The Harm of Foreign Religious Infiltration to the Ideological Security of Socialist Countries and Its Contemporary Lessons

Marx once pointed out: "If we consider things from the perspective of ideas, then the dissolution of a certain form of consciousness is enough to bring down an entire epoch." This thesis has been confirmed by many facts after the 19th century. In 1848, all the forces of old Europe, including the Pope, carried out a so-called "holy crusade," leading to the dissolution of the newly established "Communist League" and plunging the international workers' movement into a low ebb. In 1982, the US-Vatican "Holy Alliance" led Western capitalist forces and religious forces represented by the Roman Curia in launching a "real war" against the Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries, leading to the collapse of the socialist regime in Poland and implicating the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, once again plunging the international communist movement into a low ebb. From the Cold War to the present, the Western capitalist world, represented by countries such as the United States and Britain, has continuously carried out religious infiltration against the Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries and the existing socialist countries such as China and Vietnam. This article attempts to clarify the history and reality of religious infiltration carried out by Western capitalist countries, represented by the United States, against socialist countries from the Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries in the 1980s to today's China, Vietnam, and other socialist countries, and to summarize the harm of foreign religious infiltration to the ideological security of socialist countries and the responses to it.

马克思曾指出:“如果从观念上来考察,那么一定的意识形式的解体足以使整个时代覆灭。”这一论断在19世纪后的诸多事实中得到印证。1848年包括教皇在内的旧欧洲的一切势力实施所谓的“神圣的围剿”,导致成立不久的“共产主义者同盟”解散,国际工人运动陷入低潮;1982年美梵“神圣同盟”领衔西方资本主义势力与以罗马教廷为代表的宗教势力对苏东社会主义国家发起“真正的战争”,导致波兰社会主义政权覆灭,牵涉苏联解体东欧剧变,致使国际共产主义运动陷入低潮。冷战至今,以美英等国为代表的西方资本主义世界始终对苏东社会主义国家与现存的中国、越南等社会主义国家实施宗教渗透。本文尝试厘清从20世纪80年代的苏东社会主义国家到今天的中国、越南等社会主义国家被以美国为代表的西方资本主义国家实施宗教渗透的历史与现实,综括境外宗教渗透对社会主义国家意识形态安全的危害与应对。

I. Ideological Weapon: Religion as an Ideology

一、思想武器:宗教作为一种意识形态

Marx and Engels elucidated the ideological attribute of religion in many important works. In the *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*, when discussing the specific forms dominated by the mode of production, Marx proposed seven forms: "religion, family, state, law, morality, science, art, etc." Here, religion, law, morality, art, etc., refer to several forms of ideology. In the "Preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*," Marx further expressed this as: "legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic—in short, ideological forms." This discussion shows that in Marx's view, politics, law, religion, morality, philosophy, art, etc., are all ideologies. In the Middle Ages, all other forms of ideology—philosophy, politics, jurisprudence—were merged into theology, making them subjects within theology. Therefore, any social or political movement at that time had to adopt a theological form; for the feelings of the masses, which were entirely nurtured by religion, to stir up a great storm, the immediate interests of the masses had to appear cloaked in religion. This shows that Marx and Engels not only recognized the ideological attribute of religion early on but also understood its social function.

马克思和恩格斯在多篇重要论著中阐释了宗教的意识形态属性。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中谈到受生产方式支配的特殊方式时,提出“宗教、家庭、国家、法、道德、科学、艺术等”七种形式,这里的宗教、法、道德、艺术等即指意识形态的几种形式。在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中,马克思进一步表述为:“法律的、政治的、宗教的、艺术的或哲学的,简言之,意识形态的形式。”这段论述表明在马克思看来,政治、法律、宗教、道德、哲学、艺术等均为意识形态。中世纪把意识形态的其他一切形式—哲学、政治、法学,都合并到神学中,使它们成为神学中的科目。因此,当时任何社会运动和政治运动都不得不采取神学的形式;对于完全由宗教培育起来的群众感情说来,要掀起巨大的风暴,就必须让群众的切身利益披上宗教的外衣出现。这表明马克思恩格斯不仅早已认识到宗教的意识形态属性,而且也认识到其社会作用。

The instrumental attribute of religion can be traced back to the long history of the integration of church and state in major capitalist countries. One of the dimensions of the Marxist critique of religion is its spiritual deception and oppression of people. During his business studies in Bremen, Engels attacked the dual disasters brought to people by religious shackles and political oppression, which was in fact Engels' critique of the class nature of ideology that links religion with autocratic governments to oppress people. In 1886, in *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*, Engels further discussed: "The state presents itself to us as the first ideological power over mankind," and "the higher ideologies, i.e., those further removed from the material economic base, take the form of philosophy and religion." Here, "the first ideological power over mankind" means that the ruling class uses the power of ideology to manipulate the ruled class, and this "ideological power over mankind" includes philosophy, religion, etc. Engels hit the nail on the head, recognizing that the ruling class precisely uses ideologies like religion to control the ruled class. Elsewhere, for instance, in "Frederick William IV, King of Prussia," he reveals more clearly the logic by which the ruling class uses religion to control the ruled class: William IV, by invoking the divine right of kings, transformed himself into God's incarnation in the secular world, thereby endowing himself with all power in the human and heavenly realms, enabling him, as the king by "divine right," to rule the people both economically and spiritually. At this point, religion became a handy tool of secular power.

宗教的工具属性,可以追溯到主要资本主义国家长期政教合一体制的历史,马克思主义批判宗教的维度之一便是宗教对人们的精神蛊惑与压迫。恩格斯在不莱梅学习经商期间抨击宗教束缚与政治压迫带给人们的双重灾难,实为恩格斯对宗教与专制政府勾连压迫人们的意识形态阶级性之批判。1886年,恩格斯在《路德维希.费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》中进一步论及:“国家作为第一个支配人的意识形态力量出现在我们面前”,“更高的即更远离物质经济基础的意识形态,采取了哲学和宗教的形式”,这里的“作为第一个支配人的意识形态力量”意指统治阶级运用意识形态的力量操纵被统治阶级,而这种“支配人的意识形态力量”包含哲学和宗教等。恩格斯一语破的,认识到统治阶级正是利用宗教等意识形态控制被统治阶级。另如他在《普鲁士国王弗里德里希.威廉四世》中更清晰地揭示出统治阶级利用宗教控制被统治阶级的逻辑:威廉四世借君权神授将自己幻化为上帝在世俗世界的化身,从而赋予自己在人间和天上的一切权力,使其作为“君权神授”的国王能够从经济上、精神上双重统治人民,这时的宗教成为世俗权力的得力工具。

When socialism was transformed by Marx from utopia into science, and Marxism became the guiding ideology of the proletarian struggle, the rulers of the old world immediately sensed the "danger," regarded it as a monstrous scourge, and quickly formed a united force to encircle and suppress communism, including the religious forces represented by the Pope. As the *Communist Manifesto* states at the outset: "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies." And as Engels profoundly revealed: "All struggles in history, whether they take place in the political, religious, philosophical, or other ideological domains, are in fact only the more or less clear expressions of the struggles of social classes." When the world entered the era of imperialism, major capitalist countries, in order to compete with socialist countries for the hearts and minds of the people, once again used religion, this "opium of the people," to "attract" the people of socialist countries, attempting to use religious faith in the afterlife and in gods to dissolve the spiritual motivation of the people of socialist countries to create a better life in this world, thereby creating "legitimacy" for the bourgeoisie and its ideology to conquer socialism.

当社会主义在马克思那里由空想变成科学,马克思主义成为无产阶级斗争的指导思想后,旧世界的统治者立即嗅到“危险”,视其为洪水猛兽,旋即组成一支联合力量围剿共产主义,其中便包括以教皇为代表的宗教势力。正如《共产党宣言》开篇即指出的:“为了对这个幽灵进行神圣的围剿,旧欧洲的一切势力,教皇和沙皇、梅特涅和基佐、法国的激进派和德国的警察,都联合起来了。”也如恩格斯深刻揭露的:“一切历史上的斗争,无论是在政治、宗教、哲学的领域中进行的,还是在其他意识形态领域中进行的,实际上只是或多或少明显地表现了各社会阶级的斗争。”当世界进入帝国主义时代,主要资本主义国家为了与社会主义国家争夺民心,再度利用宗教这一“思想鸦片”来“吸引”社会主义国家的人民,企图以宗教中对来世、对神的信仰消融社会主义国家人民创造此岸世界美好生活的精神动力,为资产阶级及其意识形态征服社会主义创设“合理性”。

As an ideology, religion has special functions. After the formation of the capitalist system, religion became the "apologist" for maintaining bourgeois rule. After the birth of communism, the guiding theory of the proletariat, religion conspired with the bourgeoisie to encircle and suppress the communist "movement" in Europe. When the socialist system became a reality, religion quickly stepped into the secular world and once again joined forces with the Western capitalist world, represented by the United States, to besiege the socialist system. For example, in the 1980s, the Roman Curia formed a "Holy Alliance" with the United States, plotting through religious activities such as financial aid, material support, remote strategizing, public opinion incitement, and underground proselytizing to compete with the Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries for ideological leadership. This meant that the political function of religion, which causes negative impacts such as deconstruction and dissolution in other countries, was continuously amplified, and religious forces gradually joined the struggle of the Western capitalist world to infiltrate capitalist values into socialist countries and deconstruct the people's identification with socialist ideology.

宗教作为意识形态具有特殊的功能。在资本主义制度形成后,宗教成为维护资产阶级统治的“辩护士”;在无产阶级及其理论指导共产主义诞生后,宗教又与资产阶级合谋围剿欧洲的共产主义“运动”;当社会主义制度成为现实后,宗教旋即步入世俗,一度与以美国为代表的西方资本主义世界联合围攻社会主义制度。如20世纪80年代,罗马教廷与美国结成“神圣同盟”,图谋通过资金援助、物质支持、遥控出谋划策、舆论蛊惑、地下传教等宗教活动,与苏东社会主义国家争夺意识形态领导权。这意味着宗教对他国造成解构与消解等消极影响的政治功能被不断放大,宗教势力也逐渐加入到西方资本主义世界向社会主义国家渗透资本主义价值观、解构人民对社会主义意识形态认同的斗争中来。

II. Historical Investigation: Factors of Religious Infiltration in the Drastic Changes in Eastern Europe

二、历史考察:东欧剧变中的宗教渗透因素

For the Western bourgeoisie to achieve the "legitimate" reproduction of capitalist relations of production in socialist countries, it was necessary for bourgeois ideology to occupy leadership in socialist countries. To this end, the major Western capitalist countries hoped that the church, the Pope, bishops, priests, etc., representing the interests of the bourgeoisie, would fully play the role of "using ideology" to implant bourgeois ideology into socialist countries.

西方资产阶级为了实现资本主义生产关系在社会主义国家的“合法”再生产,必须让资产阶级意识形态在社会主义国家占据领导权。为此,西方主要资本主义国家希望教会、教皇、主教、神父等代表资产阶级的利益充分发挥“运用意识形态”的作用,将资产阶级意识形态植入社会主义国家。

(I) From Worldview Opposition to Political Conspiracy—The Alliance of Religious Forces and Western Capitalist Forces

(一)从世界观对立到政治图谋—宗教势力与西方资本主义势力结盟

Religious forces, represented by Christianity, Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity, have been entangled with state power throughout the long course of history. For example, in medieval Europe, kings needed to be crowned by the Pope to demonstrate the legitimacy of their status. In the 1980s, when US President Ronald Reagan saw the grand scene of the Pope's visit to Poland on television, he exclaimed that "a Polish-born Pope prominently illustrates the immense power that religious faith can mobilize," and that "the Pope certainly has no armored divisions, but the power he possesses is unbreakable by Soviet tanks. The sentiments he disseminates penetrate deep into the human soul. The power of religion is often underestimated by those who do not understand it." His Secretary of State, George Shultz, also emphasized the need to utilize the church organizations that had "survived" in communist countries, allowing them to participate in the peaceful offensive against communism.

以基督教、天主教、东正教等为代表的宗教势力,在漫长的历史长河中始终与国家政权纠缠在一起,如欧洲中世纪国王需要得到教皇加冕以表明其地位的名正言顺。20世纪80年代,当美国总统里根从电视上看到教皇访问波兰的盛大场面时,他惊叹“一位波兰出生的教宗突出地说明了宗教信仰可以调动多大的力量”,“教皇当然没有装甲师,但他所拥有的力量是苏联的坦克击不碎的。他散播出来的情感深入到人类的灵魂。宗教具有的力量常常被不懂得它的人所忽视。”其国务卿舒尔茨也强调要利用共产党国家“幸存下来”的教会组织,让它们参加反对共产主义的和平攻势。

Subsequently, the United States quickly formed a "Holy Alliance" with the Roman Curia, openly declaring that it would launch a "true war" with the Vatican aimed at eliminating communism, and established the goal of using Poland as a breakthrough point for religious infiltration, then "blossoming everywhere" in Eastern Europe and "accelerating the disintegration of the Soviet empire." Thereafter, the US-Vatican "Holy Alliance" jointly supported the Polish church and the largest opposition group, "Solidarity," in subverting the regime of the Polish United Workers' Party. First, they provided a steady stream of financial and material aid to "Solidarity." For example, the "Holy Alliance" used channels established by the Catholic Church, US intelligence personnel, representatives of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) from various regions, and European labor personnel as intermediaries to supply "Solidarity" with food, medicine, communications equipment, printing machinery, and other materials, and arranged for the Catholic Church to provide command posts and shelter for "Solidarity" during workers' strikes. Second, they gave moral and strategic support to "Solidarity." For instance, the Roman Curia, together with the Polish Catholic Church, devised strategies for "Solidarity," and the Polish Catholic Church even directly intervened in Polish politics, holding a "roundtable meeting" with "Solidarity" and the Polish government, which led to the overthrow of the Polish socialist regime.

随后,美国迅疾与罗马教廷结成“神圣同盟”,公开宣称要与梵蒂冈联合发起以消灭共产主义为目标的“真正的战争”,并确立了以波兰为宗教渗透突破口,然后在东欧“全面开花”“加速苏联帝国瓦解”的目标。此后美梵“神圣同盟”联合支持波兰教会、最大反对派“团结工会”颠覆波兰统一工人党政权。一是为“团结工会”源源不断提供资金物资援助。如“神圣同盟”以由天主教会、美国情报人员、美国劳工联盟暨工业组织联合会(AFL—CIO)的各地代表和欧洲劳工联盟人员所建立起来的管道为中介,为波兰“团结工会”提供食品、药物、通讯设备、印刷机器等物资,并在“团结工会”领导工人罢工期间安排天主教会为其提供指挥据点与庇护所等。二是给予“团结工会”道义谋略支持。如罗马教廷联合波兰天主教会为“团结工会”出谋划策,甚至波兰天主教会还直接干预波兰政治,联合“团结工会”与波兰政府举行“圆桌会议”,导致波兰社会主义政权被颠覆。

(2) The Implantation of Bourgeois Ideology—"Conquest" Using Religious Infiltration as a Breakthrough

(二)资本主义意识形态的植入—以宗教渗透为突破口的“征服”

In order to reproduce bourgeois ideology in socialist countries, the Roman Curia and major capitalist countries such as the United States began to focus on cultivating and strengthening religious rebel forces in socialist countries, using religious influence to make the socialist populace "automatically submit" to bourgeois ideology.

为了在社会主义国家进行资产阶级的意识形态再生产,罗马教廷与美国等主要资本主义国家开始聚焦于在社会主义国家培植壮大宗教反叛势力,通过宗教影响让社会主义民众“自动臣服”于资产阶级意识形态。

First, they used the power of appointing bishops to cultivate and strengthen religious opposition in socialist countries. The power of appointing bishops discussed in this article mainly refers to this power of the Roman Curia. In order to cultivate religious forces in socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Poland that could be used by the Western capitalist world, the Roman Curia continuously maneuvered with the socialist countries of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, seeking to completely control the power of appointing bishops. For example, in 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed two Lithuanian bishops and an auxiliary bishop who were still in prison; in 1983, he elevated the Polish Primate Glemp, East German Archbishop Meisner, and others to cardinals. The bishops appointed by the Pope, like the Pope himself, held a hostile ideological attitude towards communism. These church leaders, who were hostile to communist and socialist governments, became the internal collaborators and driving forces for Western forces to carry out religious infiltration of socialist countries. For instance, during Glemp's tenure as cardinal in Poland, the Roman Catholic Church became a shelter for anti-government activities. In Yugoslavia, Kuharić not only criticized the government's atheistic education policy but also trained church clergy to be combative individuals. In Czechoslovakia, Archbishop Tomášek demanded "equal dialogue" with the government on the grounds of "freedom of belief."

其一,利用主教任命权培育壮大社会主义国家的宗教反对派。本文谈及的主教任命权主要是指罗马教廷的这一权力。为了在苏联、波兰等社会主义国家培植可为西方资本主义世界所用的宗教力量,罗马教廷不断与苏东社会主义国家博弈,以图完全掌控主教任命权。如1982年教皇约翰.保罗二世任命了还关在监狱中的两名立陶宛主教与副主教;1983年他又把波兰首席大主教格莱姆普、民主德国迈斯纳大主教等擢升为红衣大主教。教皇任命的主教跟他本人一样在意识形态上对共产主义抱有敌视态度,这些敌视共产主义和社会主义政府的教会首脑们成为西方势力对社会主义国家实施宗教渗透的内应与推手。如在波兰格莱姆普任红衣大主教期间,罗马天主教会成为了反政府活动的庇护所。南斯拉夫的库哈里奇不仅批评政府的无神论教育政策,而且将教会神职人员调教为好斗人员。捷克斯洛伐克大主教托马谢克则以“信仰自由”为由要求与政府进行“平等对话”。

Second, they used the Pope's influence over the religious world to cooperate with the West's ideological infiltration of socialist countries. Pope John Paul II had a significant impact on socialist ideology. In 1986, in his encyclical "Dominum et Vivificantem" ("Lord and Giver of Life"), John Paul II began to explicitly criticize Marxist ideology. He believed that the core of Marxism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism, does not accept the existence of God and is essentially atheistic, so he called on believers to resolutely struggle against materialism. In the religious infiltration of Poland, John Paul II not only frequently visited Poland, personally preaching and spreading the faith, but also urged the Polish Catholic Church to "must prioritize the struggle for human rights and political pluralism," emphasizing that the church "should adopt the goals and strategies of Solidarity as its own." During the period of martial law in Poland, John Paul II instructed Wałęsa through Vatican channels to continue underground activities and guided the methods of activity. In 1987, on the eve of the Polish upheaval, Pope John Paul II visited Poland for the third time. He visited nine cities, delivered 36 sermons and speeches, constantly cheering on and devising strategies for "Solidarity." Ultimately, with the Pope's cooperation, Poland became the first domino to fall in the ideological struggle between capitalism and socialism. It is not difficult to see that at this time, the Pope was primarily serving the ideological infiltration of the Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries by the "Holy Alliance."

其二,利用教皇对宗教界的影响配合西方对社会主义国家意识形态的渗透。对社会主义意识形态造成较大影响的是教皇约翰.保罗二世。1986年,约翰.保罗二世在名为“主及赋予生命者”的通谕中开始明确批判马克思主义意识形态。他认为马克思主义的核心辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义不接受上帝的存在,本质上是无神论,因此号召教徒们坚决与唯物主义做斗争。在对波兰的宗教渗透中,约翰.保罗二世不仅频访波兰,亲自布道传教,而且鼓动波兰天主教会“必须把争取人权和政治多元化放在首位”,强调教会“应该把团结工会的目标和策略接受为自己的目标和策略”。波兰军事管制期间,约翰·保罗二世通过教廷渠道指示瓦文萨继续开展地下活动并指导活动方式。1987年,在波兰剧变前夕,教皇约翰·保罗二世第三次到访波兰,他访问了9个城市,做了36次布道和演说,不断为“团结工会”呐喊助威、出谋划策。最终在教皇的配合下,波兰成为资本主义与社会主义意识形态斗争中第一块倒下的多米诺骨牌。不难看出,此时的教皇更多地是服务于“神圣同盟”对苏东社会主义国家的意识形态渗透。

III. A Glimpse into Contemporary Reality: Religious Infiltration Still Threatens the Ideological Security of Socialist Countries

三、现实微探:宗教渗透依然威胁社会主义国家意识形态安全

The conspicuous role of religious infiltration in the upheaval in Eastern Europe not only made the West complacent about the "victory" of "theism" over "atheism," but also fueled their fantasy of once again "conquering" socialism in existing socialist countries through religious infiltration.

宗教渗透在东欧剧变中引人注目的作用,不仅让西方沾沾自喜于“有神论”对“无神论”的“胜利”,更让他们幻想在现存社会主义国家中再度通过宗教渗透“征服”社会主义。

(1) Abuse of "International Law"—Empowering "Violations of Religious Freedom"

(一)“国际法”滥用—为“侵犯宗教自由”赋权

In 1998, the US Congress passed the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. This meant that freedom of religious belief was given the status of "international law" by the United States through legislation to "constrain" the international community, and it formally became a sharp weapon for Western countries to launch religious infiltration of socialist countries. Since then, the United States has continuously fabricated so-called "International Religious Freedom Reports," using pretexts such as violations of "religious freedom" and "human rights" to attack the socialist system.

1998年,美国国会通过了《1998年国际宗教自由法案》,这意味着宗教信仰自由被美国通过立法形式赋予了“约束”国际社会的“国际法地位”,也正式成为西方国家对社会主义国家发动宗教渗透的利器。此后美国不断炮制所谓“国际宗教自由状况报告”,以侵犯“宗教自由”“人权”等托辞攻许社会主义制度。

Since the 21st century, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom has released annual reports on religious freedom, listing North Korea, China, Vietnam, etc., as "countries of particular concern" (CPC) or "countries requiring special attention." For a period of time, China has been listed by the USCIRF as a "country of particular concern" for many consecutive years.

21世纪以来,美国国际宗教委员会发布宗教自由年度报告,将朝鲜、中国、越南等列为“宗教自由度最差国家”、需要“特别关注的国家”“特别关注国”等,一段时间以来,中国连续多年被美国国际宗教自由委员会列为“特别关注国”。

In December 2016, the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act and the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, signed by US President Barack Obama, closely linked the issues of "religious freedom" and "human rights." Subsequently, in 2018 and 2019, the United States twice convened "Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom" meetings and proposed the establishment of an "International Religious Freedom Alliance." After the first "Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom," the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom, Sam Brownback, repeatedly attacked China's religious situation.

2016年12月,由美国总统奥巴马签署的《弗兰克·沃尔夫国际宗教自由法》和《全球马格尼茨基人权问责法》更是将“宗教自由”与“人权”问题紧密勾连。此后,在2018年与2019年美国两度召开“推进宗教自由部长级会议”,倡议成立“国际宗教自由联盟”。首届“推进宗教自由部长级会议”后,国际宗教自由事务无任所大使布朗贝克接连对中国宗教状况进行攻击。

(2) Collaboration of Various Forces—Continuing to Strengthen the Negative Influence of Religion

(二)各方力量协谋—继续强化宗教的消极影响

According to 2018 data, China has nearly 200 million religious believers of various faiths, more than 380,000 clergy, approximately 5,500 religious groups, over 47,000 cumulative students in religious colleges, and more than 140,000 legally registered venues for religious activities. According to 2022 data, Vietnam has 26.7 million believers, 190,000 clergy, and over 29,000 venues for religious activities. In addition, socialist countries such as North Korea, Laos, and Cuba all have a certain number of religious believers. Certain Western forces continue to hope in the 21st century to develop and strengthen religious forces and reinforce the negative influence of religion on socialist countries.

据2018年数据显示,中国有各类信教群众近2亿,教职人员38万余人,宗教团体约5500个,宗教院校学生累计47000余人,依法登记的宗教活动场所超14万处。据2022年的数据,越南有2670万名信徒,19万名神职人员,2.9万余处宗教活动场所。此外,朝鲜、老挝、古巴等社会主义国家均有一定数量的信教群众。西方某些势力在21世纪继续寄希望于通过宗教势力发展壮大,强化宗教对社会主义国家的消极影响。

First, the Catholic power of appointing bishops is a primary tool relied upon by hostile Western forces. They use the power of appointing bishops to cultivate bishops in socialist countries who are hostile to socialist ideology and the socialist system, and rely on these bishops to carry out religious activities to compete with socialist ideology for the populace. For example, after several rounds of negotiation between Vietnam and the Vatican, a "Vietnam model" for appointing bishops was formed. In 2005, the Vatican, following the "Vietnam model," appointed 57 bishops in Vietnam for the first time. However, this change is likely to repeat the mistake of the 20th century when the Roman Curia appointed bishops in Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries—the bishops appointed by the Roman Curia are very likely to be anti-communist and anti-socialist.

首先,天主教的主教任命权是西方敌对势力主要倚仗的工具。他们借主教任命权在社会主义国家培植敌视社会主义意识形态与社会主义制度的主教,并依托这些主教开展宗教活动以与社会主义意识形态争夺民众。如越南与梵蒂冈方面几经博弈后形成了任命主教的“越南模式”,2005年梵蒂冈按照“越南模式”在越南首次任命了57名主教,但这一变化很可能重蹈20世纪罗马教廷对苏东社会主义国家任命主教的覆辙—罗马教廷任命的主教很大可能是反共反社会主义的。

Second, church forces such as the Catholic Church continue to gain the right to participate in and utilize the ideological state apparatus. For instance, in Vietnam, after "actively striving" by the Catholic Church, they obtained the right to independently run schools. In 2016, the Catholic Church was permitted to establish a Catholic university. Independent religious university education seriously deviates from the principle that socialist countries should uphold—the separation of education from religion—providing religious groups in Vietnam with the legitimate right to use the educational ideological state apparatus to compete with the state for the hearts and minds of the people.

其次,天主教等教会力量不断获得参与运用意识形态国家机器的权利。如在越南,经过天主教会的“积极争取”,他们获得了独立办学的权利,2016年,天主教教会获准建立天主教大学。宗教独立办大学严重背离了社会主义国家应坚持的教育与宗教相分离的原则,为越南宗教团体与国家争夺民心提供了运用教育的意识形态国家机器的合法权利。

Third, the Roman Pope continues to use his authority to promote the negative influence of religious forces on socialist countries. For example, in Cuba, which has a long tradition of Catholic history, the Roman Pope in the 21st century still sought to spread the gospel to every corner of Cuba by drawing closer relations with Cuba. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, during his visit to Cuba, called on Cuba to deepen reform, open up society, and "seek true freedom," urged the Cuban authorities to encourage non-religious Cubans to convert to religion, and even demanded that the Cuban government grant the Cuban Catholic Church the right to run universities and other privileges. In 2015, Francis visited Cuba, declaring at the airport his further support for Cuban Catholics. Subsequently, Francis held a mass for tens of thousands in Havana, the capital of Cuba. The Pope's visit to Cuba reawakened the religious memories of believers who had once been dormant. For instance, after Benedict XVI's visit to Cuba, even members of the Communist Party of Cuba could attend mass. This negative influence undoubtedly poses a great threat to the security of Cuba's socialist ideology.

第三,罗马教皇继续利用其权威推动宗教势力对社会主义国家的消极影响。如在有着悠久天主教历史传统的古巴,罗马教皇在21世纪依然想通过与古巴拉近关系将福音传播到古巴的各个角落。2012年,教皇本笃十六世访问古巴时呼吁古巴深化改革、开放社会、“寻求真正的自由”,呼吁古巴当局鼓励无宗教信仰的古巴人皈依宗教,甚至要求古巴政府给予古巴天主教会办大学等权利。2015年,方济各访问古巴,他在机场发表讲话,宣称要进一步支持古巴天主教徒。随后方济各在古巴首都哈瓦那举行万人弥撒。教皇对古巴的访问使一度沉寂的教徒被再次唤醒了宗教记忆,如本笃十六世访古后古共党员也可以参加弥撒,这种消极影响无疑会对古巴的社会主义意识形态安全造成极大威胁。

Furthermore, promoting various narrow ideas such as "freedom" and "national independence" and developing them into political movements is also a means of tearing apart the ideological identity of socialist countries. For instance, in Vietnam, incited by Western religious forces, some illegal religious organizations in Vietnam's mountainous and border areas propagate ideas such as "human rights," "secession, autonomy," and narrow nationalism. At the same time, the United States and other Western countries support the Vietnamese Evangelical Church and the Catholic Church in their efforts to compete for believers in Vietnam's ethnic minority regions, and incite movements such as the "struggle for national independence" among the Hmong people in northwestern Vietnam, using the banner of the "Vương Chúa" (Lord King) faith. [1]1 "Positional warfare" (阵地战) is a military term used metaphorically in Chinese political discourse to describe a sustained, frontal struggle to hold or capture key ideological or cultural positions. Another example is the establishment of illegal religious organizations "Yêsu" and "Cứu rỗi ân điển" (Salvation Grace) by hostile forces in Yên Bái Province, Vietnam, luring unsuspecting Hmong people to establish their "own country." [2]2 "Party spirit" (党性) is a core concept in Leninist party-building theory, referring to the principle that the Party's press and all its work must be guided by the Party's political line and serve its strategic goals. They also attract a large number of university students and young people through charitable activities, vocational training, overseas travel, and overseas conferences. In summary, they use religion to sever the collective memory and identity of the people with socialist ideology.

此外,宣扬各类狭隘的“自由”“民族独立”等思想并将其发展为政治运动也是撕裂社会主义国家意识形态认同的手段之一。如在越南,受到西方宗教势力蛊惑,一些非法宗教组织在越南的山区、边境地区宣扬“人权”、“离开、自治”、狭隘的民族主义等思想。同时美国等西方国家还支持越南福音教、天主教在越南少数民族地区竭力争夺信徒,鼓动越南西北部赫蒙族以“王主”信仰为旗帜的“争取民族独立”运动等。另如敌对势力在越南安沛省建立非法宗教组织“耶鞠”和“救赎恩典”,引诱不明就里的赫蒙族人建立“自己的国家”,同时也通过慈善活动、职业培训、出国旅游、境外会议等方式大量吸引大学生和年轻人。概言之,用宗教割裂民众对社会主义意识形态的集体记忆与认同。

(III) Extension of the Field — "Digital Hegemony" and Ideological Conspiracy

(三)场域的延展—“数字霸权”与意识形态合谋

With the continuous development of digital technology, the space for overseas religious infiltration has also extended into the virtual world — cyberspace. Here, "digital hegemony" conspires with ideology, creating new hidden dangers threatening the ideological security of socialist countries.

随着数字技术持续发展,境外宗教渗透的空间也延伸到虚拟世界—网络空间,在这里“数字霸权”与意识形态合谋,形成了威胁社会主义国家意识形态安全的新隐患。

With the support of digital technology, it has become increasingly easy for overseas religious forces to transmit religious information to socialist countries through various digital intermediaries. First, the West uses its first-mover advantage in network communication to seize the online ideological propaganda positions of socialist countries through websites and other media. For example, websites and social media such as Google, Facebook, and YouTube dominate Vietnam's online social interaction. Various religious forces use these network channels to continuously transport religious ideas into Vietnam. Second, they use "algorithmic recommendation" and "digital production manipulation" to inject large amounts of "theistic" thought into the information pool of socialist countries' networks or to disrupt the information pool. For instance, under the current "circle-layered" ecology of online audiences, [3]3 The quotation is from V. I. Lenin, "Socialism and Religion" (1905). overseas religious infiltration forces induce a large number of audiences in socialist countries to form superstitious religious thinking by implanting theistic ideas such as horoscopes, divination, and repeatedly pushing fortune-telling. Or they disrupt the information pool through "digital production manipulation." For example, Google, leveraging its dominant position in Vietnam's online search engine market, tops, promotes, or restructures relevant religious information, subjecting Vietnamese people to an imperceptible religious indoctrination. Third, many illegal religious websites conduct online religious exhibitions through various digital forms, deceiving the public in the online world. For example, they spread religious ideas by offering videos, audio, online lectures, etc., and provide virtual religious venues such as VR churches, metaverse churches, online communities, and forums to carry out religious activities. Fourth, they hype religious issues to create "legitimacy" for capitalist ideology to replace socialist ideology. For example, Western countries and religious forces, using the pretext that socialist countries like China and Vietnam lack "religious freedom," hype issues online such as China and Vietnam "suppressing religious freedom," harming the interests of religious believers in ethnic minority areas, and "violating human rights," thereby creating "legitimacy" for Western ideologies like "liberalism" to replace socialist ideology.

在数字技术的加持下,境外宗教势力通过各类数字中介向社会主义国家传递宗教信息越发容易。第一,西方利用网络传播先发优势,通过网站等媒介抢占社会主义国家网络意识形态宣传阵地。如谷歌、Facebook、youtube等网站、社交媒介占据了越南网络社交的主体,各种宗教势力正是借用这些网络通道将宗教思想源源不断输送到越南。第二,利用“算法推荐”与“数字生产操纵”等将大量“有神论”思想注入社会主义国家网络信息池或者扰乱信息池。如在当前网络受众“圈层化”生态下,境外宗教渗透势力通过植入星座、占卜、反复推送算命等有神论思想,诱导大量社会主义国家受众形成宗教迷信思维。或者通过“数字生产操纵”扰乱信息池。如谷歌利用其在越南网络搜索引擎方面的主导地位,置顶、推送或者重构相关宗教信息,对越南民众实施了不易察觉的宗教熏染。第三,诸多非法宗教网站通过各种数字形式进行网上宗教布展,在网络世界中蛊惑民心。如通过开设视频、音频、在线讲堂等进行宗教思想传播,提供VR教堂、元宇宙教会、网上社区、论坛等虚拟宗教场所开展宗教活动。第四,炒作宗教议题为资本主义意识形态取代社会主义意识形态创设“合理性”。如西方国家与宗教势力借口中国、越南等社会主义国家“宗教不自由”,在网络上炒作中国、越南等国“打压宗教自由”损害少数民族地区信教群众利益与“侵犯人权”等议题,为西方的“自由主义”等意识形态取代社会主义意识形态创设“合理性”。

At the same time, it is necessary to be vigilant that since the advent of artificial intelligence technology represented by ChatGPT, new uncontrollable ideological threats in the religious field have emerged for groups such as young people who use AI for learning and work. As a system developed by an American AI laboratory, ChatGPT was born with the ideological genes and ideological biases of its developers. For instance, American-style ideological discourses such as "religious freedom" are naturally embedded within it, along with a natural hostility towards socialist ideology. The information it integrates and outputs may contain purposeful and tendentious religious ideas, which could affect the socialist ideological identity of its users to varying degrees.

同时必须警惕的是,以chatGPT为代表的人工智能技术面世以来,对青少年等借助人工智能开展学习、工作的群体产生了新的不可控的宗教领域的意识形态威胁。作为美国人工智能实验室开发的系统,chatGPT一出世便携带了其开发者的意识形态基因、意识形态偏见。如美式的“宗教自由”等意识形态话语天然内嵌其中,以及对社会主义意识形态存在天然敌视等。在其整合输出的信息中或存在目的性、倾向性明显的宗教思想,这可能会不同程度影响受众的社会主义意识形态认同。

IV. Contemporary Lessons: Resisting Overseas Religious Infiltration and Safeguarding the Ideological Security of Socialist Countries

四、当代启示:抵御境外宗教渗透,维护社会主义国家意识形态安全

History has already confirmed the harm of religious infiltration to the ideological security of socialist countries, and reality has repeatedly shown that the West still uses religion to seek the reproduction of capitalist ideology in existing socialist countries. Taking history as a mirror, adhering to the Marxist view on religion as the fundamental guideline, constructing a normalized mechanism to defend against Western religious infiltration, and consolidating the mainstream ideological position will help safeguard the ideological security of socialist countries.

历史已然证实宗教渗透对社会主义国家意识形态安全的危害,现实也一再表明西方依然利用宗教在现行社会主义国家谋求实现资本主义意识形态再生产。以史为鉴,坚持以马克思主义宗教观为根本遵循,构建防御西方宗教渗透的常态化机制,夯实主流意识形态阵地,将有助于维护社会主义国家意识形态安全。

(I) Adhere to the Marxist View on Religion as the Fundamental Guideline

(一)坚持以马克思主义宗教观为根本遵循

For socialist countries to clarify the fog of religious theology, curb the negative influence of religion, and guide religion to adapt to socialist society, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of Marxist atheism.

社会主义国家要廓清宗教神学迷雾,抑制宗教的消极影响,引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应,需要坚持马克思主义无神论原则。

The Marxist view on religion is the fundamental guideline for socialist countries to understand the essence of religion, oversee religious work, and judge religious issues. It is also the theoretical weapon for contemporary socialist countries to criticize Western religious infiltration and maintain ideological security. Socialist construction guided by the principles of scientific socialism is by no means the pursuit of illusory happiness in the afterlife, but the construction of a real and beautiful world in this life. Building a beautiful world in this life requires the people of socialist countries to have common ideals and beliefs, and also requires the formation of a powerful spiritual driving force. Therefore, communism begins with the critique of religion, starts from atheism, and describes for the proletariat a free and beautiful happy life that can be pursued in the present world. As Marx pointed out: "The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness." [4]4 The quotation is from V. I. Lenin, "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), where he discusses Engels's advice. Given that religion cannot disappear in the short term, the contradiction between "theism" and "atheism" is a significant issue that cannot be ignored in the governance of contemporary socialist countries. To understand and resolve this issue, it is necessary to adhere to the guidance of the Marxist view on religion in carrying out religious work, both respecting and protecting normal religious activities, and guiding religion to adapt to socialist society, thereby uniting the people of socialist countries within the socialist ideology.

马克思主义宗教观是指导社会主义国家认识宗教本质、统领宗教工作、判断宗教问题的根本遵循,同时也是当前社会主义国家批判西方宗教渗透、维护意识形态安全的理论武器。科学社会主义原则指导下的社会主义建设绝不是追寻彼岸的虚幻的幸福,而是要建设此岸的真实的美好世界,而建设此岸美好世界需要社会主义国家民众有共同的理想信念,同时也需要形成强大的精神动力。故此共产主义从宗教批判开始,从无神论肇始,为无产阶级描述了自由的、美好的现世可追求的幸福生活。如马克思指明的:“废除作为人民的虚幻幸福的宗教,就是要求人民的现实幸福。”基于宗教无法在短期内消失,“有神论”与“无神论”的矛盾是当前社会主义国家治理不可忽视的课题。认识解决这一课题,需要坚持以马克思主义宗教观为指导开展宗教工作,既尊重、保护正常的宗教活动,又引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应,将社会主义国家民众凝聚在社会主义意识形态中。

(II) Construct a Normalized Mechanism to Prevent Overseas Religious Infiltration

(二)构建防范境外宗教渗透的常态化机制

Starting from Marx's exposition of ideology as "the legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic — in short, ideological forms," [5]5 The quotation is from V. I. Lenin, "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922). preventing overseas religious infiltration has become an inherent part of ideological security. Therefore, constructing a normalized mechanism for socialist countries to prevent religious infiltration is the necessary path to prevent and defuse risks from overseas religious infiltration and to ensure the security of socialist ideology.

从马克思对意识形态“法律的、政治的、宗教的、艺术的或哲学的,简言之,意识形态的形式”的阐释开始,防范境外宗教渗透就成为意识形态安全的题中之义。由此,社会主义国家构建防范宗教渗透的常态化机制,是防范化解来自境外宗教渗透风险、保障社会主义意识形态安全的必由之路。

First, establish a regular research-and-judgment mechanism for preventing religious infiltration risks. On the one hand, establish a reporting system and ledger system for regularly submitting issues related to religion. Religious management-related institutions, departments, groups, personnel, as well as key areas and fields, should regularly report to higher-level management departments meeting ledgers, study ledgers, training ledgers, inspection ledgers, problem ledgers, key work ledgers, key personnel ledgers, etc., concerning religious security work, providing basic information for management departments to make scientific research and judgment; on the other hand, form a risk assessment system for regularly researching and judging religious security issues. Currently, the risk assessment of overseas religious infiltration is increasingly difficult because it involves a wide range of personnel and fields, and involves various types of covert religious infiltration activities. Therefore, institutions at all levels need to assess the risk value of possible religious infiltration in various groups, fields, and activities, expressing various "uncertain" or contingent risk events as relatively precise risk value data, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of preventing, resisting, and resolving religious infiltration risks.

一是建立防范宗教渗透风险定期研判机制。一方面建立定期报送宗教相关问题的报告制与台账制。宗教管理相关机构部门、群体、人员以及重点区域、领域等要定期向上级管理部门报告涉宗教安全工作的会议台账、学习台账、培训台账、检查台账、问题台账、重点工作台账、重点人员台账等,为管理部门做出科学研判提供基础信息;另一方面形成定期研判宗教安全问题的风险评估制。当前,境外宗教渗透的风险评估因涉及人员范围场域较广,涉及各类隐性宗教渗透活动而难度不断加大。因此需要各层级机构对各群体、场域、活动中可能存在宗教渗透的风险值做好评估,将各种“不确定性”的、或然性风险事件表述为相对精准的风险值数据,提升防范、抵御、化解宗教渗透风险的效度。

Second, form a prevention-and-control mechanism for resisting religious infiltration. "The key to preventing and resolving major risks lies in prevention." First, cultivate a professional team with profound theory and rich experience. In institutions, departments, industries, and fields at all levels, especially in universities, cultivate a professional team with a solid foundation in Marxist theory, especially with a certain understanding and research on Marxist views on religion, ideological theory, ideological infiltration, and other issues, thereby laying the ideological and organizational foundation for precise prevention and control of religious infiltration. Second, move the threshold forward, and routinely track and monitor issues related to religious security. This involves, on the one hand, routine monitoring of religious activities and foreign-related religious activities in key areas, key fields, and key personnel; on the other hand, emergency monitoring of major religion-related incidents and important key nodes. And analyze and report the monitoring information, so as to take effective measures in a timely manner to precisely prevent and control security risks related to religious infiltration.

二是形成抵御宗教渗透的防控机制。“防范化解重大风险,关键在防”。首先,培育一支理论深厚、经验丰富的专业队伍。在各级各类机构、部门、行业领域,特别是高校,培育一支马克思主义理论功底深厚,尤其是对马克思主义宗教观、意识形态理论、意识形态渗透等问题有一定认识、研究的专业队伍,从而为精准防控宗教渗透奠定思想基础与组织基础。其次,关口前移,常态化追踪监测涉宗教安全问题。这一方面是对重点地区、重点领域、重要人员的宗教活动、涉外宗教活动的常态化监测;另一方面是对重大涉宗教事件、重要关键节点的应急监测。并对监测信息进行分析通报,以及时采取有效措施精准防控涉宗教渗透的安全隐患。

Third, establish a joint coordination mechanism for resolving religious infiltration risks. Based on the characteristics of religious infiltration activities, such as their foreign-related nature, subversive harm, complexity of circumstances, and difficulty of precise research and judgment, preventing and resisting overseas religious infiltration requires the formation of a joint cooperation mechanism among various entities such as the government, society, and the people. For example, the government, society, and individuals, religious management institutions, security departments, universities, ethnic minority areas, rural areas, etc., form a joint force that coordinates all parties and collaborates to resolve religious infiltration risks.

三是建立化解宗教渗透风险的联动协作机制。基于宗教渗透的活动涉外性、危害颠覆性、情形复杂性、难以精准研判性等特征,防范、抵御境外宗教渗透需要政府、社会、人民等各类主体形成联动合作机制。如政府、社会、个人,宗教管理机构、安全部门、高校,少数民族地区、农村地区等形成协调各方、协作联动化解宗教渗透风险的合力。

(III) Strengthen collaborative construction to consolidate the ideological positions

(三)强化协同建设夯实意识形态阵地

Currently, in the cyberspace, universities, rural areas, ethnic minority聚居 areas, and other fields of socialist countries, multiple religions coexist and multiple thoughts clash, and the issue of religious security can be described as undercurrents surging. This requires carrying out long-term struggles in various fields, fighting the "positional warfare" of ideology, and guarding the main positions of socialist ideology.

当前,在社会主义国家网络空间、高校、农村、少数民族聚居区等场域,多种宗教并存、多种思想交锋,宗教安全问题可谓暗流涌动。这就需要在各领域开展长期斗争,打好意识形态“阵地战”,守好社会主义意识形态主阵地。

First, adhere to the principle of "Party spirit" and consolidate the main position of public opinion propaganda. One is to adhere to the principle of "Party spirit," adhere to the Party's management of public opinion propaganda, and firmly grasp the leadership of ideological propaganda positions. Lenin once pointed out: "We demand the complete separation of church and state, so as to fight against the religious fog with purely ideological weapons, and only ideological weapons, with our publications and our words." In clearing the religious fog and curbing the negative influence of religion, the proletarian party needs to grasp the leadership of public opinion propaganda work.

首先,坚持“党性”原则,筑牢舆论宣传主阵地。一是坚持“党性”原则,坚持党管舆论宣传,牢牢掌握意识形态宣传阵地领导权。列宁曾经指出:“我们要求教会与国家完全分离,以便用纯粹的思想武器,而且仅仅是思想武器,用我们的书刊、我们的言论来跟宗教迷雾进行斗争。”在廓清宗教迷雾、抑制宗教的消极影响中,需要无产阶级政党通过掌握舆论宣传工作的领导权。

Second, leverage the high ground role of public opinion propaganda and education to carry out propaganda and education on atheism. In this regard, "Engels long ago instructed the leaders of the modern proletariat to translate the literature of the militant atheism of the late 18th century and widely disseminate it among the people." "We should provide them with various atheist propaganda materials, tell them facts from all aspects of real life, approach them by various means, arouse their interest, awaken them from their religious dreams, and use various methods to invigorate them from all sides, and so on." In short, for those who are enchanted by religion and believe in the negative thought of "cultivating the afterlife," it is necessary to propagate atheist ideas to the masses through the proletarian party's publications and media, so that "socialism attracts science to dispel the fog of religion, unites the workers for a real struggle for a better earthly life, thereby freeing them from superstition about life after death." [6]6 The quotation is from V. I. Lenin, "Socialism and Religion" (1905).

二是发挥舆论宣传教育高地作用,开展无神论宣传教育。对此,“恩格斯早就嘱咐过现代无产阶级的领导者,要把18世纪末战斗的无神论的文献翻译出来,在人民中间进行广泛传播”。“应该向他们提供各种无神论的宣传材料,告诉他们实际生活各个方面的事实,用各种办法接近他们,以引起他们的兴趣,唤醒他们的宗教迷梦,用种种方法从各方面使他们振作起来,如此等等。”总而言之,对于那些被宗教魅惑,信奉“修来世”的消极思想,即要通过无产阶级的党刊、党媒向人民群众宣传无神论思想,让“社会主义吸引科学来驱散宗教的迷雾,把工人团结起来为美好的人间生活作真正的斗争,从而使他们摆脱对死后生活的迷信”。

Second, strengthen network security governance and consolidate the main position of network ideology. One is to establish a network ideological work team with excellent professional skills and a firm stance. "Where the people are, there is the focus of propaganda and ideological work." To maintain the security of network ideology in socialist countries, it is necessary to cultivate socialist mainstream ideological workers into disseminators and practitioners of socialist ideology in cyberspace, guardians of network ideological security, and at the same time cultivate and create network opinion leaders who can dispel the fog of religion and uncover the deception of religious蛊惑, thereby forming the core force for maintaining the security of socialist network ideology.

其次,加强网络安全治理,夯实网络意识形态主阵地。一是建立一支业务精良、立场坚定的网络意识形态工作队伍。“人在哪儿,宣传思想工作的重点就在哪儿。”维护社会主义国家网络意识形态安全,需要将社会主义主流意识形态工作者培育为网络空间中社会主义意识形态的传播者、践行者、网络意识形态安全的维护者,同时培育造就祛魅宗教迷雾、解蔽宗教蛊惑的网络发声领袖,以形成维护社会主义网络意识形态安全的核心力量。

Second, empower the construction of network positions with technology, and enhance the dominance and discursive power of socialist countries' network ideology. On the one hand, optimize the ability to research, develop, innovate, and apply core network technologies, and enhance the "hard power" of network religious risk prevention. To resolve the risk of Western religious forces using technical means such as "digital hegemony" and "algorithmic recommendation" to covertly spread religious ideas in the cyberspace of socialist countries, socialist countries need to supervise, intercept, and handle religious offensives from overseas through the innovation and iteration of network technology and digital technology, using "technological rationality." On the other hand, strengthen the innovation of network ideological propaganda discourse, and enhance the "soft power" of network ideological security. Network ideological workers should fully understand, scientifically research and judge, and precisely grasp the psychology of netizens, individual interests, social concerns, and practical needs, innovate the narrative logic and network discourse system of socialist ideology, enhance the attractiveness of socialist network ideological discourse to the masses, and "use mainstream value orientation to control 'algorithms,' comprehensively improving the ability to guide public opinion."

二是技术赋能网络阵地建设,增强社会主义国家网络意识形态主导权话语权。一方面,优化网络核心技术研发、创新与应用能力,增强网络宗教风险防范“硬实力”。要化解西方宗教势力利用“数字霸权”“算法推荐”等技术手段在社会主义国家网络空间隐性传播宗教思想的风险,需要社会主义国家通过网络技术、数字技术的创新迭代,以“技术理性”监管、拦截、处理来自境外的宗教攻势。另一方面,加强网络意识形态宣传话语创新,提升网络意识形态安全“软实力”。网络意识形态工作者要充分认识、科学研判、精准把握网民心理与个体兴趣、社会关切、现实需求,创新社会主义意识形态的叙事逻辑与网络话语体系,增强社会主义网络意识形态话语对大众的吸引力，“用主流价值导向驾驭‘算法’，全面提高舆论引导能力”。

Third, build an educational defense line and consolidate the main ideological position of universities. One is to educate students on the Marxist view of religion, Marxist atheism, and the religious policies of the proletarian party in the current ideological and political education courses in universities. Help university teachers and students correctly understand the essence of religion, the ideological attribute of religion, the purpose and harm of religious infiltration, etc., enhance their perception, discrimination, and immunity to overseas religious infiltration, and build a solid ideological defense line against religious infiltration. Second, strengthen the education of communist ideals and beliefs for university teachers and students. Through Marxist materialism and atheism education, help teachers and students dispel the enchantment of religion, and enhance their ability to correctly treat the "this shore" real world and the "other shore" false illusion. Third, conduct religious rule-of-law education for university teachers and students. Therefore, university propaganda departments, etc., should use various carriers to publicize and popularize relevant laws and regulations, such as the socialist education principle of separation of education and religion, "non-religious schools shall not organize or hold religious activities, shall not accept religious donations, shall not carry out religious education and training, etc.," to enhance the legal awareness of teachers and students in preventing religious infiltration.

再次，构筑教育防线，筑牢高校意识形态主阵地。一是在当前的高校思想政治教育课程中对学生进行马克思主义宗教观、马克思主义无神论教育及无产阶级政党的宗教政策宣讲。帮助高校师生正确认识宗教的本质、宗教的意识形态属性、宗教渗透的目的与危害等问题，增强其对境外宗教渗透的感知力、甄别力、免疫力，筑牢防范抵御宗教渗透的思想防线。二是加强对高校师生的共产主义理想信念教育。通过马克思主义唯物论和无神论教育等帮助师生祛魅宗教，提升师生正确对待“此岸”真实世界与“彼岸”虚假幻象的能力。三是对高校师生进行宗教法治教育。因此，高校宣传部门等应利用各种载体宣传普及相关法律法规，如教育与宗教相分离的社会主义教育原则、“非宗教院校不得组织、举行宗教活动，不得接受宗教性的捐赠，不得开展宗教教育培训等”，提升师生防范宗教渗透等方面的法律意识。

(Author profiles: Zhang Kai, Associate Professor, School of Marxism, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College; Wang Hongsheng, Deputy Director and Associate Professor, Department of Public Basic Courses, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College; Wang Tingyou, Professor, School of Marxism, Renmin University of China, Adjunct Professor, School of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, Researcher, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Study of 21st Century Chinese Marxism, Renmin University of China)

（作者简介：张锴,重庆三峡医药高等专科学校马克思主义学院副教授;王洪生,重庆三峡医药高等专科学校公共基础部副主任、副教授;汪亭友,中国人民大学马克思主义学院教授、纪检监察学院兼职教授,中国人民大学21世纪中国马克思主义研究协同创新中心研究员）

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