Thought Leads the Era! Top Ten Theoretical Hotspots of 2021! Jointly Released by Sichuan Daily, Chuanguan Think Tank, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Marxism, and the Marxist Theoretical Innovation Think Tank

Editor’s Note

编者按

2021 was an extraordinary year. Under the guidance of the Party’s innovative theory, China’s socialist modernization cause reached a new level. At the same time, the Party’s innovative theory was continuously enriched and perfected in the course of magnificent practice. Sichuan Daily, Chuanguan Think Tank, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Marxism, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Marxist Theoretical Innovation Think Tank jointly release the “Top Ten Theoretical Hotspots of 2021” to help the broad ranks of cadres and the masses systematically study and reflect on Marxism in development.

2021年是极不平凡的一年。在党的创新理论指引下，我国社会主义现代化建设事业再上新台阶，与此同时，党的创新理论也在波澜壮阔的实践中不断得到丰富和完善。四川日报社、川观智库与中国社科院马克思主义研究院、中国社科院马克思主义理论创新智库联合发布“2021十大理论热点”，帮助广大干部群众系统学习和思考发展中的马克思主义。

At the end of last year, we analyzed and screened tens of thousands of pieces of information from the theoretical pages and websites of central and provincial-level major media in 2021, while simultaneously soliciting opinions from experts and scholars at the Central Party School, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee Party School, Sichuan University, and other institutions, initially identifying 20 theoretical hotspots. Thereafter, a questionnaire survey was launched on Sichuan Daily and the Chuanguan News client, inviting readers and netizens to select 10 of the most concerning theoretical hotspots from the 20. The questionnaire also targeted 25 well-known experts and scholars and 25 heads of Party and government departments at various levels, as well as heads of state-owned enterprises and schools, for completion. Finally, the relevant information was synthesized to determine the “Top Ten Theoretical Hotspots of 2021” (listed in no particular order).

去年底，我们通过对中央和省级重要媒体理论版面、网站2021年的数万条信息进行分析筛选，同时征求中央党校、中国社科院、四川省委党校、四川大学等单位专家学者的意见，初步确定20个理论热点。此后，在四川日报、川观新闻客户端发起问卷调查，邀请读者和网友从20个理论热点中选出10个自己最关注的理论热点，问卷还定向邀请了25位知名专家学者和25位各级党政部门负责人、国企和学校负责人填写，最后综合相关信息确定“2021十大理论热点”（排名不分先后）。

We invited experts and scholars in relevant fields to explain and analyze each of the ten theoretical hotspots one by one, reviewing their emergence and development in 2021, elaborating on their main content, theoretical origins, practical background, major significance, and theoretical innovation points. At the same time, we raise issues requiring further in-depth consideration by the theoretical community and problems requiring special attention in practice, providing assistance for everyone to deeply understand, accurately grasp, and flexibly apply the Party’s innovative theory.

我们邀请相关领域专家学者对十大理论热点逐个进行阐释解析，回顾其在2021年出现及发展情况，阐述其主要内容、理论渊源、现实背景、重大意义、理论创新点，同时提出需要理论界进一步深入思考的问题和在实践中需要特别注意的问题，为大家深入理解、准确把握、灵活运用党的创新理论提供帮助。

01 Upholding the Party’s Leadership

01坚持党的领导

“Upholding the Party’s leadership” has long been a major theoretical topic of concern to the theoretical community, and its prominence was even higher in 2021. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China: “Drawing on historical experience to forge ahead into the future, we must uphold the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China.” [1]1 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2021 and adopted a landmark resolution on the Party’s major achievements and historical experience over the past century. The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century” lists “upholding the Party’s leadership” as the first of the ten historical experiences of the CPC’s century-long struggle. [2]2 “Oppose Book Worship” (反对本本主义) is a 1930 essay by Mao Zedong arguing against dogmatic reliance on texts and for investigation and practice. East, west, south, north, center; the Party, the government, the military, the people, and academia — the Party leads everything. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential characteristic of socialism with Chinese characteristics and must never be shaken at any time.

“坚持党的领导”一直以来都是理论界关注的重大理论题目，2021年热度更高。习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上强调：“以史为鉴、开创未来，必须坚持中国共产党坚强领导。”《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》把“坚持党的领导”列为中国共产党百年奋斗的十条历史经验的第一条。东西南北中，党政军民学，党是领导一切的。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，任何时候都不能动摇。

In 2021, the theoretical community carried out solid and in-depth research around General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on upholding and strengthening the Party’s comprehensive leadership. The topics mainly involved the following six aspects: first, the practices and experiences of the CPC in upholding the Party’s leadership over the 100 years since its founding; second, the status and role of “Party leadership” in the history of the Party, the history of New China, the history of reform and opening up, and the history of socialist development; third, the major significance of Party leadership for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; fourth, the paths and methods for upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership, especially the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, in the New Era; fifth, that Party leadership is comprehensive, systematic, and holistic; sixth, the relationship between upholding the Party’s leadership and upholding comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and upholding the people being the masters of the country, among others.

2021年，理论界围绕习近平总书记关于坚持和加强党的全面领导重要论述开展了扎实而深入的研究，议题主要涉及以下六个方面：一是中国共产党成立100年来在坚持党的领导方面的做法和经验；二是“党的领导”在党史、新中国史、改革开放史、社会主义发展史上的地位和作用；三是党的领导对实现中华民族伟大复兴的重大意义；四是新时代坚持党的全面领导特别是党中央集中统一领导的路径、方式；五是党的领导是全面的、系统的、整体的；六是坚持党的领导与坚持全面从严治党、坚持人民当家作主之间的关系等。

The Communist Party of China is the core leadership force of our cause. The fundamental reason why the Chinese people and the Chinese nation were able to reverse the historical destiny of modern times and achieve today’s great accomplishments is the leadership of the Communist Party of China. “Without the Communist Party of China, there would be no New China, and there would be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” has become a common understanding of all Chinese people. To govern the world’s largest political party and the most populous country, we must uphold the Party’s comprehensive leadership, especially the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, uphold democratic centralism, and ensure that the Party always oversees the overall situation and coordinates all parties. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has driven historic achievements and historic changes in the cause of the Party and the state, first and foremost reflected in upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership. In response to problems such as the weakening, dilution, fading, and marginalization of Party leadership in some departments and regions, the Party leadership system has been continuously advanced and improved, the Party’s leadership methods have been improved, the authority of the Party Central Committee has been further strengthened, effectively ensuring that the entire Party maintains a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path, and the Party’s political leadership, thought-guiding power, mass organizing power, and social appeal have been significantly strengthened.

中国共产党是领导我们事业的核心力量。中国人民和中华民族之所以能够扭转近代以后的历史命运、取得今天的伟大成就，最根本的是有中国共产党的领导。“没有中国共产党，就没有新中国，就没有中华民族伟大复兴”已经成为全体中国人民的共同认知。治理好我们这个世界上最大的政党和人口最多的国家，必须坚持党的全面领导特别是党中央集中统一领导，坚持民主集中制，确保党始终总揽全局、协调各方。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，首先体现在坚持党的全面领导上。针对一些部门和地区党的领导弱化、虚化、淡化、边缘化等问题，不断推进完善党的领导制度，改进党的领导方式，党中央权威进一步得到加强，有力保证了全党在政治立场、政治方向、政治原则、政治道路上同党中央保持高度一致,党的政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力、社会号召力显著加强。

Although the theoretical community has continuously focused on the topic of “upholding the Party’s leadership,” and the theoretical system constructed around “upholding the Party’s leadership” has become increasingly mature, there are still some issues requiring greater effort. For example, how to further improve the Party’s leadership capability, enhance the political judgment, political comprehension, and political execution ability of Party leading cadres; what are the challenges and key tasks in deepening the reform of the Party leadership system; how to ensure that the Party plays a leadership role in various organizations such as the People’s Congresses, governments, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, supervisory organs, judicial organs, armed forces, people’s organizations, enterprises and institutions, grassroots mass autonomous organizations, and social organizations; how to improve the Party’s leadership system for major work and strengthen the functional role of the Party Central Committee’s decision-making and coordination bodies; how to further improve the system of reporting requests and instructions to the Party Central Committee, among others. In practice, Party organizations at all levels should be adept at detecting shortcomings and weaknesses in strengthening Party leadership, focusing on resolving problems such as vague understanding of upholding Party leadership, weak action, and ineffective implementation of the Party Central Committee’s major decisions and deployments, resolutely opposing the practice of having policies from above and countermeasures from below, and resolutely opposing saying one thing and doing another and acting without authorization. Organizations with intra-Party supervisory responsibilities, such as discipline inspection and supervision and inspection tours, should strengthen political supervision, seriously investigate and punish acts that violate the Party’s line, principles, and policies and undermine the Party’s centralized and unified leadership, ensuring that the entire Party maintains a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path.

虽然理论界持续关注“坚持党的领导”这一课题，围绕“坚持党的领导”构建的理论体系日益成熟，但仍有一些问题需要做出更多的努力。比如，怎样进一步提高党的领导能力，提升党的领导干部政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力；深化党的领导体系改革面临的挑战和工作重点有哪些；如何确保党在人大、政府、政协、监察机关、审判机关、武装力量、人民团体、企事业单位、基层群众性自治组织、社会组织等各种组织中发挥领导作用；如何健全党对重大工作的领导体制、强化党中央决策议事协调机构职能作用；如何进一步完善向党中央请示报告制度等。实践中，各级党组织应善于觉察在加强党的领导方面存在的短板弱项，重点解决对坚持党的领导认识模糊、行动乏力、对党中央重大决策部署执行不力的问题，坚决反对搞上有政策、下有对策，坚决反对口是心非、擅自行事。纪检监察、巡视巡察等负有党内监督职责的组织，要强化政治监督，严肃查处违背党的路线方针政策、破坏党的集中统一领导的行为，保证全党在政治立场、政治方向、政治原则、政治道路上同党中央保持高度一致。

(Tian Kun, Associate Researcher, Party Building and Party History Research Office, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院党建党史研究室副研究员 田坤）

02 The Two Establishments

02两个确立

The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century,” reviewed and approved at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, [3]3 The “sinicization of Marxism” (马克思主义中国化) is the classic formulation for adapting Marxist theory to Chinese conditions, first formally proposed by Mao Zedong at this 1938 plenum. emphasizes that the Party has established Comrade Xi Jinping’s position as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the entire Party, and established the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. [4]4 “Two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the domestic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the international situation of changes unseen in a century. The Two Establishments are the inevitable choice of practical development in the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the Chinese people have been confident and

党的十九届六中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》强调，党确立习近平同志党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，确立习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指导地位。“两个确立”是新时代实践发展的必然选择，党的十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央的坚强领导下，中国人民自信自强、守正创新，创造了新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就，这其中习近平总书记的领航定向发挥了至关重要的作用，习近平总书记赢得了人民的真诚拥戴。

The Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC formally proposed "the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core," establishing Comrade Xi Jinping's core position in the entire Party. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Chinese Communists with Comrade Xi Jinping as their principal representative have gradually founded Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The 19th National Congress of the CPC summarized and put forward Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, establishing it as the guiding ideology the Party must uphold for the long term and writing it into the Party Constitution. The Party's third historical resolution formally proposed the Two Establishments, reflecting the consciousness, autonomy, and inevitability of the people's choice.

党的十八届六中全会正式提出“以习近平同志为核心的党中央”，确立了习近平同志在全党的核心地位。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，逐步创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，党的十九大概括和提出了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，将其确立为党必须长期坚持的指导思想并写进党章。党的第三个历史决议正式提出“两个确立”，体现了人民选择的自觉性、自主性和必然性。

A great power requires a great Party, and a great Party requires a core. Comrade Xi Jinping is

大国需要大党，大党需要核心，习近平同志是当之无愧的党中央的核心、全党的核心；伟大征程需要伟大思想的指引，实现伟大梦想必须遵循习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是当代中国的马克思主义、二十一世纪的马克思主义，是全党全军和全国各族人民众望所归的指导思想。全党有核心，党中央才有权威，党才有力量，党的领导才有保障，党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用才能充分发挥出来。深刻领悟“两个确立”，“要”在我们思想认知的高度认同，“重”在付诸实际行动。我们要更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，全面贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。

The “Two Establishments” [1]1 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2021 and adopted a landmark resolution on the Party’s major achievements and historical experience over the past century. require that the entire Party, the military, and the people of all ethnic groups in the country must, from the heights of ideological consciousness, political consciousness, and action consciousness, resolutely uphold President Xi Jinping’s core position in the Party Central Committee and the entire Party, and resolutely uphold the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. In learning, thinking, practicing, and comprehending, they must implement and apply Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, allowing contemporary Chinese Marxism to radiate strong vitality; they must deeply study the original theoretical contributions of this thought, sorting out the new heights this thought has reached in the history of Marxist development; they must study how this thought profoundly answers the major epochal questions of what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop in the New Era [2]2 “Oppose Book Worship” (反对本本主义) is a 1930 essay by Mao Zedong arguing against dogmatic reliance on texts and for investigation and practice. and how to uphold and develop it, what kind of powerful modern socialist country to build and how to build it, and what kind of long-term governing Marxist party to build and how to build it; they must explain how this thought has achieved a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

“两个确立”要求全党全军全国各族人民必须从思想自觉、政治自觉与行动自觉的高度坚决维护习近平总书记党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，在学思践悟中贯彻和运用好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，让当代中国的马克思主义焕发出强大生机活力；深入研究这一思想的原创性理论贡献，梳理这一思想在马克思主义发展史上所达到的新高度；研究这一思想是如何深刻回答新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党的重大时代课题；阐释这一思想是如何实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃。

We must, from the original thoughts, transformative practices, breakthrough progress, and landmark achievements of the New Era, more deeply understand the decisive significance of the “Two Establishments.” We must understand the decisive significance of the “Two Establishments” from the perspective of the fundamental guarantee for carrying out the great struggle, building the great project, advancing the great cause, and realizing the great dream. [3]3 The “sinicization of Marxism” (马克思主义中国化) is the classic formulation for adapting Marxist theory to Chinese conditions, first formally proposed by Mao Zedong at this 1938 plenum. Implementing the “Two Establishments” is also the touchstone for testing our absolute loyalty to the Party, forging our basic skills in strengthening the “Four Consciousnesses,” [4]4 “Two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the domestic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the international situation of changes unseen in a century. and a required course for improving our political judgment, political understanding, and political execution capacity, ensuring that we consciously maintain a high degree of alignment with the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in thought, politics, and action.

我们要从新时代的原创性思想、变革性实践、突破性进展、标志性成果中，更加深刻理解“两个确立”的决定性意义，从进行伟大斗争、建设伟大工程、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想的根本保证意义上理解“两个确立”的决定性意义，贯彻“两个确立”也是检验我们对党绝对忠诚的试金石，锻造我们增强“四个意识”的基本功，提高我们政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力的必修课，确保我们自觉在思想上政治上行动上同以习近平同志为核心的党中央保持高度一致。

(Liu Xukuan, Director and Associate Researcher of the Ideology and Social Trends Research Office, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院意识形态与社会思潮研究室主任、副研究员 刘须宽）

03 The Great Founding Spirit of the Party

03伟大建党精神

On July 1, 2021, at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping scientifically summarized the great founding spirit of the Party. This important exposition quickly sparked widespread attention. By the end of 2021, in just half a year, nearly 1,500 articles related to the “founding spirit of the Party” could be retrieved on CNKI, averaging 7.5 articles per day studying and explaining it, showing its high level of popularity.

2021年7月1日在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上，习近平总书记科学概括了伟大建党精神。这一重要论述，迅速引发广泛关注。截至2021年底，仅半年时间，中国知网可以检索到“建党精神”的相关文章，就达近1500篇，平均每天就有7.5篇文章在研究阐释，可见其热度之高。

Theoretical circles’ attention to the theoretical point of the great founding spirit of the Party mainly revolves around General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition. The scientific connotation of the great founding spirit of the Party is “upholding truth and ideals, staying true to the original aspiration and founding mission, fighting bravely without fear of sacrifice, and being loyal to the Party and faithful to the people.” Many scholars have specifically analyzed the connotation and logic of these 32 characters, believing that each highlights different emphases, embodying the Party’s ideals and beliefs, action guidelines, fundamental purpose, political character, etc., answering the fundamental question of what the Communist Party of China is and what it wants to do.

理论界对伟大建党精神这一理论点的关注，主要是围绕习近平总书记的重要论述展开。伟大建党精神的科学内涵是“坚持真理、坚守理想，践行初心、担当使命，不怕牺牲、英勇斗争，对党忠诚、不负人民”，不少学者具体分析了这32个字的内涵和逻辑，认为其各自突出的重点有所不同，蕴含了党的理想信念、行动指南、根本宗旨、政治品格等，回答了中国共产党是什么、要干什么这个根本问题。

Regarding the generative logic of the great founding spirit of the Party, it unfolds from theoretical, historical, and practical dimensions respectively. From a theoretical logic, the great founding spirit of the Party originates from the nature and characteristics of a Marxist political party, determined by the theoretical character of Marxism’s scientificity, truth, practicality, combativeness, and affinity to the people. From a historical logic, the great founding spirit of the Party was formed under specific historical conditions and processes, concretely formed in the practice of the pioneers of the Communist Party of China founding the Party, and carried forward throughout the Party’s century-long struggle. From a practical logic, the reason for proposing the great founding spirit of the Party at the historical juncture of celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China is the practical need of the New Era to carry out the great struggle, build the great project, advance the great cause, and realize the great dream. From the perspective of the Party’s own construction, carrying forward the great founding spirit of the Party in the New Era means staying true to the original aspiration and founding mission, and always walking at the forefront of the times.

关于伟大建党精神的生成逻辑，分别从理论、历史、实践不同的维度展开。从理论逻辑看，伟大建党精神源于马克思主义政党的性质和特质，是马克思主义科学性、真理性、实践性、斗争性、人民性的理论品格决定的。从历史逻辑看，伟大建党精神是在特定的历史条件和历史过程中形成的，具体形成于中国共产党的先驱们创建中国共产党的实践，并且弘扬于党的百年奋斗历程。从实践逻辑看，之所以在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年的历史节点上提出伟大建党精神，是新时代进行伟大斗争、建设伟大工程、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想的实践需要。从党的自身建设角度看，在新时代弘扬伟大建党精神，就是要不忘初心、牢记使命，始终走在时代前列。

Theoretical circles generally believe that the proposal of the great founding spirit of the Party is of great significance, revealing the source of the spiritual lineage of Chinese Communists. Before the proposal of the great founding spirit of the Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping had repeatedly emphasized the great spirit of the Communist Party of China, and focused on explaining the scientific connotations of the Red Boat Spirit, the Yan’an Spirit, the Jinggangshan Spirit, etc. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 90 revolutionary spirits cultivated and formed by the Party in different historical periods. What is the relationship between so many spirits? Since they all belong to the same spiritual lineage, what common characteristics do they share? And where is the source? These are very important questions. The proposal of the great founding spirit of the Party theoretically solved this problem. In November 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [5]5 A classical allusion from the *Shiji* (Records of the Grand Historian), describing extreme wealth inequality. stated that over the past century, the Party has adhered to its nature and purpose, upheld its ideals and beliefs, stayed true to its original aspiration and founding mission, bravely engaged in self-revolution, withstood various risks and tests in life-and-death struggles and arduous efforts, paid great sacrifices, tempered a distinct political character, formed a spiritual lineage with the great founding spirit of the Party as its source, and called for vigorously carrying forward the great founding spirit of the Party.

理论界普遍认为，伟大建党精神的提出，具有重大的意义，揭示了中国共产党人精神谱系的源头。在伟大建党精神提出前，习近平总书记多次强调过中国共产党的伟大精神，并着重对红船精神、延安精神、井冈山精神等科学内涵作了阐释。据不完全统计，党在不同历史时期培育形成的革命精神有90多种。这么多的精神，相互之间是什么关系？既然都属于同一个精神谱系，有何共同特征？源头又在哪？这是很重要的问题。而伟大建党精神的提出，在理论上解决了这个问题。2021年11月，党的十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》提出，一百年来，党坚持性质宗旨，坚持理想信念，坚守初心使命，勇于自我革命，在生死斗争和艰苦奋斗中经受住各种风险考验、付出巨大牺牲，锤炼出鲜明政治品格，形成了以伟大建党精神为源头的精神谱系，并号召大力弘扬伟大建党精神。

How to vigorously carry forward the great founding spirit of the Party? This still requires deep thought. For example, regarding the function and role of the great founding spirit of the Party, it needs to be further explained through a large number of historical facts and cases to enhance its persuasiveness, rather than just staying at the level of theory-to-theory argumentation. How to implement the great founding spirit of the Party in the New Era into the Party’s practice of coordinating the “Four Greats” [6]6 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in November 2021; the resolution summarized the Party’s history since its founding in 1921. — this issue requires further in-depth research. The construction of the path for carrying it forward is not only about ideological recognition but also about being reflected in action, and even more about making efforts in establishing rules and systems, using the rigid constraints of institutions to ensure that the great founding spirit of the Party takes root.

如何大力弘扬伟大建党精神？这仍须深入思考。比如，关于伟大建党精神的功能作用，需要进一步通过大量的史实、案例来加以说明，以增强其说服力，而不是仅停留在从理论到理论的论证。如何在新时代把伟大建党精神贯彻到党统揽“四个伟大”的实践中，这个问题需要进一步深入研究。弘扬路径的建构，不仅是思想上的认同，而且要在行动上体现出来，更要在建章立制上下功夫，以制度的刚性约束确保伟大建党精神落地生根。

(Fang Tao, Associate Researcher, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

(中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院副研究员 方涛)

04 Whole-Process People’s Democracy

04全过程人民民主

“Whole-process people’s democracy,” once proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping in his speech at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, quickly became a hotspot for attention and research in theoretical circles. In his speech, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized “implementing the people-centered development philosophy and developing whole-process people’s democracy.” At the Central People’s Congress Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that whole-process people’s democracy is an inevitable requirement for the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics, clearly explaining the profound connotation of whole-process people’s democracy. The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized that “we must adhere to the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, and actively develop whole-process people’s democracy.”

“全过程人民民主”由习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会中一经提出，迅速成为理论界关注和研究的热点。习近平总书记在讲话中强调了要“践行以人民为中心的发展思想，发展全过程人民民主”。在中央人大工作会议上，习近平总书记强调了全过程人民民主是中国特色社会主义民主政治发展的必然要求，明确阐释了全过程人民民主的深刻内涵。党的十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》强调，“必须坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，积极发展全过程人民民主”。

Whole-process people’s democracy is a great creation of Chinese

全过程人民民主是中国民主的伟大创造。人民民主是社会主义的生命。党的十八大以来，中国共产党领导中国人民坚定不移走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，不断深化对民主政治发展规律的认识，习近平总书记创造性提出全过程人民民主的重大理念。这是我们党推进中国民主理论创新、制度创新、实践创新的结晶，是对当代中国民主理念和民主实践的高度概括，丰富和发展了人类政治文明。

Whole-process people's democracy is a profound summary of the practical experience of the Chinese people's congress system. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized: "Democracy is a common value of all humanity and an important concept that the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people have consistently upheld." China's concept of democracy differs from the hypocritical so-called "procedural democracy" of the West; China's socialist democracy is a genuine people's democracy, with the people's congress system as its fundamental guarantee. China's democracy is directly embodied in the fact that all power in China belongs to the people, the people are the masters of the country, and the people run their own affairs. Whole-process people's democracy is a great new creation of China's socialist democracy. Democracy is both an idea and a form, and even more so, it is content and substance. Democracy is concretely manifested throughout the entire process in which the people fully enjoy democratic rights, participate in political processes, and exercise political rights. Whole-process people's democracy is precisely a process of guaranteeing democracy, and it is a vivid practice of the Party leading the people in building democratic politics in the New Era.

全过程人民民主是中国人民代表大会制度实践经验的深刻总结。习近平总书记强调：“民主是全人类的共同价值，是中国共产党和中国人民始终不渝坚持的重要理念。”中国的民主理念不同于西方的虚伪的所谓“程序民主”，中国的社会主义民主是由人民代表大会制度作为根本保障的真实的人民民主。中国的民主直接体现为中国的一切权力属于人民，人民是国家的主人，人民当家作主。全过程人民民主是对中国社会主义民主的全新的伟大创造。民主既是理念，又是形式，更是内容和实质。民主是实实在在体现在人民充分享受民主权力、参与政治过程、行使政治权利的全过程之中。全过程人民民主正是对民主的一种保证过程，是新时代党带领人民进行民主政治建设的生动实践。

Whole-process people’s democracy is a vivid practice of China’s democratic political construction. In the New Era, it is necessary to continuously promote the development of whole-process people’s democracy and constantly meet the people’s needs for a better political life. Theoretically, there is a need for in-depth exploration of the relationship between Marxist democratic theory, scientific socialist democratic theory, and the theory and practice of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, on the one hand, and whole-process people’s democracy on the other. It is also necessary to further explore the organic unity of better leveraging the role of the people’s congress system and the methods, measures, and steps for practicing whole-process people’s democracy. Furthermore, the relationship between Party leadership and whole-process people’s democracy requires further exploration. In the process of practicing whole-process people’s democracy, attention must be paid to properly handling the relationship between the practice of whole-process people’s democracy and the essence of people’s democracy. In the course of practicing whole-process people’s democracy, the essence of people’s democracy should be embodied and reflected as much as possible, and the right of the people to be masters of the country should be fully guaranteed through the practice of whole-process people’s democracy. Party committees at all levels must attach great importance to the work of people’s congresses, develop and improve the systems and mechanisms for Party leadership over people’s congresses, support people’s congresses in carrying out extensive and vivid practices of whole-process people’s democracy at the grassroots level, and ensure that the people’s right to be masters of the country is implemented.

全过程人民民主是中国民主政治建设的生动实践，新时代要不断促进全过程人民民主的发展，不断满足人民对美好政治生活的需要。理论上，需要深入探讨马克思主义民主理论、科学社会主义民主理论以及中国特色社会主义民主理论与实践等和全过程人民民主之间的关系，进一步探讨更好地发挥人民代表大会制度作用与实践全过程人民民主的方式、举措、步骤等的有机统一。还需要进一步探索党的领导与全过程人民民主的关系。在全过程人民民主实践过程当中，要注意处理好践行全过程人民民主与人民民主本质之间关系，在实践全过程人民民主过程当中尽可能体现和反映人民民主的本质，通过实践全过程人民民主充分保障人民当家作主的权利。各级党委要高度重视人大工作，发展和完善党领导人大的体制机制，支持人大在广大基层开展广泛的全过程人民民主生动实践，保障把人民当家作主的权利落到实处。

(Shen Yang, Director and Associate Researcher of the Research Office on the Theoretical System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院中国特色社会主义理论体系研究室主任、副研究员 沈阳）

05 The Two Integrations

05两个结合

In his speech at the ceremony marking the centenary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping for the first time put forward the new thesis of the “Two Integrations.” This new thesis indicates that, on the new journey, to continue developing contemporary Chinese Marxism and Marxism for the 21st century, it is necessary both to adhere to integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and to integrate the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [1]1 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2021 and adopted a landmark resolution on the Party’s major achievements and historical experience over the past century. clearly pointed out that it was precisely on the basis of the “Two Integrations” that the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative, put forward a series of original ideas, founded Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and achieved a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. The new thesis of the “Two Integrations” broke through the long-used expression of “One Integration,” triggering discussions in theoretical circles on the relationship between the two, the significance of the “Two Integrations,” and especially the significance of the first-time proposal of “integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture.”

在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话中，习近平总书记首次提出了“两个结合”的新论断。这个新论断表明，新征程上继续发展当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义，既必须坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，也必须把马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合。党的十九届六中全会明确指出，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，正是在“两个结合”的基础上提出了一系列原创性思想，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃。“两个结合”新论断突破了长期沿用的“一个结合”表述，引发了理论界对二者的关系、“两个结合”的重要意义，特别是首次提出的“把马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合”的重要意义等问题进行讨论。

The proposal of the “Two Integrations” is a summary of the Party’s century-long law of innovative development in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. It is a deepening and expansion of the “One Integration” first proposed by Comrade Mao Zedong in “Oppose Book Worship.” [2]2 “Oppose Book Worship” (反对本本主义) is a 1930 essay by Mao Zedong arguing against dogmatic reliance on texts and for investigation and practice. In 1938, at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC, Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “Marxism must be realized through combining with the specific characteristics of our country and through a certain national form,” and put forward the new proposition of “sinicizing Marxism.” [3]3 The “sinicization of Marxism” (马克思主义中国化) is the classic formulation for adapting Marxist theory to Chinese conditions, first formally proposed by Mao Zedong at this 1938 plenum. Currently, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal of the “Two Integrations” is of great significance. It concretizes the objects of integration, preventing some people from narrowly understanding specific realities as merely current practical issues, expands the breadth and depth of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, prominently emphasizes the necessity of integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture—the “root vein” of socialism with Chinese characteristics—and profoundly answers the fundamental question of why Marxism has been effective in China. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has emerged from 5,000 years of civilization. The unbroken Chinese civilization is China’s unique national condition and the root and soul of the Chinese nation. Only by activating and nurturing the best of traditional Chinese culture can socialism with Chinese characteristics have a profound historical foundation and cultural base. Therefore, emphasizing the “Two Integrations,” especially proposing the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture, not only helps to advance the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, endowing Marxism with a more Chinese style, manner, and spirit, but also helps to activate the vitality of the best of traditional Chinese culture with the power of Marxist truth, promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of the best of traditional Chinese culture.

“两个结合”的提出是对党百年来马克思主义中国化创新发展规律的总结，是对毛泽东同志在《反对本本主义》中最早提出的“一个结合”的深化、拓展。1938年，毛泽东同志在党的六届六中全会上指出：“马克思主义必须和我国的具体特点相结合并通过一定的民族形式才能实现”，并提出了“使马克思主义在中国具体化”的新命题。当前，习近平总书记提出“两个结合”，具有重要的意义，使结合的对象具体化了，避免了一些人把具体实际狭隘理解为现实实际的问题，拓展了马克思主义中国化的广度和深度，突出强调了马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化这个中国特色社会主义的“根脉”相结合的必要性，也深刻回答了马克思主义为什么在中国行之有效的根本原因。中国特色社会主义从5000年文明走来，绵延不断的中华文明是中国的独特国情，是中华民族的根和魂。只有激活、涵养中华优秀传统文化，中国特色社会主义才有深厚的历史底蕴和文化根基。所以，强调“两个结合”，尤其是提出马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合，既有助于推进马克思主义中国化时代化，使马克思主义更具有中国的气派、风格、神韵，也有助于用马克思主义真理的力量激活中华优秀传统文化的生命力，推动中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化、创新性发展。

The new thesis of the “Two Integrations” raises a series of new topics. For example, from the perspective of the “Two Integrations,” how should we grasp the history and laws of the innovative development of the sinicization of Marxist theory? From the perspective of the “Two Integrations,” how should we deeply understand that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is contemporary Chinese Marxism, Marxism for the 21st century, the essence of Chinese culture and the Chinese spirit, and a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context? The integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture is a two-way process. How can the power of Marxist truth be used to activate the latent power of the best of traditional Chinese culture, activating its cultural spirit that transcends time and space, transcends national boundaries, possesses eternal charm, and has contemporary value? How can the elements of the best of traditional Chinese culture be transformed into elements of sinicized Marxism? How can Marxist standpoints, viewpoints, and methods be used to distinguish the essence from the dross of traditional culture, promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of the best of traditional Chinese culture? This series of questions awaits in-depth research by theoretical workers.

“两个结合”的新论断提出了一系列新课题。如，如何从“两个结合”的角度，把握马克思主义中国化理论创新发展的历史和规律？如何从“两个结合”的角度深刻理解习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的原创性贡献，是当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义，是中华文化和中国精神的时代精华，是马克思主义中国化新的飞跃？马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合，是一个双向的过程，如何用马克思主义真理的力量激活中华优秀传统文化的潜在力量，激活其跨越时空、超越国度、富有永恒魅力、具有当代价值的文化精神，如何把中华优秀传统文化的要素成分转化为中国化马克思主义的要素成分？如何用马克思主义立场观点方法区分传统文化的精华和糟粕，推动中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化、创新性发展？这一系列问题都有待理论工作者进行深入研究。

(Chen Zhigang, Director and Researcher of the Research Department on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究部主任、研究员 陈志刚）

06 Common Prosperity

06共同富裕

Common prosperity, as a theoretical hotspot in 2021, reflects the new stage of development in which the cause of the Party and the state finds itself, the new progress achieved, and the new deployments made. In 2021, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core forcefully pressed the start button for solidly promoting common prosperity. On June 10, the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Supporting Zhejiang Province in Building a Demonstration Zone for High-Quality Development and Common Prosperity” was released. On July 1, in his speech at the ceremony marking the centenary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that on the new journey, we must firmly rely on the people to create history, adhere to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, strive to solve the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development and the urgent concerns of the people, and promote more obvious and substantive progress in the well-rounded development of people and common prosperity for all. The Tenth Meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, held on August 17, emphasized that promoting common prosperity for all must be made the focal point of seeking happiness for the people, continuously consolidating the Party’s long-term governance foundation.

共同富裕作为2021年的理论热点，反映了党和国家事业发展所处的新阶段、取得的新进展、作出的新部署。2021年，以习近平同志为核心的党中央强劲按下了扎实推动共同富裕的启动键。6月10日，《中共中央国务院关于支持浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区的意见》发布。7月1日，在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话中，习近平总书记强调，新的征程上，我们必须紧紧依靠人民创造历史，坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题和人民群众急难愁盼问题，推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。8月17日召开的中央财经委员会第十次会议强调，必须把促进全体人民共同富裕作为为人民谋幸福的着力点，不断夯实党长期执政基础。

Common prosperity has profound theoretical origins, realistic background, and great significance. Common prosperity is an ancient and long-standing aspiration and pursuit of humanity, an inherent and enduring driving force within Chinese civilization for thousands of years. Common prosperity is the eternal commitment of socialism over five hundred years; it was deeply rooted from the very beginning in the brilliant and genius visions of those great socialist pioneers for the future ideal society. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and the original aspiration and founding mission consistently upheld by the Party in its century-long struggle. Common prosperity is the proactive response of the Chinese Communists of the New Era, who bear in mind the two overall situations, [4]4 “Two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the domestic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the international situation of changes unseen in a century. to the times and their solemn commitment to the people, based on a profound insight into the historical trend. It is a strategic deployment and long-term plan concerning the overall future development of China, made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the world situation, national conditions, and people’s conditions. It is an important feature of Chinese-path modernization.

共同富裕有着深刻的理论渊源、现实背景和重大意义。共同富裕是人类古老而长久的向往和追求，是中华文明几千年绵绵不绝的内在恒久动力。共同富裕是社会主义五百年永恒的执着，它一开始就深植于那些伟大的社会主义先行者们对未来理想社会的美妙的天才设想中。共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，是党百年奋斗一以贯之的初心使命。共同富裕是新时代胸怀两个大局的中国共产党人在对历史大势深刻洞察基础上，对时代的主动回应和对人民的庄严承诺，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足世情国情民情，作出的事关我国未来发展全局的战略部署和长远谋划，是中国式现代化的重要特征。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has placed the gradual realization of common prosperity for all the people in a more important position, focusing on resolving the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development, promoting coordinated development between urban and rural areas and among regions, taking forceful measures to safeguard and improve people’s livelihoods, resolutely winning the battle against poverty, completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, embarking on a new journey to fully build a modern socialist country, and laying a good foundation for promoting common prosperity. Common prosperity is an overall concept and a systemic project; it is the prosperity of all the people, the prosperity of both the material and spiritual life of the people, not the prosperity of a minority. There must never be a situation where “the rich accumulate tens of millions while the poor eat chaff and dregs.” [5]5 A classical allusion from the *Shiji* (Records of the Grand Historian), describing extreme wealth inequality. We must adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, promote common prosperity through high-quality development, promote social fairness and justice, promote the well-rounded development of people, and enable all the people to steadily advance toward the goal of common prosperity.

党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为核心的党中央把逐步实现全体人民共同富裕摆在更加重要的位置上，着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题，推动城乡、区域协调发展，采取有力措施保障和改善民生，坚决打赢脱贫攻坚战，全面建成小康社会，开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，为促进共同富裕打下了良好基础。共同富裕是一个总体概念、系统工程，是全体人民的富裕，是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕，不是少数人的富裕，绝不能出现“富者累巨万，而贫者食糟糠”的现象。我们要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，在高质量发展中促进共同富裕，促进社会公平正义，促进人的全面发展，使全体人民朝着共同富裕目标扎实迈进。

We must correctly understand and grasp the strategic goals and practical pathways for achieving common prosperity. Under our socialist system, we must both continuously liberate and develop the productive forces, continuously create and accumulate social wealth, and prevent polarization. To achieve the goal of common prosperity, we must first make the “cake” bigger and better through the common struggle of the entire people, and then cut and distribute the “cake” well through reasonable institutional arrangements. This is a long historical process, and we must steadily advance toward this goal. In promoting high-quality development, we must strengthen the orientation toward giving priority to employment and increase the employment-driving force of economic growth. We must leverage the functions and roles of distribution, adhere to the principle of distribution according to work as the mainstay, improve policies for distribution according to factors, and increase the regulatory intensity of taxation, social security, and transfer payments. Support enterprises and social groups that are willing and able to actively participate in public charity and welfare undertakings. We must adhere to doing our best according to our capabilities, improve the public service policy and institutional system, and accurately provide basic public services in areas of greatest concern to the people, such as education, medical care, elderly care, and housing. In short, we must fully estimate the long-term nature, arduousness, and complexity of common prosperity, strengthen top-level design, and at the same time encourage all localities to explore effective pathways according to local conditions, sum up experience, and gradually roll them out.

要正确认识和把握实现共同富裕的战略目标和实践途径。在我国社会主义制度下，既要不断解放和发展社会生产力，不断创造和积累社会财富，又要防止两极分化。实现共同富裕目标，首先要通过全国人民共同奋斗把“蛋糕”做大做好，然后通过合理的制度安排把“蛋糕”切好分好。这是一个长期的历史过程，要稳步朝着这个目标迈进。要在推动高质量发展中强化就业优先导向，提高经济增长的就业带动力。要发挥分配的功能和作用，坚持按劳分配为主体，完善按要素分配政策，加大税收、社保、转移支付等的调节力度。支持有意愿有能力的企业和社会群体积极参与公益慈善事业。要坚持尽力而为、量力而行，完善公共服务政策制度体系，在教育、医疗、养老、住房等人民群众最关心的领域精准提供基本公共服务。总之，我们要对共同富裕的长期性、艰巨性、复杂性有充分估计，要加强顶层设计，同时鼓励各地因地制宜探索有效路径，总结经验，逐步推开。

(Shan Chao, Director of the Research Department of the Institute of Marxism and the World Socialism Research Center, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院、世界社会主义研究中心研究部主任 单超）

07 Chinese-Path Modernization

07中国式现代化道路

In his speech at the ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “We have upheld and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoted coordinated progress in material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological civilization, blazing a new and uniquely Chinese path to modernization and creating a new model for human civilization.” At the CPC and World Political Parties Summit on July 6, 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping again emphasized, “The CPC will unite and lead the Chinese people in advancing Chinese-path modernization and making new contributions to the exploration of paths to modernization for humanity.” At the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, “Chinese-path modernization” was written into the *Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century*. [6]6 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in November 2021; the resolution summarized the Party’s history since its founding in 1921. Undoubtedly, Chinese-path modernization is another iconic concept in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话中，习近平总书记指出“我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态”；在2021年7月6日中国共产党与世界政党领导人峰会上，习近平总书记再次强调：“中国共产党将团结带领中国人民深入推进中国式现代化，为人类对现代化道路的探索作出新贡献。”党的十九届六中全会上，“中国式现代化道路”被写进《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》。无疑，中国式现代化道路是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想中的又一个标识性概念。

Modernization is the eternal pursuit of humanity. Different nations and countries take different paths to modernization; there is no single model of modernization that is universally applicable. Our Party, based on China’s actual conditions, has taken its own path and explored the path of China’s modernization. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the strategic goal of the “Four Modernizations” [7]7 The Four Modernizations refer to the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology, first proposed by Zhou Enlai in 1964. and the “Two-Step” [8]8 The Two-Step strategy (1960s-1980s) envisioned building a comprehensive industrial system by 1980 and achieving the Four Modernizations by the end of the 20th century. strategic steps were gradually proposed. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party clarified the strategic goal of a “prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious” modernization and the “Three-Step” [9]9 The Three-Step strategy (1987) set goals: doubling GNP by 1990, achieving moderate prosperity by 2000, and reaching the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century. strategic steps on the “Chinese-style modernization path.” Since entering the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has closely focused on the major era-specific issue of “what kind of modern socialist country to build and how to build it,” clearly proposed the strategic goal of a “prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful modern socialist country” and the two-step strategic arrangement, and pointed out that the CPC has united and led the Chinese people to successfully blaze a new Chinese path to modernization. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, with a population larger than the total population of existing developed countries, encompassing over 1.4 billion people, all of whom are entering modernization as a whole. It is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people, with more notable substantive progress in common prosperity by 2035 and the basic realization of common prosperity for all by the middle of this century. It is the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in tandem, emphasizing both sustained and healthy economic development to promote the enrichment of material things and placing high importance on cultural-ethical progress to promote the well-rounded development of people. It is the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, pioneering a path of civilized development featuring production growth, affluent living, and a sound ecosystem. It is the modernization of peaceful development, upholding the concept of mutual benefit and win-win cooperation with all countries, promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and striving to contribute to human peace and development.

现代化是人类永恒的追求。不同民族和国家走向现代化的路径不一样，没有定于一尊的现代化模式。我们党立足于中国实际，走自己的路，探索中国的现代化建设道路。社会主义革命和建设时期，逐步提出“四个现代化”战略目标和“两步走”战略步骤；改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党在提出的“中国式的现代化道路”上明确了“富强民主文明和谐”的现代化战略目标和“三步走”战略步骤；进入新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央紧紧围绕“建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国”的重大时代课题，明确提出“富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国”的战略目标和两步走战略安排，并指出中国共产党团结带领中国人民成功走出一条中国式现代化新道路。中国式现代化是当今世界上人口规模巨大的现代化，人口规模超过现有发达国家人口的总和，拥有14亿多人口，而且是整体迈入现代化；是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，到2035年全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展，到本世纪中叶全体人民共同富裕基本实现；是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，既强调经济持续健康发展，促进物的全面丰富，又高度重视精神文明建设，促进人的全面发展；是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，在世界上率先走出一条生产发展、生活幸福、生态良好的文明发展道路；是走和平发展道路的现代化，秉持同世界各国互利共赢的理念，推动构建人类命运共同体，努力为人类和平与发展作出贡献。

Chinese-path modernization, while unswervingly taking its own path, also draws on the strengths of other development models, enriching and developing the theory of socialist modernization, breaking various paradoxes of Western modernization, and forming a completely new model of modernization in the process of creating the Chinese miracle of human modernization. The success of Chinese-path modernization has enriched the understanding of modernization and completely rewritten the world map of modernization. At the same time, it has expanded the pathways for developing countries to achieve modernization, providing a new choice for those countries and nations that wish to accelerate development while maintaining their independence, and contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to solving human problems.

中国式现代化道路，既坚定不移地走自己的道路，又博采其他发展模式之众长，丰富和发展了社会主义现代化理论，打破了西方现代化问题的种种悖论，在缔造人类现代化中国奇迹的过程中形成了一种全新的现代化模式。中国式现代化的成功，丰富了对现代化的认知，彻底改写现代化的世界版图。同时，拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的途径，给世界上那些既希望加快发展又希望保持自身独立性的国家和民族提供了全新选择，为解决人类问题贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。

To deeply understand Chinese-path modernization, we also need calm reflection amid the heated discussion. The intrinsic relationship between Chinese-path modernization and the new model for human civilization, the intrinsic relationship between Chinese-path modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, how to further advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization on the new journey, and the intrinsic relationship between the specific laws embodied in Chinese-path modernization and the universal laws of Marxist modernization and the general laws of Western modernization—these deep-seated issues still require deepened research by the theoretical community.

要深刻理解中国式现代化道路还需热议之余的冷思考。中国式现代化道路与人类文明新形态的内在关系，中国式现代化与中华民族伟大复兴的内在关系，新征程上如何进一步以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴，中国式现代化体现的特殊规律与马克思主义现代化普遍规律和西方现代化一般规律之间的内在关系等深层次问题，还须理论界加以深化研究。

(He Xinyuan, Deputy Director and Researcher of the Department of Research on the Sinicization of Marxism, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院马克思主义中国化研究部副主任、研究员 贺新元）

08 New Model for Human Civilization

08人类文明新形态

In his speech at the ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “We have upheld and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoted coordinated progress in material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological civilization, blazing a new and uniquely Chinese path to modernization and creating a new model for human civilization.” The *Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century* again stated, “The Party has led the people in successfully blazing a Chinese path to modernization and creating a new model for human civilization.” This major thesis of a new model for human civilization has both profound theoretical foundations, being a theoretical innovation of contemporary Chinese Marxism and 21st-century Marxism, and a deep practical basis, arising from the great path, great cause, and great achievements that the CPC has led the Chinese people in blazing, creating, and attaining over the past century. After the proposal of the new model for human civilization, the academic and theoretical circles held multiple seminars for in-depth discussion. Scholars have conducted multi-dimensional interpretations of issues such as the theoretical origins, rich connotations, main characteristics, and major significance of the new model for human civilization, achieving relatively rich research results.

习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话中指出：“我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》再次指出：“党领导人民成功走出中国式现代化道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”人类文明新形态这一重大论断既有着深刻的学理依据，是当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义的理论创新，更有着深厚的实践基础，是基于百年来中国共产党领导中国人民开辟的伟大道路、创造的伟大事业、取得的伟大成就而产生的。人类文明新形态提出后，学术理论界召开了多场研讨会进行深度研讨。学者们围绕人类文明新形态的理论由来、丰富内涵、主要特征、重大意义等问题进行了多维度阐释，取得了比较丰富的研究成果。

Marx believed that the understanding of civilization must link it to humanity’s material production and spiritual production, regarding civilization as a category that reflects the sum total of the fruits of material production and spiritual production, and that marks the state of human society’s enlightenment and progress. The new form of human civilization created by socialism with Chinese characteristics has been brought forth by the Communist Party of China (CPC) adhering to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the fine traditional Chinese culture. It originates from the basic tenets of Marxism and the fine traditional Chinese culture nurtured by the more than 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, is forged in the revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture created by the Party leading the people in revolution, construction, and reform, and is rooted in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, not some other “ism.” The new form of human civilization based on socialism with Chinese characteristics is a socialist civilization, not some other civilization. The new form of human civilization is both socialist and Chinese, a unity of socialism and Chinese civilization, possessing a socialist nature and distinct Chinese characteristics.

马克思认为，对于文明的理解，必须把它同人类的物质生产和精神生产联系起来，把文明看作是一个反映物质生产成果和精神生产成果的总和、标示人类社会开化状态和进步状态的范畴。中国特色社会主义创造的人类文明新形态，是中国共产党坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合创造出来的。它源自于马克思主义基本原理和中华民族5000多年文明历史所孕育的中华优秀传统文化，熔铸于党领导人民在革命、建设、改革中创造的革命文化和社会主义先进文化，植根于中国特色社会主义伟大实践。中国特色社会主义是社会主义，而不是别的什么主义。基于中国特色社会主义的人类文明新形态，是社会主义文明，而不是别的什么文明。人类文明新形态既是社会主义的，又是中华民族的，是社会主义和中华文明的统一体，具有社会主义性质和鲜明中国特色。

The new form of human civilization encompasses two aspects: China’s development and world development. It includes both the new path of Chinese-path modernization, characterized by the coordinated development of socialist material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the new path of peaceful human development centered on building a community with a shared future for mankind. The ultimate goal of the new form of human civilization created by socialism with Chinese characteristics is to promote the comprehensive development of the individual and the common development of humanity. It transcends the narrowness of capitalist civilization, which serves the interests of a minority, and manifests a people-centered development philosophy and value pursuit. People-centeredness, coordinated development, and peaceful development—inheriting the fine traditional Chinese culture while fully drawing on the achievements of human civilization—are the main features of the new form of human civilization. The creation of the new form of human civilization provides a new path for developing countries to achieve modernization, offers new ideas for political parties in various countries to govern and administer state affairs, injects new impetus into the development of world socialism, and contributes new strength to the development of human society.

人类文明新形态包括中国和世界发展两个方面，既包括中国特色社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展的中国式现代化新道路，又包括以构建人类命运共同体为核心的人类和平发展新道路。中国特色社会主义所创造出的人类文明新形态，其最终目的是为了促进人的全面发展和人类共同发展，它超越了资本主义文明服务于少数人利益的狭隘性，展现出以人民为中心的发展理念和价值追求。以人民为中心、协调发展、和平发展，既继承中华优秀传统文化又充分借鉴人类文明成果，是人类文明新形态的主要特征。人类文明新形态的开创为发展中国家走向现代化提供了新的路径，为各国政党治国理政提供了新思路，为世界社会主义的发展注入了新动力，为人类社会发展贡献了新力量。

At present, research results on the new form of human civilization are quite abundant, but the research topics and research space still need to be expanded. For example, the essential differences between the Chinese-path modernization path and the capitalist modernization path should be clarified from a comparative perspective; the historical status, fundamental features, and significant advantages of the new form of human civilization created by taking the Chinese-path modernization path should be clarified from the broad perspective of human civilization; and the transcendence and sublation of socialist civilization over capitalist civilization should be revealed from the perspective of historical materialism. At the same time, when explaining the new form of human civilization, it is necessary to properly handle the dialectical relationships between universality and particularity, commonality and individuality, and drawing on and learning from others versus maintaining independence and self-reliance.

目前关于人类文明新形态的研究成果比较丰硕，但是研究议题和研究空间还有待拓展。比如，还应该从比较视野阐释清楚中国式现代化道路与资本主义现代化道路的本质不同；从人类文明大视野阐释清楚走中国式现代化道路创造的人类文明新形态的历史地位、根本特征和显著优势；从唯物史观视野重点揭示社会主义文明对资本主义文明的超越和扬弃。同时，在阐释人类文明新形态时要处理好普遍性和特殊性、共性和个性、吸收借鉴和独立自主的辩证关系。

(Ren Jie, Director and Researcher of the Basic Theory Research Office, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院基本理论研究室主任、研究员 任洁）

09 Adhere to Self-Revolution

09坚持自我革命

The century-long journey of the CPC is not only a magnificent history of social revolution but also a history of self-revolution that purifies the Party and cleanses it of impurities. The “Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle,” reviewed and approved at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [10]10 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2021, adopted a landmark resolution on the Party’s history., condensed “adhering to self-revolution” into one of the historical experiences of the CPC’s century-long struggle.

中国共产党的百年征程，既是一部波澜壮阔的社会革命史，也是一部激浊扬清的自我革命史。党的十九届六中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》，将“坚持自我革命”凝练为中国共产党百年奋斗的历史经验之一。

Focusing on the topic of adhering to self-revolution, research in 2021 mainly concentrated on three aspects. Scholars generally believe: First, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [11]11 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in 2012, marked the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership., the Party’s capacity for self-purification, self-improvement, self-renewal, and self-enhancement has been significantly strengthened; the lax and soft state of Party governance and management has been fundamentally reversed; the Party’s creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness have been significantly enhanced; and the Party has become stronger through revolutionary tempering. Second, the courage for self-revolution is the unique political character of a Marxist party; the Party’s nature and purpose are the source of its confidence in self-revolution; the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission are the driving force for its self-revolution; and the Party’s scientific theory is the guide for action in its self-revolution. Third, since the 18th National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken overall charge of the “Four Greats” [12]12 The “Four Greats” (四个伟大) refers to the great struggle, great project, great cause, and great dream, a framework for the Party’s overall tasks., using great self-revolution to lead great social revolution to achieve historic accomplishments, creating the distinctive features of the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era.

围绕坚持自我革命课题，2021年的研究主要集中于三个方面，学者普遍认为：其一，党的十八大以来，党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力显著增强，管党治党宽松软状况得到根本扭转，党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力显著增强，党在革命性锻造中更加坚强。其二，勇于自我革命是马克思主义政党独有的政治品格，党的性质宗旨是党勇于自我革命的底气所在，党的初心使命是党勇于自我革命的动力来源，党的科学理论是党勇于自我革命的行动指南。其三，党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央总揽“四个伟大”，以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命取得历史性成就，造就了新时代中国特色社会主义伟大实践的显著特点。

To scientifically understand the ideological connotation of self-revolution, it is necessary to grasp it from three dimensions. First, understand self-revolution in the sense of comprehensively deepening reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed the concept of “self-revolution” in May 2015 at the 12th meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform. He emphasized the need to have the courage for self-revolution and to do a good job of comprehensively deepening reform. Second, understand self-revolution in the sense of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. At the conference commemorating the 95th anniversary of the founding of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the entire Party must use the political courage of self-revolution to focus on solving the prominent problems existing within the Party itself. In June 2019, during the 15th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping focused on discussing the issue of “keeping in mind the original aspiration and founding mission, and advancing self-revolution.” In November 2021, at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: Having the courage for self-revolution is the second answer for our Party to break out of the historical cycle of rise and fall [13]13 The “historical cycle of rise and fall” (历史周期率) refers to the pattern of dynastic cycles in Chinese history, which the CPC aims to break through self-revolution.. Third, understand self-revolution in the sense of ensuring social revolution. In January 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that to carry out the great social revolution of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, our Party must have the courage to carry out self-revolution and build the Party to be stronger and more powerful. This important thesis elucidates the dialectical relationship between the Party’s self-revolution and social revolution, and clearly indicates that having the courage for self-revolution is the powerful driving force and fundamental guarantee for the victory of the great social revolution in the New Era.

科学认识自我革命的思想内涵，需要从三个维度来把握。一是从全面深化改革的意义上认识自我革命。习近平总书记最早提出“自我革命”概念，是在2015年5月中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议上。他强调，要勇于自我革命，把全面深化改革这篇大文章做好。二是从全面从严治党的意义上认识自我革命。在纪念中国共产党成立95周年大会上，习近平总书记强调，全党要以自我革命的政治勇气，着力解决党自身存在的突出问题。2019年6月，在中央政治局第十五次集体学习时，习近平总书记集中论述了“牢记初心使命，推进自我革命”问题。2021年11月，在党的十九届六中全会上，习近平总书记强调：勇于自我革命，是我们党跳出治乱兴衰的历史周期率的第二个答案。三是从保证社会革命的意义上认识自我革命。2018年1月，习近平总书记指出，要把新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义这场伟大社会革命进行好，我们党必须勇于进行自我革命，把党建设得更加坚强有力。这一重要论断阐明了党的自我革命和社会革命之间的辩证关系，昭示了勇于自我革命是新时代伟大社会革命取得胜利的强大动力和根本保证。

Adhering to self-revolution, theoretically, requires in-depth research and answering how to inherit and develop the rich ideological achievements formed by our Party regarding self-revolution, such as firming up ideals and convictions, strengthening Party spirit, comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, enforcing strict intra-Party political life, having the courage to carry out criticism and self-criticism, strengthening intra-Party supervision and accepting people’s supervision, and constantly purifying the Party’s ideology, organization, style, and body. Practically, it is necessary to use the spirit of self-revolution to build the Party to be stronger and more powerful. First, it must be made clear that our Party has no private interests, and the erroneous claim that “the Party has its own interests” must be resolutely refuted. Second, do not forget the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, and adhere to putting the people first. Third, demonstrate the determination to face problems and solve them, and resolutely eliminate all factors that harm the Party’s advanced nature and purity, and eliminate all viruses that erode the Party’s healthy body. Fourth, it must be deeply understood that only by using great self-revolution to lead great social revolution and using great social revolution to promote great self-revolution in the New Era can the Party truly break out of the “historical cycle of rise and fall” and ensure that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the New Era.

坚持自我革命，理论上，要深入研究和回答好如何继承和发展我们党形成的关于自我革命的丰富思想成果，如坚定理想信念，加强党性修养，全面从严管党治党，严肃党内政治生活，勇于开展批评和自我批评，加强党内监督、接受人民监督，不断纯洁党的思想、组织、作风、肌体，等等。实践上，必须以自我革命精神把党建设得更加坚强有力。一是必须明确我们党没有任何私利，坚决驳斥“党有自身利益”的错误主张。二是不忘党的初心使命，坚持人民至上。三是彰显直面问题解决问题的决心，坚决清除一切损害党的先进性和纯洁性的因素，清除一切侵蚀党的健康肌体的病毒。四是要深刻认识到，新时代只有以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命、以伟大社会革命促进伟大自我革命，才能使党真正跳出治乱兴衰的“历史周期率”，确保党始终成为新时代坚强领导核心。

(Dai Lixing, Deputy Director and Researcher of the Research Department for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究部副主任、研究员 戴立兴）

10 Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality

10碳达峰碳中和

Facing profound changes in the global climate and domestic and international economic conditions, striving to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality (hereinafter referred to as the “dual carbon” goals) on schedule is a solemn commitment made by the Party Central Committee to the world after assessing the situation and careful deliberation. It is a tough battle that China must confront in entering a new stage of development to achieve high-quality development. As the first year of this tough battle, 2021 saw the “dual carbon” goals become a focus of the Party Central Committee’s work and a focal point of theoretical circles. In March, the Party Central Committee incorporated the “dual carbon” goals into the overall layout of ecological progress, studying the basic ideas and main measures for achieving them. In July, the national carbon emissions trading market opened. In October, the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Completely, Accurately, and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Philosophy to Achieve Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” were released, followed by the accelerated establishment of a “1+N” policy system around the “dual carbon” goals. By December, the Central Economic Work Conference emphasized that the “dual carbon” goals are one of five major new theoretical and practical issues that need to be correctly understood and grasped, pointing out that “achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality development, and it must be advanced unswervingly, but it cannot be accomplished in one fell swoop.” How to correctly understand and grasp the “dual carbon” goals became a research hotspot.

面对全球气候和国内外经济形势的深刻变化，力争按期实现碳达峰碳中和（以下简称双碳）是党中央审时度势、深思熟虑后向世界作出的庄严承诺，是我国进入新发展阶段实现高质量发展正在面临的一场硬仗。2021年作为这场硬仗的开局之年，双碳成为党中央工作的重点和理论界关注的焦点。3月，党中央将双碳纳入生态文明建设整体布局，研究实现双碳的基本思路和主要举措。7月，全国碳排放权交易市场开市。10月，《中共中央国务院关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》发布，随后围绕双碳的“1+N”政策体系加快建立。到12月，中央经济工作会议强调双碳是我国需要正确认识和把握的五个新的重大理论和实践问题之一，指出“实现碳达峰碳中和是推动高质量发展的内在要求，要坚定不移推进，但不可能毕其功于一役”。如何正确认识和把握双碳成为研究热点。

Currently, three aspects of the “dual carbon” goals have sparked heated debate in academic circles: first, how to scientifically understand the realization path and internal logic of the “dual carbon” goals; second, how to view the realization of the “dual carbon” goals as a broad and profound systemic transformation of the economy and society; third, how to understand that achieving the “dual carbon” goals is an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality development. In response to discussions on these three aspects, three points of understanding need to be clarified: first, the timely realization of the “dual carbon” goals requires systematic planning and scientific, orderly advancement. Second, realizing the “dual carbon” goals is a broad and profound systemic transformation of the economy and society, which requires firmly adhering to the scientific conclusion that the “dual carbon” goals cannot be accomplished in one fell swoop. Whether in improving top-level design to emphasize grassroots exploration, or in deeply reflecting on certain localities’ “campaign-style” carbon reduction during specific implementation, it is emphasized that the “dual carbon” goals are a complex and long-term systemic project. The relationship between the short term and the medium-to-long term, and between the whole and the parts, must be properly handled in the “dual carbon” work. Third, the core connotation and realization conditions of the “dual carbon” goals are highly consistent with the inherent requirements of China’s promotion of high-quality development. Currently, China has entered a new stage of development, with high-quality development becoming the main line of economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and even longer. Green is its distinctive background and universal form. The current “dual carbon” work, centered on the green transformation of the economy and energy, will promote high-quality development from two aspects: innovating new drivers of economic growth and pioneering new models of green development.

目前，关于双碳有三个方面的内容引起学界热议：一是如何科学认识双碳目标的实现路径与内在逻辑；二是如何看待实现双碳目标是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革；三是如何理解实现双碳目标是推动高质量发展的内在要求。针对这三个方面的讨论，需要明确三点认识：一是双碳目标如期实现需要进行系统谋划，科学有序地推进。二是实现双碳目标是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革，这要求必须紧紧围绕实现双碳不可能毕其功于一役的科学论断展开，无论是在完善顶层设计中强调基层探索，还是在具体落实中针对某些地方“运动式”减碳的深刻反思，都在强调双碳是一项复杂且长期的系统工程，必须在双碳工作中处理好短期和中长期、整体和局部的关系。三是双碳目标在核心内涵与实现条件上与我国推动高质量发展内在要求高度一致。当前我国已经进入新发展阶段，高质量发展成为“十四五”乃至更长一段时期内经济社会发展的主线，绿色是其鲜明底色和普遍形态，当前围绕经济和能源绿色转型而展开的双碳工作，将从创新经济发展新动能和开拓绿色发展新模式两个方面推动高质量发展。

China is actively building a “four beams and eight pillars” system [14]14 “Four beams and eight pillars” (四梁八柱) is a Chinese idiom originally referring to the main structural supports of a building, used metaphorically to describe the fundamental framework or key supporting elements of a system or policy. to achieve the “dual carbon” goals. Understanding of the above three aspects is becoming increasingly clear, and the “dual carbon” work is advancing steadily and orderly. However, there are still some issues in this process that require in-depth consideration. For example, under the “dual carbon” goals, how to fully leverage the role of an effective market and a well-functioning government to better stimulate the enthusiasm of various participating entities for carbon reduction; how to properly handle the relationship between development and emission reduction; and how to better participate in the global environmental governance system. At the same time, three practical issues require focused attention: first, China is still in the middle-to-late stage of industrialization, and total energy demand will continue to grow in the short term. Moreover, China’s energy resource endowment structure is dominated by coal, so the clean transformation of traditional energy remains the focus of “dual carbon” work in the short term. Second, how to fully leverage the resource allocation function of finance to support the green transformation of industries, achieving a win-win situation for both economic performance and environmental performance. Third, considering the differences in China’s regional development, how to achieve a “national chessboard” approach, rationally planning emission reduction responsibilities and implementation paths for each region.

我国正在积极构建实现双碳目标的“四梁八柱”体系，针对以上三个方面的认识日渐清晰，双碳工作正在稳定有序地推进。但是，这一过程中仍存在一些问题需要深入思考，比如，在双碳目标下如何充分发挥有效市场和有为政府的作用，更好地激发各参与主体进行碳减排积极性的问题；如何处理好发展和减排的关系；如何更好地参与全球环境治理体系等。与此同时，还需要重点关注三个实际问题：一是，我国目前仍处于工业化中后期阶段，短期内能源总需求还会增长，同时我国还是以煤为主的能源资源禀赋结构，短期内传统能源的清洁转型仍是双碳工作重点；二是，如何充分发挥金融资源配置功能来支持产业的绿色转型，获得经济绩效与环境绩效的双赢；三是，在考虑我国区域发展的差异基础上，如何做到全国一盘棋，合理规划各地区的减排责任与实施路径。

(Yang Jing, Deputy Director and Researcher of the Marxist Principles Research Department, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院马克思主义原理研究部副主任、研究员 杨静）

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