A Study of the Basic Implications, Historical Logic, and Practical Path of the New Security Architecture

I. The Proposal and Evolution of the New Security Architecture

一、新安全格局的提出与沿革

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to national security work, consistently coordinating development, the “foremost task,” with security, the “top priority,” and integrating the two major matters of development and security. In this process, it has continuously refined and deepened the understanding of the relationship between development and security, and elevated this into a new security architecture within the construction of a new development pattern. The evolution from emphasizing “development” to giving equal weight to “development” and “security,” and then to the “new security architecture,” can be roughly divided into five stages (see Table 1).

党的十八以来，党中央高度重视国家安全工作，始终将发展这个“第一要务”与安全这个“头等大事”统筹起来，统筹发展和安全两件大事，在此过程中不断完善和深化关于发展和安全的关系内涵，并在构建新发展格局中将其升华为新安全格局。从强调“发展”到“发展”与“安全”并重，再到演变为“新安全格局”大致可分为五个阶段（参见表1）。

(I) Stage One: From Emphasizing “Development” to Giving Equal Weight to “Development” and “Security” On November 12, 2013, in his “Explanation on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” delivered at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, Xi Jinping pointed out that “national security and social stability are the prerequisites for reform and development. Only with national security and social stability can reform and development be steadily advanced.” This was the first elaboration on the important relationship between “national security” and “reform and development” after the 18th National Congress of the CPC. On April 15, 2014, at the first meeting of the Central National Security Commission, Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must attach importance to both development issues and security issues. Development is the foundation of security, and security is the condition for development. Only a prosperous country can have a strong military, and only a strong military can defend the country,” further articulating the relationship between “development” and “security.” On April 25 of the same year, during the 14th group study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Xi Jinping stressed, “We must attach importance to both development issues and security issues,” thereby elevating “development and security” into one of the five pairs of relationships within the “holistic approach to national security.”

（一）第一阶段：从强调“发展”到“发展”与“安全”并重2013年11月12日，习近平在党的十八届三中全会上所做的《关于<中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定>的说明》中指出，“国家安全和社会稳定是改革发展的前提。只有国家安全和社会稳定，改革发展才能不断推进”，这是党的十八大后首次对“国家安全”和“改革发展”的重要关系进行的阐述。2014年4月15日，习近平在中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上强调，“既重视发展问题，又重视安全问题，发展是安全的基础，安全是发展的条件，富国才能强兵，强兵才能卫国”，进一步对“发展”和“安全”的二者之间的关系进行了表述。同年4月25日，习近平在中共中央政治局第十四次集体学习中强调，“既重视发展问题又重视安全问题”，进而将“发展和安全”上升为“总体国家安全观”的五对关系之一。

(II) Stage Two: From “Adhering to Both Development and Security” to “Coordinating Development and Security” On January 23, 2015, when reviewing and approving the “Outline of the National Security Strategy,” a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee stated, “Promote security through development and reform and opening up.” On December 9, 2016, at a meeting analyzing and studying economic work for 2017 and reviewing the “Opinions on Strengthening National Security Work,” the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, for the first time, took “coordinating development and security” as the two major matters for upholding the holistic approach to national security, proposing to “coordinate both domestic and international situations and coordinate the two major matters of development and security.” This formally fixed the formulation of “coordinating development and security.” At a symposium on national security work held on February 17, 2017, Xi Jinping once again emphasized that maintaining national security requires “adhering to coordinating development and security.”

（二）第二阶段：从“坚持发展和安全兼顾”发展为“统筹发展和安全”2015年1月23日，中共中央政治局会议在审议通过《国家安全战略纲要》时指出，“在发展和改革开放中促安全”；2016年12月9日，中共中央政治局在分析研究2017年经济工作、审议《关于加强国家安全工作的意见》的会议中，首次将“统筹发展和安全”作为坚持总体国家安全观的两件大事，提出要“统筹国内国际两个大局，统筹发展安全两件大事”，至此正式固定了“统筹发展和安全”的表述。在2017年2月17日召开的国家安全工作座谈会中，习近平再一次强调维护国家安全要“坚持统筹发展和安全”。

(III) Stage Three: Elevating “Coordinating Development and Security” to One of the Major Principles of Our Party’s Governance On October 18, 2017, the guiding status of the two major matters of “coordinating development and security” achieved a further leap. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC incorporated upholding the holistic approach to national security into the basic strategy for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, and elevated “coordinating development and security, enhancing awareness of potential dangers, and remaining vigilant in times of peace” to a major principle of our Party’s governance. On April 17, 2018, at the first meeting of the 19th Central National Security Commission, Xi Jinping emphasized, “To fully implement the holistic approach to national security, we must adhere to coordinating the two major matters of development and security. We must be adept at using development achievements to consolidate the strength foundation of national security, and also adept at shaping a security environment conducive to economic and social development.” Thus, “coordinating development and security” gradually became integrated into the expression of high-quality security development under the guidance of the new development concepts of the New Era.

（三）第三阶段：将“统筹发展和安全”上升为我们党治国理政重大原则之一2017年10月18日，“统筹发展和安全”这两件大事的指导地位实现进一步跃升，党的十九大报告将坚持总体国家安全观纳入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，并将“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危”上升为我们党治国理政的一个重大原则。2018年4月17日，习近平在十九届中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上强调，“全面贯彻落实总体国家安全观，必须坚持统筹发展和安全两件大事，既要善于运用发展成果夯实国家安全的实力基础，又要善于塑造有利于经济社会发展的安全环境”。由此，“统筹发展和安全”逐渐融入新时代新发展理念指导下的高质量安全发展表述中。

(IV) Stage Four: From “Coordinating Development and Security” to the “Grand Security Architecture” Safeguarding the New Development Pattern On September 17, 2020, at a symposium with grassroots representatives, Xi Jinping pointed out that we must “adhere to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, adhere to the new development concepts, coordinate development and security, and accelerate the formation of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other.” This formulation linked “coordinating development and security” closely with constructing the “new development pattern” for the first time. On October 29, 2020, at the second plenary meeting of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, Xi Jinping pointed out that one of the key focal points for constructing the new development pattern is “to firmly hold the bottom line of safe development,” regarding “coordinating development and security” as an important prerequisite and guarantee for constructing the new development pattern. On the afternoon of December 11, 2020, during the 26th group study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “integrate national security into all aspects and the entire process of the Party and the state’s work, plan and deploy it together with economic and social development, adhere to systematic thinking, and build a grand security architecture.” The “grand security architecture” inherently encompasses “coordinating the two major matters of development and security” and “coordinating both domestic and international situations,” marking a shift in the implementation of the holistic approach to national security from concept to governance. (V) Stage Five: From the “Grand Security Architecture” to the “New Security Architecture” On November 11, 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle,” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, pointed out that one of the major achievements of the Party’s deepened understanding of the laws governing the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics and theoretical innovation is “grasping the new stage of development, implementing the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing, accelerating the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, promoting high-quality development, and coordinating development and security.” On November 18, 2021, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting to review the “National Security Strategy (2021–2025).” The meeting pointed out that “under the new circumstances, maintaining national security requires firmly establishing the holistic approach to national security and accelerating the construction of a new security architecture.” This was the first proposal of the “new security architecture.” The “new security architecture,” which is in the same vein as the “grand security architecture,” highlights the benign interaction and dynamic balance between implementing the new development concepts, achieving high-quality development, and high-level security. On October 16, 2022, the dedicated chapter on “national security” in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposed “safeguarding the new development pattern with a new security architecture.” The proposal of the “new security architecture” fully reflects the CPC’s refinement and elevation of theoretical achievements and practical experience in maintaining national security, marking that the Party’s understanding of national security work has reached a new height. It signifies a new shift in the concept of “modernizing the national security system and capacity, and resolutely safeguarding national security and social stability,” clarifies the importance of conforming to and safeguarding the new development pattern in the process of Chinese-path modernization, and also indicates a systematic deployment of the overall work of maintaining and shaping national security within the construction of the new development pattern.

（四）第四阶段：从“统筹发展和安全”到保障新发展格局的“大安全格局”2020年9月17日，习近平在基层代表座谈会上指出，要“坚持稳中求进工作总基调，坚持新发展理念，统筹发展和安全，加快形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”，这一表述首次将“统筹发展和安全”与构建“新发展格局”紧密联系起来。2020年10月29日，习近平在党的十九届五中全会第二次全体会议指出，构建新发展格局的重要着力点之一就是“要牢牢守住安全发展这条底线”，将“统筹发展和安全”视为构建新发展格局的重要前提和保障。2020年12月11日下午，习近平在中央政治局第二十六次集体学习时强调，要“把国家安全贯穿到党和国家工作各方面全过程，同经济社会发展一起谋划、一起部署，坚持系统思维，构建大安全格局”。“大安全格局”内在地囊括了“统筹发展和安全两件大事”与“统筹国内国际两个大局”，标志着贯彻落实总体国家安全观从观念到治理的转变。（五）第五阶段：从“大安全格局”转变为“新安全格局”2021年11月11日，党的十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》指出，党对中国特色社会主义建设规律认识深化和理论创新的重大成果之一就是“把握新发展阶段，贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，推动高质量发展，统筹发展和安全”。2021年11月18日，中央政治局召开会议审议《国家安全战略（2021－2025年）》，会议指出，“新形势下维护国家安全，必须牢固树立总体国家安全观，加快构建新安全格局”。这是“新安全格局”的首次提出，与“大安全格局”一脉相承的“新安全格局”凸显了贯彻新发展理念、实现高质量发展和高水平安全的良性互动与动态平衡。2022年10月16日，党的二十大报告中设立的“国家安全”专章明确提出要“以新安全格局保障新发展格局”。“新安全格局”的提出充分体现了中国共产党对维护国家安全的理论成果和实践经验的提炼与升华，标志着党对国家安全工作的认识达到了新高度，意味着“推进国家安全体系和能力现代化，坚决维护国家安全和社会稳定”理念的新转变，阐明了在中国式现代化进程中顺应并保障新发展格局的重要性，也表明了在构建新发展格局中对维护和塑造国家安全整体工作的系统性部署。

II. The Basic Implications of the New Security Architecture

二、新安全格局的基本意涵

Based on coordinating both domestic and international situations, and accurately grasping the balance point among reform, development, and stability in the process of Chinese-path modernization, it inherently embodies the new international situation and new domestic development conditions, new stages, new circumstances, new problems, as well as the new concepts and new visions of the national security architecture.

立足统筹国内和国际两个大局，准确把握中国式现代化过程中改革、发展、稳定三者之间的平衡点，内在地体现了国际形势与国内发展的新形势、新阶段、新情况、新问题以及国家安全格局的新理念与新愿景。

(I) The Newness in the Development and Changes of the International Situation In today’s world, changes unseen in a century are accelerating, the impact of the century-old pandemic is far-reaching, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation, the international order is in a period of transition from the old to the new, the balance of international power continues to shift, the geopolitical strategic landscape is undergoing profound adjustment, major-power relations are constantly changing, emerging technologies have brought entirely new challenges to global security governance, and the international situation is becoming increasingly complex and intricate, with a notable increase in uncertain, unstable, and unexpected factors. Profound changes, whether rapid or gradual, are occurring in global domains such as the economy, science and technology, culture, and security. Economic globalization is encountering headwinds, global supply chains are undergoing accelerated restructuring, the risk of local wars is increasing, climate politics games are intensifying, extremist ideologies are tearing societies apart, and a series of global issues in both traditional and non-traditional security fields pose real and direct threats to world peace and development. These are also the global risks and challenges that China’s national security must confront directly.

（一）国际形势的发展变化之新当今世界，百年未有之大变局加速演进，世纪疫情影响深远，世界进入新的动荡变革期，国际秩序处于新旧转换期，国际力量对比持续变化，地缘战略格局深度调整，大国关系持续变化，新兴技术给全球安全治理带来了全新挑战，国际形势日趋错综复杂，不确定性、不稳定性、超预期性因素显著增多。全球经济、科技、文化和安全等领域都在发生或急或缓的深刻变化，经济全球化遭遇逆流、全球供应链加速重构、局部战争风险加大、气候政治博弈加剧、极端思潮撕裂社会，传统安全与非传统安全领域的一系列全球性问题对世界的和平与发展构成了现实且直接的威胁，也是我国国家安全需要直面的全球性风险和挑战。

(2) The New Historical Orientation of the Development Stage. At present, China’s development remains in an important period of strategic opportunity. On the one hand, on the new journey of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, China’s institutional advantages and governance effectiveness are continuously demonstrated: the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects has been completed on schedule, the battle against poverty has been won, and the overall social situation has remained generally stable. On the other hand, in the course of development, China also faces multifaceted pressures from the external international environment and numerous deep-seated, cyclical, structural, and institutional problems in internal development, with many contradictions interwoven and overlapping and risks and challenges increasing day by day. In the face of these changes, development remains the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. It is necessary to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. This is the new goal anchored by the historical orientation of our development for the present and the foreseeable future, and it is the joint effect of historical logic and practical logic.

（二）发展阶段的历史方位之新当前，我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，一方面，在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的新征程中，我国制度优势与治理效能不断彰显，如期全面建成小康社会、打赢脱贫攻坚战、社会大局总体持续稳定；另一方面，在发展过程中也面临外部国际环境多方面的压力以及内部发展中诸多深层次、周期性和结构性、体制性问题，诸多矛盾交织叠加、风险挑战日渐增多。面对这些变化，发展仍是党执政兴国的第一要务，要加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，这是当前和今后一个时期，我们发展历史方位锚定的新目标，是历史逻辑与现实逻辑的共同作用。

(3) The New Situation and Tasks of National Security. On the new journey of the New Era, in the face of new changes in the international situation and the new shift in the historical orientation of development, the characteristics of security issues—complexity, globality, and interconnectedness—have become more prominent. The situation and tasks of China’s national security must change in response to the times, and development and security must be better coordinated. On the one hand, it is necessary to adhere to a systems perspective, continuously maintain and consolidate existing achievements in national security, and continue to solidify the grassroots foundation of national security and social stability. On the other hand, it is necessary to adhere to a bottom-line mindset, be vigilant in times of peace and prepare for danger, and take precautions before problems arise. We must guard against various “black swan” and “gray rhino” events that may occur at any time, and also prepare to withstand major tests that may be rough and turbulent or even stormy, continuously shaping and advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity. Therefore, in constructing the new development pattern, we must pay greater attention to those major risks that could delay or even interrupt the process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and dynamically safeguard the secure development of the process of constructing the new development pattern in an open environment and on the path of deepening reform.

（三）国家安全的形势任务之新在新时代的新征程中，面对国际形势的新变化、发展历史方位的新转向，安全问题的复杂性、全局性、联动性特征更加凸显，我国国家安全的形势任务必须应时而变，要更好地统筹发展和安全。一方面，要坚持系统观念，不断维护和巩固国家安全已有成果，继续夯实国家安全和社会稳定基层基础；另一方面，要坚持底线思维，做到居安思危、未雨绸缪，既要防范随时可能发生的各种“黑天鹅”与“灰犀牛”事件，也要准备经受风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大考验，不断塑造和推进国家安全体系和能力现代化。因此，在构建新发展格局中，我们要更加注重那些可能迟滞甚至中断中华民族伟大复兴进程的重大风险，在对外开放的环境中、在深化改革的道路上动态保障好构建新发展格局进程中的安全发展。

(4) The Newness of the Construction Concept of the Security Architecture

（四）安全格局的建构理念之新

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the holistic approach to national security, as the fundamental guideline for national security work in the New Era, is the first major strategic thought in the history of the CPC to be established as the guiding ideology for national security work, and it is also the conceptual framework for constructing a new security architecture. The construction of a new security architecture requires grasping the key of “holistic” in the holistic approach to national security, coordinating development and security with systematic thinking, strategic thinking, and bottom-line thinking, and planning national security together with economic and social development, deploying them simultaneously, and advancing them in coordination. Under the guidance of the holistic approach to national security, adhere to a problem-oriented approach and a sense of urgency, grasp the new development philosophy, and firmly hold the bottom line of security development in accelerating the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. On the path of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, adhere to seeking progress while maintaining stability amidst foreseeable and unforeseeable contradictions, risks, and challenges of various kinds, correctly handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability, adhere to steadily resolving various contradictions, risks, and challenges in the course of development, and optimize development in the course of resolving various contradictions, risks, and challenges, thereby achieving a deep and organic integration of development and security and realizing a positive interaction between high-level security and high-quality development.

党的十八大以后，总体国家安全观作为新时代国家安全工作的根本遵循，它是中国共产党历史上第一个被确立为国家安全工作指导思想的重大战略思想，也是构建新安全格局的思想理念之纲。新安全格局的构建需要把握总体国家安全观的“总体”这一关键，以系统思维、战略思维和底线思维统筹发展和安全，将国家安全与经济社会发展一起谋划、同步部署、协调并进。在总体国家安全观指引之下，坚持问题导向和忧患意识，把握新发展理念，在加快构建国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局中，牢牢守住安全发展这条底线。在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的道路上，在可预见和难以预见的各类矛盾风险挑战中坚持稳中求进，正确处理好改革发展稳定的关系，坚持在发展中平稳化解各类矛盾风险挑战，在化解各类矛盾风险挑战中优化发展，进而实现发展和安全的深度有机融合，实现高水平安全与高质量发展的良性互动。

(4) The Newness of the Connotation and Essence of the Security Architecture. The national security architecture in the new development stage is a new security architecture that, under the guidance of the holistic approach to national security, aligns with the new development pattern. The new security architecture takes national security as a top priority, targets the new opportunities and new challenges facing national security in the new development stage, takes adherence to the Party’s absolute leadership over national security work as the fundamental guarantee, upholds the fundamental position of taking people’s security as the purpose in choosing the path of national security with Chinese characteristics, places political security—the lifeline of national security—in the primary position, takes security in various domains as the main front and main battlefield, and takes preventing and defusing national security risks as the central task. It takes on the great-power responsibility of advancing international common security, coordinates development and security, and, from the four major aspects of improving the national security system, enhancing the capacity to safeguard national security, raising the level of public safety governance, and perfecting the social governance system, coordinates the maintenance and shaping of national security, continuously consolidates the grassroots foundation of national security and social stability, improves the mechanism for participating in global security governance at the global level, and builds a higher-level Peaceful China at the domestic level, ensuring the secure development of the new development pattern.

（四）安全格局的内涵要义之新在新发展阶段中的国家安全格局，是在总体国家安全观指引下与新发展格局相契合的新安全格局。新安全格局将国家安全作为头等大事，以应对新发展阶段国家安全面临的新机遇新挑战为目标对象，以坚持党对国家安全工作绝对领导为根本保证，在坚持走中国特色国家安全道路的道路选择上，秉持以人民安全为宗旨的根本立场，将政治安全这一国家安全的生命线放在首要位置，以各领域安全作为主阵地和主战场，并把防范化解国家安全风险作为中心任务，以推进国际共同安全的大国担当，统筹发展和安全，从健全国家安全体系、增强维护国家安全能力、提高公共安全治理水平、完善社会治理体系四大方面，统筹维护和塑造国家安全，不断夯实国家安全和社会稳定的基层基础，在全球层面完善参与全球安全治理机制，在国内层面建设更高水平平安中国，确保构建新发展格局的安全发展。

(5) The Newness of the Mission and Vision of the Security Architecture. Entering the new development stage, China has ushered in a great leap from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong, and has ushered in bright prospects for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The new security architecture that coordinates development and security is the foundation of the mission and vision of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Facing this mission and vision, accelerating the construction of a new security architecture requires unswervingly implementing the holistic approach to national security and integrating the work of safeguarding national security into all aspects and the entire process of the work of the Party and the state. This is a foundational and systematic project to ensure the victory of the “great struggle, great project, great cause, and great dream” [7]7 Peaceful China (平安中国): A national strategy initiated by the Chinese Communist Party aimed at maintaining social stability, public safety, and national security through comprehensive governance and legal measures. of the New Era. Of course, we must also calmly and soberly recognize that, at the peak stage of a great power’s rejuvenation, a lack of secure development may cause us to encounter unforeseen “strikes mid-stream” [8]8 “Treat disease before it arises” (治未病之病) is a classical allusion from the ancient Chinese medical text *The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic* (Huangdi Neijing), referring to preventive medicine; here it is used metaphorically to advocate for proactive risk management. and may also cause the great rejuvenation, which is in an irreversible process, to encounter more obstacles and hardships. This is an unavoidable challenge in China’s process of moving from a large country to a strong one. The new security architecture is the strong security guarantee for continuously advancing the cause of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

（六）安全格局的使命愿景之新进入新发展阶段，我国迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，迎来了实现中华民族伟大复兴的光明前景，统筹发展和安全的新安全格局就是中华民族伟大复兴使命愿景的根基。面对这一使命愿景，加快构建新安全格局就必须坚定不移贯彻落实总体国家安全观，将维护国家安全工作贯穿党和国家工作各方面全过程，这是一项确保新时代“伟大斗争、伟大工程、伟大事业、伟大梦想”实现胜利的基础性、系统性工程。当然，也必须冷静清醒地认识到，在大国复兴的登顶阶段，缺乏安全的发展可能使我们遭遇“半渡而击”的不测，也可能使我们正处于不可逆转进程中的伟大复兴遭遇更多阻碍与磨难，这是我国由大向强发展进程中无法回避的挑战，新安全格局就是确保将中华民族伟大复兴事业不断推向前进的坚强安全保障。

3. The Historical Logic of the New Security Architecture

三、新安全格局的历史逻辑

Since the founding of New China, the issues of development and security have run through the practice of different historical stages of China’s development. Facing domestic conditions and the international security situation, we have prudently sought a balance point in the relationship between “development and security” (see Table 2). The formation of the new security architecture is an inevitable requirement based on the historical development tasks of different periods and the practical realities of national security in China, and it is also an inherent part of expanding the path of national security with Chinese characteristics and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

新中国成立以来，发展和安全问题一直贯穿于我国发展不同历史阶段的实践中，面对国内情况和国际安全形势，我们审慎地寻求着“发展和安全”这对关系的平衡点（见表2）。新安全格局的形成是基于我国不同时期的历史发展任务与国家安全现实实践的必然要求，也是拓展中国特色国家安全道路和实现中华民族伟大复兴的题中之意。

(1) The Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction (1949–1978). In the domestic environment, after the founding of New China, China ended the overall social crisis that had existed since the late Qing Dynasty, but

（一）社会主义革命和建设时期（1949年—1978年）在国内环境上，新中国成立后，我国结束了自清末以来的总体性社会危机，但各方面的发展基础极其薄弱。在人民最基本的吃饭问题方面，面临着严峻的粮食形势，1949年全国粮食总产量为2254.768亿斤，比旧中国历史上产量最高的1936－1937年的2844.6亿斤下降21％，平均每人每年仅475斤原粮，这一尖锐的粮食供需矛盾直接关系新中国政权的人心向背、社会稳定和政权巩固；作为国家经济发展命脉和支柱的工业基础同样薄弱，1954年6月，毛泽东指出：“现在我们能造什么？能造桌子椅子，能造茶碗茶壶，能种粮食，还能磨成面粉，还能造纸，但是，一辆汽车、一架飞机、一辆坦克、一辆拖拉机都不能造”。同时，各种反动势力和破坏分子随时策划展开对新生政权的攻击，试图颠覆国家。在国际环境上，新中国成立时正处于美苏两极对峙格局初步形成之际，加之朝鲜战争的交恶与意识形态的对立，以美国为首的西方资本主义阵营对华采取敌对政策，进而对我国在政治上实施孤立、经济上实施封锁、军事上实施包围。到了20世纪50年代后期，中苏关系矛盾和冲突日渐加剧。在较长的一段时期内，中国不得不面对两个超级大国的现实威胁，安全环境十分恶劣。

During the period of socialist revolution and construction, what ran through it from beginning to end was the realization of the transition from New Democracy to socialism, carrying out the socialist revolution, and advancing socialist construction. After the completion of socialist transformation, the Eighth National Congress of the CPC in 1956 proposed that "the principal contradiction in our country is already the contradiction between the people's demand for building an advanced industrial country and the reality of a backward agricultural country, and between the people's need for rapid economic and cultural development and the current state in which the economy and culture cannot meet the people's needs." [7]7 Peaceful China (平安中国): A national strategy initiated by the Chinese Communist Party aimed at maintaining social stability, public safety, and national security through comprehensive governance and legal measures. At this stage, socialist construction and development were the strong guarantee for resolving the risks and challenges of the principal contradiction in our society and for creating a favorable international and surrounding security environment. On the balance between development and security, in the early years after the founding of New China we placed greater emphasis on security issues, and as socialist construction advanced, we shifted more focus toward development. In terms of historical reality, without security, there would have been no consolidation of the New China regime; without development, there would have been no strength for New China to create and expand its international and surrounding security environment.

在社会主义革命和建设时期，贯穿始终的是实现新民主主义到社会主义的转变，进行社会主义革命，推进社会主义建设。在社会主义改造完成后，1956年党的八大提出，“我们国内的主要矛盾，已经是人民对于建立先进的工业国的要求同落后的农业国的现实之间的矛盾，已经是人民对于经济文化迅速发展的需要同当前经济文化不能满足人民需要的状况之间的矛盾。”在此阶段，社会主义建设发展是解决我国社会主要矛盾风险挑战、打造良好国际和周边安全环境的坚强保障。在发展和安全这对关系的天平上，新中国成立初期我们更强调安全问题，并随着社会主义建设的推进而更加侧重于发展。就历史现实而言，没有安全，就没有新中国政权的巩固；没有发展，就没有新中国开创和拓展国际与周边安全环境的实力。

(II) The Period of Reform and Opening Up and Socialist Modernization (1978–2012) From a domestic perspective, after reform and opening up, the focus of the work of the Party and the state began to shift to socialist modernization, and the transition of the economic system and the transformation of the social structure drove earth-shaking changes in Chinese society. On the one hand, Comrade Deng Xiaoping proposed the "three-step" strategy to advance China's modernization development, and economic and social development achieved remarkable results. In 1978, China's total GDP was only 367.87 billion yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was only 343 yuan; by 2010, China's total GDP had leaped to 41.3 trillion yuan, surpassing Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, with per capita GDP reaching 30,876 yuan. On the other hand, hostile Western forces took the opportunity to intensify infiltration, attempting to carry out a "peaceful evolution" [8]8 “Treat disease before it arises” (治未病之病) is a classical allusion from the ancient Chinese medical text *The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic* (Huangdi Neijing), referring to preventive medicine; here it is used metaphorically to advocate for proactive risk management. against China and subvert our regime. In addition, various problems accumulated and left over during the process of rapid economic and social development in China were also very prominent, such as excessive disparity between rich and poor, unbalanced regional development, serious environmental pollution, frequent social conflicts, and frequent violent terrorist crimes. These multi-domain security issues posed serious challenges to China's national security. Multiple security issues affecting domestic security and stability, such as "Xinjiang independence," "Tibet independence," and "Taiwan independence," rose and fell in succession, and threats from non-traditional security factors grew increasingly. From an international perspective, after the 1970s, Sino-US relations achieved a major breakthrough, US-Soviet relations saw some détente, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union formed a world pattern system dominated by the United States as the "one superpower, multiple great powers." [9]9 The “Fengqiao Experience” (枫桥经验) originated in the 1960s in Fengqiao Town, Zhejiang Province, as a model for resolving social conflicts at the grassroots level through mass line methods; it has been repeatedly endorsed by the Party leadership and updated for the New Era. Facing the complex international landscape, peace and development remained the themes of the era, but global financial crises, transnational crime, public health security, climate issues, food security, and other non-traditional security problems emerged one after another. Especially after the "9/11" incident in the United States, terrorism, separatism, religious extremism, and extreme nationalism spread rapidly across the globe. With the rapid development of China's economy, Western countries began to use their discursive hegemony to loudly propagate the "China collapse theory," "China

（二）改革开放和社会主义现代化建设时期（1978年—2012年）从国内视角看，改革开放后，党和国家的工作重点开始转移到社会主义现代化建设上来，经济体制转轨与社会结构转型推动中国社会发生了翻天覆地的巨变。一方面，邓小平同志提出了“三步走”战略以推进中国的现代化发展，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的成就，1978年我国的GDP总量只有3678.7亿元，城镇居民人均可支配收入仅有343元，而到了2010年我国GDP总量跃升到41.3万亿元，超过日本成为世界第二大经济体，人均GDP达到30876元；另一方面，西方敌对势力趁机加紧渗透，试图对我国进行“和平演变”，颠覆我国政权。此外，我国经济社会快速发展过程中积累和遗留的各种问题也十分突出，诸如贫富差距过大、区域发展不平衡、环境污染严重、社会矛盾频发以及暴力恐怖主义犯罪多发等多领域安全问题对我国的国家安全构成了严重挑战，“疆独”“藏独”“台独”等影响国内安全稳定形势的多重安全问题此消彼长，非传统安全的威胁因素日益增长。从国际视角看，20世纪70年代后，中美关系实现重大突破，美苏关系出现一定缓和，苏联解体形成了以美国主导的“一超多强”世界格局体系。面对复杂的国际格局，和平与发展依然是时代的主题，但全球性的金融危机、跨国犯罪、公共卫生安全、气候问题、粮食安全等非传统安全问题层出不穷，尤其是美国“9·11”事件后，恐怖主义、分裂主义、宗教极端主义以及极端民主主义在全球迅速蔓延。随着我国经济的快速发展，西方国家开始借助话语霸权在国际社会上大肆鼓吹“中国崩溃论”“中国威胁论”“中国责任论”，对我国发展所面临的国际安全环境构成了巨大压力。为了遏制中国崛起，国际社会的部分非国家行为体和西方非政府组织不断向我国施压，甚至恶意构建出“南海问题”试图影响我国周边的安全稳定，进而对我国实施围堵。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设时期，贯穿始终的问题是如何解放和发展生产力，不断推进全方位改革开放和全面社会主义现代化建设，为发展中国特色社会主义提供制度保障和物质保障。在此阶段，和平和发展作为时代主题，我国抓住发展机遇，对内求发展与和谐，对外求合作与和平，在保持国内社会大局稳定的基础上，高度重视并有效应对了各种非传统安全风险问题和挑战威胁，在维护世界和平和应对全球挑战方面发挥了重要作用。在发展和安全的这对关系问题上，改革开放后的一段时期内我们更强调发展问题，并且随着改革的深化与社会主义现代化建设的推进，开始注重国际国内发展和安全的平衡问题。就历史现实而言，中国经济实力和国家安全实力在这一阶段实现了大幅跃升，没有发展，就没有改革开放和推进社会主义现代化建设的安全稳定条件与基础；没有安全，就没有维系中国经济社会高速发展的良好国际国内环境与保障。

(3) The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2012–present) On the domestic front, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new stage of development. On the one hand, Chinese-path modernization has advanced steadily; the long-term positive trend of China’s economic and social development has not changed. In 2022, China maintained its position as the world’s second-largest economy, historically resolved the problem of absolute poverty, significantly improved the ecological environment, and sustained overall social stability. On the other hand, in the course of development, the introduction of a holistic approach to national security has provided a powerful ideological weapon, a fundamental guideline, and an action guide for national security work in the New Era, further consolidating the security foundation for development. Yet deep-seated, structural, cyclical, cumulative, and super-expected risks and hidden dangers have continued to emerge; separatist forces such as “

（三）中国特色社会主义新时代（2012年—至今）在国内方面，党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义事业进入新的发展阶段。一方面，中国式现代化稳步推进，我国经济社会长期发展向好的趋势没有变，2022年继续保持世界第二大经济体的地位，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，生态环境明显改善，社会大局持续稳定。另一方面，在发展过程中，总体国家安全观的提出为新时代国家安全工作提供了强大思想武器、根本遵循和行动指南，发展的安全基础更加巩固，但深层次、结构性、周期性、积累性、超预期性的风险隐患不断涌现，“藏独”“疆独”“台独”“港独”等分裂势力内外勾结不断威胁国内安全稳定。在国际方面，世界面临百年未有之大变局和世纪疫情的双重影响，地区冲突和局部战争持续不断，国际格局和国际秩序受到冲击，传统安全与非传统安全相互交织渗透，非传统安全领域的威胁逐渐凸显。与此同时，以美国为首的西方少数国家采取联盟方式组建“反华联盟”，在经济、科技、贸易等方面对我国采取了一系列的干预和打压措施，持续炒作“脱钩论”，在涉港、涉疆、涉藏、台海以及疫情溯源等方面对我国无端指责。国家安全风险挑战的流动性、跨国性、突发性和破坏性等特征更加明显，可以预见和无法预见的异常复杂的重大安全风险挑战逐渐显现。改革发展稳定是推进中国式现代化的重要支点，发展仍是解决我国社会主要矛盾和经济社会问题的关键，是党执政兴国的第一要务，国家安全也贯穿于党和国家工作的各方面全过程，发展和安全是“鸟之两翼，车之双轮”。在发展和安全的这对关系问题上，新时代我们将发展视为安全的基础，将安全视为发展的条件，在推进中国式现代化进程中，前提都是国家安全和社会稳定，并将统筹发展和安全上升到治国理政的高度，要将安全发展这条底线作为构建新发展格局、推进中国式现代化的重要前提和保障，推进发展和安全全方位各方面全过程的深度有机融合，推进全球安全治理和国际共同安全。

IV. The Practical Path for Constructing a New Security Architecture

四、构建新安全格局的实践路径

Since the founding of New China, through the accumulation and development of three historical periods, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, and China's development has entered a new stage. Facing the complex international and domestic environment and various contradictions, risks, and challenges, on the path of safeguarding and shaping national security, it is necessary to base oneself on a global perspective and local practice. Under the absolute leadership of the Party over national security work, we must strengthen the grassroots foundation of national security, enhance the construction of a high-level Peaceful China, improve the global security governance mechanism, and accelerate the construction of a new security architecture.

自新中国成立以来，历经三个历史时期的积淀与发展，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国发展进入新阶段。面对复杂的国际国内环境和各种矛盾风险挑战，在维护和塑造国家安全的路径上，要基于全球视野和本土实践，在坚持党对国家安全工作的绝对领导下，强化国家安全基层基础，加强高水平平安中国建设，完善全球安全治理机制，加快构建新安全格局。

(I) Upholding the Party’s absolute leadership over national security work. Upholding the Party’s absolute leadership over national security work is the fundamental guarantee for constructing a new security architecture in the New Era. First, only by adhering to the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over national security work can we consistently maintain the emphasis on and balance between China’s development and security at different stages. This is an important lesson from history and reality, a directional and principled issue that cannot be ambiguous or shaken. Second, Party leadership must be integrated into all aspects and the entire process of maintaining and shaping national security work. The construction of a new security architecture is a systematic project requiring forward-looking thinking, overall planning, strategic deployment, and holistic advancement. It is necessary to perfect an efficient and authoritative national security leadership system to ensure seamless coordination of national security work in all key areas within the framework of securing the new pattern of development. Third, the coordination mechanism for national security work under Party leadership must be strengthened. Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels are the responsible entities for coordinating the maintenance and shaping of national security. At the level of grasping the overall situation and planning development, they must focus on the key points and key special tasks of national security work, and on the implementation of national security decisions, deployments, guidelines, and policies.

（一）坚持党对国家安全工作的绝对领导坚持党对国家安全工作的绝对领导是新时代构建新安全格局的根本保证。一是坚持党中央对国家安全工作的权威和集中统一领导，才能始终保持我国发展与安全的在不同阶段的侧重和平衡，这是历史与现实的重要经验，是不能含糊、不能动摇的方向性、原则性问题。二是要将党的领导贯穿于维护和塑造国家安全工作的各方面与全过程，新安全格局的构建是系统性工程，要前瞻思考、全局谋划、战略布局、整体推进，完善高效权威的国家安全领导体制，确保各个重点领域的国家安全工作在保障新发展格局中无缝衔接。三是强化党领导下的国家安全工作协调机制，各级党委（党组）是统筹维护和塑造国家安全的责任主体，要在把握全局和谋划发展的层面上聚焦国家安全工作重点和重点专项工作、聚焦国家安全决策部署和方针政策的贯彻落实。

(II) Continuing to improve the construction of the national security institutional system. The construction of the national security institutional system is the fundamental institutional guarantee for constructing a new security architecture in the New Era. First, it is necessary to improve the institutional guarantees for the capacity to scientifically maintain national security and dynamically shape the national security situation. This requires not only continuous improvement in strategy, policy, and coordination systems but also timely improvement in risk monitoring and prevention institutional systems, such as those for national security risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk prevention and control coordination, and risk prevention and control responsibility systems. Second, it is necessary to advance the construction of guarantee systems for the capacity to maintain and shape national security. This requires both strengthening the legal guarantee for national security and accelerating guarantee legislation in important areas such as major infrastructure, nuclear, space, and oceans. It also requires building a “safety net” and “glass door” for preventing, stopping, suppressing, and dealing with activities that endanger national security and interests. Third, it is necessary to strengthen the guarantee of foreign-related systems. This requires not only strengthening the guarantee of institutional mechanisms such as those for countering sanctions, countering interference, and countering “long-arm jurisdiction,” but also strengthening systematic and complete institutional guarantees such as legislation, law enforcement, and judiciary for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and legal persons abroad. Fourth, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation capacity of guarantee systems, security systems, and foreign-related systems, to reinforce the directional guidance of the institutional system, enhance the effectiveness of the institutional system’s functioning, clarify the boundaries of responsibilities of the multiple subjects within the system, and build a high-density, high-resilience national security institutional system network for the smooth construction of the new pattern of development.

（二）继续完善国家安全制度体系建设国家安全制度体系建设是新时代构建新安全格局的根本制度保障。一是健全科学维护国家安全能力和动态塑造国家安全态势能力的制度保障，既要不断从战略、政策和协调制度方面进行完善，也要及时从国家安全风险研判、风险评估、风险防控协同、风险防控责任制度等风险监测防控制度体系上健全。二是要推进维护和塑造国家安全能力的保障制度建设，既要加强国家安全法治保障，加快重大基础设施、核、太空、海洋等重要领域的保障立法，也要做好防范、制止、打击和处置危害国家安全和利益活动的“安全网”和“玻璃门”。三是要加强涉外制度保障，既要加强诸如反制裁、反干涉、反“长臂管辖”的制度机制保障，也要加强诸如维护我国公民、法人海外合法权益的立法、执法、司法等系统完备的制度保障。四是要加强制度保障，保障制度以及涉外制度等方面的制度执行力，强化制度体系方向指引，提升制度体系效能发挥，厘清制度多元主体的职责边界，为新发展格局的顺利构建搭建高致密度、高韧性的国家安全制度体系网。

(III) Comprehensively enhancing the construction of the national security capability system. Comprehensively enhancing the national security capability system must take strengthening the capacity to shape the national security situation as its core; this represents a more forward-looking form of maintenance. First, enhance the capacity for strategic planning of national security. With strategic resolve, strategic confidence, and strategic patience, systematically deploy and plan ahead. This is a fundamental issue for always firmly grasping the initiative in maintaining national security. Second, enhance the capacity for risk situation perception in shaping national security. Based on the deep application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and blockchain, it is necessary to fully enhance the digital-intelligent capabilities in the national security field, moving from digitalization to digital-intelligence transformation, strengthening risk source perception and situation perception, and using modern technology to achieve risk perception, intelligent identification, situation assessment, and intelligent decision-making—to “treat disease before it arises” [8]8 “Treat disease before it arises” (治未病之病) is a classical allusion from the ancient Chinese medical text *The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic* (Huangdi Neijing), referring to preventive medicine; here it is used metaphorically to advocate for proactive risk management.—thereby enhancing the capacity to prevent major security risks and systemic security risks. Third, improve the deployment of national security forces. Coordinate traditional and non-traditional security fields; coordinate external and internal security matters; coordinate the two battlefields of online and offline; coordinate the two approaches of human resources and technology; coordinate the two orientations of prevention and resolution and emergency response; coordinate the comprehensive guarantees for the overall situation and the basic grassroots level. Build a national security protection system that is interconnected across all domains, three-dimensional, and efficient.

（三）全面提升国家安全能力体系建设全面提升国家安全能力体系要以增强塑造国家安全态势的能力为核心，是更具前瞻性的维护。一是增强国家安全战略的谋划能力，以战略定力、战略自信和战略耐心，系统布局和前瞻谋划，这是始终将维护国家安全主动权牢牢握在自己手中的根本性问题。二是增强塑造国家安全的风险态势感知能力，基于人工智能、大数据、云计算、区块链等新兴技术深度应用，要充分提升国家安全领域的数智能力，从数字化迈向数智化，强化风险的源头感知与态势感知，借助现代技术实现风险感知、智能识别、态势研判和智能决策，“治未病之病”，进而提升防范重大安全风险和系统性安全风险的能力。三是完善国家安全的力量布局，统筹好传统安全领域和非传统安全领域、统筹好外部安全和内部安全事项、统筹好网上和网下两个战场、统筹好人力和技术两种途径、统筹好防范化解和应急处突两个面向、统筹好总体全局和基础基层的全面保障，构建起全域联动、立体高效的国家安全防护体系。

(IV) Continuously improving the national security grassroots governance system. Grassroots governance is the foundational project for constructing a new security architecture in the New Era, and the people are the foundational force for constructing a new security architecture in the New Era. First, it is necessary to do a good job in national security education and grassroots mobilization. This requires fully attending to the national security grassroots governance needs of multiple subjects at the community level along the “subject-need-action” chain, and also fully attending to the national security grassroots governance decisions at the national level along the “goal-decision-action” chain. Second, uphold and develop the “Fengqiao Experience” [9]9 The “Fengqiao Experience” (枫桥经验) originated in the 1960s in Fengqiao Town, Zhejiang Province, as a model for resolving social conflicts at the grassroots level through mass line methods; it has been repeatedly endorsed by the Party leadership and updated for the New Era. in the New Era. Relying on the modern co-construction mechanism of “single-element leadership by grassroots Party organizations + multi-element co-governance + network platforms” [10]10 “Single-element leadership by grassroots Party organizations + multi-element co-governance + network platforms” (一元主导+多元共治+网络平台) is a formulaic description of a governance model where the Party organization provides unitary leadership while multiple social actors participate in co-governance, supported by digital network platforms., focus on key aspects such as the source prevention and resolution of conflicts and disputes, the construction of grassroots mass prevention and mass governance forces, and the informatized grassroots grid governance platform. Integrate the resources of multiple subjects, continuously improving the capacity for foreseeing, resolving, and handling grassroots security risks. Third, build a social security prevention and control system that combines points, lines, and surfaces; integrates prevention, control, management, and response; and jointly manages online and offline spaces. Achieve cross-domain, cross-regional, multi-level, all-round, multi-link, whole-process, and feedback-inclusive monitoring, prevention, and resolution of security risks. Gather forces and resources from multiple directions, consolidating the social foundation of grassroots governance for national security.

（四）不断完善国家安全基层治理体系基层治理是新时代构建新安全格局的基础性工程，人民群众是新时代构建新安全格局的基础性力量。一是要做好国家安全教育和基层动员，既要在“主体—需求—行动”链条上充分关照社区层面多元主体的国家安全基层治理需求，也要在“目标—决策—行动”链条上充分关照国家层面国家安全基层治理的决策。二是坚持和发展新时代“枫桥经验”，依托基层党组织“一元主导+多元共治+网络平台”的现代共建机制，聚焦矛盾纠纷源头预防化解、基层群防群治力量构建、信息化基层网格治理平台等关键方面，融合多元主体资源，不断提升基层安全风险的预见力、化解力和处置力。三是构建点线面相结合、打防管控一体化、网上网下齐共管的社会治安防控体系，实现跨领域、跨地域、多层次、全方位、各环节、全过程、有反馈的安全风险监测预防与化解，汇聚多方力量资源，夯实国家安全的基层治理社会基础。

(V) Advancing and improving the international common security governance system. International common security is an important pillar for constructing a new security architecture in the New Era, and it is also an inherent requirement for ensuring the domestic and international dual circulation of the new pattern of development. Global threats require a global response; no country can stand aloof. The security shortcoming of any one country could become an important breakthrough point for the backflow of international security risk factors, and the security problems of any one country may also accumulate and spill over, evolving into regional or global security problems. In response to this, first, it is necessary to unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development, advocate a “common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable” global security concept, and form a powerful force for maintaining and shaping China’s national security through its own development. Second, within the international system structure, it is necessary to maintain strategic resolve, aim for “competitive coexistence” and make sustained efforts, expand competitive advantages through developmental advantages, uphold the concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, enhance the capacity to jointly respond to international social security risks, and promote security through development cooperation. Third, based on the Belt and Road Initiative platform, promote international cooperation, deeply expand international circulation, use infrastructure and rules and standards construction as important supports, cooperate jointly and share benefits, create high-quality international circulation development, and thereby promote a benignly operating international security order and a mutually supportive international security governance, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to international common security.

（五）推进完善国际共同安全治理体系国际共同安全是新时代构建新安全格局的重要依托，也是确保新发展格局的国内国际双循环的内在要求。全球性威胁需要全球共同应对，任何一个国家都无法置身事外，任何一个国家的安全短板都可能会成为国际安全风险因素倒灌的重要突破口，任何一个国家安全的安全问题也可能积累外溢演变为区域性或全球性安全问题。对此，一是要坚定不移走和平发展道路，倡导“共同、综合、合作、可持续”的全球安全观，通过自身发展形成维护和塑造我国国家安全的强大力量。二是在国际体系格局中，既要保持战略定力，瞄准“竞争性共存”持续发力，以发展优势扩大竞争优势，秉持共商共建共享理念，提升共同应对国际社会安全风险的能力，以发展合作促安全。三是立足“一带一路”倡议平台推动国际合作，纵深拓展国际循环，以基础设施和规则标准建设为重要支撑，共同合作、共同受益，打造高质量国际循环发展，进而推动良性运行的国际安全秩序和守望相助的国际安全治理，为国际共同安全贡献中国智慧和中国方案。

Source: “Socialism Studies Editorial Department,” May 14, 2024

文章来源：《社会主义研究编辑部》2024年5月14日

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆