On October 10, Marek Hrubec, Director of the Center for Global Studies at the Czech Academy of Sciences, Conducted Academic Exchange at the Academy of Marxism

—A Marxist Analysis of Revolutionary Reform: Understanding China from a European Perspective

——革命性改革的马克思主义分析：从欧洲人视角理解中国

On the morning of October 10, 2019, Dr. Marek Hrubec, Director of the Center for Global Studies at the Czech Academy of Sciences, delivered an academic report in Conference Room 1345 of the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The report was chaired by Xin Xiangyang, Vice President of the Academy of Marxism, and attended by all staff of the Academy. Marek Hrubec presented his views from the perspective of the Central and Eastern European Marxist tradition on understanding Chinese Marxism, including the guiding principles of reform and opening up, revolutionary reform and its stages, and understanding the success of China’s reform from a European viewpoint.

2019年10月10日上午，捷克科学院全球化研究中心主任马雷克·赫鲁贝克博士在中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院1345会议室作学术报告。报告由马克思主义研究院副院长辛向阳研究员主持，马研院全体人员参会。马雷克·赫鲁贝克从中东欧马克思主义传统对中国马克思主义的理解，如改革开放的指导原则、革命性的改革与阶段、从欧洲人视角理解中国改革的成功等方面谈了自己的看法。

▲ Scene of the exchange meeting

▲交流会议现场

I. Chinese Marxism and the Guiding Principles of Reform and Opening Up

一、中国马克思主义与改革开放的指导原则

Hrubec first pointed out that in China there is adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, while in Europe there is the Frankfurt School, critical theory, and so on, but both share a common foundation. First, there is a deeper understanding of the complexity of history; historical development is not linear. Second, there is greater comprehension of the complexity of social development than in the early 19th century, and China has its own understanding of modernity.

赫鲁贝克首先指出，在中国有马克思主义中国化，在欧洲有法兰克福学派、批判理论等，但是两者都有共同的基础。第一，对历史的复杂性有了更深刻的认识，历史的发展不是线性的。第二，对于社会发展的复杂性比19世纪初有了更多的理解，中国对现代性有自己的认识。

The first guiding principle of China’s reform and opening up is seeking truth from facts. This is not a principle of pragmatism but one with a historical developmental perspective. This basic principle, proposed by Mao Zedong and developed by Deng Xiaoping, is especially embodied in the famous dictum “Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, and unite as one in looking to the future.” [1]1 A key speech by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 that marked the beginning of the reform and opening up era. The second principle is crossing the river by feeling the stones. This applies not only to reform and opening up since 1978 but also serves as a guiding principle for the Belt and Road Initiative.

中国改革开放的第一个指导原则是实事求是，这不是实用主义的原则，而是具有历史发展眼光的原则。这个由毛泽东提出、邓小平发展的基本原则，尤其体现在其著名论断“解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看”中。第二个原则是摸着石头过河。不仅是适用于1978年来的改革开放，而且也是适用于指导“一带一路”倡议的原则。

▲ Marek Hrubec, Director of the Center for Global Studies at the Czech Academy of Sciences

▲捷克科学院全球化研究中心主任马雷克·赫鲁贝克

II. Revolutionary Reform and Stages of Development

二、革命性的改革与发展阶段

There are two modes of social development: one is revolutionary, violent revolution; the other is gradual, parliamentary reform. In the latter half of the 20th century, complex social development showed that these are not the only two modes; we must also distinguish two concepts: revolutionary transformation and transformative revolution. Revolutionary transformation is essentially a transformation, but it has revolutionary consequences. For example, China’s reform and opening up is a second revolution [2]2 A term used by Deng Xiaoping to characterize reform and opening up as a second revolution, distinct from the 1949 revolution, aimed at transforming the economy and society. —a gradual reform that nonetheless produced enormous revolutionary results. Therefore, we carry out reform to complete the economic and social development that the first revolution did not accomplish, while simultaneously maintaining very high revolutionary goals. The crucial point is that these two aspects are organically unified.

社会有两种发展方式，一种是革命性、暴力的革命；一种是渐进的、议会性的改革。在20世纪后半叶，复杂的社会发展表明不仅仅存在这两种发展方式，我们还要区分两个概念——革命性转型与转型性革命。革命性的转型本质上是一种转型，但是它具有革命性的后果，比如说中国的改革开放，是第二次革命，是渐进式的改革，但是产生了革命性的巨大成果。因此，我们进行改革完成第一次革命没有完成的经济和社会的发展，同时我们继续保持很高的革命性目标，重要的是这两者是有机统一的。

III. Understanding the Success of China’s Reform from a European Perspective

三、从欧洲人视角理解中国改革的成功

First, there is a distinction between capital and capitalism. We use capital to advance the process of socialist development, but we must also guard against the negative problems brought by capital and avoid moving toward capitalism. Second, under socialist conditions, we must handle the relationship between plan and market. In China, in order to enable the market to develop better, the market is constrained by the government.

首先，资本与资本主义有区别。我们利用资本推进社会主义的发展进程，但是也要防范资本带来的负面问题，避免走向资本主义。其次，在社会主义条件下处理好计划与市场的关系。在中国，为了使市场更好地发展，市场是由政府约束的。

From the perspective of critical theory, looking at this intersection between the West and China, the reason for the success of China’s economic system transformation lies in its adoption of a different political system. China did not passively open up to the world; the initiative in economic management during the opening process was a crucial factor in the intersection of China and the West. Many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America also opened up to the outside world but did not succeed. China has its own system and institutions, so it successfully achieved the convergence of China and the West.

从批判理论的角度看待西方与中国的这种交汇，那么中国经济系统转型成功的原因，在于采取了不同的政治体制。中国不是被动地向世界开放，在开放过程中对经济管理的主动性在中西方交汇过程中是至关重要的因素。亚非拉很多国家也对外开放但没有成功，中国有自己的制度和体系，所以成功地实现了中西方的汇合。

The success of China lies in two points. The first is the banking control system, which can channel returns toward economic development, people’s livelihoods, and infrastructure construction. The second is the large-country effect: the size and scale of the economy determine that its development path also differs from that of countries like the Four Asian Tigers. [3]3 Refers to Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, which experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth from the 1960s onward. In the process of opening up and learning from the West, China transformed from a country with cheap labor into a major power in science and technology, thus giving rise to issues such as the Sino-US trade friction and the Huawei incident.

中国成功的原因在于两点。第一是银行管制制度，可以把收益用于经济、民生与基础建设的发展。第二是大国效应，经济体量和规模很大，决定了其发展道路也不同于亚洲四小龙等国家。在对外开放与学习西方的过程中，中国从廉价劳动力国转变为科学与技术的大国，所以产生了中美贸易摩擦与华为事件等问题。

Since 1978, China’s reform and opening up has achieved enormous successes. China has undergone three successful reforms: the first was the revolution of 1949, the second was reform and opening up, and it is now undergoing a third reform, namely the proposal and implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. Although it requires recognition and cooperation from countries along the route, this initiative represents the trend of future development.

从1978年以来，中国改革开放取得了巨大的成就。中国经历了三次成功的改革，第一次是1949年的革命，第二次是改革开放，现在正在经历第三次改革，即“一带一路”倡议的提出与实施。尽管需要得到沿路各国的认同与合作，但这个倡议是未来发展的趋势。

(Contributed by Zhang Li)

（张莉供稿）