International Communist Movement Research Department Holds 2022 First Academic Salon

On the afternoon of March 16, 2022, the International Communist Movement Research Department of the Institute of Marxism of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences invited Professor Xi Guangqing, a researcher at the Institute of Contemporary Socialism of Shandong University and the Institute of the History of Marxist Development of Renmin University of China, to deliver a report entitled “Expanding and Deepening the Study of World Socialism” for all research personnel of the department. The meeting was chaired by Pan Jinhui, Director of the International Communist Movement Research Department, and was attended by all members of the department as well as research personnel from some other departments.

2022年3月16日下午，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院国际共产主义运动研究部邀请山东大学当代社会主义研究所研究员、中国人民大学马列主义发展史研究所奚广庆教授，为我部全体科研人员做了题为“拓展与深化世界社会主义研究”的报告。会议由国际共产主义运动研究部主任潘金娥研究员主持，国际共运部全体人员及部分其他部门的科研人员参加。

I. On the Research Tradition and Suggestions for the Discipline of the International Communist Movement

一、关于国际共运学科的研究传统和建议

Professor Xi Guangqing graduated in July 1960 from Renmin University of China with a degree in “History of the International Communist Movement” and remained there to teach, making him one of the first undergraduates in China trained in the history of the international communist movement. Professor Xi Guangqing first, drawing on his own experience studying the history of the international communist movement, reviewed the history of the establishment and development of the disciplines of the international communist movement and scientific socialism. By sorting out the basic categories and logical relationships of different levels of related disciplines, such as the international communist movement and scientific socialism, world socialism, political science, and Marxist theory, Professor Xi Guangqing systematically explained the internal logic and external factors of the development of the discipline of the international communist movement.

奚广庆教授1960年7月毕业于中国人民大学“国际共产主义运动史”专业，并留校任教，是我国培养的第一批国际共运史专业本科生。奚广庆教授首先结合自身学习研究国际共运史的经历，回顾了国际共产主义运动与科学社会主义学科创立与发展的历史。奚广庆教授通过梳理国际共产主义运动与科学社会主义、世界社会主义、政治学及马克思主义理论等不同层级相关学科的基本范畴及其逻辑关系，对国际共运学科发展的内在逻辑和外部因素进行了系统阐释。

Professor Xi Guangqing believes that only the term “modern socialism” can express the rich historical connotations of the proletarian movement that originated in Europe. In 1875, Engels defined “modern socialism” for the first time: “The transformation that modern socialism strives to achieve is, in short, the victory of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie, and the establishment of a new social organization through the abolition of all class distinctions.” This is a concise and clear classic expression of the socialist nature, mission, and goals of the working class. In 1887, Engels defined Marx’s position in the history of socialist development as: “the great founder of modern socialism.” Engels used terms such as “modern socialism” and “modern workers’ socialism” precisely to emphasize that socialism is the revolutionary practice of the modern workers, downplaying its academic theoretical coloring, thereby making it easier for the broad masses of workers to understand and accept. Today, socialism has developed into a world historical movement and become the living social practice of hundreds of millions of people; we should therefore understand Engels’ thought even more deeply. Hence, Professor Xi Guangqing suggests using Engels’ term “modern socialism” to restore its proper place in the history of socialist development.

奚广庆教授认为，用“现代社会主义”的名称才能够表达起源于欧洲的无产阶级运动丰富的历史内涵。1875年，恩格斯首次就“现代社会主义”做出界定：“现代社会主义力图实现的变革，简言之就是无产阶级战胜资产阶级，以及通过消灭一切阶级差别来建立新的社会组织。” 这是对工人阶级的社会主义性质、使命与目标的简洁鲜明的经典表述。1887年，恩格斯把马克思在社会主义发展史上的地位定义为：“现代社会主义的伟大创始人”。恩格斯使用“现代社会主义”“现代工人社会主义”等名称，就是重在阐明社会主义是现代工人的革命实践，淡化学理色彩，从而更易为广大工人群众理解和接受。当今，社会主义已经发展为世界历史运动，成为亿万人民活生生的社会实践，我们更应当深入理解恩格斯的思想。因此，奚广庆教授建议使用恩格斯“现代社会主义”的名称，恢复其在社会主义发展史上的应有地位。

II. The Valuable Legacy of 20th-Century Modern Socialism Should Be Studied in Depth

二、应深入研究20世纪现代社会主义的宝贵遗产

Professor Xi Guangqing pointed out that the 20th century was a great century of triumphant progress and tortuous development for modern socialism. In the 20th century, marked by sharp class contradictions, intense social upheaval, and frequent wars among great powers, the modern socialist movement stirred up magnificent revolutionary waves and composed grand historical chapters that shook the world, yet it also encountered some mistakes and setbacks. Modern socialism has always advanced toward victory through heroic struggle, summing up experience, grasping laws, upholding truth, and correcting errors. We must confidently learn from mistakes and setbacks, enhance our theoretical understanding, and open up a new journey for modern socialism.

奚广庆教授指出，20世纪是现代社会主义凯歌行进、曲折发展的伟大世纪。在世界阶级矛盾尖锐、社会动荡剧烈、列强战争频发的20世纪，现代社会主义运动掀起了波澜壮阔的革命风浪，谱写了震撼世界的宏大历史篇章，但也遭遇了一些失误和挫折。现代社会主义从来都是在英勇奋斗、总结经验、把握规律、坚持真理、修正错误中不断走向胜利的。我们要理直气壮地从错误和挫折中学习，提升理论认识，开辟现代社会主义新征程。

To meet the requirements of advancing modern socialism and developing 21st-century Marxism, Professor Xi Guangqing believes there is a series of significant topics that require in-depth exploration and research.

为适应推进现代社会主义、发展21世纪马克思主义的要求，奚广庆教授认为有一系列意义重大的课题需要深入探讨研究。

First, thoroughly liberate ourselves from Soviet dogmatic Marxism and develop 21st-century Marxism. The British Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm believes that “the Marx of the 21st century will almost inevitably be different from the Marx of the 20th century.” Marxism must be upheld, but dogmatism must be broken. The Communist Party of China, holding high the banner of Marxism, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, putting the people first, pursuing reform and innovation, correctly reflecting on experiences and lessons, launching the great revolution of reform and opening up, and founding socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a great victory in inheriting and developing Marxism.

第一，彻底从苏联教条式马克思主义中解放出来，发展21世纪马克思主义。英国马克思主义史学家艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆认为“21世纪的马克思几乎必然不同于20世纪的马克思”。马克思主义必须坚持，但教条主义必须破除。中国共产党高举马克思主义大旗，解放思想，实事求是，以人民为本，变革创新，正确反思经验教训，掀起改革开放伟大革命，创立中国特色社会主义，是继承和发展马克思主义的伟大胜利。

Second, we must break down the rigid view that socialism is immutable and has a single orthodoxy, and promote the diversified, pluralistic, and multi-lineage development of modern socialism. The rigid thinking of a single path, a single model, a single system, and a single center promoted by the CPSU and the Comintern has been overtaken by history and reality. Diversification, pluralism, and multi-lineage are the historical laws of modern socialist development. In the new century, we must adhere to the basic principles of scientific socialism, integrate the conditions of the times, sum up practical achievements, deepen understanding, innovate theory, and advance the theory and practice of modern socialism.

第二，要破除社会主义一成不变、定于一尊的僵化观点，推动现代社会主义多样化多元化多谱系的发展。苏共与共产国际推行的一条道路、一个模式、一种体制和一个中心的僵化思维已经被历史和现实所超越。多样化多元化多谱系是现代社会主义发展的历史规律。在新世纪，我们必须坚持科学社会主义基本原则，结合时代条件，总结实践成果，深化认识、创新理论，推进现代社会主义的理论和实践。

Third, adapt to the changes of the times and the development of the movement, innovate the theory of socialist revolution, and advance the great social revolution of reform and opening up. The Communist Party of China, summing up experiences and lessons, inheriting and developing Lenin’s thought, created the theory and policy of comprehensive reform and opening up, defined reform and opening up as a “great revolution,” and regarded the revolution in productive forces as the most fundamental revolution for eliminating classes and building a new society of common prosperity. Innovating the concept of social revolution from history and reality and taking the path of reform and opening up is the greatest secret of the resolute rise of 20th-century modern socialism amid difficulties and setbacks.

第三，顺应时代变革和运动发展，创新社会主义革命论，推进改革开放的伟大社会革命。中国共产党总结经验教训，继承与发展列宁的思想，创造了全面改革开放的理论与政策，把改革开放定义为“伟大革命”，将生产力革命视为消灭阶级，建设共同富裕新社会的最根本革命。从历史和现实中创新社会革命理念，走改革开放之路，是20世纪现代社会主义在艰难挫折中毅然崛起的最大诀窍。

Fourth, fully recognize the long-term, complex, and arduous nature of socialist construction, and overcome the “acute disease of communism.” [1]1 “Acute disease of communism” (共产主义急性病) is a Chinese Communist Party term from the Mao era, criticizing the impatience to achieve communism immediately without recognizing the protracted nature of socialist construction. We should deeply absorb the lessons of the 20th century. In the new century, we must maintain a clear head, calmly analyze subjective and objective conditions, understand the laws of development of the objective world, fully estimate the long, difficult, and complex struggle process, and prevent the mindset of seeking quick success, achieving everything in one step, or succeeding in one fell swoop.

第四，要充分认识社会主义建设的长期性、复杂性、艰巨性，克服“共产主义急性病”。应深刻吸取20世纪的教训，新世纪必须保持清醒头脑，冷静分析主客观条件，认识客观世界发展规律，充分估计运动漫长的艰难的复杂的斗争进程，防止急于求成、一步到位、一举成功的思维。

Fifth, adhere to the principles of independence, self-reliance, and equal unity, and raise internationalism to the level required by the new era. The experiences and lessons of 20th-century world socialism and the international communist movement, along with the conditions of the era such as economic globalization and the world becoming a global village, require us to combine independence and self-reliance with solidarity and concerted effort, and to combine basing ourselves on our own country with equal unity, forging new paths and new forms of upholding internationalism, and striving to build a community with a shared future for mankind and strive for a better future for human society.

第五，坚持独立自主、平等联合原则，把国际主义提到新时代水平。20世纪世界社会主义和国际共产主义运动的经验教训、经济全球化和世界成为地球村等时代条件，要求我们把独立自主与同心协力、立足本国与平等联合结合起来，打造坚持国际主义的新途径新形式，为构建人类命运共同体、争取人类社会美好未来努力奋斗。

III. The Development Laws of 21st-Century Modern Socialism Should Be Deeply Grasped

三、应深刻把握21世纪现代社会主义的发展规律

The modern socialist transformation in the new century is undertaking new explorations, creating new forms, proposing new viewpoints, formulating new strategies, and opening up new realms. Professor Xi Guangqing believes that we should deepen our understanding of the laws governing the development of modern socialism from a completely new perspective.

新世纪现代社会主义变革正在进行新探索、创立新形态、提出新观点、制定新策略、开辟新境界，奚广庆教授认为要以全新的视野深化对现代社会主义发展的规律性认识。

First, strengthen research on the process, manifestations, and impact of the evolution of modern capitalism. The capitalist mode of production, its basic contradictions, and class relations are the foundation and conditions for the emergence and development of modern socialism. To grasp the changes in the conditions, process, subjects, and immediate goals of the modern socialist movement, we must systematically study the unceasing changes of capitalism. Therefore, we need to continuously reveal the structural contradictions of capitalism, as well as the contradictions of the mode of production, class contradictions, social contradictions, etc., and deeply analyze capitalist crises, the evolutionary process of capitalism, and the new forms and essence of capitalism.

一是加强对现代资本主义演变的进程、表现和影响对研究。资本主义的生产方式、基本矛盾和阶级关系，是现代社会主义产生和发展的基础和条件。把握现代社会主义运动条件、进程、主体、近期目标的变化，要系统研究资本主义不停顿的变动。因而，我们需要不断揭示资本主义的结构性矛盾以及生产方式矛盾、阶级矛盾、社会矛盾等等，深入分析资本主义危机、资本主义演进过程、资本主义新形态及本质。

Second, under the changes unseen in a century, we must deeply understand the conditions, process, forms of struggle, and immediate goals of modern socialist transformation. History shows that the logical relationship between capitalist economic crises and social revolution is changing. We must, based on new changes, continuously recognize new conditions and propose new viewpoints. We should study and analyze the historical logic and characteristics of the era of social revolution in the new century, form a new understanding of the relationship between economic crises and social revolution, accurately grasp the conditions, process, and path of the movement, and innovate the theory and strategy of social revolution.

二是在世界百年未有之大变局下，要深入认识现代社会主义变革的条件、进程、斗争方式和近期目标。历史表明，资本主义经济危机与社会革命的逻辑关系在变化。我们必须根据新变化不断认识新条件、提出新观点。我们应当研究分析新世纪社会革命的历史逻辑和时代特点，形成对于经济危机与社会革命关系的新认识，准确把握运动的条件、进程和路径，创新社会革命的理论与策略。

Third, observe and understand the new struggles and new waves of people around the world against monopoly capital with a broad global vision and inclusive mindset. Advanced socialist parties must adhere to the basic principles of scientific socialism, based on the conditions of the times and their own national conditions, completely shed the foreign garments they wear, and take their own path. The powerful historical engine of the new century, the guiding role of the era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, has advanced the revolutionary transformation of modern socialism to a new stage; any views that stick to old routines, any pessimistic views, or any mentality of clinging to outdated remnants are unacceptable.

三是以世界大视野、全球广包容的胸怀，观察和认识全球各地人民反对垄断资本的新斗争、新浪潮。社会主义先进政党必须坚持科学社会主义基本原则，依据时代条件和本国国情，彻底脱掉自己穿着的外国衣装，走自己的路。新世纪强大的历史引擎，中国特色社会主义的时代引领，把现代社会主义革命变革推进到新阶段；任何墨守成规的观点、悲观失望的观点、抱残守缺的心态，都是不可取的。

Fourth, track and study left-wing movements in capitalist countries. In the new century, left-wing political groups in some developed countries are seizing the opportunity presented by social fragmentation and institutional decay to rise. Currently, there are dozens of social democratic left-wing political groups in the United States. In the new century, in the most rabidly anti-communist United States, the widespread and active social democratic movement is a political event of no small significance. It indicates that the American people are adopting an American socialist approach to wage struggle against monopoly hegemony and oligarchic politics, while also reflecting the decay and decline of American capitalism, which is beset with crises. At present, these struggles are still in their nascent stage. They must be carefully observed and studied, respecting facts and the creativity of the American people, and must not be labeled or treated lightly.

四是跟踪研究资本主义国家的左翼运动。在新世纪，一些发达国家左翼政团抓住社会撕裂、体制衰败的机遇正乘势而起。当前美国社会民主左翼政团已经有数十个之多。新世纪在最疯狂反共的美国，社会民主运动的广泛活跃是一件意义不凡的政治事变。这表明美国人民正在采取美国的社会主义方式开展反对垄断霸主和寡头政治的斗争，同时也折射出美国资本主义腐朽衰落、危机四伏的境况。当前，这些斗争还处于萌发阶段，要精心观察研究，尊重事实，尊重美国人民创造，不可以套贴标签，轻漫对待。

Fifth, develop the theory of workers' party building in step with the times, absorb the achievements of modern party civilization, and blaze a path for building advanced political parties. The two great revolutions of the 20th century (the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Revolution) both creatively applied Marxist party-building theory in accordance with their respective national conditions and the development of the times, forging strong parties with political firmness, advanced ideology, tight organization, and a robust work style, leading the people to continuously forge ahead and fight bravely, winning one great victory after another. Party leadership is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Amid changes unseen in a century, modern political parties are increasingly becoming an important force driving social progress. The Communist Party of China continuously summarizes the achievements and experience of a century of Party building, draws on the achievements of modern party civilization, and builds itself to be stronger and more powerful, providing Chinese experience and Chinese wisdom for strengthening cooperation among world political parties, seeking common well-being for the people, and opening up new horizons for the development of modern party civilization.

五是与时俱进发展工人政党建设理论，吸取现代政党文明成果，开拓先进政党建设之路。20世纪的两大革命（俄国革命和中国革命），都依据本国实际和时代发展，创造性地运用马克思主义建党理论，打造了政治坚强、思想先进、组织严密、作风过硬的坚强政党，带领人民不断开拓进取、英勇奋斗，夺取了一个个伟大胜利。党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征。在百年未有之大变局中，现代政党日益成为推动社会进步的重要力量，中国共产党不断总结百年党建成就和经验，借鉴现代政党文明成果，把自己建设得更加强大有力，为加强世界政党合作、共谋人民幸福、开辟现代政党文明发展新境界，提供了中国经验和中国智慧。

Professor Xi Guangqing pointed out that modern socialism is rooted in the people and in the times, and is a historical movement full of vitality and continuous innovation. In the 21st century, the transformation of modern socialism will surely uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, achieving new development and transcendence. Our research must stand high and see far, embrace the whole world, be grounded in practice and problem-oriented, be sharp in innovation, and seek truth from facts.

奚广庆教授指出，现代社会主义植根于人民，植根于时代，是充满生机活力的、不断开拓创新的历史运动。现代社会主义变革在21世纪必将守正创新，实现新的发展和超越。我们的研究要登高望远、胸怀全球，立足实践和问题导向，锐意创新、求真务实。

IV. Research on Socialist Movements in Emerging Economies Should Be Strengthened

四、应加强对新兴经济体社会主义运动的研究

Professor Xi Guangqing believes that in the new century, the development path and basic experience of socialism with Chinese characteristics have important reference significance and a guiding role for the transformation and development of countries in the vast emerging economies, and that emerging economies have become the most active region for modern socialist transformation. The study of socialist movements and thought in emerging economies should be placed in an important position.

奚广庆教授认为，在新世纪，中国特色社会主义的发展道路和基本经验，对广大新兴经济体国家变革发展具有重要资鉴意义和引领作用，而新兴经济体已成为现代社会主义变革最活跃地区，应当把新兴经济体国家社会主义运动和思潮的研究摆在重要地位。

The rise of emerging economies stems from a sublation and transformation of the capitalist mode of production and economic system by these countries. It is an attempt to open up a non-capitalist development path and social model, and is closely connected with socialism with Chinese characteristics, rather than being understood as the perfection and development of the world capitalist system. From the perspective of the international power structure, in an era of world multipolarity, economic globalization, social informatization, and cultural diversification, these are countries and nations growing out of the underdeveloped world that both desire to accelerate development and maintain their own independence. They are no longer appendages of international capital forces, but are important forces opposing hegemonism and power politics, promoting world peace, human development, and international cooperation, and participating in the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.

新兴经济体的崛起源于新兴经济体国家对资本主义生产方式和经济体制进行的一种扬弃和变革。它是开拓非资本主义发展道路和社会模式的变革尝试，与中国特色社会主义息息相通，而不应被理解为世界资本主义体系的完善和发展。从国际力量格局来看，它是在世界多极化、经济全球化、社会信息化、文化多样化时代，从不发达世界成长起来的既希望加快发展又希望保持自身独立性的国家和民族。他们不再是国际资本势力的附庸，而是反对霸权主义、强权政治，推进世界和平、人类发展、各国合作，参与构建人类命运共同体事业的重要力量。

In the new century, emerging economies have become regions where the ideological forms, lines and strategies, and means and methods of modern socialist transformation are constantly innovating. Contemporary China is the world's largest emerging economy. The establishment and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, with its achievements and examples in material, political, cultural-ethical, and ecological progress, demonstrates the superiority of socialism and the vitality, appeal, and influence of modern socialism, making it a powerful leader of the world socialist movement. In exploring their own independent development paths, the countries and nations of emerging economies are increasingly paying attention to China's experience and practices. Some workers' parties and revolutionary groups in these countries formulate and implement independent programs, achieve ruling status through revolutionary means or democratic, legal channels, adhere to a people-centered approach, maintain independence and self-reliance, uphold social justice, carry out reform and renewal, promote economic and social development, improve people's livelihoods, and develop education and culture, attempting to explore a path and strategy of modernization different from that of European and American countries.

在新世纪，新兴经济体国家已经成为现代社会主义变革思想形态、路线方略、手段方式不断创新的地区。当代中国是世界上第一大新兴经济体国家。中国特色社会主义的创立与发展，以其物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、生态文明的成就和榜样，彰显社会主义的优越性、现代社会主义的生命力、吸引力、影响力，成为世界社会主义运动的强大领军者。新兴经济体国家和民族探索自己独立发展道路中越来越重视中国的经验与做法。一些国家的工人政党和革命团体，制定实行独立的纲领，通过革命手段或民主、合法途径取得执政地位，坚持人民为本，独立自主、奉行社会正义，进行改革更新，推进经济社会发展，改善提高民生，发展教育文化，试图探索一种不同于欧美国家的现代化道路和发展方略。

Finally, Professor Xi Guangqing pointed out that setbacks in struggle are inevitable, but failure is the mother of success. The dawn of victory in the great revolution for the liberation of the proletariat and all humanity is just ahead. Systematically summarizing and comparatively studying the process and experience of the great social revolutions of modern world peoples is of great significance for our Party to lead the people in carrying the great social revolution of socialism with Chinese characteristics through to the end. He said that the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has the strongest research team on the international communist movement in the country. As long as we arm our minds with Com

最后，奚广庆教授指出，斗争难免遭受挫折，但失败是成功之母，无产阶级和人类自由解放伟大革命胜利的曙光就在前头，系统总结和比较研究现代世界人民伟大社会革命的进程和经验，对我们党带领人民把中国特色社会主义伟大社会革命进行到底具有重大意义。他说，中国社会科学院有全国最强大的国际共运研究队伍，只要用习近平同志坚持理论创新、独立自主、胸怀天下、敢于斗争的思想武装头脑，自信自强、守正创新、埋头苦干、勇毅前行，不断总结经验教训，把握当今世界发展大变局，深化认识新世纪现代社会主义的发展规律，就能够为不断推动当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义的发展作出积极贡献。

In the discussion session, Researcher Pan Jin'e introduced to Professor Xi Guangqing the institutional setup, personnel composition, and research achievements of the Department of International Communist Movement, and thanked Professor Xi Guangqing for his exhaustive academic guidance, which helped everyone open up new avenues of thought in the study of the international communist movement and inspired everyone to consider some new questions. Professor Xi Guangqing also answered everyone's questions on some specific issues concerning the study of the international communist movement.

在讨论环节，潘金娥研究员向奚广庆教授介绍了共运部的机构设置、人员组成和科研成果等情况，并感谢奚广庆教授倾其所有的学术指导，帮助大家开拓了国际共产主义运动研究的新思路，激励大家思考一些新问题。奚广庆教授还围绕国际共运研究的一些具体问题，回答了大家的提问。

(Contributed by Liu Xiangyang)

（刘向阳 供稿）