A Study on Innovative Mechanisms for Preventing and Resolving the Risk of Online Religious Infiltration in Colleges and Universities

With the application and development of internet technology, online religion has gradually become a new form of religious development worldwide. Hostile Western forces use the internet to carry out religious infiltration, posing a threat to the ideological security of China’s colleges and universities. Therefore, how colleges and universities can more effectively prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration has become a major issue requiring urgent resolution.

随着互联网技术的应用和发展，网络宗教逐步成为世界宗教发展的新样态。西方敌对势力利用网络进行的宗教渗透对我国高校意识形态安全造成威胁，因而高校如何在更有效地防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险就成为目前亟需解决的重大问题。

I. An Analysis of the Significance of Preventing and Resolving the Risk of Online Religious Infiltration in Colleges and Universities

一、高校防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险的重要意义探析

Regarding the concept of “online religion,” the academic community has no clear definition. Scholars generally divide online religion into broad and narrow senses. In the broad sense, online religion refers to religion on the internet, including the dissemination of religion online, as well as virtual religions that exist only on the internet. In the narrow sense, online religion is “a form of religion established through the interaction between moderators and netizens, using the internet as a carrier to set up online religious orders, online temples, advocate online spiritual practice, and online worship.” [1]1 The united front (统一战线) is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party to build coalitions with various social groups and non-Party forces to achieve common political goals. In the context of colleges and universities, it refers to the Party’s work in uniting with and guiding faculty, staff, and students from diverse backgrounds. Online religious infiltration, in turn, refers to “the use of internet carriers and virtual space by overseas religious organizations and individuals to distort China’s existing religious policies and regulations, preach illegal religious content and extremist ideology, and achieve cross-temporal and cross-spatial religious dissemination, with the aim of interfering in China’s internal affairs, subverting the Chinese socialist system, and undermining the great cause of national reunification.” [2]2 The Chinese Dream (中国梦) is a political slogan referring to the goal of national rejuvenation, prosperity, and happiness for the Chinese people, closely associated with Xi Jinping. Online religious infiltration poses threats to our country, our nation, and individual citizens, and its harm should not be underestimated. As the main front for resisting the online ideological infiltration of hostile overseas forces, colleges and universities should recognize the situation, heighten vigilance, and actively prepare defenses. Therefore, preventing, resisting, and resolving the risk of online religious infiltration in colleges and universities has both important practical significance and practical urgency and necessity.

关于“网络宗教”概念，学界并没有明确的界定。学者们一般把网络宗教分为广义和狭义两种。广义的网络宗教就是指网络上的宗教，包括宗教在网络上的传播，也包括仅仅存在于网上的虚拟宗教。狭义的网络宗教是“以英特网络为载体，建立网上教团、网上寺庙，倡导网上修行，网上崇拜，通过版主与网民互动而建立起来的宗教形式”。而网络宗教渗透则是指“境外宗教组织和个人利用网络载体和虚拟空间对我国现有的宗教政策、法规进行扭曲，宣讲非法宗教内容和极端主义思想实现其跨时空的宗教传播，其目的是干涉我国内政，颠覆中国社会主义制度，破坏祖国统一大业”。网络宗教渗透给我们的国家、民族和公民个人都带来了威胁，其危害性不容小觑。高校作为抵御境外敌对势力网络意识形态渗透的主阵地，更应该认清形势、提高警惕、积极防备。因而，高校防范、抵御和化解网络宗教渗透风险既有重要的现实意义，又有实践上的紧迫性和必要性。

(A) An Inevitable Strategy for Responding to the Ideological “Containment” of Hostile Western Forces

(一)应对西方敌对势力意识形态“围堵”的必然之策

As is well known, with the continuous deepening of reform and opening up, China’s comprehensive strength has further increased, and its international status and influence have achieved stable and significant improvement. China’s rapid rise and swift development inevitably arouse the attention and even panic of some countries. Western developed countries, represented by the United States, “naturally” regard China as a strong competitor after the end of the Cold War, and, harboring a “new Cold War mentality,” have intensified their comprehensive “infiltration” of China’s ideological sphere. Utilizing the unique advantages of ideological infiltration, such as “low cost, strong concealment, and great effectiveness,” hostile Western forces place greater emphasis on launching a powerful strategic offensive against China in the political, artistic, cultural, technological, and religious fields, employing both hard and soft tactics—suppression, soft containment, or deception—to vigorously export their ideology. For example, the United States constantly clamors that “human rights are above sovereignty” and that “religious freedom is the first human right,” using religious issues to interfere in China’s internal affairs. Under the pretext of advocating human rights and upholding international religious freedom, the United States not only groundlessly accuses China of “suppressing” religious freedom but even deliberately supports religious organizations or groups that specifically oppose the government’s lawful management, on the grounds of striving for religious democracy. With the widespread application of the internet, these hostile Western forces have further escalated their ideological infiltration by leveraging the achievements of information technology, and online religious infiltration is a tool they commonly use.

众所周知，随着改革开放的不断深入，中国综合实力进一步增强，国际地位和影响得到了稳定而显著的提升。中国的快速崛起和迅猛发展不可避免地引起一些国家的关注乃至恐慌。以美国为代表的西方发达国家“理所当然”地把中国视为冷战结束后的强劲竞争对手，同时怀揣着“新冷战思维”加剧了对我国意识形态领域的全面“渗透”。西方敌对势力利用意识形态渗透“成本低、隐蔽性强、作用力大”等独特优势，更加注重在政治、艺术、文化、技术、宗教等领域对中国展开强大的战略攻势，或压制、或软遏制、或蛊惑，软硬兼施，极力输出他们的意识形态。如：美国时刻叫嚣“人权高于主权”“宗教是第一人权”,利用宗教问题干涉我国内政。美国以倡导人权、维护国际宗教自由为名，不仅无端地指责我国“压制”宗教自由，甚至还借争取宗教民主为由，故意扶持一些专门对抗政府依法管理的宗教组织或团体。随着互联网的广泛应用，这些西方敌对势力转而利用信息科技发展成果将意识形态渗透再次升级，网络宗教渗透就是他们惯用的工具。

Faced with the blatant and intensified online ideological infiltration by hostile Western forces in the age of network information, colleges and universities shoulder an extremely arduous task, because university students have long been the premeditated targets of ideological infiltration by hostile Western forces. Protecting university students from the erosion of online ideology, especially online religion, is not only necessary for maintaining ideological security in colleges and universities but also concerns the long-term stability and future development of the country. This is no trivial matter. Therefore, actively preventing, resisting, and resolving the risk of online religious infiltration in colleges and universities is an inevitable choice for China in responding to the ideological “infiltration” of hostile Western forces.

面对网络信息时代西方敌对势力赤裸裸且变本加厉地进行网络意识形态渗透的状况，高校肩负着极为艰巨的任务，因为大学生一直是西方敌对势力早已预谋好的意识形态渗透对象。保护大学生免受网络意识形态尤其是网络宗教的侵蚀，既是维护高校意识形态安全的需要，又事关国家的长治久安和未来发展，马虎不得，所以高校积极防范、抵御和化解网络宗教渗透风险是我国应对西方敌对势力意识形态“渗透”的必然选择。

(B) An Essential Requirement for Assisting the Healthy Growth and Comprehensive Development of University Students

(二)助力大学生健康成长和全面发展的应有之义

The university years are a critical period for young students to establish their “Three Outlooks.” [3]3 “Moistens things silently” (润物无声) is a classical Chinese poetic allusion from Du Fu’s poem “Happy Rain on a Spring Night,” used here to describe subtle, imperceptible influence. Religious dissemination and infiltration directly affect whether university students can successfully construct a scientific worldview, outlook on life, and value system. Marxism holds that religion is a distorted reflection of the objective world, an inverted worldview, and an idealist way of viewing the world. It often caters to people’s needs by proclaiming the existence of a so-called “sacred and beautiful world,” while the path it provides for people to achieve their goals is submission—humbly placing hope in the salvation of an external “supreme god” or supernatural force.

大学时代是青年学生确立“三观”的关键时期，宗教传播和渗透会直接影响大学生能否顺利构建起科学的世界观、人生观和价值观。马克思主义认为，宗教是对客观世界的歪曲反映，是一种颠倒的世界观，也是一种唯心主义地看待世界的方式，它往往顺应人们的需求宣扬一个所谓“神圣美好世界”的存在，而它提供给人们达成目标的路径则是臣服，是谦卑地寄希望于外在的“至上神”、超自然力量的拯救。

When university students encounter religion online or in reality, they may feel novelty and attraction, and subsequently their worldview and outlook on life are imperceptibly influenced: they may gradually become pessimistic, passively escapist, and intoxicated by abstract “universal values” such as “equality, freedom, and fraternity,” unable to discern the truth; they no longer rely on their own strength to be proactive but passively await salvation from external forces; they do not proceed from reality or seek truth from facts but instead indulge in subjective fantasies and willingly “resign themselves to fate.” University students are the successors to the socialist cause who bear the heavy responsibility of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The realization of the Chinese Dream requires university students to be tenacious, courageous, scientifically rational, confident, and decisive. Therefore, actively preventing, resisting, and resolving the risk of online religious infiltration in colleges and universities is a long-term strategy for the healthy growth and comprehensive development of the vast number of young students, and it is also a scientific plan that should and must be made for China’s future development and the realization of the Chinese Dream.

大学生在网络上或现实中接触到宗教后会感到新奇、被吸引，继而世界观和人生观无形中受到影响：他们会慢慢变得悲观、消极避世，沉醉在抽象的“平等、自由、博爱”等所谓“普世价值”中辨不清真相；他们不再依靠自己的力量积极进取，而是消极等待外力的拯救；他们不是从实际出发、实事求是，而是沉迷主观臆想、甘心“听天由命”。大学生是肩负中华民族伟大复兴重任的社会主义事业接班人，中国梦的实现需要大学生顽强拼搏、勇往直前、科学理性、自信果断。因此高校积极防范、抵御和化解网络宗教渗透风险是为广大青年学生健康成长、全面发展作出的长远大计，也是为我国未来发展和中国梦的实现理应且必须作出的科学规划。

(C) A Concrete Measure for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Ideological and Political Education in Colleges and Universities

(三)提升高校思想政治教育实效性的实然之举

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to ideological and political education in colleges and universities, in particular making comprehensive arrangements and systematic plans for the construction of ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities. [4]4 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of fine traditional Chinese culture. Ideological and political education in colleges and universities has achieved considerable improvement in terms of educational philosophy, management mechanisms, and educational quality, but it also faces many challenges, including the problem that “the effectiveness of ideological and political education needs improvement.” There are many reasons for this situation, including factors related to the collaborative subjects of ideological and political education, factors related to the objects of ideological and political education, and problems within the ideological and political education work itself. Among these, the most important reason comes from the special group of “university students,” who are both the objects of ideological and political education and the subjects of self-education.

党的十八大以来，党中央高度重视高校思想政治教育工作，尤其对高校思政课建设作出全面部署和系统安排。高校思想政治教育无论是在教育理念、管理机制还是教育质量方面都获得了较大提升，但也面临着诸多挑战，其中就包括“思想政治教育实效性有待改善”的问题。造成这种情况的原因很多，有思想政治教育协同主体的因素，也有思想政治教育客体(对象)的因素，还有思想政治教育工作本身的问题。其中最重要的原因还是来自“大学生”这个既是思想政治教育客体又是自我教育主体的特殊群体。

University students living under the impact of multiculturalism, due to their own unstable “Three Outlooks” and weak capacity for rational critique, are easily influenced by the ideological infiltration of hostile Western forces. Ideological and political education in colleges and universities aims to guide students to use the viewpoints and methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to understand the world and actively transform it; to teach students to love their country, nation, and culture, to cultivate their feelings of family and national identity, and to nurture their spirit of pursuing truth and contributing to society… The ideological infiltration of hostile Western forces, however, is precisely the opposite. They use seemingly justifiable reasons such as cultural exchange to “compete for” or “control” our innocent university students spiritually. Some university students deeply deceived or poisoned by Western ideology may gradually come to admire Western civilization and despise traditional Chinese culture; yearn for the Western way of life and be filled with endless complaints and dissatisfaction towards the society in which they live; and be unable to truly proceed from reality or view the problems existing in reform and opening up comprehensively and dialectically.

生活在多元文化冲击背景下的大学生因自身尚未稳定的“三观”和较弱的理性批判能力，很容易受到西方敌对势力意识形态渗透的影响。高校思想政治教育就是要引导学生运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的观点及方法认识世界、积极主动地改造世界；教导学生热爱自己的国家、民族和文化，厚植大学生家国情怀，涵养其追求真理、奉献社会的精神……而西方敌对势力的意识形态渗透却恰恰相反，它们要利用文化交流等冠冕堂皇的理由，从精神上“争夺”或“控制”我们单纯的大学生。某些深受西方意识形态蛊惑或毒害的大学生会逐步变得崇尚西方文明、鄙视中华传统文化；向往西方生活方式，对所处社会充满无尽的抱怨和不满；不能真正从实际出发，不能全面而辩证地看待改革开放中存在的问题。

The fundamental task of ideological and political education in colleges and universities is to foster virtue and nurture talent, cultivating high-quality useful talents for society. [5]5 “A spring breeze transforming rain” (春风化雨) is a classical Chinese idiom meaning beneficial influence and gentle education, likened to life-giving spring wind and rain. The ideological infiltration of hostile Western forces, especially the proliferation of online religion, directly conflicts with the socialist education policy and fundamental mission. Therefore, colleges and universities should actively prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration, and to the greatest extent resist and eliminate the harm and influence of Western ideological infiltration. This is a concrete measure by which colleges and universities can effectively enhance the effectiveness of ideological and political education.

高校思想政治教育的根本任务是立德树人、为社会培养高素质的有用人才。而西方敌对势力的意识形态渗透尤其是网络宗教的泛滥，直接与社会主义教育方针和根本使命相抵触，所以高校应该积极防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险，最大程度地抵御和消解西方意识形态渗透的危害与影响，这是高校能够切实提升思想政治教育实效性的实然之举。

II. The Main Methods and Characteristics of Online Religious Infiltration into Colleges and Universities

二、网络宗教向高校渗透的主要方式及特征

To better understand the current state, main methods, and characteristics of online religious infiltration into colleges and universities, our research group, based on the research plan, designed a standardized questionnaire and individual interview outline. We selected three different types of colleges and universities in the northern Jiangsu region to conduct a questionnaire sample survey within a certain scope (1080 valid questionnaires were recovered), and extracted 20 individuals from typical survey points for individual interviews. The survey scope was broad, covering different majors in the humanities, sciences, and engineering, as well as students from the first to third years. The research group conducted a rational and objective analysis of the survey results.

为更好地了解网络宗教向高校渗透的现状、主要方式及特点等，我们课题组根据研究方案，设计出规范的调查问卷和个案访谈提纲，在苏北地区选取了三所不同类型的高校实施了一定范围的问卷抽样调查(回收有效问卷1080份),并从典型调查点抽取了20人进行个案访谈。调查范围广泛，涉及文科和理工科不同专业、大一至大三的学生。课题组对调查结果进行了理性、客观的分析。

Scholars have already elaborated extensively on the methods and characteristics of the spread and infiltration of online religion in colleges and universities. A typical example is what Chen Guocheng revealed in his article: online religious infiltration in colleges and universities often exploits the different psychologies of college students, conforms to or caters to their value orientations, distorts certain values, etc., presenting characteristics such as "the vast quantity of religious content, the openness of e-commerce, the political nature of overseas infiltration, and the interactivity of communication." [1]1 The united front (统一战线) is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party to build coalitions with various social groups and non-Party forces to achieve common political goals. In the context of colleges and universities, it refers to the Party’s work in uniting with and guiding faculty, staff, and students from diverse backgrounds. Through our survey, the research group found that online religious infiltration in colleges and universities also exhibits the following characteristics.

学者针对网络宗教在高校中的传播和渗透的方式及特点已有很多阐述，较为典型的是陈国成在文章中所揭示的：高校网络宗教渗透多利用大学生的不同心理、顺应或迎合其价值取向、扭曲某些价值观念等，呈现出“宗教内容海量性、电子商务开放性、境外渗透政治性和交流沟通互动性”等特点。我们课题组通过调查发现，高校网络宗教渗透还呈现以下特征。

(1) Online religion is primarily disseminated through online media, and the dissemination media are very extensive, covering almost all media in a converged media environment.

(一)网络宗教主要通过网络媒介进行传播，传播媒介非常广泛，几乎涵盖了全媒体融合环境下的所有媒介

The survey results show that the primary way college students learn about religious knowledge or religious beliefs is "through online dissemination platforms" (accounting for 44.71%), followed by "paper books" (accounting for 25.26%), and then "propaganda from religious activities" and "preaching by missionaries." It can be seen that online religion is indeed an important form through which college students currently learn about religious knowledge or religious beliefs.

课题调查结果显示，大学生了解宗教知识或宗教信仰的方式，排在首位的是“通过网络传播平台”(占44.71%),其次是“纸质书籍”(占25.26%),再次是“宗教活动的宣传”和“传教人员说教”。可见，网络宗教确实是目前大学生了解宗教知识或宗教信仰的重要形式。

Online religious dissemination platforms encompass almost all common media. The main online platforms college students use to learn about religion are, in order: forums (accounting for 16.04%), Weibo (accounting for 11.26%), WeChat Moments (accounting for 9.9%), QQ groups (accounting for 5.8%), and religious apps (accounting for 3.07%). The frequency with which college students encounter online religious information is also noteworthy: although 76.45% of students claimed they had "never" encountered online religious information, 1.71% of students still stated they "frequently browse religious websites and apps," and 21.84% of students "occasionally see related religious information pushed to them." The intelligent, precise push notifications of mobile phone backend big data evidently facilitate the spread and infiltration of online religion.

网络宗教传播平台几乎囊括了常见的所有媒介。大学生了解宗教所借助的主要网络平台依次为：论坛(占16.04%)、微博(占11.26%)、微信朋友圈(占9.9%)、QQ群(占5.8%)和宗教类APP(占3.07%)。大学生接触网络宗教相关信息的频率也值得关注：虽然有76.45%的学生声称“从来没有”接触过网络宗教相关信息，但仍有1.71%的学生表示“经常逛宗教网站及APP”,也有21.84%的学生“偶尔会看到相关宗教信息推送”。手机后台大数据的智能精准推送显然助推了网络宗教传播和渗透。

(2) College students are curious about religion and have an ambiguous attitude, but they are cautious towards online religious information and have a certain degree of vigilance.

(二)大学生对宗教充满好奇、态度暧昧，但对待网络宗教信息较谨慎，有一定的警惕意识

The phenomenon of college students believing in religion is not uncommon, especially in recent years with the expansion of university enrollment and the development of education for ethnic minorities, the number of college students from ethnic regions has been continuously growing. Among the 563 ethnic minority college students surveyed by the research group, those with religious beliefs surprisingly accounted for 42.5%, 14.35% of students stated they "currently do not believe, but are interested and might believe in the future," and only 43.15% of students clearly stated they "will not believe even in the future." Of course, the vast majority of believing students are mainly influenced by their family's religious tradition (accounting for 91.3%), while those influenced by religious films or the internet account for 4.35%. Therefore, how to better guide college students to correctly view religion has become an urgent issue.

大学生信仰宗教的现象并不鲜见，尤其是近年来随着大学扩招和少数民族教育的发展，民族地区大学生数量不断增长。在课题组调查的563名少数民族大学生中，有宗教信仰的竟然占42.5%,有14.35%的学生表示“目前不信教，但有兴趣，将来也许会信教”,只有43.15%的学生明确表示“以后也不会信教”。当然，绝大部分信教学生主要受家庭信仰传统的影响(占91.3%),受宗教影视或网络影响的占4.35%。所以，如何更好地引导大学生正确看待宗教成为迫切问题。

The survey shows that most students are curious about religion, neither firmly opposing nor decisively rejecting it, and their attitude is rather ambiguous. When asked, "If you encounter a classmate introducing religious knowledge, what is your attitude?", 58.15% of college students chose "listen out of politeness"; 14.81% chose "listen out of curiosity," and another 10.37% would "listen attentively"; only 16.67% of students stated they "would directly refuse." When explaining their purpose for having participated in or being interested in participating in religious activities, 55.56% of students stated it was "out of curiosity"; 24.44% said it was to "learn religious knowledge"; and 10% of students indicated it was to "express faith, seek divine protection."

调查显示，大部分学生对宗教充满好奇，不坚决反对，也不果断拒绝，态度较为暖昧。在被问到“如果遇到周围同学介绍宗教知识，你的态度”时，58.15%的大学生选择“出于礼貌听其讲解”;有14.81%的大学生选择“出于好奇听其讲解”,还有10.37%的大学生会“认真聆听”;只有16.67%的大学生表示“会直接拒绝”。当解释自己曾经参加或有兴趣参加宗教活动的目的时，55.56%的学生表示“出于好奇”;24.44%的学生说是“学习宗教知识”;而10%的学生表明要“表达信仰、求神庇护”。

Regarding participation in online religious activities, nearly 10.6% of college students expressed approval, believing online religious activities are "novel and convenient"; 8.87% of students felt that participating in online religious activities was "not devout enough," while the majority (accounting for 80.55%) held an indifferent attitude. Towards online religious information, college students have a certain degree of vigilance: those choosing "completely believe" accounted for 1.02%; 62.8% of students do not completely believe, thinking that "individual pieces of information need to be scrutinized"; 36.18% of students chose "completely disbelieve." When asked, "Do you approve of the new form of religion using the internet for dissemination?", most students still viewed the issue dialectically and objectively: 5.8% of students "approved," thinking "the internet is very beneficial for religious dissemination, can better promote and develop believers"; 8.87% of students "disapproved," because "it's hard to distinguish truth from falsehood online and it can undermine the authority of traditional churches"; 85.32% of students believed it "has both advantages and disadvantages, must be treated objectively."

对于参加网上宗教活动的行为，有近10.6%的大学生表示赞成，并认为网上宗教活动“新颖、方便”;有8.87%的学生则感觉参加网上宗教活动“不够虔诚”,而多数人(占80.55%)则持无所谓的态度。对于网络宗教信息，大学生有一定的警惕意识，选择“完全相信”的占1.02%;有62.8%的学生并不完全相信，认为“需要对个别信息进行甄别”;有 36.18%的学生选择“完全不信”。在被问到“是否认可宗教利用网络进行传播的新形式”时，大多数学生还是较为辩证、客观地看待这一问题，有5.8%的学生“认可”,觉得“网络对宗教传播大有裨益，可以更好地宣传、发展教徒”;有8.87%的学生“不认可”,因为“网络上难以分辨真假且会破坏传统教会的权威”;有85.32%的学生则认为“有利有弊，须客观对待”。

(3) College students are able to recognize some problems in online religious dissemination, but lack sufficient understanding of the dangers of online religious infiltration by hostile Western forces.

(三)大学生能够意识到网络宗教传播中的一些问题，但对西方敌对势力进行网络宗教渗透的危害性认识不足

When asked, "How do you view the dissemination of online religion?", 24.91% of students fundamentally disapprove of using the internet to spread religion; 44.71% of students specifically cautioned that "the audience must learn to distinguish right from wrong to avoid being exploited by lawbreakers"; 27.99% of students believed "it can be spread, but in moderation." From the perspective of college students, the problems or chaos existing in online religious dissemination are, in order: "inappropriate links can spread harmful messages" and "may create opportunities for illegal religious forces" (both accounting for 45.05%), "false fundraising" and "heretical extremists spreading cults" (both accounting for 44.37%), "negative impact of online speech on religion" (accounting for 34.13%), and "regulatory issues of religious audio and video" (accounting for 26.96%).

在被问到“如何看待网络宗教的传播”时，有24.91%的学生根本不赞成利用网络传播宗教；44.71%的学生还特别提示说，“受众要学会明辨是非，避免被不法分子利用”;有27.99%的学生认为“可以传播，但要适度”。在大学生看来，网络宗教传播存在的问题或乱象依次为：“不当链接会传播不良消息”和“可能为不法宗教势力带来可乘之机”(均占45.05%),“虚假募捐”和“异端极端分子传播邪教”(均占44.37%),“网络言论对宗教的负面影响”(占34.13%)以及“宗教音像视频的监管问题”(占26.96%)。

However, a small number of college students have insufficient understanding of the "ambition" and malicious intentions of hostile Western forces in conducting online religious infiltration. 2.39% of students believed that "the internet, as a new type of dissemination method, has wide reach, fast speed, saves money and effort; it doesn't matter what content is spread." This "indifferent" attitude actually carries certain risks and requires timely correction and proper guidance.

但也有个别大学生对西方敌对势力进行网络宗教渗透的“野心”和不良企图认识不足，有2.39%的学生认为，“网络作为一种新型的传播方式，传播范围广，速度快，省钱省力，传播什么内容无所谓”。这种“无所谓”的态度其实存在一定风险，需要及时纠正和正确引导。

3. Analysis of the Reasons for Online Religious Infiltration into Colleges and Universities

三、网络宗教向高校渗透的原因分析

The research group believes that the reasons why online religion can successfully infiltrate colleges and universities in the context of the New Era are mainly related to the following factors.

课题组认为，新时代背景下网络宗教之所以能够顺利地向高校渗透，主要和以下因素有关。

(1) Online religion, leveraging the advantages of converged media, intensifies the intensity of its spread and infiltration into colleges and universities.

(一)网络宗教借助融合媒体的优势加剧了向高校传播和渗透的力度

According to information released in the 52nd "Statistical Report on China's Internet Development," as of June 2023, the number of internet users in China had reached as high as 1.079 billion people. [2]2 The Chinese Dream (中国梦) is a political slogan referring to the goal of national rejuvenation, prosperity, and happiness for the Chinese people, closely associated with Xi Jinping. In this globally largest and most vibrant digital society, the group of student internet users is the largest. The group of young student internet users is precisely the "key population" targeted by hostile Western forces and religious extremists for ideological infiltration. Many illegal religious organizations and religious extremist forces precisely seize upon the convenience of converged media dissemination and the current situation of difficult regulation to aggressively peddle so-called "religious culture" to college students, thereby promoting religious extremist ideologies.

据第52次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》发布的信息称，截至2023年6月，我国网民的规模已高达10.79亿人。在这个全球最为庞大、生机勃勃的数字社会中，学生网民群体最多。而青年学生网民群体正是西方敌对势力和宗教极端分子进行意识形态渗透的“重点人群”。很多非法宗教机构和宗教极端势力恰恰抓住融合媒体传播的便利以及难以监管的现状，大肆向大学生兜售所谓的“宗教文化”,借以宣扬宗教极端思想。

(2) The fragility of college students' rational critical awareness and psychological quality provides opportunities for online religious infiltration.

(二)大学生理性批判意识和心理素质的脆弱给网络宗教渗透以可乘之机

As young college students of “Generation Z,” subjected to the intense impact of mixed and diverse thoughts flooding integrated media, they inevitably feel confused. Novel and mysterious religions exert a great attraction on college students. Coupled with the fact that many real-life troubles and perplexities find no outlet for relief, many people turn to religion for release and solace. The survey results of the research group show that 54.07% of college students consider religion a spiritual sustenance; 24.81% of students believe that believing in religion can help them escape psychological difficulties and reduce stress; 14.81% of students feel that believing in religion helps them better handle relationships with those around them. Although some college students recognize the negative impacts of religious belief—for instance, 18.15% of students believe that “religion is a spiritual narcotic, easily causing people to evade problems”; 15.19% of students even say that “religious doctrines are unsuitable for modern society and offer no help to the mind”—the majority of college students still lack a rational critical consciousness. They only perceptually focus on the positive functions and beneficial effects of religion, while choosing to turn a blind eye to its negative and adverse effects.

作为“Z世代”的年轻大学生，受到充斥在融媒体中良莠不齐、多元化思想的强烈冲击，难免感觉迷茫。新颖而又神秘的宗教对大学生构成极大的吸引力，再加上现实中的诸多烦恼和困惑找不到纾解的出口，很多人到宗教这里寻求解脱和慰藉。课题组的调查结果显示，54.07%的大学生认为宗教是一种精神寄托；24.81%的学生相信，信仰宗教能帮助他们摆脱心理困境、减轻压力；14.81%的学生觉得信仰宗教有利于他们更好地处理与周围人的关系。虽然部分大学生看到了信仰宗教的负面影响，如：18.15%的学生认为，“宗教是一种精神麻醉剂，容易使人逃避问题”;15.19%的学生甚至说，“宗教教义不适合现代社会，对心灵没有帮助”。但大多数大学生仍缺乏理性批判意识，他们只感性地关注到宗教的正面作用和积极影响，而对宗教的负面、消极影响则选择视而不见。

(III) The inadequacy of ideological and political education in colleges and universities weakens students’ immunity to online religious infiltration

(三)高校思想政治教育的不足弱化了大学生对网络宗教渗透的免疫力

As the main channel for education in the Marxist view of religion and the popularization of scientific knowledge, the ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities have failed to effectively undertake this arduous task of “fostering virtue through education” [1]1 The united front (统一战线) is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party to build coalitions with various social groups and non-Party forces to achieve common political goals. In the context of colleges and universities, it refers to the Party’s work in uniting with and guiding faculty, staff, and students from diverse backgrounds.. The research group’s survey found that when college students experience confusion and disorientation about life, the group they first turn to for help is family and friends (84.44%), followed by other channels, and then professional teachers and counselors (3.7%). Surprisingly, not a single student chose ideological and political theory course teachers. The status, role, and effectiveness of ideological and political education in the minds of students are thus evident!

作为马克思主义宗教观教育和科学知识普及的主渠道，高校思政课却未能有效担负起这一“立德树人”的艰巨任务。课题组调查发现，当大学生对人生产生困惑和迷茫时，他(她)首先选择寻求帮助的群体是亲人和朋友(占84.44%),其次是其他途径，再次是专业老师和辅导员(占3.7%),令人意外的是竟然没有一个学生选择思政课教师。思想政治教育在学生心目中的地位、作用和效果可见一斑!

On the one hand, the current state of education on the Marxist view of religion in colleges and universities is worrying. The survey found that, apart from some ethnic colleges and universities, most institutions have not established specialized courses on the Marxist view of religion; relevant content is only scattered across some ideological and political theory course textbooks, such as the understanding of the “essence of religion” in *Basic Principles of Marxism*; and issues concerning “firmly grasping leadership over ideology” in *An Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era*. However, the ideological and political theory course textbooks cover too little regarding the Party’s religious policy and the Party’s religious work, failing to effectively resolve the questions and confusions of teachers and students; there is even less elaboration on specific content such as how to genuinely enhance students’ ability to resist religious infiltration. Moreover, most ideological and political theory course teachers themselves lack a deep understanding and clear grasp of the Marxist view of religion. Consequently, in their teaching, they often neglect to explain relevant content, and some even deliberately avoid religious issues. The religious hot topics and difficult problems that concern or confuse students are thus shelved, without timely clarification and correct guidance. On the other hand, in some colleges and universities, the education of students’ ideals and beliefs, scientific knowledge, and core socialist values through ideological and political theory courses is also hindered by impractical teaching designs, single and lagging teaching models, etc., making it difficult to stimulate students’ learning interest and affecting the educational outcome.

一方面，当前高校的马克思主义宗教观教育状况堪忧。调查发现，除了一些民族院校，大多数高校都没有开设马克思主义宗教观教育的专门课程，相关内容只散见于部分思政课教材中，如：《马克思主义基本原理》中关于“宗教本质”的认识；《习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论》中关于“牢牢抓住意识形态领导权”的问题等。但思政课教材中对于党的宗教政策、党的宗教工作内容涉及太少，无法很好地解除师生的疑问和困惑；对于如何真正增强大学生反宗教渗透能力等具体内容的阐述更是少之又少。而且，大多数思政课教师本身对马克思主义宗教观理解不深、把握不清，故在讲课中往往不重视相关内容的讲解，有的甚至有意回避宗教问题，学生关心或迷惑的宗教热点和难点问题便被搁置，得不到及时澄清和正确引导。另一方面，部分高校的思政课对学生理想信念、科学知识和社会主义核心价值观等的教育，也因不切实际的教学设计、单一滞后的教学模式等很难激发学生的学习兴趣，影响了教育效果。

(IV) Insufficient understanding of the severe situation of religious infiltration risk in colleges and universities, and limited effectiveness of prevention

(四)高校对宗教渗透风险的严峻形势认识不足、防范效果有限

At the 2016 National Conference on Religious Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must resolutely resist the use of religion by hostile foreign forces for infiltration, and actively prevent the harm of religious extremism.” He repeatedly warned people that today, when the internet is increasingly becoming the main battlefield, the main front, and the forefront of ideological struggle, particular attention must be paid to internet religious issues. Many colleges and universities have responded promptly to the national call, strengthening the supervision and prevention of online religious infiltration. However, some colleges and universities still do not place particular emphasis on how to specifically prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration. For example, individual colleges and universities still cling to traditional religious united front concepts or models; when encountering students privately practicing religious beliefs, they either suppress them roughly or condone them indulgently. They fail to listen attentively to the troubles and confusions of ethnic minority students who believe in religion due to ethnic and family factors, foreign students and foreign teachers with religious belief backgrounds, and young returned overseas teachers with a tendency towards “cultural believers,” thereby failing to identify the crux of the problem and provide correct guidance… The reason for this is that these colleges and universities have not yet deeply realized the severity of the current problem of online religious infiltration and the grave situation of preventing and resolving the risk of online religious infiltration against the backdrop of changes unseen in a century. Especially under the new circumstances where online religious infiltration is intensifying and pervasive, this situation is even more alarming and worrying.

在2016年的全国宗教工作会议上，习近平总书记强调：“要坚决抵御境外敌对势力利用宗教进行渗透，积极防范宗教极端思想侵害。”他一再告诫人们，在互联网日益成为意识形态斗争主阵地、主战场、最前沿的今天，尤其要高度重视互联网宗教问题。很多高校都及时响应国家号召，加强对网络宗教渗透问题的监管和防范，但仍有部分高校对如何具体防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险并没有特别重视。如：个别高校依然固守传统的宗教统战理念或模式，遇到大学生私下信仰宗教的行为，要么粗暴压制，要么姑息纵容；对那些受民族和家庭因素影响而信仰宗教的少数民族大学生、有宗教信仰背景的外国留学生和外教、有“文化信徒”倾向的海归青年教师等不能细致入微地倾听他们的烦恼和困惑，进而找到症结所在并加以正确引导……究其原因，这些高校尚未深刻意识到当前网络宗教渗透问题的严重性以及百年未有之大变局背景下防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险的严峻形势。尤其是在网络宗教渗透愈演愈烈、无孔不入的新形势下，这一状况更令人感到危险和担心。

IV. Exploration of Innovative Mechanisms for Preventing and Resolving the Risk of Online Religious Infiltration in Colleges and Universities

四、高校防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险的创新机制探索

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the 2016 National Conference on Religious Work: “We must firmly grasp the initiative in religious work.” Therefore, to prevent, resist, and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration, colleges and universities must recognize the situation, combine it with the actual conditions of the institution, exert efforts from multiple directions, provide flexible guidance, collaborate in co-building, and create a long-term mechanism for preventing and resisting online religious infiltration.

习近平总书记在2016年全国宗教工作会议上强调：“要牢牢掌握住宗教工作的主动权”因而，高校要防范、抵御和化解网络宗教渗透风险就要认清形势，结合高校实际，多方发力，灵活疏导，协同共建，创造出防范和抵御网络宗教渗透的长效机制。

(I) Enhance Wisdom and Clarify Principles: Solidly Strengthen Education on the Marxist View of Religion

(一)增智明理：扎实强化马克思主义宗教观教育

To prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration, colleges and universities must first and foremost solidly strengthen education on the Marxist view of religion for college students, because this is the mainstay for resisting online religious infiltration and maintaining ideological security.

高校防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险首先就要扎扎实实地强化大学生的马克思主义宗教观教育，因为这是抵御网络宗教渗透、维护意识形态安全的中流砥柱。

Colleges and universities should clarify and highlight the content of education on the Marxist view of religion, and increase the content of anti-infiltration education. In the process of constructing a curriculum system for education on the Marxist view of religion, besides uniformly setting up the basic content of education on the Marxist view of religion (such as: basic viewpoints of the Marxist view of religion, the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics on religion, religious hot topics and difficult problems that concern or confuse college students), they should also appropriately supplement knowledge such as the current development status of world religions, China’s latest religious work strategies, and religious governance regulations. At the same time, thematic education content on ideological security and anti-infiltration should be added to college students’ league courses and Party courses [2]2 The Chinese Dream (中国梦) is a political slogan referring to the goal of national rejuvenation, prosperity, and happiness for the Chinese people, closely associated with Xi Jinping., enabling students to truly understand the current severe situation of anti-online religious infiltration, and enhancing students’ acute awareness and rational critical ability against infiltration.

高校要明确并突出马克思主义宗教观教育内容，增加反渗透教育内容。高校在构建马克思主义宗教观教育课程体系过程中，除了统一设置好基本的马克思主义宗教观教育内容(如：马克思主义宗教观基本观点、中国特色社会主义宗教理论、大学生关心或困惑的宗教热点和难点问题等),还要适当补充当前世界宗教发展状况、我国最新宗教工作策略和宗教治理法规等知识。同时，要在大学生团课和党课中增加意识形态安全和反渗透的专题教育内容，让学生真正了解当前反网络宗教渗透的严峻形势，并增强学生反渗透的敏锐意识和理性批判能力。

In the process of conducting education on the Marxist view of religion, college teachers should also pay attention to the humanistic care for college students, helping them break free from the ideological tendency of religious dependence. College teachers should be “student-centered,” care about students’ life and psychological conditions, strengthen spiritual communication with students, listen to students’ voices empathetically, provide practical and effective help to students, and guide students to timely vent negative emotions, learning to view problems scientifically and dialectically. Colleges and universities can alleviate students’ confused, tense, or anxious psychological states by organizing regular mental health lectures, psychological counseling, career counseling, etc., relieving students’ spiritual distress as much as possible and enhancing their psychological quality.

高校教师在进行马克思主义宗教观教育过程中还要注重对大学生的人文关怀，帮助他们摆脱宗教依赖的思想倾向。高校教师要“以学生为本”,关心学生生活和心理状况，加强与学生的精神交流，设身处地地倾听学生心声，为学生提供实际而有效的帮助，并引导学生适时排解不良情绪，学会科学、辩证地看待问题。高校可通过组织定期的心理健康讲座、心理咨询、职业咨询等缓解学生迷茫、紧张或焦虑的心理状态，尽可能地纾解学生的精神苦恼，增强其心理素质。

(II) Strengthen Foundations and Cast the Soul: Vigorously Promote the Innovative Reform of Ideological and Political Education

(二)强基铸魂：大力推进思想政治教育的创新改革

Colleges and universities must strive to play the important role of the ideological and political theory course as the key course for “fostering virtue through education.” “It is necessary to seize the critical period for the formation and determination of young people’s values, guiding young people to fasten the first button of life” [3]3 “Moistens things silently” (润物无声) is a classical Chinese poetic allusion from Du Fu’s poem “Happy Rain on a Spring Night,” used here to describe subtle, imperceptible influence.. To this end, colleges and universities should not only focus on scientific atheism education, “cultivating students’ scientific spirit, truth-seeking spirit, and the spirit of daring to explore and innovate,” but also “pay special attention to students’ life value education and moral ideal education.” Teachers of ideological and political theory courses should understand the current situation of students’ emotional distress and spiritual confusion, face up to students’ curiosity, persistence, and confusion regarding ultimate concerns, guide students to combine the excellent traditional Chinese culture, the scientific belief in communism, and draw positive strength from role models of positive energy, to explore the lofty realm of life and the meaning of life value, sincerely help students establish a scientific worldview, outlook on life, and values, use core socialist values to lead and guide the daily behavior of college students, truly “nurture the roots and cast the soul, enlighten the mind and moisten the heart” [4]4 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of fine traditional Chinese culture., and strongly resist the negative influence of religious outlooks on life and values on college students.

高校要着力发挥思想政治理论课这一“立德树人”关键课程的重要作用，“要抓住青少年价值观形成和确定的关键时期，引导青少年扣好人生第一粒扣子”。为此，高校不仅要注重科学无神论教育，“培养学生的科学精神、求真精神和勇于探索创新的精神”,而且“还要特别重视学生的生命价值观教育和道德理想教育”。思政课教师应了解学生的情感困扰、精神迷茫等现状，正视学生对终极关切问题的好奇、执着和迷惑，引导学生结合中华优秀传统文化、共产主义科学信仰并汲取正能量榜样的积极力量，去探寻人生的崇高境界和生命的价值意义，真诚帮助学生树立科学的世界观、人生观和价值观，用社会主义核心价值观引领、指导大学生的日常行为，真正“培根铸魂、启智润心”,强力抵御宗教人生观、价值观对大学生的消极影响。

Colleges and universities must further strengthen education on “Current Affairs and Policy” and the “Four Histories” [1]1 The united front (统一战线) is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party to build coalitions with various social groups and non-Party forces to achieve common political goals. In the context of colleges and universities, it refers to the Party’s work in uniting with and guiding faculty, staff, and students from diverse backgrounds., teaching and helping students to understand the history of socialist development, the history of the Communist Party of China, the history of the development of New China, and the history of reform and opening up, to truthfully review and appreciate the arduous course of our exploration and choice of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to lead students to appreciate and comprehend the great achievements created through the hard struggle and enterprising spirit of the people of the whole country, to guide students to view objectively and dialectically the unavoidable problems that emerge in the course of China’s rapid development, to stimulate students’ courage and faith in striving to realize the Chinese Dream [2]2 The Chinese Dream (中国梦) is a political slogan referring to the goal of national rejuvenation, prosperity, and happiness for the Chinese people, closely associated with Xi Jinping., and to lead students onto the correct path of scientific belief.

高校还要进一步强化“形势与政策”及“四史”的教育，教导和帮助学生了解社会主义发展史、中国共产党史、新中国发展史和改革开放史，真实地回顾、体会我们探索和选择中国特色社会主义道路的艰难历程，带领学生领略和感悟全国人民艰苦奋斗、努力进取而创造的伟大成就，引导学生客观、辩证地看待我国快速发展中不可避免出现的问题，激发学生为实现中国梦而奋斗的勇气和信念，把学生引向科学信仰的正确道路。

As an important vehicle for the ideological and political education of university students, ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities must boldly carry out classroom teaching reform, strive to make these courses truly “come alive,” avoid the “grandiose, empty, and false” style of unadulterated preaching and “force-feeding” indoctrination, constantly enhance the affinity and appeal of ideological and political courses, and effectively raise the practical effectiveness of classroom teaching. They must create and make good use of online ideological and political education websites, building for students a platform for the cultivation of ideological and political quality where they can study, discuss, exchange ideas, and resolve doubts, allowing students to be nourished in a way that “moistens things silently” [3]3 “Moistens things silently” (润物无声) is a classical Chinese poetic allusion from Du Fu’s poem “Happy Rain on a Spring Night,” used here to describe subtle, imperceptible influence..

作为大学生思想政治教育的重要载体，高校思政课要大胆进行课堂教学改革，努力使思政课真正“活”起来，避免“假大空”的一味说教和“填鸭式”灌输，不断增强思政课的亲和力和吸引力，切实提升课堂教学实效性。创建并利用好网络思政教育网站，为学生搭建一个学习、讨论、交流、解惑的思政素质培育平台，让学生在“润物无声”中得到滋养。

It is not only ideological and political courses that need reform; all other types of courses in colleges and universities must also carry out a comprehensive reform of “curriculum-based ideological and political education,” constructing an educational pattern of “grand ideological and political education.” Whether teachers of natural sciences, humanities, or social science courses must all deeply excavate the ideological and political education elements contained within their courses and naturally integrate them into teaching, so that while students learn basic knowledge they also receive value guidance and spiritual edification, firmly building a dike against online religious infiltration.

不仅思政课需要改革，高校其他各类课程也要进行“课程思政”综合改革，构建起“大思政”教育格局。无论自然科学、人文科学还是社会科学课程的老师都要深度挖掘课程所蕴含的思政教育元素，并自然融入教学中，使学生在学习基本知识的同时受到价值引领和精神熏陶，牢固筑起防范网络宗教渗透的堤坝。

(3) Cultural Infiltration: Striving to Manifest the Scientific Spirit and Red Charm of Campus Culture

(三)文化浸润：着力彰显校园文化的科学精神和红色魅力

To prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration, colleges and universities must also pay attention to the cultural infiltration of university students.

高校要防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险，还应注重对大学生的文化浸润。

First, they must use the power of culture to innovate the work model of the religious united front in colleges and universities, placing more emphasis on guidance, persuasion, or direction, and, on the basis of adhering to the Two Integrations [4]4 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of fine traditional Chinese culture., ultimately achieve the goal of “a spring breeze transforming rain” [5]5 “A spring breeze transforming rain” (春风化雨) is a classical Chinese idiom meaning beneficial influence and gentle education, likened to life-giving spring wind and rain., “moistening things silently,” and uniting hearts and gathering strength. Therefore, united front workers in colleges and universities should constantly improve their own cultural literacy, strive to use fine traditional Chinese culture to infiltrate and interpret religion, persist in using the core socialist values to guide university students’ views on religion, so that under gentle and rich cultural edification university students become more steadfast in their ideals and beliefs in socialism with Chinese characteristics, and thus in the future can more confidently devote themselves to the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

首先，要借助文化力量创新高校宗教统战工作模式，多引导、劝导或指导，并在坚持“两个结合”的基础上，最终达到“春风化雨”“润物无声”、凝心聚力的目的。所以，高校统战工作者应该不断提高自己的文化素养，力求用中华优秀传统文化浸润和阐释宗教，坚持用社会主义核心价值观引领大学生的宗教观，使大学生在温和而浓郁的文化熏陶中更加坚定中国特色社会主义理想信念，从而在未来更有信心地投入到中国特色社会主义伟大事业中。

Second, they must strive to create a campus cultural environment that reflects the characteristics of the college or university and is positive and uplifting. In addition to doing a good job of propaganda and education on “opposing cults and preventing infiltration,” colleges and universities must also vigorously promote fine traditional culture with local characteristics, advanced socialist culture, and red revolutionary culture, inviting local revolutionary heroes, master craftsmen of the nation, scientists, model workers, etc., into the classroom or lecture hall, using the scientific spirit to cultivate students, using noble spirit to inspire students, using vivid examples from around them and lofty role models to influence students, thereby strengthening university students’ ideals and beliefs, stirring their fighting spirit, enhancing their cultural confidence, and keeping them far away from cults and superstition.

其次，要努力创设体现高校特色、积极向上的校园文化环境。高校在做好“反邪教防渗透”的宣传、教育外，还要大力弘扬具有地方特色的优秀传统文化、社会主义先进文化及红色革命文化，把当地的革命英雄、大国工匠、科学家、劳模等请进课堂或讲堂，用科学的精神培育学生，用高尚的精神鼓舞学生，用身边的鲜活事例和崇高的榜样感化学生，从而坚定大学生的理想信念，激扬斗志，增强文化自信，远离邪教和迷信。

Finally, they must enhance university students’ ability to discern between different cultures through rich campus cultural activities. Colleges and universities should pay attention to giving play to students’ subjective initiative, encouraging students to form “anti-cult societies,” “anti-infiltration societies,” “Marxist theory study groups,” etc., with teachers of Marxist views on religion education courses or ideological and political theory courses serving as the groups’ advisors. They should regularly carry out special-topic knowledge competitions, debates, speech contests, or themed class meetings related to opposing cults and online religious infiltration, allowing students to enhance their cognition and strengthen their rational judgment and discernment abilities in the process of participating in activities.

最后，要在丰富的校园文化活动中提升大学生的多元文化辨识能力。高校要注重发挥学生的主观能动性，鼓励学生组建“反邪教社团”“防渗透社团”“马克思主义理论学习小组”等，由马克思主义宗教观教育课或思政课教师作社团指导老师。定期开展反邪教、反网络宗教渗透等的相关专题知识竞赛、辩论会、演讲比赛或主题班会等，让学生在参与活动过程中提升认知、增强理性判断和辨别能力。

(4) Observing Rules and Regulations: Solemnly Erecting a Legal Barrier for the Supervision of Online Religion

(四)遵规守矩：严肃竖立网络宗教监管的法治屏障

Surveys show that the combination of religion and the internet not only brings convenience for hostile Western forces to carry out religious infiltration but also brings a series of challenges to China’s supervision of online religion, such as: difficulty in supervising the venues of online religious activities, imperfect relevant laws and regulations, difficulty in auditing information disseminated by religious networks, and difficulty in managing and certifying the qualifications of religious clergy on the internet. However, the development of online religion is an established fact. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the 2015 Central United Front Work Conference, we “must adapt to the development trend of informatization, deeply research and explore carrying out online united front work, be adept at doing ‘face-to-face’ work well, and also be adept at doing ‘key-to-key’ [6]6 “Key-to-key” (键对键) is a pun in Chinese, contrasting “face-to-face” (面对面) with “keyboard-to-keyboard,” meaning online interaction. work well, uniting people’s hearts through the positive interaction of offline and online channels.”

调查显示，宗教与网络的结合不仅为西方敌对势力进行宗教渗透带来便利，而且为我国网络宗教的监管带来一系列挑战，如：网络宗教的活动场所监管难、相关法律法规不完善、宗教网络传播信息审核难、互联网中宗教教职人员资格认定管理困难等。但网络宗教发展是一个既定事实，正如习近平总书记在2015年中央统战工作会议上所指出的那样，我们“要适应信息化发展趋势，深入研究和探索开展网络统战工作，既要善于做好‘面对面’的工作，也要善于做好‘键对键’的工作，通过线下线上的良性互动凝聚人心”。

On the one hand, colleges and universities must firmly grasp the advantages of the convenience of current converged media dissemination, scientifically and rationally use online information technology to carry out education on the Marxist view of religion, allowing students to deeply understand and grasp the essence and laws of religion; increase the propaganda of the socialist theory of religion with Chinese characteristics and the Party’s religious policies, using the vivid practice of local religious management departments governing religion according to law to influence and guide students; teachers of Marxist views on religion education courses or ideological and political theory courses can use QQ, WeChat, and other social software or online virtual communities, micro-classrooms, and other online information platforms to promptly answer students’ questions, soothe their negative emotions, correct their biased ideas, etc.

一方面，高校要紧紧抓住当前融媒体传播便利的优势，科学合理地利用网络信息技术进行马克思主义宗教观教育，让学生深刻理解和把握宗教的本质和规律；加大对中国特色社会主义宗教理论和党的宗教政策的宣传，用当地宗教管理部门依法治理宗教的生动实践感染和引导学生；马克思主义宗教观教育课或思政课教师可借助QQ、微信等社交软件或网络虚拟社区、微课堂等网络信息平台，及时解答学生的困惑、疏导学生的负面情绪、矫正学生的偏颇理念等。

On the other hand, colleges and universities must rely on the power of the rule of law to strengthen the supervision and management of campus online platforms. General Secretary Xi Jinping specifically pointed out that the level of rule-of-law in religious work must be greatly improved. To regulate the management of online religious affairs, the new “Regulations on Religious Affairs” [7]7 The “Regulations on Religious Affairs” (《宗教事务条例》) is a set of administrative regulations governing religious activities in China, first issued in 2004 and revised in 2017., which was formally implemented by the state on February 1, 2018, put forward clear provisions on the management of online religion; in December 2021, the “Measures for the Administration of Internet Religious Information Services” [8]8 The “Measures for the Administration of Internet Religious Information Services” (《互联网宗教信息服务管理办法》) is a regulation jointly issued by five central government bodies in 2021 to regulate online religious content. was jointly formulated and issued by five departments including the State Administration for Religious Affairs and the Cyberspace Administration of China. Colleges and universities can, based on relevant national laws and in conjunction with their own actual conditions, formulate campus network and information security management measures, strictly supervise and review the content of religious culture propaganda, and cooperate well with local law enforcement departments to promptly block and severely crack down on improper and illegal religious online platforms, strictly preventing hostile Western forces and religious extremists from carrying out online religious infiltration of university students, and purifying the campus network environment. At the same time, they must strengthen education on network security and civilized internet use for university students, regulate students’ online behavior, improve students’ awareness and ability to resist online religious infiltration and cult inducements, allowing students to grow up healthily in a transparent, safe, harmonious, and civilized atmosphere.

另一方面，高校要依靠法治力量加强校园网络平台的监督和管理。习近平总书记特别指出，要大力提高宗教工作的法治化水平。为规范网络宗教事务管理，国家于2018年2月1日正式实施的新的《宗教事务条例》对互联网宗教管理提出了明确的规定；2021年12月由国家宗教事务局、国家互联网信息办公室等五部门联合制定并发布了《互联网宗教信息服务管理办法》。高校可以根据国家相关法律，结合自身实际，制定校园网络与信息安全管理办法，严格监督和审查宗教文化的宣传内容，并和当地执法部门搞好协作，及时屏蔽和严厉打击不正当、不合法的宗教网络平台，严防西方敌对势力和宗教极端分子对大学生的网络宗教渗透，净化校园网络环境。同时，加强对大学生网络安全教育和文明用网教育，规范学生用网行为，提高学生抵御网络宗教渗透和邪教蛊惑的意识和能力，让学生在一个透明、安全、和谐、文明的氛围中健康成长。

(5) Unity of Will: Collaboratively Creating a Professional Team to Prevent Online Religious Infiltration

(五)众志成城：协同创建防范网络宗教渗透的专业队伍

To prevent and resolve the risk of online religious infiltration, colleges and universities must be equipped with an anti-infiltration team that possesses high ideological and political awareness, good professional quality, and a strong sense of responsibility. This team mainly includes the following members.

高校要防范和化解网络宗教渗透风险就必须配备一支思想政治觉悟高、专业素质好、责任心强的反渗透队伍。这支队伍主要包括以下成员。

First, teachers of Marxist views on religion education. Colleges and universities must not only offer specialized courses on the Marxist view of religion but also be equipped with a group of full-time teachers who are familiar with both the theory of religious studies and the policies of China’s religious work, and who are truly competent to teach the Marxist view of religion.

一是马克思主义宗教观教育教师。高校不仅要开设专门的马克思主义宗教观教育课程，还要配备一批既熟悉宗教学理论又明了我国宗教工作政策、能够真正胜任马克思主义宗教观教育的专职教师。

Second, teachers of ideological and political theory courses. To prevent online religious infiltration, colleges and universities must build a team of ideological and political course teachers who are “strong in politics, deep in feeling, new in thinking, broad in vision, strict in self-discipline, and upright in character.” The quality of ideological and political course teachers directly affects university students’ “three outlooks” [9]9 The “three outlooks” (三观) refers to the worldview, outlook on life, and system of values. and political literacy. Ideological and political course teachers must cultivate students’ scientific spirit and ideals and beliefs, which is crucial for university students to consciously resist online religious infiltration and the inducements of religious extremist forces.

二是思想政治理论课教师。高校要防范网络宗教渗透必须建设一支“政治要强、情怀要深、思维要新、视野要广、自律要严、人格要正”的思政课教师队伍。思政课教师素质直接影响着大学生的“三观”和政治素养。思政课教师要培植学生的科学精神和理想信念，这对于大学生有意识地抵御网络宗教渗透和宗教极端势力的蛊惑至关重要。

Third, teachers of all other types of courses. Teachers of all other types of courses besides ideological and political course teachers are an important part of the ideological and political education work team in colleges and universities. In their teaching, they also need to adhere to fostering virtue through education [10]10 “Fostering virtue through education” (立德树人) is a key principle in Chinese educational policy, emphasizing moral cultivation as the fundamental task of education., consciously combining knowledge transmission with value guidance, and enhancing students’ comprehensive quality and ability.

三是其他各类课程教师。除思政课教师之外的其他各类课程教师都是高校思政教育工作队伍中的重要组成部分，在教学中同样需要坚持立德树人，自觉将知识传授与价值引领相结合，提升学生的综合素质和能力。

Fourth, counselors, class advisors, etc. They are important guides for university students’ studies, thoughts, and lives, have the most contact with students, and best understand students’ joys, sorrows, thoughts, and spiritual conditions. Therefore, they play an irreplaceable role in leading students to prevent online religious infiltration.

四是辅导员、班主任等。他们是大学生学习、思想和生活的重要引导者，同学生接触最多，也最了解学生的喜怒哀乐、思想和精神状况，所以在带领学生防范网络宗教渗透方面起着不可替代的作用。

Fifth, the relatives and friends of college students. Colleges and universities should strengthen communication and exchange with students’ relatives, especially parents, to understand students’ ideological conditions, and regularly invite students’ parents to the school to attend lectures on education in the Marxist view of religion, encouraging parents to continuously enhance their own scientific awareness, and thereby guide their children to establish a correct view of religion and worldview.

五是大学生的亲人和朋友。高校应加强与大学生亲属尤其是家长的沟通和交流，了解学生的思想状况，并定期邀请学生家长来学校听马克思主义宗教观教育讲座，鼓励家长不断提升自身的科学意识，并以此引导孩子树立正确的宗教观和世界观。

Sixth, network information technology personnel. To effectively supervise online religion, colleges and universities must establish a professional team that both understands religious knowledge and can master the operation of network information technology, and carry out the supervision of online religious platforms and the review of religious information.

六是网络信息技术人员。高校要做好网络宗教的监管工作必须建立一支既懂宗教知识又能掌握网络信息技术运行的专业队伍，做好网络宗教平台的监督和宗教信息的审查工作。

Seventh, student Party members, class cadres, and the like. On the one hand, they are the capable assistants of teachers, and can assist teachers in grasping students’ actual conditions in a timely manner by providing feedback on students’ ideological conditions or religious belief information; on the other hand, as peers with exemplary characteristics and mobilizing power, their attitudes toward online religious infiltration or their preventive measures also have a considerable impact on other students.

七是学生党员、班干部等。一方面，他们是老师的得力助手，可以通过反馈同学的思想状况或宗教信仰信息，协助老师及时掌握学生实际情况；另一方面，作为具有榜样特质和带动力量的朋辈，他们对网络宗教渗透的态度或防范措施对其他同学也会产生不小的影响。

Colleges and universities should also continuously enhance the professional capabilities and basic qualities of this anti-online-religious-infiltration team through regular professional and technical training. Colleges and universities can use expert lectures or online thematic training and other forms to provide basic education in the Marxist view of religion to teachers of various courses and network information supervisory personnel, and regularly hold work promotion meetings on the united front [1]1 The united front (统一战线) is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party to build coalitions with various social groups and non-Party forces to achieve common political goals. In the context of colleges and universities, it refers to the Party’s work in uniting with and guiding faculty, staff, and students from diverse backgrounds. in colleges and universities, anti-cult activities, and prevention of online religious infiltration. Encourage teachers to actively carry out relevant academic research and practical exploration, using research to promote teaching and using research to promote learning, to further enhance the effectiveness of education in the Marxist view of religion for college students. Colleges and universities must also mobilize the enthusiasm of student Party members and class cadres, grasp students’ ideological dynamics and psychological needs in a timely manner, leverage the advantages of peer education, and continuously strengthen students’ awareness and ability to resist online religious infiltration.

高校还要通过定期的专业和技术培训不断提升这支反网络宗教渗透队伍的专业能力和基本素质。高校可借助专家讲座或网络专题培训等形式对各类课程教师及网络信息监管人员进行基本的马克思主义宗教观教育，定期召开高校统战、反邪教及防范网络宗教渗透等的工作促进会。鼓励教师积极开展相关学术研究和实践探索，以研促教、以研促学，进一步提升大学生马克思主义宗教观教育的实效性。高校还要调动好学生党员、班干部的积极性，及时掌握学生的思想动态和心理需求，发挥朋辈教育的优势，不断增强学生反网络宗教渗透的意识和能力。

(Author biographies: Zhang Aihui, Associate Professor at Jiangsu Vocational College of Finance and Economics, Part-time Researcher at the Huai’an City Ethnic and Religious Research Center, Jiangsu Province; Gao Jianjun, Assistant Researcher at Jiangsu Vocational College of Finance and Economics)

（作者简介：张爱辉，江苏财经职业技术学院副教授、江苏省淮安市民族宗教研究中心兼职研究员；高建军，江苏财经职业技术学院助理研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心