The Epochal Requirements, Distinctive Features, and Major Significance of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization

The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” deliberated and adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, clearly states: “The current period and the period ahead constitute a critical phase for advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization has been continuously advanced through reform and opening up, and it will surely open up broad prospects through reform and opening up.” This endows further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization with a higher historical positioning and a greater scope for its role. As “the fundamental driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization and an important lever for stabilizing the overall situation, responding to changing circumstances, and opening up new horizons,” deepening reform comprehensively has not only enabled our country to catch up with the times in big strides and propelled historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state, but has also provided a powerful driving force and institutional guarantee for realizing the central task of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, thereby opening up a new phase of Chinese-path modernization. Why, then, is it necessary to propose “further deepening reform comprehensively” on the basis of “deepening reform comprehensively”? To this end, this article attempts to examine further deepening reform comprehensively within the context of the new journey of the New Era in advancing Chinese-path modernization, analyze the epochal requirements and distinctive features that give rise to further deepening reform comprehensively, and, on this basis, explore the major significance of further deepening reform comprehensively for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》明确指出：“当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景。”这为进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化赋予了更高历史定位和更大作用空间。全面深化改革“作为推进中国式现代化的根本动力，作为稳大局、应变局、开新局的重要抓手”，不仅使我国大踏步赶上时代、推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就和发生历史性变革，而且为实现以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的中心任务提供了强大动力和制度保障，开辟了中国式现代化的新局面。那么，为什么要在“全面深化改革”的基础上提出“进一步全面深化改革”?为此，本文尝试将进一步全面深化改革放在推进中国式现代化的新时代新征程境遇下加以考察，分析进一步全面深化改革提出的时代要求和突出特点，并在此基础上探讨进一步全面深化改革对推进中国式现代化的重大意义。

I. The Epochal Requirements of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization

一、进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的时代要求

The 20th National Congress of the CPC put forward the major proposition of Chinese-path modernization, and the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, building on this, proposed “further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization,” highlighting the urgent demands that advancing Chinese-path modernization places on further deepening reform comprehensively, namely: “Faced with the complex and ever-changing international and domestic situation, faced with a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and faced with the new expectations of the people, we must continue to push reform forward.” To grasp the major significance and overall requirements of further deepening reform comprehensively, it is necessary to understand it within the actual circumstances of advancing Chinese-path modernization and to elucidate its epochal background and specific context.

党的二十大提出中国式现代化的重大命题，党的二十届三中全会在此基础上提出“进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化”,突显出推进中国式现代化对进一步全面深化改革的紧迫要求，即“面对纷繁复杂的国际国内形势，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，面对人民群众新期待，必须继续把改革推向前进”。把握进一步全面深化改革的重大意义和总体要求，需要将其放置在推进中国式现代化的现实境遇之中加以理解，阐明其时代背景和具体语境。

(A) Rallying and Uniting People’s Strength to Realize the Central Task of the Party in the New Era

(一)凝聚人心汇聚力量以实现新时代党的中心任务

The fundamental means of turning the strategic blueprint drawn up at the 20th National Congress of the CPC into reality lies in further deepening reform comprehensively. The central task established by the Party based on the basic national conditions at the current stage is the scientific guide for us to clarify our strategic direction and formulate our line and policies. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country to build China into a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieve the Second Centenary Goal, and advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese-path modernization.” The central task proposed at the 20th National Congress of the CPC has clear objectives and a clear direction, guiding the deepening of reform comprehensively in the New Era toward the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

把党的二十大描绘的战略蓝图变为现实，根本在于进一步全面深化改革。党基于现阶段基本国情确立的中心任务是我们明确战略方向、制定路线政策的科学指引。党的二十大报告指出：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”党的二十大提出的中心任务目标明确、指向清晰，引领新时代全面深化改革朝着实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标出发。

On the one hand, from the perspective of ideological content, the central task of the Party endows further deepening reform comprehensively with the epochal connotation of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform and opening up is a crucial instrument enabling the cause of the Party and the people to catch up with the times in big strides and a key move that determines the destiny of contemporary China. “Persisting in deepening reform and opening up,” as a major principle that must be firmly upheld on the path forward established at the 20th National Congress of the CPC, is highly correlated with Chinese-path modernization, directly points toward achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and constitutes the practical unfolding of the complete logic of the Party’s central task. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC deeply focused on seven aspects—a high-standard socialist market economy system, whole-process people’s democracy, a socialist cultural powerhouse, the quality of people’s lives, a Beautiful China, a Peaceful China, and Party leadership—greatly enriching the profound connotation of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, forming the practical logic and practical path for accomplishing the Party’s central task, and “elevating the realm of realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with entirely new connotations.”

一方面，从思想内容来看，党的中心任务赋予了进一步全面深化改革以实现中华民族伟大复兴的时代内涵。改革开放是党和人民事业大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招。“坚持深化改革开放”作为党的二十大确立的前进道路上必须牢牢把握的重大原则，同中国式现代化高度关联，直接指向实现中华民族伟大复兴，是党的中心任务完整逻辑的现实展开。党的二十届三中全会深度聚焦高水平社会主义市场经济体制、全过程人民民主、社会主义文化强国、人民生活品质、美丽中国、平安中国和党的领导等七个方面，极大丰富了实现中华民族伟大复兴的深刻内涵，构成了完成党的中心任务的现实逻辑和实践进路，“以全新的内涵提升了实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的境界”。

On the other hand, the central task of the Party endows further deepening reform comprehensively with strategic objectives for the next ten-plus years. The great undertaking of reform and opening up has gone through 35 years from the “partial exploration and ice-breaking breakthrough” at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC to the “systematic integration and comprehensive deepening” at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, possessing epoch-making significance on two occasions; from the “deepening reform comprehensively” at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC to the “further deepening reform comprehensively” at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, more than ten years of effort have been expended, driving historic achievements and historic transformations in reform and opening up. These two historical periods are interconnected and jointly lay an important foundation for advancing Chinese-path modernization. On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC further proposed the phased goal of basically completing reform tasks by 2029 and the overall goal of basically realizing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity by 2035. This is highly consistent with the strategic plan of “basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035” within the Party’s central task and constitutes an important link in the Party’s central task. The central task of the Party makes an overall strategic plan for the development goals of the Party and the state, both marking out a specific historical positioning for further deepening reform comprehensively and indicating broad prospects for its development and progress.

另一方面，党的中心任务赋予了进一步全面深化改革未来十多年的战略目标。改革开放伟大事业从党的十一届三中全会的“局部探索、破冰突围”到党的十八届三中全会的“系统集成、全面深化”经历了35年的历程，具有两个划时代的重大意义；从党的十八届三中全会的“全面深化改革”到党的二十届三中全会的“进一步全面深化改革”付出了十多年的努力，推动改革开放取得历史性成就和发生历史性变革。两个历史时段相互联系，共同奠定推进中国式现代化的重要基础。党的二十届三中全会在此基础上又提出了2029年基本完成改革任务的阶段性目标和2035年基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的总目标，这同党的中心任务中“2035年基本实现社会主义现代化”的战略规划是高度一致的，是党的中心任务中的重要一环。党的中心任务对党和国家的发展目标作出总的战略擘画，既为进一步全面深化改革标定了具体的历史定位，又为其发展进步昭示了广阔的前景。

(B) Improving and Developing the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics to Advance the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity

(二)完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度以推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化

Further deepening reform comprehensively targets fundamental, overarching, stable, and long-term issues in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adheres to taking institutional improvement as the main thread and institutional innovation as the guide, relies on interest adjustments and institutional changes to activate development vitality, and forms comparative advantages that occupy a favorable position in international competition. “The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental institutional guarantee for contemporary China’s development and progress; it is an advanced system with distinct Chinese characteristics, obvious institutional advantages, and a strong capacity for self-improvement.” Institutional improvement targets the realization of “institutional modernization” and the deepening and expansion of “national governance modernization,” elevating the connotation and extension of institutional improvement and achieving a qualitative leap in the innovation of institutional theory. The modernization of national governance is synchronous with, and even isomorphic to, building a modern socialist country in all respects. Deepening reform comprehensively is, in turn, the fundamental driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, deepening reform comprehensively constitutes the fundamental driving force for realizing the modernization of national governance, running through the entire process of Chinese-path modernization. Continuing to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity requires resolving several issues: first, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics possesses multi-dimensional institutional advantages, but how to forever preserve the superiority of the socialist system and always maintain these institutional advantages unshaken; second, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a complete system with distinct levels and a complex structure, so how to maintain the system’s stability and connectivity to ensure its continued efficient operation; third, actual development poses many challenges, so how the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics can respond to real-world problems and solve practical difficulties. Only by thinking from the perspective of further deepening reform comprehensively can these questions be answered.

进一步全面深化改革瞄准中国特色社会主义发展中根本性、全局性、稳定性和长期性的问题展开，坚持以制度建设为主线、以制度革新为引领，依靠利益调整和制度变革激活发展活力，形成在国际竞争中占据有利地位的比较优势。“中国特色社会主义制度是当代中国发展进步的根本制度保障，是具有鲜明中国特色、明显制度优势、强大自我完善能力的先进制度。”制度建设瞄准实现“制度现代化”和深化拓展“国家治理现代化”,升华了制度建设的内涵与外延，实现了制度理论创新质的飞跃。国家治理现代化与全面建设社会主义现代化国家是同步的，甚至是同构的。全面深化改革又是推进中国式现代化的根本动力。那么，全面深化改革就构成了实现国家治理现代化的根本动力，贯穿中国式现代化全过程。继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化要解决好这样几个问题：其一，中国特色社会主义制度具有多维度的制度优势，但如何永葆社会主义制度优越性、始终保持制度优势不动摇；其二，中国特色社会主义制度是一个层次分明、结构复杂的完整系统，如何保持系统的稳定性、联结性从而使制度始终高效运行；其三，现实发展提出了诸多挑战，中国特色社会主义制度如何回应现实问题、解决现实困难。只有从进一步全面深化改革的角度思考，才能解答这些问题。

Therefore, strengthening the institutional safeguards for Chinese-path modernization necessitates further deepening reform comprehensively. Comprehensive deepening of reform shoulders the major mission of advancing institutional transformation; it is the self-improvement and self-development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and it is also the root cause of why the socialist system with Chinese characteristics can always maintain strong vitality and dare to overcome all difficulties and challenges. First, further deepening reform comprehensively focuses on the institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain various aspects of economic and social development. Through institutional transformation and systemic innovation, it fosters the inherent characteristics and institutional attributes of change and innovation, ensuring that the socialist system with Chinese characteristics forever retains its vitality and secures the initiative for Chinese-path modernization. Second, further deepening reform comprehensively targets the blockages and bottlenecks in the operation of the system, achieving smooth, unblocked, and interconnected systems, and realizing effective articulation between fundamental institutions, basic institutions, and important institutions. This can effectively enhance the scientific nature, relevance, and effectiveness of institutional arrangements. Third, further deepening reform comprehensively is based on the functional positioning of consolidating foundations, leveraging strengths, shoring up weaknesses, and reinforcing weak points. Through systematic and systemic structural adjustments and institutional changes, it can consolidate and improve the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics, effectively transforming institutional advantages into national governance effectiveness.

因此，强化中国式现代化制度保障必须进一步全面深化改革。全面深化改革肩负着推进制度变革的重大使命，是中国特色社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展，也是中国特色社会主义制度始终保持强大生机活力、敢于战胜一切困难挑战的根源所在。一是进一步全面深化改革聚焦制约经济社会发展各方面的体制机制障碍，通过制度变革和体制革新，形成变革创新的内在特质和制度属性，确保中国特色社会主义制度永葆生机活力，为中国式现代化赢得主动权。二是进一步全面深化改革瞄准制度运行中的卡点堵点问题，实现制度畅通融通贯通，实现根本制度、基本制度和重要制度之间的有效衔接，能够有效提高制度安排的科学性、关联性和实效性。三是进一步全面深化改革立足固根基、扬优势、补短板、强弱项的功能定位，通过系统化体系化的结构性调整和制度性变革，能够巩固和完善中国特色社会主义制度优势，切实将制度优势转化为国家治理效能。

(3) Promoting high-quality development to better adapt to the transformation of the principal contradiction in Chinese society

(三)推动高质量发展以更好适应我国社会主要矛盾转化

Correctly understanding the historical position and stage of development of Chinese-path modernization is the fundamental basis for the Communist Party of China to clarify its stage-specific tasks and formulate its policies and guidelines. Since entering the New Era, the principal contradiction in society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The transformation of the principal contradiction requires guiding new social practices with the new development philosophy, promoting high-quality economic and social development, so as to better adapt to the transformation of the principal contradiction. The prominent manifestation and basic characteristic of the transformation of the principal contradiction reflected in the economic development model is that supply-side, structural, and institutional contradictions in the mode of economic development have become the main contradictions and key bottlenecks constraining economic development. The traditional mode of economic development is unsustainable and urgently requires a transformation of the development model and a shift in the development impetus. High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects and is also a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. Advancing this profound transformation requires giving full play to the driving and guiding role of further deepening reform comprehensively, making holistic arrangements and structural reforms in theory, policy, and strategy, and activating endogenous momentum, opening up development space, and developing new quality productive forces with a completely new economic development model and management system.

正确认识中国式现代化所处的历史方位和发展阶段，是中国共产党明确阶段任务、制定方针政策的根本依据。进入新时代以来，社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。社会主要矛盾转化要求用新发展理念指导新的社会实践，推动经济社会高质量发展，以更好适应社会主要矛盾转化。社会主要矛盾转化反映在经济发展模式上的突出表现和基本特点就是经济发展方式中供给侧、结构性、体制性矛盾成为制约经济发展的主要矛盾和关键卡点，传统经济发展方式难以为继，亟须转变发展方式和转换发展动力。高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，也是关系中国式现代化全局的一场深刻变革。推进这场深刻变革要求充分发挥进一步全面深化改革的推动和引领作用，在理论、政策和战略上作出整体性安排和结构性改革，以全新的经济发展方式和管理体制激活内生动力、打开发展空间、发展新质生产力。

Currently, the main factor constraining high-quality development remains unbalanced and inadequate development, which is the result of the constraints of the principal contradiction in society. To this end, it is necessary to further deepen reform comprehensively, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, rely on reform to change the past crude and extensive development model, form a healthier and more sustainable development model, and provide institutional and mechanistic support for achieving high-quality development. From the perspective of development impetus, greater emphasis should be placed on innovation-driven development, transforming the ideological concepts and institutional drawbacks that hinder innovation, unleashing the vitality of innovation and creation, improving factor productivity, and injecting strong innovative vitality into high-quality development. From the perspective of development relations, greater emphasis should be placed on balance and coordination, transforming the urban-rural, regional, and industrial relations that are uncoordinated and mismatched with high-quality development, integrating factor resources, optimizing allocation and combination, enhancing the overall effectiveness of development, and effectively resolving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. From the perspective of the development model, greater emphasis should be placed on green and sustainable development, transforming the past extensive development model that relied solely on resource consumption, accelerating the formation of green production methods and lifestyles, transitioning towards a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society, and promoting the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature. From the perspective of development linkage, greater emphasis should be placed on openness and cooperation, transforming closed and backward market systems and management models, improving the international investment environment and market environment, accelerating the establishment of a modern market system, and improving the quality of opening up and the internal and external linkage of development. From the perspective of development purpose, greater emphasis should be placed on fairness and justice, transforming the current unbalanced and inadequate social distribution system and urban-rural development system, raising the living standards of the people, promoting social fairness and justice, and fully demonstrating the superiority of the socialist system. In summary, the current problems are still problems arising in the course of development; they can only be fundamentally resolved through scientific and effective high-quality development. Therefore, it is necessary to firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development and further deepen reform comprehensively around the principal contradiction in society.

当前，制约高质量发展的主要因素依然是发展的不平衡不充分，是社会主要矛盾制约的结果。为此，必须进一步全面深化改革，完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，依靠改革改变过去简单粗放的发展方式，形成更加健康可持续的发展模式，为实现高质量发展提供体制机制支撑。从发展动力上看，更加注重创新驱动，变革阻碍创新的思想观念障碍和体制机制弊端，释放创新创造活力，提高要素生产效率，为高质量发展注入强大创新活力。从发展关系上看，更加注重平衡协调，变革同高质量发展不协调不配套的城乡、区域和产业关系，整合要素资源，优化配置组合，提升发展整体效能，有效化解发展不平衡不充分问题。从发展模式上看，更加注重绿色可持续发展，变革过去单纯依靠资源消耗的粗放型发展模式，加快形成绿色的生产方式和生活方式，向资源节约、环境友好型社会转变，促进人与自然和谐共生的现代化。从发展联动上看，更加注重开放合作，变革封闭落后的市场体制与管理模式，改善国际投资环境和市场环境，加快建立现代市场体系，提高对外开放的质量和发展的内外联动性。从发展目的上看，更加注重公平正义，变革当前不平衡不充分的社会分配体制和城乡发展体制，提高人民群众生活水平，促进社会公平正义，充分彰显社会主义制度优越性。总而言之，目前的问题依然是发展中的问题，只有依靠科学有效的高质量发展才能得到根本性解决，因而必须牢牢扭住高质量发展的首要任务，围绕社会主要矛盾进一步全面深化改革。

(4) Addressing major risks and challenges to ensure the steady and sustained progress of the Party and state’s undertakings

(四)应对重大风险挑战以推动党和国家事业行稳致远

“Advancing Chinese-path modernization is an entirely new undertaking, and the path forward will inevitably encounter various contradictions and risks and challenges.” [5]5 “National chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese idiom meaning coordinated planning and action across the entire country, treating all parts as interconnected. Since entering the New Era, the domestic and international situations have intertwined and evolved, the general trend of technological and industrial transformation coexists with crises and opportunities, and the changes in the people’s needs have shifted and iterated, placing higher practical demands on advancing Chinese-path modernization. Further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization requires enhancing the awareness of potential dangers, preventing and defusing risks, strengthening bottom-line thinking, and carrying forward the spirit of struggle, while coordinating the relationship between reform, development, and stability. From the perspective of the domestic development situation, downward pressure on the economy has increased, and economic operations exhibit prominent problems such as “insufficient effective demand, greater operational pressure on enterprises, numerous hidden risks and dangers in key areas, and insufficient smoothness in the domestic circulation.” [6]6 “A single move affects the whole situation” (牵一发而动全身) is a Chinese idiom meaning that a small change in one part can affect the entire system. From the perspective of the international development situation, the changes unseen in a century are still undergoing profound evolution, with frequent wars and conflicts, intertwined contradictions and risks, and the external environment facing Chinese-path modernization becoming increasingly severe and complex, with significantly increased instability and uncertainty factors. Many exposed and potential risks and challenges place enormous pressure on the sustained recovery and improvement of the economy, constraining the sustained and stable development of Chinese-path modernization.

“推进中国式现代化是一项全新的事业，前进道路上必然会遇到各种矛盾和风险挑战。”进入新时代以来，国内外形势交织演变，科技和产业变革大势危机共存，人民需要变化情势迭代位移，对推进中国式现代化提出了更高的现实要求。进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化需要增强忧患意识、防范化解风险、增强底线思维和发扬斗争精神，统筹协调改革发展稳定三者的关系。从国内发展形势来看，经济下行压力增大，经济运行呈现出“有效需求仍然不足，企业经营压力较大，重点领域风险隐患较多，国内大循环不够顺畅”等突出问题。从国际发展形势来看，百年未有之大变局仍处在深刻演变之中，战争与冲突频发，矛盾与风险交织，中国式现代化面临的外部环境日趋严峻复杂，不稳定性、不确定性因素明显增多。诸多显露的和潜在的风险挑战，对经济持续回升向好带来巨大压力，制约着中国式现代化持续平稳发展。

Chinese-path modernization has entered a complex field where contradictions and conflicts are prone to occur, opportunities and dangers are intertwined, and various predictable and unpredictable risks and challenges coexist. To properly handle the major challenges, major risks, major resistances, and major contradictions on the path forward, it is necessary to have stronger strategic resolve and greater development impetus to hedge against external risks and enhance one’s own confidence and assurance in meeting challenges. The key to enhancing the certainty of macro-level development lies in further deepening reform comprehensively. First, further deepening reform comprehensively always adheres to the correct direction of progress. By summarizing and applying the valuable experience of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, firmly grasping major principles such as upholding the Party’s overall leadership, adhering to a people-centered approach, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, taking institutional development as the main line, adhering to law-based governance in all respects, and adhering to a systems perspective, it reduces risks and hidden dangers for Chinese-path modernization from the directional source. Second, further deepening reform comprehensively always adheres to a problem-oriented approach, transforming passive reform into active reform. By promoting political system reform simultaneously through corresponding economic system reform, social system reform, etc., it achieves the smooth transformation and upgrading of society, thereby avoiding the country encountering major reform risks during the period of transformation of the principal contradiction in society and profound reform of the economic and political systems. Third, further deepening reform comprehensively always anchors on institutional modernization and the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. By establishing a series of vibrant institutional mechanisms, it can provide a strong guarantee for maintaining the vitality of the Party and the state, which is conducive to maintaining overall social stability, ensuring the people’s安居乐业 [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 38th Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform,” December 5, 2016. (living and working in peace and contentment), and safeguarding national security.

中国式现代化进入矛盾和冲突易发、机遇和危险交织以及各种可以预料和难以预料的风险挑战并存的复杂场域。妥善处理好前进道路上的重大挑战、重大风险、重大阻力、重大矛盾，需要有更坚定的战略定力和更强的发展动力来对冲外部风险，提高自身应对挑战的底气和信心。而增强宏观发展确定性的关键就在于进一步全面深化改革。首先，进一步全面深化改革始终坚持正确前进方向，从总结运用新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，牢牢把握坚持党的全面领导、坚持以人民为中心、坚持守正创新、坚持以制度建设为主线、坚持全面依法治国、坚持系统观念等重大原则，从方向源头上为中国式现代化减少风险隐患。其次，进一步全面深化改革始终坚持问题导向，变被动改革为主动改革，通过相应的经济体制改革、社会体制改革等同步推进政治体制改革，实现社会平稳转型与升级，从而避免国家在社会主要矛盾转化和经济政治体制深刻改革时期遭遇重大改革风险。再次，进一步全面深化改革始终锚定制度现代化和国家治理现代化，通过建立一系列充满活力的体制机制，能够为永葆党和国家生机活力提供有力保证，有利于保持社会大局稳定、保证人民安居乐业、保障国家安全。

II. The Distinctive Features of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization

二、进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的突出特点

To understand and grasp the important measures for further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization, we must closely integrate the distinctive features of the reform. Further deepening reform comprehensively is the continuation and extension of the comprehensive deepening of reform since the New Era, emphasizing “summing up and applying the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era,” adhering to the correct political direction, adhering to a problem-oriented approach, highlighting the leading role of economic system reform, adhering to a people-centered approach, and strengthening systemic integration. This makes comprehensive deepening of reform “place more emphasis on systemic integration, more emphasis on highlighting key points, and more emphasis on reform effectiveness,” constituting the practical sequel and new chapter of comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [6]6 “A single move affects the whole situation” (牵一发而动全身) is a Chinese idiom meaning that a small change in one part can affect the entire system. focuses on the new tasks and new challenges facing Chinese-path modernization, presents new features and new connotations in reform content, and puts forward new viewpoints and new judgments in theoretical innovation, highlighting the fresh implications of further deepening reform comprehensively to open up a new situation for Chinese-path modernization.

理解和把握进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的重要举措，必须紧密结合改革的显著特点。进一步全面深化改革是新时代以来全面深化改革的接续与延展，强调“总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验”，坚持正确政治方向、坚持问题导向、突出经济体制改革牵引作用、坚持人民至上、强化系统集成，使全面深化改革“更加注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效”，构成了新时代全面深化改革的实践续篇和时代新篇。党的二十届三中全会聚焦中国式现代化面临的新任务新挑战，在改革内容上呈现新特点新内涵，在理论创新上提出新观点新论断，突显了进一步全面深化改革开辟中国式现代化新局面的崭新意蕴。

(I) Adhere to Taking the Economy as the Guide, Fully Leveraging the Leading Role of Economic System Reform

(一)坚持以经济为引领，充分发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用

Closely grasping key work, central tasks, and critical nodes to advance various undertakings is an important summary of experience gained by the Communist Party of China in uniting and leading the Chinese people through revolution, construction, and reform. From the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 38th Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform,” December 5, 2016. proposing “adhering to taking economic system reform as the main axis” to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee reaffirming that “economic system reform remains the focus of further deepening reform comprehensively,” this is both a continuation and inheritance of the previous reform path and an expansion and extension of future further deepening reform comprehensively. It demonstrates the practical wisdom and scientific method of reform always grasping the principal contradiction [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects — Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 16, 2022. and advancing overall reform through important areas and key links. Chinese-path modernization faces the urgent need to achieve high-quality development, which determines that promoting high-quality development is the main task of further deepening reform comprehensively. Looking at the reform tasks proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, 6 of the 15 parts involve economic system reform, and 24 of the 56 major reform tasks involve economic system reform, fully reflecting the key position and critical role of economic system reform in the overall reform landscape. It focuses on taking economic system reform as the leading factor to guide and drive reforms in other fields to form synergy. This shows that the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee focuses more on economic system reform, emphasizes leveraging its leading role, and forms more dynamic and vibrant institutional mechanisms by perfecting the socialist market economy system, thereby seeking reform momentum, breaking reform resistance, and forming reform synergy.

紧紧抓住重点工作、中心任务、关键节点推进各项事业，是中国共产党团结带领中国人民在革命、建设、改革中得出的重要经验总结。从党的十八届三中全会提出“坚持以经济体制改革为主轴”到党的二十届三中全会重申“经济体制改革仍是进一步全面深化改革的重点”，这既是对以往改革道路的接续与传承，又是对未来进一步全面深化改革的拓展与延伸，展现了改革始终抓主要矛盾、以重要领域和关键环节推进整体改革的实践智慧和科学方法。中国式现代化面临实现高质量发展的迫切需要，这就决定了推动高质量发展是进一步全面深化改革的主要任务。纵观党的二十届三中全会提出的改革任务，15个部分中6个部分涉及经济体制改革，56条大的改革任务中24条涉及经济体制改革，充分体现了经济体制改革在改革全局中的重点地位和关键作用，侧重以经济体制改革为牵引，引领和带动其他领域改革形成合力。这说明，党的二十届三中全会更加聚焦经济体制改革，注重发挥牵引作用，通过完善社会主义市场经济制度形成更具动力和更有活力的体制机制，以此寻求改革动力、破除改革阻力、形成改革合力。

The core issue of deepening economic system reform is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market. This is both an inevitable requirement for stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovative vitality of the whole society and a question of the times that further deepening reform comprehensively must answer. In the process of gradually deepening reform, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people have deeply realized that the government and the market are not isolated from or fundamentally opposed to each other, but a pair of contradictory entities that are interdependent and interconnected. Under socialist conditions, their mutual penetration and organic unity can be achieved. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization’,” July 15, 2024. initiated economic system reform by focusing on delegating economic management power, leveraging the role of the law of value, and enhancing the initiative of market entities. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deepened economic system reform by focusing on enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation. The relationship between the government and the market has undergone a cognitive process of gradual transformation from opposition to mutual unity. On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee continues the reform direction set since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, focusing on building a high-level socialist market economy system. It makes a series of major deployments around four aspects: perfecting the institutional mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development, perfecting the macroeconomic governance system, perfecting the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development, and perfecting the institutional mechanisms for high-level opening up. It strives to explore a new model of mutual promotion and complementary interaction between the government and the market, and works to achieve the organic unity of market mechanisms and government functions, “enlivening” and “managing effectively,” thereby providing high-level institutional and mechanism support for developing new quality productive forces.

深化经济体制改革的核心问题是处理好政府与市场关系，这既是激发全社会内生动力和创新活力的必然要求，也是进一步全面深化改革必须解答的时代之问。在改革逐步深化的过程中，中国共产党和中国人民深刻意识到政府与市场不是彼此孤立、根本对立的，而是一对相互依存、彼此联系的矛盾共同体，在社会主义条件下可以实现二者的相互贯通、有机统一。党的十一届三中全会围绕下放经济管理权力、发挥价值规律作用、增强市场主体积极性开启经济体制改革，党的十八届三中全会围绕使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用深化经济体制改革，政府和市场关系经历了一个从对立向相互统一逐步转化的认识过程。在此基础上，党的二十届三中全会接续党的十一届三中全会以来提出的改革方向，聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，围绕健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制、健全宏观经济治理体系、完善城乡融合发展体制机制、完善高水平对外开放体制机制四个方面作出一系列重大部署，着力探索政府与市场相互促进、互补互通的全新模式，努力实现市场机制与政府职能、“放得活”与“管得住”的有机统一，为发展新质生产力提供高水平的体制机制支撑。

(II) Adhere to Taking Innovation as the Driver, Building Institutional Mechanisms That Support Comprehensive Innovation

(二)坚持以创新为驱动，构建支持全面创新的体制机制

Education, science and technology, and talent are important links in advancing innovation and creation, constituting the foundational and strategic support for Chinese-path modernization. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee emphasizes highlighting major reforms of strategic and overall significance, which means highlighting the important position of education, science and technology, and talent in further deepening reform comprehensively, stimulating the innovative and creative vitality of the whole society with high-level institutional mechanisms, and consolidating the foundation for the development of Chinese-path modernization. Facing more severe domestic and international development situations and arduous reform and development tasks, education, science and technology, and talent need to break away from their previous state of acting independently. They require integrated advancement and overall planning. This is both an inherent requirement for enhancing the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform and a practical need for building a strong nation in education, science and technology, and talent. Based on this, the 20th National Congress of the CPC [10]10 Source not identified in the original text; likely a paraphrase of a common formulation in Chinese security discourse. integrated education, science and technology, and talent as a separate part for emphasis, insisting on “three-in-one” overall advancement to highlight their foundational and strategic supporting role in advancing the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. This “reflects our Party’s profound grasp of the laws governing the construction of a modern socialist country.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, following the arrangements and deployments of the 20th National Congress of the CPC on education, science and technology, and talent, further proposes to coordinate and advance the integrated reform of the institutional mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent. It calls for mutual coordination and synergistic efforts in areas such as discipline setting, talent cultivation, scientific research, transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and talent incentives, accelerating the formation of comprehensive reform effects, and striving to enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system.

教育、科技、人才是推进创新创造的重要环节，构成了中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。党的二十届三中全会强调突出战略性、全局性重大改革，就是要突出教育、科技、人才在进一步全面深化改革中的重要地位，以高水平体制机制激发全社会创新创造活力，夯实中国式现代化发展根基。面对更加严峻的国内外发展形势和艰巨的改革发展任务，教育、科技、人才要摆脱过去各自发力的状态，需要一体推进与整体谋划，这既是增强改革系统性、整体性、协同性的内在要求，也是建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国的现实需要。基于此，党的二十大将教育、科技、人才统筹起来作为单独部分突出强调，坚持“三位一体”整体推进，以突显其在推进中国式现代化全局中的基础性、战略性支撑作用，“反映了我们党对社会主义现代化国家建设规律的深刻把握”。党的二十届三中全会围绕党的二十大对教育、科技、人才的安排部署，进一步提出统筹推进教育、科技、人才体制机制一体改革，在学科设置、人才培养、科研攻关、科技成果转化、人才激励等领域相互配合、协同发力，加快形成改革综合效应，着力提升国家创新体系整体效能。

The mutually reinforcing, complementary, and interactive relationship among education, science and technology, and talent requires us to advance the reform of the education system, the science and technology system, and the talent development system in an integrated manner, providing continuous momentum and intellectual support for Chinese-path modernization. In terms of education system reform, it focuses more on a research orientation, using scientific and technological development and national strategic needs as the guide to reform existing discipline-setting mechanisms and talent cultivation models, strengthen the construction of basic, emerging, and interdisciplinary disciplines and the cultivation of top-notch talents, and empower scientific and technological innovation and talent development through deepening comprehensive education reform. In terms of science and technology system reform, it places greater emphasis on tackling key core technologies, always adhering to the “four orientations” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Report to the 20th National Congress,” October 16, 2022., fully mobilizing the vitality of innovation entities such as the state, enterprises, and public institutions, and using means such as institutional reform, factor allocation, funding guarantees, and achievement incentives to focus on supporting basic research, interdisciplinary frontiers, and key area layouts, and to coordinately promote the improvement of education quality and the construction of a scientific research talent team. In terms of talent development system and mechanism reform, it places greater emphasis on incentivizing innovative talents, insisting on combining independent cultivation of talents with the introduction of overseas talents, perfecting mechanisms for discovering, selecting, and cultivating innovative talents, reforming the talent evaluation system, and cultivating a large number of high-quality innovative talents to promote educational development and scientific and technological progress.

教育、科技、人才三者之间的互促互补互动关系，要求我们一体推进教育体制改革、科技体制改革和人才发展体制改革，为中国式现代化提供源源不断的动力支撑和智力支持。在教育体制改革方面，更加聚焦科研导向，以科技发展和国家战略需求为牵引，改革现有的学科设置机制和人才培养模式，加强基础、新兴、交叉学科建设和拔尖人才培养，通过深化教育综合改革为科技创新和人才发展赋能。在科技体制改革方面，更加强调关键核心技术攻关，始终坚持“四个面向”，充分调动国家、企业、事业单位等创新主体活力，通过体制改革、要素配置、经费保障、成果激励等手段，重点支持基础研究、交叉前沿、重点领域布局，协同推进教育提质增效和科研人才队伍建设。在人才发展体制机制改革方面，更加突出创新人才激励，坚持自主培养人才与海外引进人才相结合，完善创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制，改革人才评价体系，为促进教育发展和科技进步造就一大批高素质创新人才。

(III) Adhere to Taking the Systems Concept as the Core, Further Advancing Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

(三)坚持以系统观念为内核，进一步推进全面深化改革

Further deepening reform comprehensively requires not only skillfully grasping the key points and the crux, using the key to drive the overall situation, but also emphasizing the comprehensiveness and systematic nature of reform, grasping the unity of the two-point theory and the key-point theory. “Reform and opening up is a systemic project; we must adhere to comprehensive reform and advance it through the coordinated cooperation of various reforms.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’,” in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 1 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 497. Deepening reform comprehensively is an extremely complex system; the system and its elements influence each other, the various elements within the system are interwoven and staggered, and the various interest relationships within each element are tangled and intricate. Piecemeal tinkering will not work, nor will fragmented patching; what is needed is only a comprehensive and profound transformation, a linked, integrated, and systematic deep-level reform. Based on the systematic, holistic, and orderly characteristics of deepening reform comprehensively, it is inevitably necessary to employ methods of synergy, coupling, and correlation to advance reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. established “adhering to the systems concept” as a major principle that must be followed in further deepening reform comprehensively, planned reform within the overall framework of coordinately advancing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the coordinated advancement of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, and coordinately advanced reforms in areas such as democracy, rule of law, culture, people’s livelihood, and ecology. All this distinctly embodies the prominent characteristic of reform adhering to comprehensiveness and systematicity, and perfects the top-level design of Chinese-path modernization.

进一步全面深化改革不仅要善于抓重点、抓关键，以重点带动全局，也要注重改革的全面性、系统性，把握两点论和重点论的统一。“改革开放是一个系统工程，必须坚持全面改革，在各项改革协同配合中推进。”全面深化改革是一个极为复杂的系统，系统与要素之间相互影响，系统内部各个要素之间交织错落，各个要素内部各种利益关系盘根错节，零敲碎打不行、碎片化修补也不行，只能是全面而深刻的变革，是联动型、集成式、系统化的深层次改革。基于全面深化改革的系统性、整体性、有序性特征，必然要求运用协同性、耦合性、关联性的方法推进改革。党的二十届三中全会将“坚持系统观念”作为进一步全面深化改革必须遵循的重大原则，将改革放置在统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局和协调推进“四个全面”战略布局的整体框架下谋划，统筹推进民主、法治、文化、民生、生态等领域改革，都鲜明体现了改革坚持全面性、系统性的突出特点，完善了中国式现代化的顶层设计。

Emphasizing systematicity, holism, and synergy is both an inherent requirement of deepening reform comprehensively and an important method for advancing reform. “Resolving the structural contradictions, hierarchical contradictions, and derivative contradictions within the Chinese-path modernization system requires that deepening reform comprehensively must be a reform that unifies holism, synergy, and gradualism.” [3]3 Source not identified in the original text; likely a paraphrase of a common formulation in Chinese policy discourse. On the one hand, from the perspective of the overall design of reform, deepening reform comprehensively “is not about advancing reform in one field, nor about advancing reform in a few fields, but about advancing reform in all fields”; [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’,” p. 497. one cannot act independently or go one’s own way. We should adhere to a national chessboard approach, [5]5 “National chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese idiom meaning coordinated planning and action across the entire country, treating all parts as interconnected. coordinate the reform of the economic system, the political system, the cultural system, the social system, and the ecological civilization system, straighten out the logical relationships among reforms in various fields, clarify the “connection map” and “relationship network” between them, and maximize the effectiveness of reform through systemic optimization. On the other hand, from the perspective of specific reform measures, no reform measure exists in isolation; a single move often affects the whole situation, [6]6 “A single move affects the whole situation” (牵一发而动全身) is a Chinese idiom meaning that a small change in one part can affect the entire system. requiring comprehensive consideration and coordinated advancement. We should strengthen top-level design, clarify the sequence and rhythm of advancing reform, pay attention to the echelon-like connection of reform measures, aggregate the advantageous forces of reform from all sides, enhance the functional coupling of reform elements, “grasp both the synergy of reform plans and the synergy of reform implementation, and even more so the synergy of reform effects,” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 38th Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform,” December 5, 2016. achieving mutual coordination and joint force between reform plans, reform implementation, and reform results.

注重系统性、整体性、协同性既是全面深化改革的内在要求，也是推进改革的重要方法。“解决中国式现代化系统中的结构性矛盾、层次性矛盾、派生性矛盾，要求全面深化改革必须是整体性、协同性和渐进性相统一的改革。”一方面，从改革的整体设计来看，全面深化改革“不是推进一个领域改革，也不是推进几个领域改革，而是推进所有领域改革”，不能各自为政、各行其是。应坚持全国一盘棋，统筹经济体制改革、政治体制改革、文化体制改革、社会体制改革和生态文明体制改革，理顺各领域改革之间的逻辑关系，厘清彼此之间的“联络图”和“关系网”，通过系统优化发挥出改革的最大效能。另一方面，从改革的具体举措来看，任何一项改革举措都不是孤立而存在的，往往牵一发而动全身，需要全面考量、协调推进。应加强顶层设计，明确推进改革的时序和节奏，注重改革举措的梯次衔接，聚合各方改革优势力量，增强改革要素的功能耦合，“既抓改革方案协同，也抓改革落实协同，更抓改革效果协同”，实现改革方案、改革落实、改革成效相互配合、协同发力。

(4) Adhering to security as a guarantee, coordinating the two major tasks of development and security

(四)坚持以安全为保障，统筹发展和安全两件大事

National security is an important guarantee for achieving the healthy and sustained development of the economy and society, and an important foundation for the steady and long-term progress of Chinese-path modernization. Along with the advancement of reform and opening up, problems accumulated from past stock reforms and new problems arising from the new round of incremental reforms are interwoven and superimposed, posing a major test for national security. At the same time, “local conflicts and turbulence occur frequently, global problems intensify, and external suppression and containment continue to escalate”; [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects — Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 16, 2022. the complex domestic and international environment requires us to enhance our capacity to safeguard national security and effectively prevent and resolve risks and challenges. “Effectively responding to these risks and challenges and gaining strategic initiative in the increasingly fierce international competition requires us to further deepen reform comprehensively.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization’,” July 15, 2024. Therefore, national security has become an important contemporary issue that further deepening reform comprehensively cannot avoid, and has also become an important strategic consideration for advancing Chinese-path modernization. The comprehensive deepening of reform proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, whether in terms of the major significance and overall requirements of reform, or the specific measures and content characteristics of reform, is filled with concern and planning for national security, further demonstrating the strong determination and firm confidence of the Party Central Committee in using comprehensive deepening of reform to resolve the difficulties and contradictions on the path of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

国家安全是实现经济社会健康持续发展的重要保障，是中国式现代化行稳致远的重要基础。伴随着改革开放的推进，过往存量改革积攒的问题和新一轮增量改革新发的问题交织叠加，对国家安全带来重大考验。同时，“局部冲突和动荡频发，全球性问题加剧，来自外部的打压遏制不断升级”，国内国际的复杂环境要求我们增强维护国家安全能力、有效防范化解风险挑战。“有效应对这些风险挑战，在日趋激烈的国际竞争中赢得战略主动，需要我们进一步全面深化改革。”因此，国家安全成为进一步全面深化改革绕不开的重要时代课题，也成为推进中国式现代化的重要战略考量。党的二十届三中全会提出的全面深化改革，无论是改革的重大意义和总体要求，还是改革的具体举措和内容特点，都充满着对国家安全的关切与运筹，进一步表明党中央以全面深化改革解决中国式现代化前进道路上的困难和矛盾的强大决心和坚定信心。

“Security and development constitute the basic process of a nation’s existence, continuation, and development; the two complement each other and are inseparable.” [10]10 Source not identified in the original text; likely a paraphrase of a common formulation in Chinese security discourse. Compared to achieving high-quality development, ensuring national security has greater uncertainty and more prominent practical necessity in the specific context of the New Era. The 20th National Congress of the CPC listed “advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Report to the 20th National Congress,” October 16, 2022. for separate discussion, clearly proposed “safeguarding the new pattern of development with a new security architecture,” [12]12 and emphasized advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity, highlighting the Party Central Committee’s practical concern and far-sighted planning for coordinating development and security and coordinately advancing the construction of the new pattern of development and the new security architecture. Focusing on the four aspects proposed by the 20th National Congress—perfecting the national security system, enhancing the capacity to safeguard national security, improving the level of public safety governance, and perfecting the social governance system—the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee targeted reforms in three areas: perfecting the national security system, improving the public safety governance mechanism, and perfecting the social governance system, further perfecting the national security system and mechanisms. At the same time, facing the urgent requirements of the intertwining of internal and external factors of national security and the increasing impact of foreign-related national security risks, the Party Central Committee emphatically proposed the entirely new reform task of perfecting foreign-related national security mechanisms and improving the capacity to safeguard foreign-related national security, adhering to safeguarding high-quality development with a high level of security, and providing a strong security guarantee for the steady and long-term progress of Chinese-path modernization.

“安全与发展，构成了国家存在、延续、发展的基本过程，两者相辅相成，不可分割。”保障国家安全相较于实现高质量发展，在新时代具体语境下具有更大的不确定性和更突出的现实必要性。党的二十大将“推进国家安全体系和能力现代化”单列出来论述，明确提出“以新安全格局保障新发展格局”,强调推进国家安全体系和能力现代化，彰显了党中央统筹发展与安全、协调推进构建新发展格局和新安全格局的现实关切与深谋远虑。党的二十届三中全会围绕党的二十大提出的健全国家安全体系、增强维护国家安全能力、提高公共安全治理水平、完善社会治理体系四方面内容，针对性提出健全国家安全体系、完善公共安全治理机制、健全社会治理体系三方面改革举措，进一步完善国家安全体制机制。同时，面对国家安全内外因素相互交织、涉外国家安全风险影响日益增强的紧迫要求，党中央着重提出完善涉外国家安全机制、提高维护涉外国家安全能力的全新改革任务，坚持以高水平安全保障高质量发展，为中国式现代化行稳致远提供坚强安全保障。

(5) Adhering to the leadership of the Party as the fundamental guarantee, strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over reform

(五)坚持以党的领导为根本保证，加强党对改革的全面领导

“The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization.” [13]13 Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 11 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1979), p. 103. Deepening reform comprehensively is an all-round social transformation under the leadership of the Party. The means is advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and the goal is to achieve a thriving and strong Party. It contains the dual logic of an advanced political party leading reform and reform advancing Party building. On the one hand, the underlying logic of adhering to the Party’s leadership over deepening reform comprehensively lies in the advanced political party leading reform. As a Marxist political party, the realistic basis and fundamental prerequisite for the CPC to hold the leadership power of reform is that the Party does not represent any interest groups, power groups, or privileged strata, and has no special interests of its own, thus ensuring the comprehensiveness and thoroughness of reform. Only with the advanced nature and purity of a Marxist political party can it be ensured that reform always serves the people and serves socialism, and always adheres to the correct direction of reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee established “adhering to the Party’s overall leadership” as the primary principle for further deepening reform comprehensively, positioning the Party’s leadership as the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization, “fully highlighting the strategic requirement of running the Party’s leadership through all fields and the entire process of further deepening reform comprehensively, and enhancing the capacity to coordinate reform through the Party’s self-revolution.” [14]14 Karl Marx, “Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 29 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987), p. 263.

“党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。”全面深化改革是一场党领导下的全方位社会变革，手段是推进全面从严管党治党，目标是实现兴党强党，蕴含着先进政党引领改革和改革推进党的建设的双重逻辑。一方面，坚持党对全面深化改革的领导的底层逻辑在于先进政党引领改革。中国共产党作为马克思主义政党，掌握改革领导权的现实依据和根本前提在于党不代表任何利益集团、权势团体和特权阶层，没有自身的特殊利益，从而保证了改革的全面性和彻底性。只有具备了马克思主义政党的先进性和纯洁性，才能确保改革始终为人民服务、为社会主义服务，始终坚持改革的正确方向。党的二十届三中全会将“坚持党的全面领导”作为进一步全面深化改革的首要原则，将党的领导定位为进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证，“充分凸显了将党的领导贯穿进一步全面深化改革各领域全过程，在党的自我革命中提升统筹改革的能力的战略要求”。

On the other hand, adhering to the Party’s leadership over deepening reform comprehensively also meets the practical needs of strengthening Party building in the New Era. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee emphasized that further deepening reform comprehensively is “an inevitable requirement for deeply advancing the great new project of Party building in the New Era and building a more powerful and stronger Marxist political party,” [15]15 Karl Marx, “The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 10 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), p. 122; Karl Marx, “The Civil War in France,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 22 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986), p. 331. and at the same time made a strategic plan for improving the Party’s leadership level over further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization, pointing out the important role of deepening reform comprehensively in strengthening Party building and perfecting the Party’s leadership. Further deepening reform comprehensively faces more complex practical circumstances and more arduous historical tasks than in the past. There are more hard bones to chew, [16]16 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 10 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), p. 281. and more difficulties and challenges to resolve, placing new and higher demands on the Party’s governance capacity and leadership level. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee focused on improving the capacity of Party committees at all levels to plan and advance reform, and advanced with the times proposed a series of reform measures such as perfecting the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, deepening the reform of the Party building system, and deeply advancing the construction of a clean and honest Party and the fight against corruption, effectively improving the Party’s leadership level over further deepening reform comprehensively, and ensuring that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of deepening reform comprehensively.

另一方面，坚持党对全面深化改革的领导也适应了新时代加强党的建设的现实需要。党的二十届三中全会强调，进一步全面深化改革是“深入推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程、建设更加坚强有力的马克思主义政党的必然要求”，同时作出提高党对进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的领导水平的战略擘画，指明了全面深化改革在加强党的建设、完善党的领导方面的重要作用。进一步全面深化改革面临比过去更加复杂的现实境况和更加艰巨的历史任务，难啃的硬骨头更多，要解决的困难和挑战也更多，对党的执政能力和领导水平提出了新的更高要求。党的二十届三中全会聚焦提高各级党委谋划和推进改革的能力，与时俱进提出完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制、深化党的建设制度改革、深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争等一系列改革举措，切实提高党对进一步全面深化改革的领导水平，确保党始终成为全面深化改革事业的坚强领导核心。

3. The Major Significance of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization

三、进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的重大意义

On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the new circumstances and new requirements facing Chinese-path modernization, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC systematically elucidated major issues such as the direction and theme, practical principles, specific measures, and fundamental guarantees for further deepening reform comprehensively. It “is a general mobilization and general deployment for advancing comprehensive deepening of reform in breadth and depth on the new journey of the New Era, fully embodying the historical initiative to perfect and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” Further deepening reform comprehensively has written a new chapter in advancing Chinese-path modernization on the new journey of the New Era, and is of great significance for enriching and perfecting the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization and for creating a new situation for Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届三中全会在深入分析中国式现代化面临的新形势新要求基础之上，系统阐明了进一步全面深化改革的方向主题、实践原则、具体举措、根本保证等重大问题，“是新时代新征程上推动全面深化改革向广度和深度进军的总动员、总部署，充分体现了完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的历史主动”。进一步全面深化改革谱写了新时代新征程推进中国式现代化新的篇章，对中国式现代化理论体系的丰富完善、开创中国式现代化新局面具有重要意义。

(I) Enriching and Developing the Theory of Socialist Reform, Providing Theoretical Guidance for Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

(一)丰富和发展社会主义改革理论，为推进中国式现代化提供理论指引

Theory does not arise out of nothing; it is the result of the continuation of thought and the gestation of the times, created under “conditions directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” [13]13 Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 11 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1979), p. 103. The theoretical forms of each era have different modes of expression and, at the same time, completely different content. The series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC concerning further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization enriches and develops the theory of socialist reform, manifesting the new-era vitality of the theory of socialist reform.

理论不是凭空产生的，而是思想延续和时代孕育的结果，是在“直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件”下创造的，每一个时代的理论具有不同的表现形式，同时具有完全不同的内容。党的二十届三中全会关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，丰富和发展了社会主义改革理论，彰显了社会主义改革理论新的时代活力。

First, it enriches and develops the theory of the basic contradictions of socialist society. The basic contradictions of society run through the entire development of human society and are the general laws and objective material forces that determine the future trends of social development. “At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or—this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms—with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of social revolution.” [14]14 Karl Marx, “Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 29 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987), p. 263. This profoundly reveals the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production and its laws of development, finding a realistic way out for resolving the basic contradictions of society. Under socialist conditions, the basic contradictions of society remain the contradictions between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure. However, these contradictions have already transformed from irreconcilable “external conflicts” into “contradictions among the people” that can be unified, and can be completely resolved through peaceful reform. This self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system unfolds on the basis of public ownership of the means of production, and differs fundamentally from Western-style reform in terms of social formation and social system. Due to the universal establishment and widespread application of socialist principles, relations of production and productive forces, and the superstructure and the economic base, have shifted from past incompatibility to present basic compatibility, and the socialist system displays immense superiority and strong vitality. Further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization emphasizes achieving the reform objective of further “liberating and developing the social productive forces, enhancing social vitality, and promoting better compatibility between relations of production and productive forces, and between the superstructure and the economic base” through institutional and mechanism changes and the construction of a system of institutions, contributing a new theoretical framework for resolving the basic contradictions of socialism.

第一，丰富和发展社会主义社会基本矛盾理论。社会基本矛盾贯穿人类社会发展始终，是决定社会发展未来趋势的一般规律和客观物质力量。“社会的物质生产力发展到一定阶段，便同它们一直在其中运动的现存生产关系或财产关系(这只是生产关系的法律用语)发生矛盾。于是这些关系便由生产力的发展形式变成生产力的桎梏。那时社会革命的时代就到来了。”这深刻揭示了生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾运动及其发展规律，为解决社会基本矛盾找到了现实出路。在社会主义条件下，社会基本矛盾依然是生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑之间的矛盾，但这种矛盾已经由不可调和的“外部冲突”向可以统一起来的“人民内部矛盾”转化，完全可以依靠和平的改革方式来解决。这种对社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展，是在生产资料公有制的基础上展开的，同西方式改良有着社会形态和社会制度的本质区别。由于社会主义原则的普遍建立和广泛应用，生产关系同生产力、上层建筑同经济基础已经由过去的不适应转变为现在的基本适应，社会主义制度显示出巨大的优越性和强大的生命力。进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化强调通过体制机制变革和制度体系建构，达到进一步“解放和发展社会生产力、增强社会活力，推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础更好相适应”的改革目的，为解决社会主义基本矛盾贡献了新的理论框架。

Second, it enriches and develops the theory of socialist social revolution. Revolution is an inevitable result of social historical development; it is the “locomotive of history” and a “powerful driving force of social and political progress.” [15]15 Karl Marx, “The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 10 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), p. 122; Karl Marx, “The Civil War in France,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 22 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986), p. 331. Marx pointed out that “socialism is the declaration of the permanence of the revolution.” [16]16 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 10 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), p. 281. This revolution is not only about eliminating all old relations of production and social relations, along with the old ideas arising from them, but also about eliminating all class distinctions and their roots, achieving the most thoroughgoing social revolution. The social revolution proposed by Marx mainly refers to the highest form of class struggle, the political revolution in which the working class uses armed struggle to resist the bourgeoisie. But “social revolution is the real revolution; political and philosophical revolutions necessarily lead to social revolution.” [17]17 Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. Introduction,” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 3 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 182. Social revolution is a critical reflection on and revolutionary construction of the existing world. It includes both political revolution and philosophical revolution, but is not limited to them; it is an all-round revolution and holistic reshaping of society. During the period of socialist construction, the Marxist social revolution manifests itself in the form of reform and self-revolution, with the Party’s self-revolution leading the social revolution. “Reform is a profound revolution,” and “reform and opening up is a new great revolution led by our Party in the new era and under new conditions.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Conference Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up,” December 18, 2018. Elevating reform to the level of social revolution, highlighting reform’s all-round transformation of society, endows social revolution with a contemporary connotation more suited to socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is not only an elucidation of the characteristics and semantic expression of reform, but also a reconstruction and great innovation of social revolution, “pushing the theory of socialist reform to a new height.”

第二，丰富和发展社会主义社会革命理论。革命是社会历史发展的必然结果，是“历史的火车头”，是“社会进步和政治进步的强大推动力”。马克思指出“社会主义就是宣布不断革命”，这种革命不仅是消灭一切旧的生产关系和社会关系以及由此产生的旧的观念，更是消灭一切阶级差别及其根源，实现最彻底的社会革命。马克思提出的社会革命主要是指阶级斗争的最高形式、是工人阶级运用武装斗争反抗资产阶级的政治革命。但“社会革命才是真正的革命，政治的和哲学的革命必定通向社会革命”，社会革命是对现存世界的批判性反思与革命性建构，既包括政治革命和哲学革命，又不限于政治革命和哲学革命，是社会的全方位革命和整体性重塑。在社会主义建设时期，马克思主义的社会革命是以改革和自我革命、党的自我革命引领社会革命的形式表现出来的。“改革是一场深刻的革命”，“改革开放是我们党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命”。将改革上升到社会革命的高度，突出改革对社会的全方位变革，赋予了社会革命更加契合中国特色社会主义的时代内涵，这不仅是对改革的特质阐明和语义表达，更是对社会革命的重新构造和伟大拓新，“把社会主义改革理论推到新的高度”。

Third, it enriches and develops the theory of the driving forces of socialist social development. Starting from the height of the general laws of the historical development of human society, Marx held that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” [19]19 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 6 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), p. 482. finding the direct driving force for the development of class society. However, regarding the driving forces of socialist social development, the classical Marxist writers did not provide a direct answer, but only made general principled stipulations. Engels pointed out: “The so-called ‘socialist society’ is not something immutable,” but is a “society that is constantly changing and reforming.” [20]20 Friedrich Engels, “Letter to Otto von Boenigk,” August 21, 1890, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 49 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 2001), p. 7. The driving force for the existence and development of socialist society lies in adopting a critical and revolutionary attitude, carrying out “constant change and reform” on the existing social system and social existence, so as to achieve the “negation of the negation” of things. As for modernization, Marx and Engels believed that future modernization is one in which productive forces can be both greatly developed and fully utilized, one in which the independence and individuality of “all people” and “each person” can be freely developed, and one in which relations of production can adapt to the requirements of modernization development. [21]21 See Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, in Marx and Engels Collected Works, vol. 6 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), pp. 499-500. Therefore, the CPC consciously inherits and promotes the historical initiative spirit of “destroying the old world and building a new world,” concretizing the “constant change and reform” of socialist society into the use of reform methods to promote social change, and further deepening in practice the understanding of the laws of governance by the Communist Party, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of the development of human society, pushing the theory of the driving forces of socialist social development to a new height. Further deepening reform comprehensively strives to achieve development that is of higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and safer. It is a profound transformation of thought and theory, a profound transformation of organizational methods, a profound transformation of the national system and governance system, and a profound transformation involving broad participation by the people, displaying the distinctive features of innovation, systematism, institutionalization, and people-centeredness. It provides a powerful driving force for the development of socialist society and activates the immense power of the Chinese people to comprehensively build a modern socialist country through Chinese-path modernization.

第三，丰富和发展社会主义社会发展动力理论。马克思从人类社会历史发展一般规律的高度出发，认为“至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史”，为阶级社会的发展找到了直接动力。但对于社会主义社会发展的动力，马克思主义经典作家并没有给出直接的答案，而只是作出一般的原则性规定。恩格斯指出：“所谓‘社会主义社会’不是一种一成不变的东西”，是“经常变化和改革的社会”。社会主义社会赖以存在和发展的动力，就在于采取一种批判的和革命的态度，对现存的社会制度和社会存在进行“经常变化和改革”，以达到对事物的“否定之否定”。而对于现代化，马克思与恩格斯认为，未来现代化是生产力既能得到极大发展又能得到充分利用的现代化，是使“一切人”与“每个人”的独立性与个性得到自由发展的现代化，是使生产关系能适应现代化发展要求的现代化[27]。因此，中国共产党自觉继承与弘扬“破坏旧世界、建设新世界”的历史主动精神，将社会主义社会的“经常变化和改革”具体化为运用改革的方式推动社会变革，并在实践中进一步深化对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，把社会主义社会发展动力理论推到了新的高度。进一步全面深化改革着力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，是一场思想理论的深刻变革、组织方式的深刻变革、国家制度和治理体系的深刻变革、人民广泛参与的深刻变革，展现出创新性、系统性、制度性、人民性的鲜明特征，为推动社会主义社会发展提供了强大动能，激活了中国人民以中国式现代化全面建设社会主义现代化国家的磅礴伟力。

(II) Boosting the Development of New Quality Productive Forces, Providing Driving Force and Institutional Support for Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

(二)助推发展新质生产力，为推进中国式现代化提供动力和制度支撑

Historical materialism holds that the productive forces and relations of production, and the economic base and superstructure of a given society constitute the basic contradictions of that society, determining the replacement and change of social formations. The fundamental driving force for the progress of human society lies in the adjustment and transformation of the social mode of production from lower to higher levels, and the actual movement of the basic contradictions of society from incompatibility to compatibility. From “reform” to “comprehensively deepening reform” and then to “further deepening reform comprehensively,” what changes is the depth and breadth of reform; “what remains unchanged is the compliance with historical laws, the scientific grasp of the movement of the basic contradictions of Chinese society and the logic of their unfolding.” [22]22 This is a paraphrase of a common formulation in Chinese political discourse; the original source is likely an internal Party document or commentary. The core logic of comprehensively deepening reform is to comply with the laws of the movement of the basic contradictions of society, leading relations of production to change in the direction of adapting to the development of productive forces, and leading the superstructure to change in the direction of adapting to the development of the economic base.

唯物史观认为，一定社会的生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑构成了一定社会的基本矛盾，决定着社会形态的更替和变化。人类社会向前进步的根本动力就在于社会生产方式从低级到高级的调整变革、社会基本矛盾由不适应到适应的现实运动。从“改革”到“全面深化改革”再到“进一步全面深化改革”,变的是改革的深度和广度，“不变的是对历史规律的顺应，是对中国社会基本矛盾运动变化及其展开逻辑的科学把握”。全面深化改革的核心逻辑是顺应社会基本矛盾运动规律，引领生产关系朝着适应生产力发展的方向变革、引领上层建筑朝着适应经济基础发展的方向变革。

Further comprehensively deepening reform highlights dual objectives and dual strategic tasks: one is the goal of developing productive forces, and the other is the goal of developing relations of production and the superstructure. This reflects the multiplicity, i.e., systematicity, of the objectives and tasks of further comprehensively deepening reform. From the perspective of the goal of productive forces, further comprehensively deepening reform requires the formation of modernized new quality productive forces. Productive forces are the most active and revolutionary factor in the mode of production and the fundamental factor determining social development. Developing new quality productive forces is a completely new issue of the times and also the development goal and forward direction of further comprehensively deepening reform. New quality productive forces are an advanced form of productive forces led by scientific and technological innovation, whose constituent elements are revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of factors, and industrial transformation and upgrading. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC[23]23 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, adopting a major decision on the matter. made a series of strategic deployments around the technological conditions, factor conditions, and industrial conditions for developing new quality productive forces, promoting technological innovation to advance into common, frontier, and disruptive fields, promoting the concentration of production factors toward new quality productive forces, accelerating the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries to modern industries, consolidating the favorable conditions and institutional foundations for developing new quality productive forces, and providing momentum support for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

进一步全面深化改革突出双重目标和双重战略任务，一个是生产力发展目标，一个是生产关系与上层建筑发展的目标，体现了进一步全面深化改革目标和任务的多重性即系统性。从生产力目标来看，进一步全面深化改革要求形成现代化的新质生产力。生产力是生产方式中最活跃、最具革命性的因素，也是决定社会发展的根本因素。发展新质生产力是全新的时代课题，也是进一步全面深化改革的发展目标与前进方向。新质生产力是一种以科技创新为引领的先进生产力质态，其构成要件是技术的革命突破、要素的创新性配置和产业转型升级。党的二十届三中全会围绕发展新质生产力的技术条件、要素条件和产业条件作出一系列战略部署，推动技术创新向共性领域、前沿领域、颠覆性领域进军，促进生产要素向新质生产力集聚，加快传统产业向现代产业转型升级，夯实发展新质生产力的有利条件和制度基础，为推进中国式现代化提供动力支撑。

From the perspective of the goal of developing relations of production and the superstructure, further comprehensively deepening reform requires the formation of new-type relations of production and a new-type superstructure that are compatible with new quality productive forces. On the one hand, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of new-type relations of production. Relations of production have a counteractive effect on productive forces, influencing and constraining the development of social productive forces, and are the concentrated point of force and direct point of action for comprehensively deepening reform. New quality productive forces have brought about factor expansion and efficiency improvement across the entire domain of producers, objects of production, and means of production, inevitably placing new and higher demands on the corresponding relations of production. Therefore, “to develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and form new-type relations of production compatible with them.”[24]24 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Opening Up to Promote High-Quality Development in the New Era,” *People’s Daily*, April 30, 2024. This new-type relations of production manifest as the national institutional system and governance system compatible with new quality productive forces. In this sense, inter-state competition over new quality productive forces appears on the surface as competition over new technologies and new industries, but in essence, it is institutional competition. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC focused on improving the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, comprehensively deepened reforms of the economic system, the science and technology system, the administrative system, the ecological civilization system, and the talent system, cultivated a market environment, innovation environment, government affairs environment, green environment, talent environment, external environment, and world-class business environment suitable for the development of new quality productive forces, and provided compatible relations of production support for developing new quality productive forces.

从生产关系与上层建筑发展目标来看，进一步全面深化改革要求形成同新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系和新型上层建筑。一方面是加快形成新型生产关系。生产关系对生产力具有反作用，影响和制约着社会生产力的发展，是全面深化改革的集中发力点和直接作用点。新质生产力带来了生产者、生产对象和生产资料全域的要素拓展和效率提升，必然对与之相对应的生产关系提出新的更高要求。因此，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。这种新型生产关系就表现为与新质生产力相适应的国家制度体系和治理体系。在此意义上，新质生产力的国家间竞争表面上是新技术和新产业的竞争，本质上则是制度竞争。党的二十届三中全会聚焦健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，统筹深化经济体制改革、科技体制改革、行政体制改革、生态文明体制改革和人才体制改革，培育适应新质生产力发展的市场环境、创新环境、政务环境、绿色环境、用人环境、外部环境与国际一流营商环境，为发展新质生产力提供相适应的生产关系支撑。

On the other hand, it is necessary to accelerate reform in the sphere of the superstructure. The economic base and the superstructure constitute another important aspect of the basic contradictions of society. The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure must adapt to the developmental state of the economic base. Since the New Era, the Communist Party of China, with a completely new perspective of investigation and a broad historical vision, has examined the issue of superstructural change, creatively proposed the overall goal of perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, added rich institutional elements and contemporary connotations to socialist modernization, anchored the overall direction and goal of struggle for comprehensively deepening reform, and launched a total revolution of superstructural change on an unprecedented scale. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC continued the practical thread of institutional construction, further comprehensively deepening reform around eight aspects: whole-process people’s democracy, the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, cultural systems and mechanisms, ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods, the ecological civilization system, national security, national defense and the military, and improving the Party’s leadership level. By continuously increasing the intensity of interest adjustment and institutional change, it promoted the establishment of rules and systems and the construction of systems in various fields of Chinese-path modernization, making the systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics in all aspects more mature and more定型, striving unremittingly toward the overall goal of realizing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and providing a powerful institutional guarantee for developing new quality productive forces and advancing Chinese-path modernization. In summary, developing new quality productive forces is the future direction and powerful driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Further comprehensively deepening reform must both realize the objectives and tasks of developing new quality productive forces and realize the objectives and tasks of forming new-type relations of production and a new-type superstructure compatible with new quality productive forces, providing powerful momentum and institutional support for Chinese-path modernization.

另一方面是加快推进上层建筑领域改革。经济基础与上层建筑是社会基本矛盾的又一重要方面，经济基础决定上层建筑、上层建筑必须适应经济基础的发展状况。新时代以来，中国共产党以全新的考察视角和广阔的历史眼光看待上层建筑变革问题，创造性提出完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化总目标，为社会主义现代化增添了丰富的制度要素和时代内涵，也为全面深化改革锚定了总体方向和奋斗目标，前所未有地展开了一场上层建筑变革的总体革命。党的二十届三中全会延续制度建设的实践主线，围绕全过程人民民主、中国特色社会主义法治体系、文化体制机制、保障和改善民生、生态文明体制、国家安全、国防和军队、提高党的领导水平八个方面进一步全面深化改革，通过不断加大利益调整力度和制度变革力度，推动中国式现代化各领域建章立制、构建体系，促使中国特色社会主义各方面制度更加成熟、更加定型，朝着实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化总目标不懈努力，为发展新质生产力、推进中国式现代化提供有力制度保障。总而言之，发展新质生产力是推进中国式现代化的未来方向和强大动力，进一步全面深化改革既要实现发展新质生产力的目标任务，又要实现形成同新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系和上层建筑的目标任务，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度支撑。

(III) Promoting the transformation of the global governance system to create a favorable external environment for advancing Chinese-path modernization

(三)推动全球治理体系变革，为推进中国式现代化营造良好外部环境

Currently, changes unseen in a century are accelerating their evolution on a global scale, the international interest pattern is being readjusted, and the external environment facing Chinese-path modernization is becoming increasingly complex. Specifically, economically, the global economic recovery is weak, the trend of deglobalization is rising, cross-border investment is sluggish, and international trade frictions are intensifying; in terms of security, regional conflicts are intensifying, regional disputes are frequent, geopolitical risks are rising, and peace and development face major crises; culturally, some countries, relying on their control over international discourse power and cultural soft power, loudly propagate the “clash of civilizations theory” and “Western centrism,” exacerbating ideological conflicts. A profound and broad change of the times is unfolding as never before. Where the global governance system is heading and how it should be reformed is not only a question for the world and the times but also a question for China and its people. In today’s world of deepening multipolarity and economic globalization, no country can stand aloof. Only by assuming shared responsibilities, taking joint actions, and transforming and improving the global governance system can we truly share world peace and development. Comprehensively deepening reform requires “a more stable international environment, closer international exchanges, a broader international market, and a more just international order.”[25]25 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Opening Up to Promote High-Quality Development in the New Era,” *People’s Daily*, April 30, 2024. To this end, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized that China will firmly pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, practice the common values of all humanity, implement the three major global initiatives,[26]26 The three major global initiatives refer to the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, proposed by Xi Jinping. advocate an equal and orderly multipolar world and a universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization, participate in and lead the reform and construction of the global governance system, demonstrating the comprehensive deepening reform’s global concern for the common development of all countries and its contemporary concern for the future direction of humanity.

当前，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，国际利益格局重新调整，中国式现代化面临的外部环境日趋复杂。具体来说，经济上全球经济复苏乏力，逆全球化趋势抬头，跨国投资低迷，国际贸易摩擦加剧；安全上区域性冲突加剧，地区争端频繁、地缘政治风险上升，和平与发展面临重大危机；文化上一些国家凭借所掌控的国际话语权与文化软实力，大肆宣扬“文明冲突论”“西方中心主义”，加剧意识形态冲突，一场深刻而宏阔的时代之变正史无前例地上演。全球治理体系向哪去、往哪改，不仅是世界之问、时代之问，也是中国之问、人民之问。在世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展的今天，任何一个国家都不可能独善其身，只有承担共同责任、采取共同行动，变革和完善全球治理体系，才能真正共享世界和平与发展。全面深化改革需要“更为稳定的国际环境、更为密切的国际交往、更为广阔的国际市场和更为公正的国际秩序”。为此，党的二十届三中全会强调中国将坚定奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，推动构建人类命运共同体，践行全人类共同价值，落实三大全球倡议，倡导平等有序的世界多极化、普惠包容的经济全球化，参与引领全球治理体系改革和建设，彰显了全面深化改革对世界各国共同发展的天下情怀和对人类未来走向的时代关切。

“This second revolution of China, reform and opening up, has not only profoundly changed China but also profoundly influenced the world.”[27]27 Xi Jinping, *Xi456 Reform and opening up not only conformed to the strong desire of the Chinese people to seek development and progress and realize national rejuvenation but also aligned with the trend of the times in which people of the world yearn for freedom, beauty, and the pursuit of peaceful development. It was an inevitable choice of history and the people. Over more than four decades of reform and opening up, China has always grasped the laws of history, followed the general trend of history, coordinated domestic themes of the times with international themes of the times, held high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit, adhered to the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, committed itself to stabilizing the international situation and peaceful order, promoted the common values of all humanity, and played an important constructive role in maintaining world peace and regional stability. At the same time, the Communist Party of China adheres to a global vision, actively assumes international responsibilities, takes into account the development needs of other countries while promoting its own development, uses the Belt and Road Initiative as an opportunity to create new cooperation platforms and practice platforms, promotes the sharing of development opportunities and the building of a better world by all countries, and fully demonstrates the responsibility of a major country. It can be said that China’s firm practical promotion of reform and opening up has activated the engine driving global development, injected powerful strength into world peace and development, provided a successful example and practical model for building a community with a shared future for mankind, and illuminated China’s propositions and contributions in the process of reform.

“改革开放这场中国的第二次革命，不仅深刻改变了中国，也深刻影响了世界。”[13]456改革开放不仅顺应了中国人民谋求发展进步、实现民族复兴的强烈愿望，也契合了世界人民向往自由美好、追求和平发展的时代潮流，是历史和人民的必然选择。改革开放四十多年来，我国始终把握历史规律，顺应历史大势，将国内时代主题与国际时代主题统筹起来，高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜，坚持共商共建共享的全球治理观，致力于稳定国际局势与和平秩序，弘扬全人类共同价值，在维护世界和平与地区稳定等方面发挥着重要的建设性作用。同时，中国共产党坚持胸怀天下，主动承担国际责任，在推动自身发展过程中兼顾他国发展需求，以“一带一路”建设为契机打造新的合作平台和实践平台，推动世界各国共享发展机遇、共建美好世界，充分展现大国担当。可以说，中国坚定推动改革开放的生动实践，激活了全球发展的动力引擎，给世界和平与发展注入了强大力量，为推动构建人类命运共同体提供了成功范例与实践样本，昭示了改革进程中的中国主张和中国贡献。

“What we are pursuing is not Chinese-path modernization for China alone, but a modernization to be achieved jointly with all countries, including the vast number of developing countries.” The fundamental means to realize this fine goal lies in universally establishing a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation across the world, promoting the development of the global governance system in a more equitable, just, and reasonable direction, and providing a strong institutional guarantee for world peace and development. In the current era, China’s task of promoting world peace and development is heavier and its responsibility greater. Facing a more difficult and complex external environment, it is necessary to firmly grasp the direction and steps of further deepening reform comprehensively, maintain strategic resolve, and “remain calm and observe changes quietly amid the complex and volatile international situation.” [28]28 “Remain calm and observe changes quietly amid the complex and volatile international situation” is a paraphrase of a classical Chinese strategic maxim, often used in contemporary CPC discourse to advocate for strategic patience and careful analysis in foreign affairs. We must further strengthen the resolve and conviction for reform, resolutely discard old closed and conservative ideas and concepts, break through the ideological and institutional shackles that constrain development, deepen mechanisms for global cooperation and communication and exchange, allow all kinds of developmental vitality to burst forth fully, strengthen the transformation and construction of the global governance system with the concept of fairness and justice and with firm and pragmatic actions, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and create a favorable external environment for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

“我们追求的不是中国独善其身的现代化，而是期待同广大发展中国家在内的各国一道，共同实现现代化。”实现这一美好目标的根本在于，在世界范围内普遍建立起相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系，推动全球治理体系朝着更加公平公正合理的方向发展，为世界和平与发展提供坚强制度保障。当下时代，中国推动世界和平与发展的任务更重、责任更大，面对更加艰难复杂的外部环境，要牢牢把握进一步全面深化改革的方向与步骤，保持战略定力，“在复杂多变的国际局势中平心静气、静观其变”。进一步坚定改革的决心和信念，坚决摈弃封闭保守的旧思想旧观念，冲破制约发展的思想和制度束缚，深化全球合作和沟通交流机制，让各种发展活力充分迸发出来，以公平正义的理念和坚定务实的行动加强全球治理体系变革和建设，推动建构人类命运共同体，为推进中国式现代化创造良好外部环境。

Comprehensively deepening reform vividly interprets the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, and major principles of Chinese-path modernization, making significant contributions to promoting the modernization of human society and enriching the theory of human societal modernization. China resolutely abandons the old path of modernization taken by Western countries, which involved external expansion and colonial plunder, and relies firmly on reform to enhance its own vitality and stimulate endogenous momentum, blazing a path of Chinese-path modernization with reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force. The path of Chinese-path modernization breaks the myth that “modernization equals Westernization,” creating a completely new model of modernization that transcends Western modernization. It not only “makes the socialist system with Chinese characteristics a system with significant superiority and strong vitality,” but also “provides a new choice for developing countries on their path to modernization, contributing Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to humanity’s exploration of building a better social system.” [29]29 The two quoted passages are from official CPC documents, likely the Resolution of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee (2013) and speeches by Xi Jinping, respectively. Further deepening reform comprehensively endows Chinese-path modernization with the contemporary底色 of peaceful development and win-win cooperation, constituting the distinctive Chinese characteristics and global dimension of Chinese-path modernization, and forming Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to answering the questions of the world and the times. China’s comprehensive deepening of reform to advance Chinese-path modernization “solves the difficult problems, chronic ills, and crises that capitalist modernization cannot solve, and breaks the ‘modernization curse’ facing contemporary developing countries; it is a new great discovery of scientific socialism.” [30]30 The quoted passage is from a Chinese scholarly article, reflecting a positive assessment of Chinese-path modernization from the perspective of scientific socialism. By relying on further deepening reform comprehensively, Chinese-path modernization, while realizing its own transformation, pushes world modernization to develop in depth, manifesting universal world-historical significance and “becoming a new form of human civilization accepted and recognized by the world.” [31]31 The quoted passage is from official CPC discourse, describing Chinese-path modernization as a “new form of human civilization.”

全面深化改革生动诠释了中国式现代化的中国特色、本质要求和重大原则，为促进人类社会现代化和丰富人类社会现代化理论作出重大贡献。中国坚决摈弃西方国家对外扩张、殖民掠夺的现代化老路，紧紧依靠改革增强自身活力、激发内生动力，开辟出一条以改革创新为根本动力的中国式现代化道路。中国式现代化道路打破了“现代化=西方化”的迷思，创造出超越西方现代化的全新现代化样式，既“使中国特色社会主义制度成为具有显著优越性和强大生命力的制度”,也“为发展中国家走向现代化提供了全新选择，为人类探索建设更好社会制度贡献了中国智慧和中国方案”。进一步全面深化改革赋予了中国式现代化以和平发展、合作共赢的时代底色，构成了中国式现代化鲜明的中国特色和世界向度，形成解答世界之问、时代之问的中国智慧和中国方案。中国的全面深化改革推进中国式现代化“破解资本主义现代化不能解决的难题、痼疾与危机，破解当代发展中国家面临的‘现代化魔咒’,是科学社会主义的新的伟大发现”。中国式现代化依靠进一步全面深化改革在实现自身变革的同时推进世界现代化向纵深发展，彰显出普遍的世界历史意义，“成为世界接受和认可的人类文明新形态”。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [32]32 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC refers to the third plenary meeting of the 20th Central Committee, held in July 2024, which focused on further deepening reform comprehensively. based on the new historical starting point of Chinese-path modernization and focusing on the urgent need to realize the central tasks set forth by the 20th National Congress of the CPC, [33]33 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022, where the central task of “comprehensively building a modern socialist country” was reaffirmed. has made a series of overall plans and strategic deployments for “further deepening reform comprehensively closely around advancing Chinese-path modernization.” It has established the practical theme, clarified the step-by-step arrangements, and mapped out the future blueprint for further deepening reform comprehensively on the new journey of the New Era, profoundly responding to and scientifically answering the major era question of “why comprehensively deepen reform and how to comprehensively deepen reform.” Further deepening reform comprehensively adheres to taking the economy as the lead, innovation as the driving force, systematic thinking as the core, security as the guarantee, and Party leadership as the fundamental guarantee. It not only aligns with existing reform blueprints, reflecting historicity and gradualism, but also exhibits the distinctive features of further deepening reform comprehensively, highlighting contemporaneity and leap-forward progress, providing strong momentum and institutional guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization. It can be said that the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC further “demonstrates the firm resolve and strong sense of mission to carry reform through to the end, is a re-declaration of what banner to hold and what path to take on the new journey of the New Era, and has major and far-reaching significance for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” [34]34 The quoted passage is from the official communiqué or resolution of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC. It represents an ideological and theoretical leap forward by the Party in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, marking another major step forward on the new journey to realize the building of a strong country and national rejuvenation, and opening up a new realm of development.

党的二十届三中全会立足中国式现代化新的历史起点，着眼于实现党的二十大提出的中心任务的紧迫需要，对“紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革”作出一系列总体谋划和战略部署，为新时代新征程上进一步全面深化改革确立了实践主题、明确了步骤安排、谋划了未来蓝图，深刻回应与科学解答了“为什么要全面深化改革、怎样全面深化改革”的重大时代课题。进一步全面深化改革坚持以经济为引领、以创新为驱动、以系统观念为内核、以安全为保障、以党的领导为根本保证，既同已有的改革蓝图相契合，体现历史性与渐进性，又展现出进一步全面深化改革的突出特点，凸显时代性和飞跃性，为推进中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。可以说，党的二十届三中全会进一步“彰显了将改革进行到底的坚强决心和强烈使命担当，是对新时代新征程举什么旗、走什么路的再宣示，对以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业具有重大而深远的意义”，是党在全面深化改革进程中的思想跃升和理论飞跃，标志着在实现强国建设、民族复兴新征程上又向前跃进了一大步，开辟了新的发展境界。

Comprehensively deepening reform is a comprehensive and profound social revolution. It emphasizes both understanding the world through reform, mastering a scientific worldview and methodology, and transforming the world through reform, promoting revolutionary changes in the real world, and continuously realizing the world-historical purpose of human development and progress. The series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization have rich theoretical connotations and distinct practical orientations, demonstrating significant theoretical, practical, and era significance. They constitute an organic component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and manifest that the theoretical consciousness and historical initiative of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people in promoting reform have reached a new height. To build a great modern socialist country in all respects through Chinese-path modernization requires both a resilient confidence and determination in modernization to cope with the various challenges that will inevitably exist on the road ahead, and a firm resolve to further deepen reform comprehensively to resolve and respond to these challenges, making it the fundamental driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, with the further deepening and expansion of comprehensive reform, it will inevitably better conform to the new requirements of Chinese-path modernization, follow the new principles of Chinese-path modernization, shape the new driving forces of Chinese-path modernization, and endow Chinese-path modernization with distinct reform characteristics, inexhaustible innovative vitality, a peaceful path choice, and a broad global vision. This will provide institutional guarantees and inject fundamental momentum for advancing the building of a strong country and national rejuvenation, open up broad prospects for humanity’s exploration of institutions for a better life, and continuously create new forms of human civilization.

全面深化改革是一场全面而深刻的社会革命，既强调在改革中认识世界，掌握科学的世界观和方法论，又强调在改革中改造世界，推动现实世界的革命性变革，不断实现人类发展进步的世界历史目的。进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断具有丰富的理论内涵和鲜明的现实指向，彰显出重大的理论意义、实践意义和时代意义，构成了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的有机组成部分，彰显了中国共产党和中国人民在推进改革上的理论自觉和历史主动达到新的高度。以中国式现代化全面建成社会主义现代化强国，既需要以坚韧的现代化信心与决心去应对前进道路上必然存在的种种挑战，也需要以坚定的决心进一步全面深化改革来化解和应对这些挑战，使之成为推进中国式现代化的根本动力。因此，伴随着全面深化改革的进一步深入与拓展，必将更加顺应中国式现代化的新要求、遵循中国式现代化的新原则、塑造中国式现代化的新动能，赋予中国式现代化以鲜明的改革特质、不竭的创新活力、和平的道路选择和宽广的天下胸怀，为推进强国建设、民族复兴提供制度保障、注入根本动力，开辟人类对美好生活制度探索的广阔前景，不断开创人类文明发展的新形态。

Source: *Exploration*, October 18, 2024

文章来源：《探索》2024年10月18日

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆