, it can be seen that there are still certain problems in the work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration in terms of governance concepts, governance subjects, governance methods, and governance systems.

进入新时代，境外宗教势力对高校的渗透向意图更加隐蔽化、方式更加多样化、手段更加专业化、范围更加国际化的方向不断发展。基于整体性治理的视角，可以看到，我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作在治理理念、治理主体、治理方式和治理体系等方面仍存在一定的问题。

(1) Governance concepts are primarily driven by emergency stability maintenance

（一）治理理念主要还是出于应急维稳

According to the concept of holistic governance, the work of universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration should adhere to the concept of coordination to enhance the diversity of subjects and participation in religious infiltration governance; adhere to the people-oriented concept and service concept to form an automatic protective layer against overseas religious infiltration centered on students; and adhere to the concept of wisdom to innovate ideas and methods for resisting infiltration. However, influenced by multiple factors such as concepts, systems, personnel, and technology, the current concept of Chinese universities’ work in resisting overseas religious infiltration is still primarily based on traditional pressure control and emergency stability maintenance, playing more of a “firefighter” role. Due to a “path dependence” on the top-down linear organizational management model, the current work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration is more often approached from a short-term, singular perspective, with the focus of work tending more toward emergency handling of sudden incidents. This stress-response approach to sudden incidents often overlooks the deep-seated causes of overseas religious infiltration, resulting in an unavoidable situation of being exhausted in response yet achieving poor results.

按照整体性治理理念，高校抵御境外宗教渗透的工作应秉持协同理念以增进宗教渗透治理的多元主体和多元参与，应秉持人本理念和服务理念以学生为中心形成抵御境外宗教渗透的自动保护层，应秉持智慧理念以创新抵御渗透的思路和方法。但受观念、体制、人员和技术等多重因素的影响，当前我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的理念主要还是传统的压力管控和应急WW，更多的是扮演一种“救火队员”的角色。由于对自上而下直线式的组织管理模式的“路径依赖”，当前高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作更多的从短期、单一的角度出发，工作重心更多地倾向对突发事件的应急处理。这种对突发事件应激反应式的应对往往会忽视产生境外宗教渗透的深层次原因，结果就难以避免疲于应付且效果不佳的工作局面。

(2) Insufficient participation of governance subjects

（二）治理主体参与不足

Based on the logic of holistic governance, the work of Chinese universities in resisting religious infiltration must not only adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party committee but also adhere to the diversification of governance subjects and ensure their full participation. However, the current work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration still suffers from insufficient subject participation, such as student participation. In the work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration, students should be an important relying force and the “masters.” The ultimate goal of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration is to provide a healthy campus ecological environment for students’ growth. If students can be mobilized to participate in the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration through various means, then various hostile forces and saboteurs will be submerged in a vast ocean of resistance against infiltration, and the work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration will have a solid foundation. Therefore, the “nanny-style” working method that only treats students as objects of protection and the “paternalistic” response measures that only treat students as objects of work no longer meet the requirements of holistic governance for the full participation of multiple subjects. Another example is the participation of off-campus forces. Resisting overseas religious infiltration cannot and should not be fought by universities alone; rather, local government united front work departments, religious affairs departments, public security departments, and cyberspace administration departments should be included as governance subjects. Only by achieving joint governance can synergy be formed, but these forces have not yet been well integrated.

基于整体性治理逻辑，我国高校抵御宗教渗透工作既要坚持党委的集中统一领导，又要坚持治理主体的多元化并保证其充分参与。但当前我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作还存在主体参与度不足的问题，比如学生参与度。在我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作中，学生理应是重要依靠力量，是“主人翁”。我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的最终目标，是为学生的健康成长提供良好的校园生态环境，如果能调动学生通过各种方式参与到抵御境外宗教渗透工作中来，则各种敌对势力和破坏分子就陷入了抵御渗透的汪洋大海之中，我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作也就有了坚实的基础。所以，那种只把学生当做保护对象的“保姆式”的工作方式和只把学生当做工作对象的“家长式”的应对措施已不符合整体性治理需要多元主体充分参与的要求。再比如校外力量的参与度。抵御境外给宗教渗透不可能也不应该由高校孤军奋战，而应将地方政府统战部门、宗教事务部门、公安部门、网信部门等纳入治理主体，只有实现联动治理才能形成合力，但这些力量目前仍没有得到比较好的整合。

(3) Governance methods tend toward “passive response”

（三）治理方式偏于“被动反应”

The infiltration of overseas religious forces into Chinese universities is a process. From the perspective of holistic governance, whole-process governance should be implemented. For overt religious infiltration that has already caused harm, we must dare to struggle and crack down according to law. However, the anti-infiltration work of universities cannot stop there, as this is after all a “post-hoc” handling method initiated only after the event, with the main working methods being “containment” and “control.” Due to information asymmetry, most universities are not very clear about the information and dynamics of resisting overseas religious infiltration, often limited to addressing issues on a case-by-case basis, which affects the monitoring coverage of overseas religious infiltration risks and causes problems such as large deviations in risk early warnings for resisting infiltration. Therefore, this containment-and-control working model is not only detrimental to the thorough resolution of infiltration problems but also increases the work cost of resisting overseas religious infiltration and restricts the improvement of work effectiveness. From the perspective of holistic governance, the working methods of universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration should be transformed as soon as possible from “passive response” to “proactive action,” moving the front line of resisting infiltration forward, fully utilizing modern information technology, innovating working methods, forming a three-dimensional governance system covering the entire governance process, and achieving integrated governance goals.

境外宗教势力对我国高校的渗透有一个过程，从整体性治理的角度来看，应该实行全过程治理。对于已经产生危害的显性宗教渗透，我们必须敢于斗争、依法打击。但高校的反渗透工作不能止步于此，这毕竟是一种事后才启动的“后发式”处理办法，所采取的工作方式主要是“围堵”和“管制”。由于信息不对称，多数高校对抵御境外宗教渗透的信息和动态不甚明了，往往局限于就事论事，从而影响了对境外宗教渗透风险的监测覆盖面，造成抵御渗透风险预警偏差大等问题。因此，这种堵塞管控型的工作模式不但不利于渗透问题的彻底解决，而且还会增加抵御境外宗教渗透的工作成本，制约工作效能的提升。从整体性治理的视角来看，高校抵御境外宗教渗透的工作方式应尽快由“被动反应式”向“主动作为式”转变，将抵御渗透的关口前移，充分利用现代信息技术，创新工作方法，形成覆盖治理全过程的立体化治理体系，实现一体化的治理目标。

(4) The governance system is incomplete and lacks cohesion

（四）治理体系不健全且缺乏衔接

The core concept of holistic governance emphasizes that the policy objectives among various governance subjects should be consistent and continuous, and the implementation means should reinforce each other, thereby achieving seamless overall cooperation. The work of universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration involves multiple departments, fields, and levels, thus requiring coordinated cooperation and joint operations in specific actions. Although the current work system of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration has covered departments such as the united front work department, student affairs, teaching, scientific research, foreign affairs, security, propaganda, and the school of Marxism, the frequency of linkage between various departments and levels is insufficient, the efficiency of interaction methods is low, and the effectiveness of coordination is inadequate. Especially at the prevention front end of resisting infiltration, there are still problems such as each department acting on its own and a lack of cohesion, leading to issues such as scattered work, single methods, overlapping content, and poor results. In addition, the work of Chinese universities in resisting overseas religious infiltration lacks process supervision, and the effectiveness of governance lacks a scientific evaluation indicator system, which will weaken the motivation and energy of universities to invest in this work.

整体性治理的核心理念就是强调各治理主体间的政策目标要连续一致，执行手段要相互强化，进而实现合作无间的整体配合。高校抵御境外宗教渗透的工作涉及多部门、多领域、多层次，因此需要在具体行动中协同配合、联动作业。当前我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的工作体系虽然已涵盖统战、学工、教学、科研、外事、保卫、宣传和马克思主义学院等部门，但各部门、各层次间的联动频率不充分，互动方式效率低、协同有效性不足。尤其在抵御渗透的预防前端，还存在各自为政、互不衔接等问题，导致了工作分散、方式单一、内容重复、效果不彰等问题。此外，我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作还缺乏过程监督，治理成效还缺乏科学的评价指标体系，而这将削弱高校投入这项工作的动力和精力。

III. Ideas for Constructing a Governance Mechanism for Religious Infiltration in Universities in the New Era from the Perspective of Holistic Governance

三、整体性治理视域下新时代高校宗教渗透治理机制的构建思路

An important background for the emergence of holistic governance theory is the rapid development of modern information technology. The characteristics of speed and openness in information networks have both brought challenges and provided opportunities for the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in Chinese universities. By leveraging the openness of the internet, direct interactive participation and communication can be achieved among the various governance subjects in the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities, thereby breaking the unidirectional nature of information dissemination in traditional work models. In this way, the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities no longer faces a single lower level, but rather composite groups with dialogic capabilities. Groups formed by shared goals, possessing both the need and capacity for dialogue, generate momentum for action, thus resolving the issue of motivation among governance subjects. This governance consensus and momentum, developed through exchange and dialogue, when manifested in governance actions according to certain governance norms and accompanied by responsive outcomes, forms a holistic governance model based on composite groups. In the New Era, the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in Chinese universities should be based on the concept of holistic governance, establishing a governance mechanism composed of four links—a cognitive prevention mechanism, a monitoring and early warning mechanism, an analysis and disposal mechanism, and a supervision and evaluation mechanism—to strive to enhance governance effectiveness.

整体性治理理论产生的一个重要背景就是现代信息技术的快速发展。信息网络的快捷性和开放性的特征，既给我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作带来了挑战，也提供了机遇。借助于互联网的开放性，高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的各治理主体之间可以实现直接的互动参与和交流，从而打破了传统工作模式中的信息传播的单向性特征。这样一来，高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作面对的就不再是单一的下一层级，而是一个个具有对话能力的复合群组。一个个有对话需求和对话能力结成的具有共同目标的群组就会产生行动力，这就解决了治理主体的动力问题。这种基于交流对话发育出来的治理共识和治理动力，按照一定的治理规范所表现出的治理行动及其伴有回应性的结果，就形成了基于复合群组的整体性治理模式。新时代我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作应基于整体性治理理念，建立由认知防范机制、监测预警机制、研判处置机制和监督评估机制等四个环节构成的高校抵御境外宗教渗透的治理机制，努力提升治理效能。

(I) Cognitive Prevention Mechanism

（一）认知防范机制

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the 2016 National Conference on Religious Work: “A strong leadership mechanism must be established and improved to provide guidance, planning, direction, and supervision for religious work.” [1]1 The 2016 National Conference on Religious Work was a high-level meeting convened by the CPC Central Committee to address religious policy and management in the context of the New Era. We must clearly recognize that resisting overseas religious infiltration is a complex, acute, and long-term political struggle, and an extremely important and urgent task facing religious work, propaganda work, and ideological security work. Party committees, governments, and universities at all levels must attach great importance to the work of resisting infiltration, recognize its complexity, urgency, and extreme importance, and leverage the role of leadership systems and coordination mechanisms for resisting religious infiltration. This work should be regarded as a major matter for maintaining campus security and stability, and as an important indicator for evaluating the quality of education and the effectiveness of talent cultivation. Therefore, in the New Era, for the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in Chinese universities, the cognitive prevention mechanism should establish a special work group directly led by the university Party committee, and formulate specific implementation plans for education on resisting overseas religious infiltration and risk emergency response plans based on the actual conditions of the university and locality. In terms of governance mechanisms, the previous linear management model of top-down administrative orders and cascading responsibilities should be abandoned. Relevant departments should clarify responsibilities, perform their respective duties, strengthen coordination, and integrate resources, forming a multi-directional interaction mechanism and behavioral linkage mechanism among governance subjects characterized by divergence, equality, fluidity, and responsiveness (diagram omitted), thereby凝聚 a strong joint force to resist infiltration.

习近平总书记在2016年全国宗教工作会议上指出：“要建立健全强有力的领导机制，做好对宗教工作的引领、规划、指导、督查。”我们必须清醒认识到，抵御境外宗教渗透是一场复杂、尖锐、长期的政治斗争，是宗教工作、宣传工作和意识形态安全工作面临的一项极端重要而又十分紧迫的任务。各级党委、政府和高校都要高度重视做好抵御渗透工作，认识到这项工作的复杂性、紧迫性和极端重要性，发挥好抵御宗教渗透工作领导体制、协调机制的作用，将做好抵御渗透工作作为维护校园安全稳定的大事，作为评价办学质量和育人成效的一项重要指标。因此，新时代我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作，在认知防范机制上，应建立校党委直接领导的专项工作领导小组，并根据本校本地实际制定专门的抵御境外宗教渗透教育的具体实施方案和风险应急处理预案。在治理机制上，应摒弃过去自上而下的靠行政指令、责任层层下压的线性管理模式，各相关部门要明确责任，各司其职，加强配合整合资源，形成具有发散性、平等性、流动性、回应性的治理主体间的多向互动机制和行为联动机制（图略），凝聚起抵御渗透的强大合力。

(II) Monitoring and Early Warning Mechanism

（二）监测预警机制

Building a comprehensive monitoring and early warning mechanism is the first line of defense in the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities. Monitoring and early warning involves continuous, uninterrupted dynamic monitoring, measurement, and information collection of student dynamics, public opinion dynamics, campus dynamics, and teaching and research dynamics, providing the premise and foundation for governance subjects to make timely, effective, and scientific analysis and disposal. In the New Era, Chinese universities should establish a comprehensive monitoring and early warning mechanism for resisting overseas religious infiltration, covering student dynamics, public opinion dynamics, campus dynamics, and teaching and research dynamics.

构建完善的监测预警机制是高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的第一道关口。监测预警是通过对高校学生动态、舆情动态、校园动态和教学科研动态的连续不间断地动态监测、度量及信息采集，为各治理主体及时、有效、科学做出研判处置提供前提和基础的预报活动。新时代，我国高校应建立涵盖学生动态、舆情动态、校园动态和教研动态的抵御境外宗教渗透的综合监测预警机制。

1. Student Dynamics Monitoring and Early Warning Mechanism. The core of the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities is students. Therefore, the monitoring and early warning system should first revolve around students, forming a student dynamics monitoring and early warning mechanism with the Student Affairs Department (including the Graduate Affairs Department) as the group center, composed of groups such as student communities (dormitory management, dormitory self-discipline committees, room leaders), college counselors, class advisors (supervisors), college and university student organizations, psychological counseling rooms, and informal student organizations.

1.学生动态监测预警机制。高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的核心是学生，因此监测预警系统首先要围绕学生，形成以学生工作部（含研究生工作部）为群组中心，由学生社区（宿管、宿舍自律会、室长）、院系辅导员、班主任（导师）、院校学团组织、心理咨询室、学生非正式组织等群组构成的学生动态监测预警机制。

2. Public Opinion Dynamics Monitoring and Early Warning Mechanism. Public opinion dynamics monitoring and early warning is a weather vane for the various subjects of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities to understand and grasp campus public opinion dynamics, and an important means of controlling the development of public opinion and analyzing and judging the infiltration situation. In the internet age, any individual’s thoughts can be disseminated through the network. Therefore, the public opinion dynamics monitoring and early warning system should focus on campus online public opinion monitoring, forming a mechanism with the Party Committee Propaganda Department as the group center, composed of groups such as official campus all-media platforms (including campus official microblog teams, WeChat public account teams, and Qiangguo Hao teams), campus teacher and student self-media platforms, as well as local cyberspace affairs departments and professional public opinion analysis technology teams.

2.舆情动态监测预警机制。舆情动态监测预警是高校抵御境外宗教渗透各主体了解和把握校园舆情动态的风向标，是控制舆情发展、分析研判渗透情势的重要手段。进入网络时代，任何人的任何想法都可通过网络进行传播。因此，舆情动态监测预警系统要以校园网络舆情监测为主，形成以党委宣传部为群组中心，由校园官微团队、微信公众号团队、强国号团队等官方校园全媒体平台，校园师生自媒体平台以及地方网信部门和专业舆情分析技术团队等群组构成的舆情动态监测预警机制。

3. Campus Dynamics Monitoring and Early Warning Mechanism. Corresponding to the public opinion dynamics monitoring and early warning mechanism, which primarily focuses on online monitoring, the campus dynamics monitoring and early warning mechanism is mainly aimed at physical monitoring of actual infiltration risk points inside and around the campus. The campus dynamics monitoring and early warning mechanism may face actual hostile infiltrators. Therefore, it should form a mechanism with the Security Department as the group center, composed of groups such as the campus police station, student communities, campus neighborhood committees, the sub-district office where the campus is located, and public security organs.

3.校园动态监测预警机制。与舆情动态监测预警机制以网络监测为主相对应，校园动态监测预警机制主要是针对校园内部和周边的实际渗透风险环节进行的实体监测。校园动态监测预警机制要面对的可能是实际存在的敌对渗透分子，因此应形成以保卫处为群组中心，由驻校警务室、学生社区、校园社区居委会、校园所在地街道办事处和公安机关等群组构成的校园动态监测预警机制。

4. Teaching and Research Dynamics Monitoring and Early Warning Mechanism. Fostering virtue and nurturing talent [2]2 “Fostering virtue and nurturing talent” (立德树人) is a core principle of Chinese higher education policy, emphasizing moral education as the foundation of talent cultivation. is the foundation of a university, and forging souls and educating people is its fundamental function. The teaching and research work of universities must revolve around this core of fostering virtue, nurturing talent, and forging souls. For a period of time, university classrooms have become a stage for some individual teachers to display their so-called “unique individuality.” Some, under the banners of “no forbidden zones in scientific research” and “academic freedom,” have advocated religious freedom and Western values, confusing students’ cognition and endangering the political stability of Chinese universities. Therefore, a teaching and research dynamics monitoring and early warning mechanism should be formed with the Academic Affairs Office as the group center, composed of groups such as the Scientific Research Office, the International Exchange Office, the Propaganda Department, the Personnel Office, the School of Marxism, and college Party committees and student Party members.

4.教研动态监测预警机制。立德树人是高校的立身之本，铸魂育人是高校的根本职能。高校的教学科研工作必须围绕立德树人、铸魂育人的这个核心来进行。一段时期以来，高校课堂成了个别教师展示所谓“自我独特性”的舞台，他们有的打着“科研无禁区”和“学术ZY”的旗号鼓吹宗教ZY和西方价值，混乱了学生的认知，危及我国高校的政治稳定。因此应形成以教务处为群组中心，由科研处、国际交流处、宣传部、人事处、马克思主义学院及各院系党委和学生党员等群组构成的教研动态监测预警机制。

(III) Analysis and Disposal Mechanism

（三）研判处置机制

Scientific analysis of infiltration risks and reasonable disposal of infiltration risks are the central link in the work of resisting overseas religious infiltration in universities. This is a process that, based on the information provided by the monitoring and early warning link, uses comprehensive analysis techniques to evaluate and analyze the current situation of religious infiltration, form risk cognition, and on this basis, grade infiltration risks and adopt corresponding governance measures. In the New Era, Chinese universities should establish an analysis and disposal mechanism for resisting overseas religious infiltration, composed of an infiltration risk information sharing mechanism, an analysis and judgment mechanism, and an intervention and handling mechanism.

科学的渗透风险研判和合理的渗透风险处置是高校抵御境外宗教渗透工作的中心环节，是根据监测预警环节所提供的信息，运用综合分析技术，对当前宗教渗透的现状做出评价分析，形成风险认知并在此基础上做出渗透风险评级，采取相应治理手段的过程。新时代，我国高校应建立由渗透风险信息共享机制、分析研判机制和干预处理机制构成的抵御境外宗教渗透的研判处置机制。

1. Information Sharing Mechanism. Accurate cognition of religious infiltration risks is an important prerequisite for effectively resisting overseas religious infiltration. Only on the basis of fully possessing infiltration risk information can infiltration risks be scientifically analyzed and judged, and then accurate cognition of infiltration risks be formed. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve top-down information sharing platforms for resisting overseas religious infiltration at all levels, forming an information sharing mechanism characterized by timely uploading, rapid response, graded protection, and rich case studies. First, an infiltration risk information sharing mechanism within the campus should be established, focusing on mapping the university’s own religious infiltration risk map, building a strictly access-controlled and highly confidential campus religious infiltration risk information collection platform, and linking and interacting with religious infiltration risk information platforms of other universities and governments at all levels. Second, a desensitized infiltration case information sharing mechanism should be established. Governments at all levels and universities already have relatively mature experience in resisting overseas religious infiltration and various successfully handled infiltration cases. Information on cases that have exceeded the confidentiality period should be shared on the platform to deepen the understanding of religious infiltration and learn advanced anti-infiltration experience. Finally, a blacklist system for religious infiltration should be established, and information should be shared when conditions permit. Governments at all levels and higher-level religious management departments can share information on individuals or organizations known to pose infiltration risks with universities in need, serving as an early warning and preventive measure.

1.信息共享机制。对宗教渗透风险的准确认知是有效抵御境外宗教渗透的重要前提。只有在充分占有渗透风险信息的基础上，才能科学地研判渗透风险，进而形成准确的渗透风险认知。因此，必须建立健全自上而下的各层级抵御境外宗教渗透信息共享平台，形成上传即时、反应快速、分级保护、案例丰富的信息共享机制。首先，应建立校园内部的渗透风险信息共享机制，重点刻画本校宗教渗透风险地图，建设入网严格、高度保密的校园宗教渗透风险信息搜集平台，并与其他高校和各级政府宗教渗透风险信息平台进行关联和互动；其次，应建立脱敏渗透案例信息共享机制，各级政府和各高校已有较为成熟的抵御境外宗教渗透的经验以及成功处理的各类渗透案例，应该将这些已经超出保密期的案例信息在平台共享，以加深对宗教渗透的认知并学习先进的反渗透经验；最后，建立宗教渗透黑名单制度并在条件允许的情况下进行信息共享，各级政府和上级宗教管理部门可将已掌握的存在渗透风险的人员或组织与有需求的高校共享，以起到预警和防范作用。

2. Analysis and judgment mechanism. To make a scientific judgment on infiltration risk, it is necessary to have experienced functional department leaders and experts from various disciplinary fields, who, based on already mastered infiltration risk information and handling experience, combined with their own professional expertise, conduct multi-angle, all-round analysis and judgment of captured infiltration risk signals, so as to avoid as much as possible the biases and limitations that may arise from a single knowledge background or departmental thinking, and on this basis form a collective judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to establish, under the leadership of the university Party committee, an expert group headed by the Party Committee United Front Work Department and composed of responsible persons from functional departments such as student affairs, teaching management, scientific research management, foreign affairs management, and security, as well as experts and scholars from disciplinary fields such as Marxist philosophy, Marxist religious studies, political science, communication studies, and psychology, forming a stable working mechanism for infiltration risk analysis and judgment.

2.分析研判机制。作出科学的渗透风险研判，需要有经验的职能部门负责同志和各学科领域专家，根据已掌握的渗透风险信息及处置经验，结合自己的专业专长，针对捕捉到的渗透风险信号进行多角度、全方位的分析判断，尽量避免由于单一知识背景或部门思维可能带来的偏见和局限，并在此基础上形成集体判断。因此，需要在校党委领导下建立以党委统战部为首，由学生工作、教学管理、科研管理、外事管理、安全保卫等职能部门负责人以及马克思主义哲学、马克思主义宗教学、政治学、传播学、心理学等学科领域的专家学者构成的专家组，形成稳定的渗透风险分析研判工作机制。

3. Intervention and handling mechanism. After the expert group forms a consistent judgment result on infiltration risk, the university’s special leading group for resisting overseas religious infiltration needs to quickly make an infiltration risk rating, and based on relevant laws, regulations, and policies, submit specific handling recommendations to the higher competent authorities for approval. During implementation, it is necessary to reasonably arrange specific executing departments and personnel, and properly design handling steps and procedures. In addition, because of the particularity of resisting overseas religious infiltration, related work mostly involves off-campus units and departments; therefore, it is also necessary to establish a coordination and linkage mechanism that is quick to respond, efficient in operation, and well-coordinated, mobilizing various governance subjects inside and outside the university to effectively govern overseas religious infiltration.

3.干预处理机制。在专家组形成一致的渗透风险判断结果后，高校抵御境外宗教渗透专项工作领导小组需要快速作出渗透风险评级，并根据相关法律法规和政策作出具体的处理建议报上级主管部门审批。在执行过程中，需要合理安排具体执行部门和执行人员，妥善设计处理步骤和程序。另外，因为抵御境外宗教渗透的特殊性，相关工作大多会涉及校外单位和部门，因此还需要建立一个反应快速、运转高效、配合良好的协调联动机制，调动校内外各治理主体，对境外宗教渗透进行有效治理。

(IV) Supervision and evaluation mechanism

（四）监督评估机制

A sound supervision and evaluation mechanism is an important link to ensure that the governance objectives of Chinese universities’ resistance to overseas religious infiltration do not deviate, governance subjects are not absent, and governance momentum is sustainable. In the New Era, Chinese universities need to establish a whole-process supervision and evaluation mechanism for resisting overseas religious infiltration that has clear goal orientation, strong operability, and is practical and useful.

健全的监督评估机制是保证我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透治理目标不偏离、治理主体不缺位、治理动力可持续的重要环节。新时代，我国高校需要建立有明确目标导向、可操作性强、管用实用的抵御境外宗教渗透全过程监督评估机制。

1. Mechanism construction situation. This mainly involves inspecting and evaluating the specific implementation status of Chinese universities in implementing the relevant laws, regulations, and policy documents of the Party Central Committee, the State Council, and various levels of government departments and competent authorities regarding resistance to overseas religious infiltration. For example, inspecting whether universities have formulated specific implementation plans for resistance to overseas religious infiltration education that conform to their own actual conditions, inspecting the implementation status and effects of integrating resistance to overseas religious infiltration education into ideological and political theory courses, and inspecting whether universities have established emergency response plans for religious infiltration risks, and so on.

1.机制建设情况。主要是对我国高校贯彻落实党中央、国务院及各级政府部门和业务主管部门关于抵御境外宗教渗透的相关法律法规和政策文件的具体落实情况进行检查和评估。比如对高校是否制定符合本校实际的抵御境外宗教渗透教育的具体实施方案进行检查，对高校抵御境外宗教渗透教育融入思想政治理论课的实施情况和效果进行检查，对高校是否建立宗教渗透风险应急处置预案进行检查等等。

2. Performance of duties situation. This mainly involves inspecting and evaluating whether the governance subjects of Chinese universities’ resistance to overseas religious infiltration have performed their governance duties in accordance with established work procedures. Each working subject of university resistance to overseas religious infiltration needs to perform its duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, policy documents, and established procedures, such as inspecting the student affairs department’s grasp and recording of student dynamics, inspecting the propaganda department’s risk screening of campus public opinion for infiltration, inspecting the security department’s screening of infiltration risk points inside and around the campus, and so on.

2.履行职责情况。主要是对我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的治理主体是否按照既定的工作流程履行了治理职责进行检查和评估。高校抵御境外宗教渗透各工作主体需按照相关法律法规、政策文件和既定程序履行职责，比如对学生工作部门关于学生动态掌握和记录情况进行检查，对宣传部关于校园舆情的渗透风险排查情况进行检查，对保卫处关于校园内部和校园周边的渗透风险点排查情况进行检查等等。

3. Risk resolution situation. This mainly involves conducting a thorough investigation of the effectiveness of Chinese universities’ resistance to overseas religious infiltration. For example, conducting questionnaire surveys on university students’ religious beliefs and awareness of religious infiltration risks, comprehensively grasping the actual effects of Chinese universities’ resistance to overseas religious infiltration.

3.风险排解情况。主要是对我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的效果进行摸底排查。比如对大学生的宗教信仰情况和宗教渗透风险认知情况进行问卷调查，综合把握我国高校抵御境外宗教渗透的实际效果。

Overall, the construction of Chinese universities’ awareness of religious infiltration risks and prevention systems will affect the timeliness and richness of capturing infiltration risk signals; timely and accurate monitoring and early warning will directly affect the scientificity and rationality of infiltration situation judgment; the quality of infiltration situation judgment will in turn affect the reasonableness and appropriateness of infiltration risk handling; whole-process supervision and evaluation can play a role in correction, motivation, experience summarization, and theoretical enhancement, which in turn promotes Chinese universities’ awareness, monitoring, and judgment of religious infiltration risks. This forms a governance mechanism for universities’ resistance to overseas religious infiltration in the New Era characterized by multi-subject coordination, dynamic group linkage, and “sharing-trust-cooperation” (figure omitted).

整体来看，我国高校关于宗教渗透风险的认知和防范体系的构建将会影响渗透风险信号捕捉的及时性、丰富性，而及时准确的监测预警会直接影响到渗透形势研判的科学性、合理性，渗透形势研判的质量又会影响到渗透风险处置的合理性及恰当程度，全过程的监督评估则能起到纠偏、激励和经验总结、理论提升的作用，反过来又能促进我国高校对宗教渗透风险的认知、监测和研判。这样就形成了多元主体协同、动态群组联动、以“共享-信任-合作”为特征的新时代高校抵御境外宗教渗透的治理机制（图略）。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

The famous sociologist of religion Peter Berger, who once made the assertion that the world would continue to secularize, reflected on his earlier judgment of desecularization in his book *The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics*, acknowledging that “experiments with secular religion have often failed, religious revivals have often maintained a more radical momentum, and this tendency to return to the traditional sources of religious authority has become a shared feature transcending cultural boundaries.” [3]3 Peter L. Berger, ed., *The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics* (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), p. 4. Furthermore, according to research data from the Pew Research Center, following current trends, except for Buddhism, the number of adherents of almost all major religions is steadily increasing; the proportion of the world’s religious adherents will rise from 84% in 2015 to 88% in 2050, among which adherents of Christianity (including Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism) and Islam will increase to 35.4% and 28.4% of the world’s total population, respectively. [4]4 Pew Research Center, “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050,” April 2, 2015. The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century, and the once secularized world seems to be developing in the opposite direction.

曾经做出世界会持续世俗化论断的著名宗教社会学家彼得·伯格在其著作《世界的非世俗化：复兴的宗教及全球政治》中反思之前做出的去世俗化判断，承认“世俗宗教化的实验往往失败，宗教复兴往往保持着更为激进的势头，并且，这种回归宗教权威的传统源头的倾向成为了超越文化边界的共有特征。”另外，据皮尤研究中心的研究数据显示，按照当前的趋势，除佛教外，几乎所有主流宗教的信众都在稳步增加，世界宗教信众将从2015年的84%增加到2050年的88%，其中基督宗教（含天主教、东正教和基督新教）和伊斯兰教的信众会分别增加到世界总人口的35.4%和28.4%。当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局，曾经变得世俗化的世界似乎正在向相反方向发展。

The West has never ceased its ideological infiltration of China: under the banner of religious freedom, it erodes the cultural foundation of Chinese civilization, attempting to weaken our confidence in the culture; it asserts that the Western path is the only path to modernization, wielding a “civilizational club” to criticize the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, attempting to weaken our confidence in the path; it packages Western values as universal values, questioning the scientificity and truth of Marxist theory adapted to the Chinese context, attempting to weaken our confidence in the theory; it touts so-called “Western-style democracy and freedom,” advocates so-called “human rights above sovereignty,” ignores China’s development achievements, and attempts to weaken our confidence in the system. Among these, religious infiltration is an important means and form of infiltration by overseas hostile forces against China; the US-led Western anti-China forces symbolize “religious freedom,” touting it as a symbol of Western-style democracy and free society, making it a strategic tool for certain countries to pursue hegemonism. Chinese universities, as bases for talent cultivation and high grounds for ideological dissemination, are also key sites for religious infiltration by overseas hostile forces. This struggle involving multiple aspects of “infiltration and counter-infiltration” will be long-term, complex, and constantly evolving. Therefore, universities in the New Era must continuously innovate the institutional mechanisms for resisting overseas religious infiltration and activate the institutional impetus for resisting overseas religious infiltration in order to win the final victory in this great struggle.

一直以来，西方对我国的意识形态渗透从未停止：打着宗教信仰ZY的旗号，侵蚀中华文明的文化根基，妄图削弱我们的文化自信；认定西方道路是通向现代化的唯一道路，挥舞“文明大棒”对中国特色社会主义道路指指点点，妄图削弱我们的道路自信；将西方价值包装为普世价值，质疑中国化马克思主义理论的科学性和真理性，妄图削弱我们的理论自信；标榜所谓的“西式民主和ZY”，鼓吹所谓的“人权高于主权”，无视中国发展成就，妄图削弱我们的制度自信。其中，宗教渗透是境外敌对势力对我国进行渗透的重要手段和形式，以美国为首的西方反华势力将“宗教ZY”符号化，将其标榜为西式民主和ZY社会的象征，成为个别国家推行霸权主义的战略工具。我国高校作为人才培养基地和思想传播高地，也是境外敌对势力进行宗教渗透的重点场所。这场涉及多方面的“渗透与反渗透”斗争将会是长期的、复杂的、不断发展变化的。因此，新时代高校必须不断创新抵御境外宗教渗透的体制机制，激活抵御境外宗教渗透的制度动力，才能赢得这场伟大斗争的最后胜利。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心