An Exploration of Xi Jinping’s Important Thought on the Party’s Self-Revolution

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “As the largest Marxist governing party in the

习近平总书记指出：“我们党作为世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，如何成功跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率、确保党永远不变质不变色不变味？这是摆在全党同志面前的一个战略性问题。”党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以巨大的政治勇气、强烈的使命担当、坚定的必胜信念推进全面从严治党的理论创新、实践创新和制度创新，形成了习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想，“科学回答关于党的自我革命的三个重大问题，明确提出推进自我革命‘九个以’的实践要求”。这一重要思想进一步深化了对马克思主义政党建设规律、共产党执政规律的认识，凝结了党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争的新经验，拓展了全面从严治党的新视野，开辟了党的自我革命的新境界，为新时代新征程以党的自我革命引领伟大社会革命提供了强大理论武器和科学行动指南。

I. The Formative Basis of Xi Jinping’s Important Thought on the Party’s Self-Revolution

一、习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想的形成基础

No theory emerges from nothing; the formation and establishment of any thought are inseparable from certain subjective and objective conditions. Surveying the process of formation of Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, it is not difficult to see that solid theoretical support, rich innovative practice, profound historical experience, and a strong sense of mission and responsibility together constitute the formative basis and foundation of this important thought.

任何理论都不会凭空产生，任何思想的形成和创立都离不开一定的主客观条件。纵观党的十八大以来习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想的形成过程，不难看出，坚实的理论支撑、丰富的创新实践、厚重的历史经验、强烈的使命担当共同构成了这一重要思想的形成基础和依据。

(1) Solid Theoretical Support

（一）坚实的理论支撑

This important thought has deep theoretical support. First, the theoretical orientation of the Marxist view of the political party. The Marxist political party is a people-type political party. The movement of the Communists differs from all previous movements in that it is “an independent movement for the interests of the overwhelming majority.” [1]1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *Manifesto of the Communist Party* (1848). The value orientation of a people-type political party determines that Communists, in their own construction, must adhere to what is correct and correct what is wrong, always maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity. The Marxist political party is also a mission-type political party, bearing the sacred mission of overthrowing the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, establishing the political power of the proletariat, and realizing communism. Marx and Engels believed that Communists “can be fit to reconstruct society only when they have cast off all the old filthy stuff from themselves in the revolution.” [2]2 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The German Ideology* (1845–1846). The “revolution” here refers to socio-political revolution, that is, the violent action of one class overthrowing another, while “casting off all the old filthy stuff from themselves” refers to the Communists’ self-revolution, self-sublation. That is to say, while carrying out the great social revolution, Communists must simultaneously carry out a thorough self-revolution. This self-revolution is the prerequisite and necessary condition for being “fit to reconstruct society.” Second, the root positioning of fine traditional Chinese culture. The profound cultural heritage of introspection (“I daily examine myself on three points”), [3]3 From the *Analects of Confucius*: “I daily examine myself on three points” (吾日三省吾身). the sense of urgency (“peril arises from comfort, survival from adversity”), [4]4 From Mencius: “Peril arises from comfort, survival from adversity” (生于忧患、死于安乐). and the renewal of the old (“if you can renew yourself one day, do so daily, and continue anew”) [5]5 From the *Great Learning* (大学), quoting a bathing inscription: “If you can renew yourself one day, do so daily, and continue anew” (苟日新，日日新，又日新). embodies the unique wisdom of self-cultivation and developmental philosophy of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, providing philosophical thinking and political wisdom for the Party’s self-revolution and laying a solid cultural foundation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to the Two Integrations, focused on in-depth reflection on major theoretical and practical issues of Party governance and strict Party discipline in the New Era, and formed the original theoretical achievement of Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution.

这一重要思想具有深厚的理论支撑。一是马克思主义政党观的理论导向。马克思主义政党是人民型政党，共产党人的运动不同于以往的一切运动，而是“为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动”。人民型政党的价值定位，决定了共产党人其自身建设必须坚持正确的、改正错误的，始终保持政党的先进性和纯洁性。马克思主义政党又是使命型政党，承担着推翻资产阶级专政、建立无产阶级政权、实现共产主义的神圣使命。马克思、恩格斯认为，共产党人“只有在革命中才能抛掉自己身上的一切陈旧的肮脏东西，才能胜任重建社会的工作”。这里的“革命”是指社会政治革命，即一个阶级推翻另一个阶级的暴力行动，而“抛掉自己身上的一切陈旧的肮脏东西”是指共产党人的自我革命、自我扬弃，也就是说共产党人在进行伟大社会革命的同时要进行彻底的自我革命，这种自我革命是“胜任重建社会的工作”的前提和必要条件。二是中华优秀传统文化的根脉定位。“吾日三省吾身”的反躬自省，“生于忧患、死于安乐”的忧患意识，“苟日新，日日新，又日新”的革故鼎新等博大精深的文脉传承，蕴含着中国人民和中华民族独特的修身智慧和发展哲理，为党的自我革命提供了哲学思维和政治智慧，奠定了坚实的文化底蕴。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持“两个结合”、着眼于对新时代管党治党重大理论和实践问题的深入思考，形成了习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想这一原创性理论成果。

(2) Rich Innovative Practice

（二）丰富的创新实践

This important thought has a rich practical foundation. “The era is the mother of thought; practice is the source of theory.” [6]6 A formulation often used by Xi Jinping, echoing Marx’s dictum that “theory is realized in a people only insofar as it realizes the needs of the people.” Any theory is a product of practice. This important thought is deeply rooted in the great practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era. The great practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is the driving force and source of the birth and development of this important thought. First, solving prominent problems in Party governance and strict Party discipline raised the era’s need for theoretical innovation. The report of the 18th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “Some primary-level Party organizations are weak and lax; a small number of Party members and cadres have wavering ideals and convictions, a weak sense of purpose, prominent problems of formalism and bureaucracy, and serious extravagance and waste; negative and corrupt phenomena are prone to occur frequently in some areas, and the situation in the fight against corruption remains severe.” [7]7 Hu Jintao, “Report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China” (8 November 2012). In particular, corruption problems were shocking; in some areas, Party leadership was weakened, Party building was lacking, and Party governance and strict Party discipline were ineffective. “The task of ensuring that the Party governs itself and enforces strict discipline is heavier and more urgent than ever before.” [8]8 Ibid. The strategic need to solve prominent problems provided the practical impetus for theoretical innovation in Party governance and strict Party discipline. Second, the innovative practice of Party governance and strict Party discipline in the New Era gave birth to the innovative theory of the Party’s self-revolution. Facing the prominent problems in Party governance and strict Party discipline, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with unprecedented courage and resolve, struck hard, exerted great effort, and used strong measures, resolutely fighting corruption, rectifying conduct, and enforcing discipline. It creatively advanced the Party’s political construction, ideological construction, organizational construction, conduct construction, and discipline construction, integrated institutional construction throughout the entire process and all aspects of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, simultaneously promoted the mechanisms for ensuring that officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to be corrupt, [9]9 The “three mechanisms” (不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐) are a standard formulation in anti-corruption discourse since the 19th National Congress of the CPC. and tirelessly promoted clean officials, clean government, and clean politics, achieving historic and groundbreaking achievements in Party governance and strict Party discipline. “It has explored a successful path for breaking the historical cycle of rise and fall through the Party’s self-revolution.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC (11 November 2021). Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution is precisely the scientific summary and theoretical elevation of the practical experience of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era.

这一重要思想具有丰厚的实践根基。“时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源。”任何理论都是实践的产物。这一重要思想深深植根于新时代全面从严治党的伟大实践。全面从严治党伟大实践是这一重要思想诞生和发展的动力和源泉。一是解决管党治党突出问题提出了理论创新的时代需要。党的十八大报告指出：“一些基层党组织软弱涣散，少数党员干部理想信念动摇、宗旨意识淡薄，形式主义、官僚主义问题突出，奢侈浪费现象严重；一些领域消极腐败现象易发多发，反腐败斗争形势依然严峻。”尤其是贪腐问题触目惊心，一些领域党的领导弱化、党的建设缺失，管党治党不力。“落实党要管党、从严治党的任务比以往任何时候都更为繁重更为紧迫。”解决突出问题的战略需要奠定了管党治党理论创新的实践动力。二是新时代管党治党创新实践孕育出党的自我革命的创新理论。面对管党治党存在的突出问题，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以前所未有的勇气和定力出重拳、下大力、用猛药，铁腕反腐正风肃纪，创造性地推进党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设，把制度建设贯穿全面从严治党全过程各方面，一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐，不懈促进干部清正、政府清廉、政治清明，取得了管党治党的历史性、开创性成就，“探索出依靠党的自我革命跳出历史周期率的成功路径”。习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想，就是对新时代全面从严治党实践经验的科学总结和理论升华。

(3) Profound Historical Experience

（三）厚重的历史经验

This important thought has a profound accumulation of experience. Being adept at summarizing, applying, and developing historical experience well is the successful way for the Party to lead revolution, construction, and reform. The Party’s history of struggle over more than one hundred years is a history of continuously summarizing the experience of self-revolution, applying and developing the experience of self-revolution. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC summarized and outlined ten historical experiences from the century-long struggle, the tenth of which is adhering to self-revolution. [11]11 The ten historical experiences are: upholding Party leadership, putting the people first, advancing theoretical innovation, maintaining independence, following the Chinese path, embracing a global vision, pioneering and innovating, standing up for oneself, uniting and struggling, and adhering to self-revolution. The thought of adhering to self-revolution is deeply rooted in the Party’s history of never concealing its faults, persisting in self-detection of problems, and self-correction of errors over more than one hundred years. The “Resolution on Certain Historical Questions” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC, [12]12 Adopted in 1945, this resolution consolidated the Party’s unity around Mao Zedong Thought after the Yan’an Rectification Movement. with the spirit of self-revolution, upheld truth and corrected errors, systematically cleared up and criticized the “Left” and Right errors that existed in the Party’s history, and achieved unprecedented unity and solidarity within the entire Party on the basis of Mao Zedong Thought. The “Resolution on Certain Historical Questions Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, [13]13 Adopted in 1981, this resolution provided a critical assessment of the Cultural Revolution and affirmed the post-1978 reform and opening-up line. summarized and analyzed the errors of the “Cultural Revolution,” [14]14 The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a mass political movement launched by Mao Zedong, later officially assessed as a period of “severe setbacks” and “mistakes.” fully affirmed the line, principles, and policies since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, [15]15 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC (December 1978) marked the beginning of the reform and opening-up era under Deng Xiaoping. correctly evaluated Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought, and again with a thorough spirit of self-revolution, successfully resolved theoretical and practical issues concerning the destiny of the Party and the state with its own wisdom and strength, effectively correcting the course of the great ship of China’s socialist modernization. Facing the problem of lax and weak Party governance and strict Party discipline, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, “the Party has comprehensively and strictly governed the Party with unprecedented courage and resolve, playing a ‘combination punch’ of self-revolution,” [16]16 Xi Jinping, speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC (11 November 2021). effectively solving the problem of lax and weak Party governance and strict Party discipline, eliminating serious hidden dangers within the Party, the military, and the state, achieving an overwhelming态势 [situation] in the fight against corruption and consolidating it comprehensively, and the Party has found the second answer to breaking the historical cycle of rise and fall through self-revolution. [17]17 The “first answer” was Mao Zedong’s proposal of “letting the people supervise the government”; the “second answer” is the Party’s self-revolution, as articulated by Xi Jinping. It is precisely based on in-depth reflection on the Party’s historical experience of self-revolution that Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution has been formed.

这一重要思想具有厚重的经验积淀。善于总结并运用好发展好历史经验是党领导革命建设改革的成功之道。党一百多年的奋斗史就是一部不断总结自我革命经验、运用发展自我革命经验的历史。党的十九届六中全会总结概括出百年奋斗的十条历史经验，其中第十条就是坚持自我革命。坚持自我革命的思想深深扎根于党一百多年来从不讳疾忌医、坚持自我发现问题、自我纠正错误的历史。党的六届七中全会通过的《关于若干历史问题的决议》，以自我革命的精神，坚持真理、修正错误，系统清理批判了党的历史上存在的“左”、右倾错误，全党在毛泽东思想基础上达到空前的团结和统一。党的十一届六中全会通过的《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》，总结分析“文化大革命”的错误，充分肯定党的十一届三中全会以来的路线方针政策，正确评价毛泽东和毛泽东思想，又以彻底的自我革命精神，以自己的智慧和力量成功解决了事关党和国家前途命运的理论和实践问题，有力扶正了中国社会主义现代化建设大船的航向。面对管党治党宽松软问题，党的十八大以来，“党以前所未有的勇气和定力全面从严治党，打了一套自我革命的‘组合拳’”，管党治党宽松软问题得到有效解决，党内、军内、国家存在的严重隐患得到清除，反腐败斗争取得压倒性态势并全面巩固，党找到自我革命这个跳出历史周期率的第二个答案。正是基于对党自我革命历史经验的深入思考，形成了习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想。

(4) A Strong Sense of Mission and Responsibility

（四）强烈的使命担当

This important thought embodies the strong sense of mission and responsibility of the Chinese Communists, with General Secretary Xi Jinping as their chief representative. In November 2012, when meeting Chinese and foreign journalists as members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed the need to shoulder “three major responsibilities” – responsibility toward the nation, toward the people, and toward the Party. The responsibility toward the nation is to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; the responsibility toward the people is to continuously meet the people’s aspiration for a better life; and the responsibility toward the Party is to achieve long-term governance. These “three major responsibilities” form an organic whole with an internal logic, and the responsibility toward the Party is the decisive, fundamental, and prerequisite responsibility. Only by fulfilling the responsibility toward the Party can the responsibilities toward the nation and the people be undertaken. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Our responsibility is to work together with all Party comrades to ensure that the Party supervises itself and governs itself with strict discipline, and to effectively solve the prominent problems existing within the Party itself,” [18]18 “Trouble arising within the ranks” (祸起萧墙) is a Chinese idiom originating from the *Analects*, referring to internal conflict or disaster originating from within one’s own household or organization. ensuring that the Party never changes its nature, never changes its color, and never changes its flavor. To forge iron, one must be strong. Whether the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation can be realized and a better life created for the people ultimately depends on whether the Party itself is strong enough and whether it possesses the wisdom and capability to “realize the great rejuvenation of the nation and create a better life for the people.” The Party’s self-revolution is by no means merely a matter of Party building; it is a fundamental issue concerning the future and destiny of the Party and the country. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Our country, whether in terms of its system, institutions, the path it has taken, or the unprecedented circumstances it faces today, shares similarities, approximations, or even identical points with the former Soviet Union. If managed well, we can walk out into a bright, sunny sky; if managed poorly, the Soviet Union’s yesterday will be our tomorrow.” [19]19 The “six how to always” (六个如何始终) is a formulation by Xi Jinping listing six persistent challenges for This statement is imbued not only with a deep sense of concern but also with a strong sense of mission and responsibility – the determination to lead the entire Party to break through into “a bright, sunny sky.” It is precisely this strong sense of mission and responsibility that

这一重要思想蕴含着以习近平总书记为主要代表的中国共产党人的强烈使命担当。2012年11月，在十八届中央政治局常委同中外记者见面时，习近平总书记强调要担负“三个重大责任”，这就是对民族、对人民、对党的责任。对民族的责任就是实现中华民族伟大复兴，对人民的责任就是不断满足人民对美好生活的向往，对党的责任就是实现长期执政。“三个重大责任”是一个具有内在逻辑的有机整体，对党的责任是具有决定性、根本性、前提性的责任。只有担负起对党的责任，才能承担起对民族、对人民的责任。对此，习近平总书记强调：“我们的责任，就是同全党同志一道，坚持党要管党、从严治党，切实解决自身存在的突出问题”，确保党不变质、不变色、不变味。打铁必须自身硬。能不能实现中华民族伟大复兴、为人民创造美好生活，最终取决于党自身硬不硬，有没有“实现民族伟大复兴、为人民创造美好生活”的智慧和本领。党的自我革命决不仅仅是党自身建设的问题，而是事关党和国家前途命运的根本性问题。习近平总书记深刻指出：“我们国家无论在体制、制度上，还是在所走的道路和今天所面临的前所未有的境遇，都与前苏联有着相似或者相近乃至相同的地方。弄好了，能走出一片艳阳天；弄不好，苏联的昨天就是我们的明天。”这段话既饱含着深深的忧患意识，也饱含着强烈的使命担当，必须带领全党闯出“一片艳阳天”。正是这种强烈的使命担当，为习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想注入了强大的精神动力。

II. The Scientific Connotation of Xi Jinping’s Important Thought on the Party’s Self-Revolution

二、习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想的科学内涵

This important thought is rich in content, profound in viewpoint, and rigorous in logic. It profoundly elucidates major theoretical and practical issues such as the basic connotation of the Party’s self-revolution, why self-revolution is necessary, why it is possible, and how to advance it, thereby forming a uniquely distinctive scientific theoretical system. It is essential to thoroughly study and deeply comprehend this important thought to provide a powerful theoretical guarantee for advancing the Party’s self-revolution on the new journey of the New Era.

这一重要思想内容丰富、观点深邃、逻辑严谨，深刻阐述了党的自我革命的基本内涵、为什么要自我革命、为什么能自我革命、怎样推进自我革命等重大理论和实践问题，形成了独具特色的科学理论体系。必须把这一重要思想学深悟透，为新时代新征程推进党的自我革命提供强大理论保障。

(I) On the Basic Connotation of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）关于党的自我革命的基本内涵

1. The Party’s self-revolution differs from political revolution. Both “the Party’s self-revolution” and “political revolution” contain the word “revolution,” but the meaning of “revolution” differs. In “political revolution,” “revolution” signifies the total negation and fundamental negation of the old by the new; “political revolution” is the fundamental negation of the old society by the new society—that is, the fundamental negation of the old social nature and social system by the new social nature and social system. In summary, it means replacing the old with the new. Marx and Engels pointed out in *The Communist Manifesto*: “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.” Here, Marx and Engels used the word “in place of.” Who replaces whom? The new “association of free individuals,” i.e., communism, replaces that “old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms.” How is this replacement achieved? That is, what are the means and pathways of replacement? It is the violent revolution Marx and Engels spoke of, i.e., the political revolution of the proletariat. Mao Zedong pointed out: “Revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another. The rural revolution is a revolution by which the peasant class overthrows the power of the feudal landlord class.” [18]18 “Trouble arising within the ranks” (祸起萧墙) is a Chinese idiom originating from the *Analects*, referring to internal conflict or disaster originating from within one’s own household or organization. Here, “revolution” and “rural revolution” are also discussed from the perspective of political revolution. The “revolution” in “the Party’s self-revolution” is clearly not at this level of meaning. It borrows the word “revolution,” with the addition of “self-” before it. Understood literally, it means “oneself revolutionising oneself.” If understood according to the meaning of political revolution, it would mean that the Party totally negates itself. Obviously, as a mission-oriented, people-oriented Marxist political party, it absolutely cannot do this. In the Party’s self-revolution, the subject and object are identical: the subject is also the object, and the object is also the subject. Its self-revolution is the Party curing its own illnesses. Here, “revolution” means reform, improvement, and perfection—that is, promoting the dialectical negation of the old by the new, enabling the Party to achieve better survival and development.

1.党的自我革命不同于政治革命。“党的自我革命”与“政治革命”的表述中都有“革命”一词，但“革命”的含义是不同的。“政治革命”中“革命”的含义是新事物对旧事物的全面否定、根本否定，“政治革命”就是新社会对旧社会的根本否定，即新的社会性质和社会制度对旧的社会性质和社会制度的根本否定，概括地讲，就是取而代之、以新代旧。马克思、恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中指出：“代替那存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会的，将是这样一个联合体，在那里，每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。”在这里，马克思、恩格斯使用了“代替”一词，谁代替谁呢？新的“自由人联合体”即共产主义代替那个“存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会”。怎样实现这种代替呢？即代替的手段和途径是什么呢？就是马克思、恩格斯所讲的暴力革命，即无产阶级的政治革命。毛泽东指出：“革命是暴动，是一个阶级推翻一个阶级的暴烈的行动。农村革命是农民阶级推翻封建地主阶级的权力的革命。”这里的“革命”“农村革命”也都是从政治革命的层面讲的。“党的自我革命”中的“革命”显然不是这个层面的含义，其借用了“革命”这个词，前面加上了“自我”两个字，按照字面意思来理解就是“自己革自己的命”。如果照政治革命的含义来理解，那就是自己把自己给彻底否定了。显然，作为使命型、人民型的马克思主义政党决不能这样做。党的自我革命其主体与客体具有同一性，即：主体也是客体，客体也是主体。其自我革命是自己给自己治病，这里的“革命”是改革、改进、完善的意思，即促进新事物对旧事物的辩证否定，自己实现更好的生存和发展。

2. The Party’s self-revolution focuses on advancing self-supervision. The Party’s self-revolution must be dedicated to solving the problems existing within the Party itself, especially the unique challenges of a major party. This is the inherent law and basic experience of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Power without supervision

2.党的自我革命重在推进自我监督。党的自我革命要致力于解决党自身存在的问题，特别是作为大党独有的难题，这是全面从严治党的内在规律和基本经验。习近平总书记指出：“没有监督的权力必然导致腐败，这是一条铁律。”腐败达到一定程度，执政党或执政集团必然人亡政息，这也是被历史和实践反复证明了的铁律。由此可见，监督对一个政党或政权长久存在的极端重要性。一百多年来，中国共产党之所以能由小到大、由弱到强、不断发展壮大，一个极为重要的原因就是“党外靠发展人民民主、接受人民监督，内靠全面从严治党、推进自我革命”。对党而言，有来自外部的监督，也有来自内部的监督，而“内靠全面从严治党、推进自我革命”说的就是来自内部的监督。这种内部的监督就是从“党的自我革命”角度讲的。自我监督是党的自我革命的重要内容，没有自我监督就没有党的自我革命。在自我监督中发现问题、在自我监督中解决问题，在自我监督中革故鼎新，特别是通过党的自我监督打好反腐败斗争攻坚战持久战。党的自我监督是推进反腐败斗争的重要手段，而“反腐败是最彻底的自我革命”。推进党的自我监督就是推进党的自我革命。党的自我监督的动力来自党的初心和使命，一个为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的马克思主义政党是不惧怕任何监督的，中国共产党具有坚定的自觉的自我监督意识和宏大的战略定力。党依靠自身的力量和智慧发现自身的问题。只有善于发现问题、及时发现问题、敢于直面问题，才能为解决问题提供必要前提和条件。“对自身存在的问题不能反应迟钝，处理动作慢腾腾、软绵绵，最终人亡政息！”党始终依靠自身的努力及时有效解决自己的问题。所有这些都源自党的自我革命的内在规定性。

3. The

3.党的自我革命实质是自我扬弃。什么是党的自我革命？习近平总书记深刻指出，党的“自我革命就是补钙壮骨、排毒杀菌、壮士断腕、去腐生肌，不断清除侵蚀党的健康肌体的病毒，不断提高自身免疫力，防止人亡政息”。在这里，习近平总书记旨在强调要以坚定的信心、果敢的作风、有效的举措解决党自身存在的突出问题，实现长期执政。其含义至少有三：一是自我革命是“去腐”，即：刀刃向内、刮骨疗毒，医治好党自身存在的政治不纯、思想不纯、组织不纯、作风不纯等“疾病”，特别是推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。二是自我革命是“生肌”，通过“去腐”实现“生肌”，即：保持和弘扬党的优良作风、革命传统和红色基因，不忘初心、牢记使命，不断增强拒腐防变能力、提高治国理政本领。三是自我革命永远在路上，习近平总书记讲了“两个不断”和“一个防止”，“去腐”的斗争永远在路上，“生肌”的创新也永远在路上，党的自我革命只有进行时、没有完成时。党的自我革命就是要“同一切影响党的先进性、弱化党的纯洁性的问题作坚决斗争，实现自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高”。这样的自我革命实质就是党的辩证否定、自我扬弃，既要保持党的性质和宗旨，又要实现与时俱进的新发展。党的十八大以来，围绕全面从严治党开展的所有工作、制定的所有制度、采取的所有措施，都属于党的自我革命的范畴。习近平总书记指出：“全面从严治党是新时代党的自我革命的伟大实践，开辟了百年大党自我革命的新境界。”[5]P588这一重要论述深刻阐述了全面从严治党与自我革命的辩证统一关系。全面从严治党的过程，就是党自我革命的过程。

(II) On the Major Significance of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）关于党的自我革命的重大意义

1. The strategic need to lead the great social revolution. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that the Party must

1.引领伟大社会革命的战略需要。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记多次强调，要以党的自我革命引领伟大社会革命。这一重要观点深刻阐述了党的自我革命的重大意义，其背后的理论逻辑就是：党的建设要引领服务党的伟大事业。这是立足党一百多年奋斗实践得出的科学结论。列宁曾讲：“给我们一个革命家组织，我们就能把俄国翻转过来！”他旨在强调，党的领导和建设对于社会革命的极为重要的引领作用。1989年6月，面对党内存在的突出问题，邓小平语重心长地指出：“实现我们的战略目标，不惩治腐败，特别是党内的高层的腐败现象，确实有失败的危险”。这是从反面论述党的建设对实现党的战略目标的重要性。用今天的观点来看，就是党的自我革命对推进伟大事业和实现伟大梦想的极端重要性。反腐败是实现党的战略目标即引领和服务伟大社会革命的战略需要。一百多年来，中国共产党人从事的伟大社会革命，就是立志于为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴、为世界谋大同的革命建设改革伟业，这一伟业深刻改变了中国、深远影响了世界。这一伟业在今天就集中表现为坚持和发展中国特色社会主义、以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。这是一项前无古人的事业，党所担负任务之繁重、面临挑战之严峻、直面问题之复杂都世所罕见、史所罕见。没有过硬的能力和素质，很难担负起这一历史使命、很难引领和驾驭这一伟大社会变革。对此，习近平总书记强调：“要把新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义这场伟大社会革命进行好，我们党必须勇于进行自我革命，把党建设得更加坚强有力”。这一重要观点深刻论述了自我革命的重要意义在于引领和服务伟大社会革命。

2. The strategic need to solve the unique problems of a large party. The Party’s self-revolution must be committed to solving the prominent problems existing within itself, “to prevent trouble arising within the ranks. This is the fundamental significance of why our Party must continuously carry out self-revolution.” As the world’s largest Marxist ruling party, the Communist Party of China bears the historical mission of uniting and leading the people to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The tasks it undertakes in governing the Party and managing the Party are exceptionally heavy and arduous, and the mission it bears in governing the country and administering affairs is also exceptionally heavy and arduous. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “A large party and a large country are both our advantages for accomplishing great things and building great undertakings, and they also mean that we face many unique problems in governing the Party and governing the country.” Understanding the unique problems of a large party and confronting the unique problems of a large party are the prerequisites and conditions for solving the unique problems of a large party. Only by accurately identifying and clearly recognizing the unique problems of a large party can we advance the Party’s self-revolution in a more targeted manner, enabling the Party to forever preserve the political essence of a Marxist party and forever stand at the forefront of the times. So, what unique problems does the Communist Party of China face as a large party? On the basis of long-term in-depth reflection on the theory and practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “How to always remain true to the original aspiration and founding mission, how to always unify thought, unify will, and unify action, how to always possess strong governing capacity and leadership level, how to always maintain the entrepreneurial spirit of doing business, how to always be able to promptly discover and solve one’s own problems, and how to always maintain a clean and upright political ecology” — these are the unique problems that the Communist Party of China, as a large party, must solve well. It can be said that the various problems existing within the Party are inextricably linked to these “six how to always.” The “six always” are the direction of effort for the Party’s self-revolution. To achieve the “six always,” it is necessary to apply drastic remedies to the prominent problems existing in the “six always” aspects, and to precisely target all factors affecting these “six always.” The solution to the problems cannot be achieved once and for all; the answer to the “six how to always” is forever on the way, and the Party’s self-revolution will inevitably be a long-term strategic project.

2.解决大党独有难题的战略需要。党的自我革命必须致力于解决自身存在的突出问题，“防止祸起萧墙。这就是为什么我们党要不断进行自我革命的根本意义所在”。中国共产党作为世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，肩负着团结带领人民全面建设社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史使命，其承担的管党治党任务异常繁重艰巨，其担负的治国理政使命也异常繁重艰巨。对此，习近平总书记指出：“大党大国，既是我们办大事、建伟业的优势，也使我们治党治国面对很多独有难题。”认识大党独有难题、直面大党独有难题，是解决大党独有难题的前提和条件。只有找准认清大党独有难题，才能更有针对性地推进党的自我革命，使党永葆马克思主义政党的政治本色、永立时代潮头。那么，中国共产党作为大党面临哪些独有难题呢？在对全面从严治党理论和实践长期深入思考的基础上，习近平总书记深刻指出：“如何始终不忘初心、牢记使命，如何始终统一思想、统一意志、统一行动，如何始终具备强大的执政能力和领导水平，如何始终保持干事创业精神状态，如何始终能够及时发现和解决自身存在的问题，如何始终保持风清气正的政治生态”，就是中国共产党作为大党必须解决好的独有难题。可以说，党内存在的这样那样的问题都同这“六个如何始终”有着千丝万缕的联系。“六个始终”是党的自我革命的努力方向。要做到“六个始终”，就要针对在“六个始终”方面存在的突出问题刮骨疗毒，向影响这“六个始终”的一切因素精准开刀。问题的解决不可能一劳永逸，对“六个如何始终”的回答永远在路上，党的自我革命也必将是一个长期的战略性工程。

3. The strategic need to break out of the historical cycle of rise and fall. In July 1945, Huang Yanpei asked Mao Zedong in a cave dwelling in Yan’an how the CPC could break out of the historical cycle of rise and fall, order and chaos, and cyclical repetition in Chinese history. Mao Zedong answered with “letting the people supervise the government.” This question and answer, frozen in the depths of history, is the famous “Cave-Dwelling Dialogue.” In Mao’s view, the people’s political power led by the CPC was different from all previous feudal dynasties; the CPC had the ability, wisdom, and means to break out of the historical cycle. That feudal dynasties could not break out of the historical cycle had its inherent historical and class limitations. On this point, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “I often talk about the issue of the

3.跳出历史周期率的战略需要。1945年7月，黄炎培在延安的窑洞里问毛泽东中共如何跳出中国历史上政权兴衰治乱、循环往复的历史周期率，毛泽东以“让人民来监督政府”进行回答，这定格于历史深处的一问一答就是著名的“窑洞对”。在毛泽东看来，共产党领导的人民政权不同于以往的一切封建王朝，中国共产党有能力、有智慧、有办法跳出历史周期率。封建王朝跳不出历史周期率有其固有的历史的、阶级的局限性。对此，习近平总书记指出：“我经常讲到历史周期率问题，这的确是我国历史上封建王朝摆脱不了的宿命。”这里的“宿命”就是指封建政权命运走向的历史必然性。决定封建王朝人亡政息历史必然性的因素至少有两点，一是封建统治集团自身的严重腐败，可以说，腐败是导致其政权垮台的重要原因；二是封建统治集团解决不了其自身的腐败问题，缺乏一种彻底的自我革命精神。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以巨大政治勇气开启了前所未有的全面从严治党新征程，不断深化对马克思主义政党建设规律、共产党执政规律的认识，继“让人民来监督政府”之后又创造性地找到了自我革命这个跳出历史周期率的“第二个答案”，极大丰富了对“窑洞之问”的理论回答和实践应对。强调“勇于自我革命和接受人民监督是内在一致的”，二者的目的都是要解决好自身存在的突出问题特别是腐败问题。“只有以反腐败永远在路上的坚韧和执着，深化标本兼治，保证干部清正、政府清廉、政治清明，才能跳出历史周期率，确保党和国家长治久安。”腐败是党自身“突出问题”中的“突出问题”，自我革命第一位的任务就是要坚决彻底反腐败。

(III) On Why the Party Can Carry Out Self-Revolution

（三）关于党为什么能进行自我革命

1. It has no private interests of its own. General

1.没有自己的私利。习近平总书记指出：“我们党没有任何自己特殊的利益，这是我们党敢于自我革命的勇气之源、底气所在。”壁立千仞，无欲则刚。没有自己的特殊利益或私利，这是中国共产党能进行彻底的自我革命的原因所在、力量所在、气魄所在。正因为没有自己的特殊利益或私利，中国共产党人在自我革命中除了克服自己的缺点、改正自己的错误、解决自己的问题外，不用惧怕革掉什么、不用担心丢掉什么，不用纠结自己的进退去留，“因为我们是为人民服务的，所以，我们如果有缺点，就不怕别人批评指出”。也正是这种为人民服务的无私大爱、坚定立场、博大胸怀决定了其不怕自我革命、能自我革命。人民性是中国共产党的本质属性，其立党、兴党、强党的全部理由就是为了人民。这一根本属性决定了其不可能有自己的特殊利益或私利。马克思、恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中谈到共产党人时强调：“他们没有任何同整个无产阶级的利益不同的利益。”也就是说共产党人是为整个无产阶级的利益而奋斗，其从事的共产主义运动是“为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动”。而且在“斗争所经历的各个发展阶段上，共产党人始终代表整个运动的利益”。所以，一切违背党的性质宗旨、初心使命的行为都要坚决纠正，一切背离党的先进性纯洁性的问题都要坚决解决，一切不符合人民立场、人民利益的做法都要坚决预防和制止。“共产党就是给人民办事的”，人民的需要就是共产党人的选择，“人民群众反对什么、痛恨什么，我们就要坚决防范和打击。人民群众最痛恨腐败现象，我们就必须坚定不移反对腐败”。所以，反腐败斗争是得民心之举，是最彻底的自我革命。

2. Not representing any interest group. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that the Party “has no special interests of its own and never represents any interest group, any power clique, or any privileged stratum.” This important viewpoint profoundly expounds the thorough people’s character and thorough self-revolutionary spirit of Communists, and also profoundly reveals the deep-seated reasons why the Party can carry out self-revolution. “Not representing any interest group” has profound connotations. First, the formation of any interest group within the Party is absolutely impermissible. Mao Zedong long ago stated that within the Party, “one must not form an aristocratic stratum that is divorced from the people,” which was a warning that no vested interest group should be allowed to form within the Party, and that a self-revolutionary spirit must be maintained. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that it is necessary to “resolutely prevent the formation of interest groups within the Party. If the Party’s power is seized by them, if the Party’s leading cadres become their agents or even form their own interest groups, then the red river and mountain will change color.” [20]20 “Red river and mountain” (红色江山) is a standard metaphor in CPC political discourse for the socialist state and the Party’s political power, won through revolutionary struggle. This underscores the serious harm of the formation of vested interest groups within the Party. If vested interest groups truly form within the Party, that would be severe political corruption, meaning that Communists have forgotten their original aspiration and founding mission, and of course, it would also mean that the Party would inevitably lose its spirit and driving force for self-revolution. Second, resolutely prevent and combat any interest group’s “encirclement and hunting” [21]21 “Encirclement and hunting” (围猎) is a term used in CPC anti-corruption discourse to describe the systematic efforts by interest groups to cultivate, entrap, and corrupt Party officials for personal gain. and corruption of the Party’s cadres. Under market economy conditions, the principle of commodity exchange may infiltrate political life, power and money may collude, politics and economics may be blended, and “the ‘encirclement and hunting’ by all kinds of interest groups is organized and planned, with leading cadres and their relatives surrounded by a pack of ‘wolves’ on all sides.” [22]22 Qu Leading cadres must always be cautious and circumspect in handling power, as if treading on thin ice. It is necessary to “resolutely prevent the formation of interest groups within the Party, and resolutely prevent the ‘encirclement and hunting’ and hijacking of leading cadres by various interest groups.” [23]23 An allusion to the final line of Du Mu's "E-pang Palace Rhapsody" (阿房宫赋), warning that if one does not learn from history, one will repeat its mistakes and be lamented by future generations. By not representing any interest group, the Party possesses a thorough self-revolutionary spirit; resolutely preventing and combating the “encirclement and hunting” by interest groups is precisely the inevitable requirement and practical content of self-revolution.

2.不代表任何利益集团。习近平总书记强调，党“没有任何自己特殊的利益，从来不代表任何利益集团、任何权势团体、任何特权阶层的利益”。这一重要观点深刻阐述了共产党人彻底的人民性和彻底的自我革命精神，也深刻表明了党之所以能自我革命的深层次原因。“不代表任何利益集团”内涵深刻。第一，党内决不允许形成任何利益集团。毛泽东早就说过，党内“不要形成一个脱离人民的贵族阶层”，就是在警醒党内不能形成既得利益集团，要保持一种自我革命精神。习近平总书记强调，要“坚决防止党内形成利益集团，如果党的权力被他们攫取、党的领导干部成了他们的代理人甚至自己就搞利益集团，红色江山就会改变颜色”。这是在强调党内形成既得利益集团的严重危害性，如果党内真的形成既得利益集团，那就是严重的政治腐败，就意味着共产党人忘记了初心和使命，当然，也意味着党必然会丧失自我革命的精神和动力。第二，坚决防范和打击任何利益集团“围猎”和腐蚀党的干部。在市场经济条件下，商品交换原则可能渗透到政治生活中来，权力与金钱可能勾结、政治与经济可能勾兑，“形形色色利益集团的‘围猎’有组织、有策划，领导干部及其亲属身旁群‘狼’环伺”。领导干部对待权力，要始终谨小慎微、如履薄冰。要“坚决防止党内形成利益集团，坚决防范各种利益集团‘围猎’和绑架领导干部”。不代表任何利益集团，党就有彻底的自我革命精神；坚决防范和打击利益集团的“围猎”，也正是自我革命的必然要求和实践内容。

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3.有能力解决自己的问题。中国共产党之所以能进行自我革命，既取决于其彻底的人民性、有自我革命的决心和信心，还取决于其有自我革命的能力和智慧。这种能力和智慧不是外力强加给党的，而是党自身所固有的。对此，习近平总书记深刻指出：“勇于自我革命，是我们党最鲜明的品格，也是我们党最大的优势”。正是有了这样的品格和优势，一百多年来，党一次次从挫折中奋起，一次次依靠自己的力量坚持真理、修正错误，一次次校正伟大事业发展的航向。正是能勇于自我革命，才能历经磨难而不衰、千锤百炼更坚强，不断开创民族复兴伟业的新局面。历史和实践已经充分证明，党具有极强的自我修复能力、自我净化能力。“如果把我们的党比做一个人的肌体，那末，这是一个充满了活力的肌体，它完全能够用自己的力量，消除那些局部地、暂时地沾染到的病毒，而且在消除病毒之后，更会增加身体的免疫力。”这就是党的自我革命，即党用自己的力量和智慧消除侵害党的肌体的“病毒”。党的十八大以来，全面从严治党的辉煌实践、历史性成就更充分证明，党具有彻底的自我革命的精神和能力。一百多年从严治党的历史特别是新时代全面从严治党的实践，积累了党的自我革命的丰富经验，坚持和运用好这些经验又会极大助力党的自我革命能力的提升。强大的民心支持汇聚了党的自我革命的力量源泉。习近平总书记指出：“人民群众最痛恨腐败，不得罪成百上千的腐败分子，就要得罪14亿人民，这是一笔再明白不过的政治账、人心向背账”，党以抓铁有痕、踏石留印的决心和毅力推进自我革命，赢得人民坚定支持，夯实党执政的民心基础，充分彰显了党有自我革命的能力和智慧。

(4) On the Basic Approach to Advancing the Party’s Self-Revolution

（四）关于推进党的自我革命的基本思路

1. Adhere to advancing self-revolution with a systems concept. The Party’s self-revolution is a systematic project, rich in content, broad in scope, and arduous in task, possessing extraordinary heaviness, complexity, and long-term nature. It is imperative to examine and oversee the Party’s self-revolution with a systems concept. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The systems concept is a foundational thought and working method.” [23]23 An allusion to the final line of Du Mu's "E-pang Palace Rhapsody" (阿房宫赋), warning that if one does not learn from history, one will repeat its mistakes and be lamented by future generations. Only by advancing the Party’s self-revolution with a systems concept can we avoid treating the symptoms without addressing the root cause, and can we enhance the holistic and synergistic nature of self-revolution, achieving twice the result with half the effort. At the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the practical requirements of “nine withs” for advancing the Party

1.坚持以系统观念推进自我革命。党的自我革命是一项系统工程，内涵丰富、面广量大、任务艰巨，具有异乎寻常的繁重性、复杂性、长期性，必须坚持以系统观念审视和统揽党的自我革命。习近平总书记指出：“系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法。”只有以系统观念推进党的自我革命，才能不至于头痛医头、脚痛医脚，才能增强自我革命的整体性、协同性，取得事半功倍之成效。在二十届中央纪委三次全会上，习近平总书记提出了推进党的自我革命“九个以”的实践要求，这就是：“以坚持党中央集中统一领导为根本保证，以引领伟大社会革命为根本目的，以新时代中国特色社会主义思想为根本遵循，以跳出历史周期率为战略目标，以解决大党独有难题为主攻方向，以健全全面从严治党体系为有效途径，以锻造坚强组织、建设过硬队伍为重要着力点，以正风肃纪反腐为重要抓手，以自我监督和人民监督相结合为强大动力”。“九个以”不是彼此孤立、各自为战，而是相互联系、相辅相成，共同构成一个相互啮合、彼此助力的有机整体，创造性地打出了一套自我革命的“组合拳”，深刻体现了系统观念的世界观和方法论。每个“以”的落实都要放到“九个以”的整体中来把握和看待，检验评价每个“以”落实的成效都要联系其他“八个以”的贯彻落实情况，决不能孤立地、片面地看待和分析每个“以”的坚持和落实。当然，坚持以系统观念推进党的自我革命，也决不意味着在落实“九个以”上平均用力、不分重点、不讲策略。“九个以”在地位上各有侧重，在作用上各有特色。落实“九个以”的要求，既不能眉毛胡子一把抓，又不能单打一、抓住一点不及其余。必须“学会‘弹钢琴’”，促进“九个以”相互配合，奏出最和谐、最美妙的旋律。

2. Adhere to advancing self-revolution with historical thinking. The Party's self-revolution is not only a positive response to the major contemporary issue of governing and managing the Party, but also a scientific conclusion drawn from a profound summation of the experiences and lessons of the rise and fall of political power throughout history. We must persist in learning from history. Historical thinking is a comparative mode of thought, which requires drawing on the successful experiences of predecessors in historical comparison, heeding the warnings of past failures, and avoiding the phenomenon of "causing later generations to lament over later generations again." [23]23 An allusion to the final line of Du Mu's "E-pang Palace Rhapsody" (阿房宫赋), warning that if one does not learn from history, one will repeat its mistakes and be lamented by future generations. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "History is a mirror that illuminates reality and also the future. Only by understanding and respecting history can we better grasp the present; only by taking history as a mirror and advancing with the times can we better move toward the future." [24]24 Xi Jinping, speech at the commemoration of the 77th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, September 3, 2022. The Party's self-revolution must be viewed within the context of China's five-thousand-year history of civilization, deeply analyzing from a historical comparative perspective the principles, philosophy, and logic of why Chinese Communists must engage in self-revolution and how to advance it, drawing wisdom and strength for self-revolution from historical experiences and lessons. Self-revolution must be advanced on the basis of respecting historical laws. We must "hold up the telescope of historical laws to observe carefully," [25]25 Xi Jinping, speech at the celebration of the 95th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, July 1, 2016. strengthen research on historical laws, and especially continuously deepen research on the experiences and lessons of official governance in history. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Summarizing and analyzing the gains and losses of official governance in our history is intended to strengthen and improve cadre management, providing a reference for breaking out of the historical cycle of rise and fall and achieving the prosperity, development, and long-term stability of the Party and the state." [26]26 Xi Jinping, speech at the 10th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee, October 13, 2014. We must continuously deepen research on the Party's history, especially truly "understand where we came from and where we are going, understand what Chinese Communists are doing, what they have done, and what they still need to do, and understand why we were able to succeed in the past and how we can continue to succeed in the future." [27]27 Xi Jinping, speech at the Party History Study and Education Mobilization Conference, February 20, 2021. The "three clarifications" embody the experience of why the Party was able to succeed in the past, contain the code for how the Party can continue to succeed in the future, and condense the great wisdom of Communists' eternal youth. Adhere to advancing self-revolution with a developmental perspective. This is the inevitable logic of adhering to advancing self-revolution with historical thinking. The subject and object of self-revolution, as well as the practical requirements of the "nine focuses," [28]28 "九个以" (nine focuses) refers to the nine key requirements for advancing the Party's self-revolution, as outlined in Xi Jinping's thought on the Party's self are all in constant development and change. The Party's self-revolution will never be achieved once and for all or remain unchanged; it must adhere to the concrete and historical unity of the subjective and the objective in order to achieve the best results of self-revolution.

2.坚持以历史思维推进自我革命。党的自我革命既是对管党治党重大时代课题的积极回应，又是基于对历史上政权兴衰经验教训的深刻总结而得出的科学结论。要坚持向历史学习。历史思维是一种比较思维，其要求在历史比较中借鉴前人成功经验，警惕前车之鉴，避免“亦使后人复哀后人也”现象。习近平总书记指出：“历史是一面镜子，它照亮现实，也照亮未来。了解历史、尊重历史才能更好把握当下，以史为鉴、与时俱进才能更好走向未来。”要把党的自我革命放到中华五千多年文明史中来看待，从历史比较的视角深入分析中国共产党人为什么要自我革命、怎样推进自我革命的道理哲理学理，从历史经验教训中汲取自我革命的智慧和力量。要在尊重历史规律的基础上推进自我革命。要“端起历史规律的望远镜去细心观望”，加强对历史规律的研究，特别是要不断深化对历史上吏治经验教训的研究。对此，习近平总书记指出：“总结分析我国历史上吏治的得失，是要加强和改进干部管理工作，为跳出历史周期率、实现党和国家事业兴旺发达、长治久安提供借鉴。”要不断深化对党的历史的研究，特别是要真正“弄清楚我们从哪里来、要到哪里去，弄清楚中国共产党人是干什么的、已经干了什么、还要干什么，弄清楚过去我们为什么能够成功、未来怎样才能继续成功”。“三个弄清楚”饱含着党过去为什么能够成功的经验、蕴含着党未来如何才能继续成功的密码、凝结着共产党人青春永驻的大智慧。坚持以发展的观点推进自我革命。这是坚持以历史思维推进自我革命的必然逻辑。自我革命的主体、客体、“九个以”的实践要求，都在不断发展变化，党的自我革命决不会一劳永逸、一成不变，必须坚持主观与客观具体的历史的一致，以求自我革命的最好成效。

3. Persist in advancing self-revolution with a sense of urgency. The Party's self-revolution is itself a strategic decision based on a strong sense of urgency, a sense of crisis, and a determination never to repeat the cycle of rise and fall of political power in Chinese history. A sense of urgency is a kind of bottom-line thinking. Advancing self-revolution must strengthen bottom-line thinking, meaning that the Party must prepare various contingency plans in solving its own problems, preferring to have them ready and unused rather than needing them and not having them, so as to be prepared against danger and to turn crises into safety, and to preserve the Party's original aspiration and founding mission with strategic composure and firm confidence in turning danger into safety and adversity into good fortune. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, I have repeatedly stressed the need to adhere to bottom-line thinking, which is to warn the entire Party to always remember 'be vigilant in peace time, be mindful of survival in times of security, and be cautious of chaos in times of order.'"[43]43 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar for Principal Leading Cadres at the Provincial and Ministerial Level on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 19th National Congress of the CPC," January 5, 2018. Adhering to bottom-line thinking to examine and solve one's own problems makes it possible to take precautions before it is too late, to foresee the direction and trend of incipient and tendentious problems, to prevent small problems from developing into big ones and economic problems from evolving into political and social ones, to seize the initiative in self-revolution and to fight the active battle of self-revolution. A sense of urgency is a kind of problem orientation. Advancing self-revolution must adhere to problem orientation, meaning that comprehensive and strict governance of the Party must target the Party's own problems to "govern" and be "strict," and self-revolution must target the "viruses" and "malignant tumors" in the Party's body to "revolutionize" and "remove" them, focusing on, studying, and solving problems with the determination and perseverance of "cutting off one's own wrist" and "scraping the poison off the bone,"[44]44 "Cutting off one's own wrist" (壮士断腕) and "scraping the poison off the bone" (刮骨疗毒) are Chinese idioms describing the resolve to take painful but necessary measures to correct deep-seated problems. so as to achieve rebirth and self-transcendence through continuous self-repair and self-purification. The ancient maxim "thrive in adversity, perish in comfort"[45]45 From Mencius, Gaozi Xia: "When one is born in sorrow and dies in comfort" (生于忧患，死于安乐). is a vivid portrayal and profound summary by the Chinese nation of everything from the small matter of life to the large matter of regime change throughout history. A sense of urgency is also a sense of responsibility. Advancing self-revolution must strengthen the sense of responsibility. "The sense of urgency of us Communists is a sense of concern for the Party, for the country, and for the people. This is a responsibility, and even more so a commitment."[46]46 Xi The logic of the Chinese Communist Party's governance is that to govern the country, one must first govern the Party, and to govern the Party, one must be strict. Viewing the Party's self-revolution from the height of the fate and future of the Party and the country broadens one's vision, expands one's perspective, and widens one's horizon, and will lead to advancing the Party's self-revolution with firmer determination, stronger conviction, excellent work style, and solid measures.

3.坚持以忧患意识推进自我革命。党的自我革命本身就是基于强烈的忧患意识、危机意识、决不重蹈中国历史上政权兴亡更迭的覆辙而作出的战略性决策。忧患意识是一种底线思维，推进自我革命必须强化底线思维，就是党在解决自身问题上要作好各种预案，宁可备而不用、决不可用而不备，做到有备无患、有惊无险，以化险为夷、遇难成祥的战略定力和坚定自信永葆党的初心和使命。习近平总书记指出：“党的十八大以来，我多次强调要坚持底线思维，就是要告诫全党时刻牢记‘安而不忘危，存而不忘亡，治而不忘乱’。”坚持以底线思维审视和解决自身问题，就能未雨绸缪、防患于未然，预见苗头性、倾向性问题发展的方向和趋势，防止小问题发展成大问题、经济问题演化为政治社会问题，下好自我革命的先手棋、打好自我革命的主动仗。忧患意识是一种问题导向，推进自我革命必须坚持问题导向，就是全面从严治党要盯着党自身的问题去“治”、去“严”，自我革命要奔着党的肌体存在的“病毒”和“毒瘤”去“革”、去“除”，以壮士断腕、刮骨疗毒的决心和毅力聚焦问题、研究问题、解决问题，以不断自我修复和净化走向凤凰涅槃、实现自我超越。“生于忧患，死于安乐”的古训就是中华民族对历史上小到人生、大到政权更迭的生动写照和深刻总结。忧患意识也是一种责任意识，推进自我革命必须强化责任意识。“我们共产党人的忧患意识，就是忧党、忧国、忧民意识，这是一种责任，更是一种担当。”中国共产党治国理政的逻辑是治国必先治党、治党务必从严。站在事关党和国家前途命运的高度看待党的自我革命，眼光就远大了，视野就开阔了，格局就宽广了，就会更加以坚定的决心、必胜的信念、过硬的作风、扎实的举措推进党的自我革命。

III. The Value Implications of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thought on the Party's Self-Revolution

三、习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想的价值意蕴

This important thought deepens the understanding of how to govern and manage the Party, especially how to grasp the laws governing the resolution of the Party’s own problems. It opens up a new realm in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist Party theory, writes a new chapter in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and forms a scientific theoretical system. It is necessary to deeply grasp the multiple value implications of this theoretical system and continuously enhance the firmness and consciousness of implementing this important thought.

这一重要思想深化了对如何管党治党、特别是如何解决自身问题规律的认识，开辟了马克思主义党的学说中国化时代化的新境界，写出了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的新篇章，形成了科学的理论体系。必须深入把握这一理论体系的多重价值意蕴，不断增强贯彻这一重要思想的坚定性自觉性。

(I) Deepening the Understanding of the Laws Governing Party Governance and Management under Long-Term Governance

（一）深化了对长期执政条件下管党治党规律的认识

For the Party, only through long-term governance can it realize its historical mission and value pursuits; at the same time, under conditions of long-term governance, the Party also faces dangers and challenges such as slackening spirit, insufficient capability, detachment from the masses, and passive corruption. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Under conditions of long-term Party governance, factors that weaken the Party’s advanced nature and impair its purity exist at all times, and dangers that violate the original aspiration and founding mission and shake the Party’s foundation are everywhere.” [29]29 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Summary Meeting of the ‘Never Forget the Original Aspiration, Keep the Founding Mission in Mind’ Thematic Education,” *Qiushi*, 2020, no. 13. In response to these factors and dangers that impair the Party’s leadership and governing status, effective measures must be taken to resolve them; if left unchecked and allowed to develop, over time problems will accumulate and become difficult to reverse, small problems will grow into big ones, quantitative change will trigger qualitative change, and it may be possible to follow in the footsteps of the evolution of the Soviet Union and Eastern European regimes. [30]30 A reference to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regime changes in Eastern European socialist countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In response to the danger of slackening spirit, this important thought emphasizes establishing a system for never forgetting the original aspiration and keeping the founding mission firmly in mind, so that generations of Communists are loyal to the Party, live up to the people, and strive unremittingly for the Party’s great cause, guarding, securing, and preserving the foundation of Communists’ work and entrepreneurship, and unswervingly “firm in this faith, firm in this conviction, firm in this loyalty.” In response to the danger of insufficient capability, this important thought puts forward a series of highly operational requirements on how to enhance cadres’ abilities and skills, especially emphasizing that “leading cadres must undergo strict ideological tempering, political training, and practical exercise, weathering storms, seeing the world, and strengthening their bones in complex and severe struggles, truly forging themselves into genuine gold in the fire.” [31]31 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Training Course for Young and Middle-Aged Cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance),” *People’s Daily*, September 4, 2019. Practice yields true knowledge, and practice also yields ability and skill; cadres must enhance their abilities and skills through practical exercise, especially in the test of completing tasks that are “urgent, difficult, dangerous, heavy, and new.” In response to the danger of detachment from the masses, this important thought points out that “the Party’s greatest political advantage is close ties with the masses, and the greatest danger after the Party comes to power is detachment from the masses,” [32]32 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Celebration of the 95th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China,” *People’s Daily*, July 2, 2016. insisting on putting the people first and practicing the people-centered development thought, emphasizing that this is the magic weapon for the Party’s cause to be invincible and always victorious. In response to the danger of passive corruption, this important thought emphasizes that corruption is incompatible with the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, and is the greatest danger and greatest threat facing the Party; “resolutely opposing corruption and preventing the Party from degenerating and deteriorating under long-term governance is a major political task we must grasp well.” [33]33 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” *People’s Daily*, January 7, 2017. These new thoughts and new judgments mark that our Party’s understanding of the laws of Party governance and management has reached a new height.

对党来说，只有长期执政，才能实现党的历史使命和价值追求；同时，在长期执政条件下，党也面临着精神懈怠、能力不足、脱离群众、消极腐败等危险和挑战。对此，习近平总书记深刻指出：“在党长期执政条件下，各种弱化党的先进性、损害党的纯洁性的因素无时不有，各种违背初心和使命、动摇党的根基的危险无处不在”。针对这些损害党的领导和执政地位的因素和危险，必须采取有效措施切实加以解决；如果放任自流、任其发展，长此以往必将积重难返，问题由小变大，量变引发质变，就有可能步苏东政权演变之后尘。针对精神懈怠危险，这一重要思想强调，建立不忘初心、牢记使命的制度，使一代又一代共产党人对党忠诚、不负人民、为党的伟大事业不懈奋斗，守住守牢守好共产党人干事创业的本，矢志不渝“坚定这份信仰、坚定这份信念、坚定这份忠诚”。针对能力不足危险，这一重要思想就如何提升干部能力本领提出一系列操作性很强的要求，特别强调“领导干部要经受严格的思想淬炼、政治历练、实践锻炼，在复杂严峻的斗争中经风雨、见世面、壮筋骨，真正锻造成为烈火真金”。实践出真知，实践也出能力和本领，干部要在实践锻炼中特别要在完成“急难险重新”任务的考验中提升能力和本领。针对脱离群众危险，这一重要思想指出，“党的最大政治优势是密切联系群众，党执政后的最大危险是脱离群众”，坚持人民至上、践行以人民为中心的发展思想，强调这是党的事业所向披靡、无往而不胜的法宝。针对消极腐败危险，这一重要思想强调，腐败与党的初心使命格格不入，是党面临的最大危险和最大威胁，“坚决反对腐败，防止党在长期执政条件下腐化变质，是我们必须抓好的重大政治任务”。这些新思想新论断标志着我们党对管党治党规律的认识达到了一个新高度。

(II) Forging a Strong Leadership Core for Creating the Eternal Great Undertaking of the Chinese Nation

（二）锻造了创造中华民族千秋伟业的坚强领导核心

The Party is the leadership core for advancing the great cause of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation. A strong and vigorous Party is the fundamental guarantee for national prosperity and strength. If Party governance and management are lax and weak, if Party leadership is weakened, Party concepts are indifferent, and Party building is ineffective, it will be difficult to exercise overall leadership and coordinate all parties, and difficult to form a pattern of smooth policy implementation and a multitude of stars clustering around the moon. [34]34 A classical allusion: “a multitude of stars clustering around the moon” (众星捧月) is a four-character idiom from the *Analects of Confucius*, meaning many people or things surrounding and supporting a central figure. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Without comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, the Party cannot achieve ‘to be a blacksmith, one must itself be hard,’ and it will be difficult to play the role of leadership core well.” [35]35 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” *People’s Daily*, January 13, 2016. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in response to prominent problems such as lax and weak Party governance and management, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has advanced comprehensive and strict governance of the Party with unprecedented boldness, momentum, and intensity, initiating a revolutionary forging of the Party’s self-purification, self-improvement, self-renovation, and self-enhancement. It creatively proposed taking the Party’s political construction as the guide, emphasizing enhancing the “Four Consciousnesses,” [36]36 The “Four Consciousnesses” (四个意识) refer to the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. firming up the “Four Confidences,” [37]37 The “Four Confidences” (四个自信) refer to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. upholding the “Two Establishments,” [38]38 The “Two Establishments” (两个确立) refer to establishing Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. and achieving the “Two Upholds,” [39]39 The “Two Upholds” (两个维护) refer to upholding Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. anchoring the political direction of self-revolution. It insists on arming the entire Party, educating the people, and guiding practice with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, constantly tempering the ideological weapon of self-revolution. It insists on discipline being stricter than law, discipline preceding law, and discipline connecting with law, adopting multiple measures to strengthen discipline construction, and vigorously expanding and enriching effective ways of self-revolution. It insists on cracking down on corruption with an iron fist, fighting a tough battle of self-revolution to forge a capable cadre contingent. It continuously advances institutional innovation, enhancing the authority and enforceability of institutions, providing a scientific and complete system of institutional norms for self-revolution. Through comprehensive diagnosis, dialectical treatment, and comprehensive rectification since the New Era, “some unhealthy tendencies that had not been curbed for many years have been curbed, many stubborn and chronic diseases that had not been solved for a long time have been solved, and serious hidden dangers within the Party, the state, and the military have been eliminated,” [40]40 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. forging the Party’s “diamond body” capable of steering the great cause of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation, and casting the “stabilizing pillar” [41]41 “Stabilizing pillar” (定海神针) is a four-character idiom from the classic novel *Journey to the West*, referring to a magical iron pillar that stabilizes the sea; here it is a metaphor for a stabilizing force. that fears no risk, dares to meet challenges, and is determined to write new glories for the eternal great undertaking of the Chinese nation. It can be said that “without the revolutionary forging of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, there would not be today’s highly united, strong, and vigorous Communist Party of China.” [42]42 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022.

党是推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的领导核心。党坚强有力是国家繁荣昌盛的根本保证。如果管党治党宽松软，党的领导弱化、党的观念淡漠、党的建设不力，那就很难做到总揽全局、协调各方，很难形成政令畅通、众星捧月之格局。习近平总书记强调：“不全面从严治党，党就做不到‘打铁还需自身硬’，也就难以发挥好领导核心作用。”党的十八大以来，针对管党治党存在的宽松软等突出问题，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以前所未有的大手笔、大气魄、大力度推进全面从严治党，开启了党自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的革命性锻造。创造性地提出以党的政治建设为统领，强调增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、拥护“两个确立”、做到“两个维护”，锚定了自我革命的政治方向。坚持用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想武装全党、教育人民、指导实践，不断淬炼自我革命的思想武器。坚持纪严于法、纪在法前、纪法衔接，多措并举加强纪律建设，大力拓展和丰富自我革命的有效途径。坚持铁腕反腐,打了一场我革命的过硬干部队伍。不断推进制度创新，提升制度的权威性和执行力，为自我革命提供科学完备的制度规范体系。经过新时代以来的全面诊断、辩证施治、综合整治，“刹住了一些多年未刹住的歪风邪气，解决了许多长期没有解决的顽瘴痼疾，清除了党、国家、军队内部存在的严重隐患”，造就了党驾驭强国建设、民族复兴伟业的“金刚之身”，铸造了不惧任何风险、勇于应对挑战、志在书写中华民族千秋伟业新辉煌的“定海神针”。可以说，“没有全面从严治党的革命性锻造，就不会有今天这样一个高度团结、坚强有力的中国共产党”。

(III) Casting a Powerful Theoretical Weapon for Advancing Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party with Determination

（三）铸造了矢志推进全面从严治党的强大理论武器

Thought is the guide to action, and theory is the guide to practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution provides a powerful theoretical weapon for advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and for waging the protracted and arduous battle of self-revolution. This important thought emphasizes that “we must use the great self-revolution to lead the great social revolution, and use the great social revolution to promote the great self-revolution, ensuring that the Party always remains the strong leading core in the historical process of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era.” This important viewpoint profoundly elaborates on the intrinsic relationship between the “two revolutions,” [47]47 “Key minority” (关键少数) refers to leading cadres at and above the county and regiment level, who hold key positions and play a decisive role in the Party’s governance. emphasizing that the self-revolution must take leading the great social revolution as its fundamental purpose, and that the Party must also be tempered to become stronger and more resilient through the great social revolution, better playing its role as the leading core that commands the overall situation and coordinates all parties. This points the way forward for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. This important thought emphasizes that corruption has the greatest corrosive effect, the most severe harm, and the deepest impact on the Party’s governing foundation, and that it is necessary to “persist in promoting the integrated approach of not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt, exerting force simultaneously, in the same direction, and comprehensively.” The viewpoint of the integrated advancement of the “three non-corruptions” [48]48 This is a quotation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022), emphasizing the practical orientation of theoretical work. and the “three exertions of force” [49]49 “In truth they want to reach out but dare not, the people are close at hand and hands draw back of themselves”: A poetic formulation used to describe the deterrent effect of mass supervision, implying that corrupt officials are deterred from wrongdoing by the constant watchfulness of the people. has greatly deepened the understanding of how to combat corruption and how to enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts, firmly grasping the difficult points and key points of self-revolution, profoundly revealing the basic laws of the anti-corruption struggle, and providing scientific methodological guidance for the Party’s self-revolution. This important thought emphasizes that “‘comprehensive and strict governance of the Party must first be viewed from a political perspective,’ and ‘political problems must be solved from a political perspective.’” This important viewpoint highlights the leading role of the Party’s political construction in self-revolution, providing a fundamental guideline for resolutely opposing political corruption and thoroughly eliminating political risks within the Party. This important thought emphasizes that “the advanced nature and purity of a Marxist political party are not naturally maintained over time, and the Party spirit of a Communist Party member does not naturally improve with the growth of Party membership seniority or the elevation of position.” It profoundly expounds the reasoning behind the fact that comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the way and the Party’s self-revolution is always on the way, holding that there is no once-and-for-all, immutable advanced nature or purity, and providing scientific theoretical guidance for waging the protracted and arduous battle of self-revolution.

思想是行动的向导，理论是实践的指南。习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想，为推进全面从严治党、打好自我革命攻坚战持久战提供了强大理论武器。这一重要思想强调，“要以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命，以伟大社会革命促进伟大自我革命，确保党在新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的历史进程中始终成为坚强领导核心。”这一重要观点深刻阐述了“两个革命”之间的内在关联，强调自我革命要以引领伟大社会革命为根本目的，党也要在伟大社会革命中锻炼得更加坚强有力，更好发挥总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用。这就为如何推进党的自我革命指明了前进方向。这一重要思想强调，腐败对党的执政基础腐蚀最大、危害最重、影响最深，必须“坚持不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐一体推进，同时发力、同向发力、综合发力”。“三不腐”一体推进、“三个发力”的观点极大深化了对如何反腐败、如何提升反腐败实效性的认识，紧紧抓住了自我革命的难点重点，深刻揭示了反腐败斗争的基本规律，为党的自我革命提供了科学的方法论指导。这一重要思想强调，“‘全面从严治党首先要从政治上看’，‘政治问题要从政治上来解决’。”这一重要观点强调了党的政治建设在自我革命中的统领作用，为坚决反对政治腐败、彻底消除党内政治隐患提供了基本遵循。这一重要思想强调，“马克思主义政党的先进性和纯洁性不是随着时间推移而自然保持下去的，共产党员的党性不是随着党龄增长和职务提升而自然提高的。”深刻阐述了全面从严治党永远在路上、党的自我革命永远在路上的道理所在，认为没有一劳永逸、一成不变的先进性纯洁性，为打好自我革命攻坚战持久战提供了科学理论指导。

(IV) Strengthening the Confident Conviction of Escaping the Historical Cycle through Self-Revolution

（四）坚定了以自我革命跳出历史周期率的必胜信念

The historical cycle [50]50 “Only when the alarm bell rings constantly can the siren not sound”: A Chinese saying meaning that persistent warnings and vigilance can prevent actual crises or emergencies from occurring. reflects not only the fate of feudal dynasties but also embodies an understanding of the common laws governing the rise and fall of political power. Do Marxist political parties possess natural immunity to the historical cycle? Theoretically, a political party that is rooted in the fundamental interests of the people, possesses thoroughgoing revolutionary character, and represents the bright future and distant prospects of humanity should be able to escape the historical cycle. However, the Communist and Workers’ Parties of the socialist countries in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, through the painful lesson of losing state power, demonstrate that “it is not easy for a Marxist political party to seize state power, and it is even more difficult to govern state power well for the people, especially to govern it for a long time.” If it cannot thoroughly punish corruption and always maintain advanced nature and purity, even a Marxist political party may find it difficult to escape the curse of the historical cycle and repeat the mistake of the rise and fall of regimes. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken vigorous measures to rectify work style, enforce discipline, and combat corruption, “exploring a successful path to solve its own problems and escape the historical cycle under long-term governance conditions, and constructing an effective system of power supervision and a system for enforcing discipline and law,” thus forming General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self

历史周期率既反映了封建王朝的宿命，也体现了对政权兴衰沉浮共性规律的认识。马克思主义政党对历史周期率是否具有天然的免疫力？从理论上讲，立足人民根本立场、具有革命的彻底性、代表着人类光明前途和远大未来的政党，应该能跳出历史周期率。但苏东社会主义国家的共产党和工人党，以丢掉政权的惨痛教训说明，“马克思主义政党夺取政权不容易，为人民执掌好政权尤其是长期执掌好政权更不容易”。如果不能彻底惩治腐败、始终保持先进性和纯洁性，马克思主义政党也难以逃出历史周期率的魔咒、重蹈人亡政息之覆辙。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央大刀阔斧正风肃纪反腐，“探索出一条长期执政条件下解决自身问题、跳出历史周期率的成功道路，构建起一套行之有效的权力监督制度和执纪执法体系”，形成了习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想。这一重要思想具有深刻的科学性，把对管党治党规律的认识提到一个新高度，开辟了党自我革命的新境界，坚定了依靠驾驭自我革命规律夺取全面从严治党新成就的必胜信念。这一重要思想具有彻底的革命性，把对反腐败斗争与自我革命关系的认识提到一个新高度，开辟了把反腐败作为最彻底自我革命的新境界，坚定了打好反腐败斗争攻坚战持久战的必胜信念。这一重要思想具有突出的实践性，把对自我革命永远在路上的认识提到一个新高度，开辟了以发展的观点审视自我革命、与时俱进推进全面从严治党的新境界，坚定了党依靠自己的努力及时有效解决自身突出问题的必胜信念。这一重要思想具有强烈的人民性，把对自我监督与人民监督关系的认识提到一个新高度，开辟了依靠人民监督促进自我革命的新境界，坚定了在党内党外同向合力监督下“练就中国共产党人自我净化的‘绝世武功’”的必胜信念。自信开创未来，自立行稳致远，自强成就伟业，“只要马克思主义执政党不出问题，社会主义国家就出不了大问题，我们就能够跳出‘其兴也勃焉，其亡也忽焉’的历史周期率”。

IV. Practical Requirements of Xi Jinping’s Important Thought on the Party’s Self-Revolution

四、习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想的实践要求

The value and vitality of theory lie in practice, in guiding practice to achieve expected results. It is necessary to establish an efficient and effective learning mechanism, consolidate the political responsibility for governing the Party and running it strictly, leverage the key role of the “key minority” [47]47 “Key minority” (关键少数) refers to leading cadres at and above the county and regiment level, who hold key positions and play a decisive role in the Party’s governance., rely on people’s supervision to promote self-revolution, and unremittingly turn this important thought into the glorious practice of advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in depth, continuously winning new victories in the self-revolution of the New Era and the new journey.

理论的价值和生命力在于实践，在于指导实践取得预期的效果。必须建立高效管用的学习机制，夯实管党治党的政治责任，发挥“关键少数”的关键作用，依靠人民监督促进自我革命，坚持不懈把这一重要思想变成纵深推进全面从严治党的光辉实践，不断夺取新时代新征程自我革命的新胜利。

(I) Establishing an Efficient and Effective Learning Mechanism

（一）建立高效管用的学习机制

Studying and comprehending theory is the prerequisite and foundation for implementing theory. Only with theoretical clarity can one achieve ideological consciousness, political steadfastness, and active action. To implement this important thought well, an efficient and effective learning mechanism must be established. First, adhere to a learning mechanism that highlights key points and pools collective wisdom. Incorporate the study of this important thought into the study schedules of the theoretical study central groups of Party committees at all levels, scientifically determine topics, reasonably arrange time, conduct regular study and institutionalized research, and form a demonstration and driving effect; cadre education and training institutions such as Party schools (schools of administration) at all levels, cadre colleges, and socialist colleges should incorporate this important thought into their teaching plans to enhance the effectiveness of learning; philosophy and social science management institutions, universities, and academies of social sciences should organize academic forces, increase research efforts, and quickly build a distinctive disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system, producing more high-quality works; newspapers and magazines should open special columns to publish relevant research articles, creating a strong academic atmosphere. Second, adhere to a learning mechanism that looks back at history and learns from the past to understand the present. Study this important thought in close connection with the history of the rise and fall of feudal dynasties, the history of socialist development, the Party’s century-long struggle history, and the history of New China, deepening the understanding and grasp of this important thought through the lessons of history and comparisons of regime changes. Third, adhere to a learning mechanism that focuses on problems and responds to practice. “Problems are the voice of the times; answering and guiding the resolution of problems is the fundamental task of theory.” [48]48 This is a quotation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022), emphasizing the practical orientation of theoretical work. Highlight the application of learning, promote the Marxist style of study that integrates theory with practice, and enhance the consciousness and steadfastness of implementing this important thought through the dialogue between theory and practice and the interaction between thought and problems. Fourth, adhere to a learning mechanism that links the upper and lower levels and keeps pace with the times. The practice of self-revolution is constantly advancing, and the theory of self-revolution is also continuously developing. It is necessary to always align with the Party Central Committee, and with a developmental perspective, promptly follow up on the study and mastery of innovative theories.

学习领会理论是贯彻理论的前提和基础。只有理论上清醒，才能思想上自觉、政治上坚定、行动上积极。贯彻好这一重要思想必须建立高效管用的学习机制。第一，坚持突出重点、群策群力的学习机制。要把对这一重要思想的学习纳入各级党委理论学习中心组的学习日程，科学确定专题，合理安排时间，常态化学习、制度化研究，形成示范带动效应；各级党校（行政学院）、干部学院、社会主义学院等干部教育培训机构要把这一重要思想纳入教学计划，增强学习实效性；哲学社会科学管理机构、高校、社科院等要组织学术力量，加大研究力度，尽快构建独具特色的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系，多出精品力作；报刊杂志要开辟专栏，刊发相关研究文章，营造浓厚学术氛围。第二，坚持回望历史、知往鉴今的学习机制。紧密联系封建社会政权兴衰史、社会主义发展史、党的百年奋斗史、新中国史学习这一重要思想，在古往今来历史的借鉴中、在政权更迭的比较中深化对这一重要思想的理解和把握。第三，坚持聚焦问题、回应实践的学习机制。“问题是时代的声音，回答并指导解决问题是理论的根本任务。”突出学以致用，弘扬理论联系实际的马克思主义学风，在理论与实践的对话中、思想与问题的互动中增强贯彻这一重要思想的自觉性坚定性。第四，坚持上下联动、与时俱进的学习机制。自我革命的实践在不断前进，自我革命的理论也在不断发展，必须始终向党中央看齐，以发展眼光及时跟进对创新理论的学习掌握。

(II) Consolidating the Political Responsibility for Governing the Party and Running It Strictly

（二）夯实管党治党的政治责任

Strengthening and implementing the political responsibility for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for carrying out this important thought well. The Party’s self-revolution is not merely the responsibility of the Party Central Committee, nor merely the work of the discipline inspection commissions, but a major political task for the entire Party. To advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in depth in this profound self-revolution, “relying solely on the Party Central Committee to handle it will not work, and relying solely on the discipline inspection commissions to handle it will also not work; it is necessary to implement the political responsibility of Party committees at all levels for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and to strengthen responsibility and commitment.” [49]49 “In truth they want to reach out but dare not, the people are close at hand and hands draw back of themselves”: A poetic formulation used to describe the deterrent effect of mass supervision, implying that corrupt officials are deterred from wrongdoing by the constant watchfulness of the people. First, the main responsibility of Party committees (leading Party groups) at all levels for managing the Party and governing it must be consolidated. Party committees (leading Party groups) at all levels must, with a spirit of high responsibility toward the Party, the people, and the cause, select and use cadres well, close Party-mass relations, promote the exercise of power impartially, rectify conduct, enforce discipline, and combat corruption. In particular, the secretary of the Party committee (leading Party group), as the first person responsible for managing the Party and governing it, must strengthen their sense of responsibility, demonstrate a spirit of commitment, earnestly place themselves in the situation, manage the leadership team well, lead the contingent well, and use their own exemplary role to highlight the “leading-geese effect” [50]50 “Only when the alarm bell rings constantly can the siren not sound”: A Chinese saying meaning that persistent warnings and vigilance can prevent actual crises or emergencies from occurring. in managing the Party and governing it. Members of the Party committee (leading Party group) leadership team must all fulfill their corresponding responsibilities for managing the Party and governing it within the scope of their duties. Second, the supervisory responsibility for managing the Party and governing it must be strengthened. Discipline inspection commissions at all levels must earnestly fulfill their duties as the specialized organ for intra-Party supervision, promote the political character of loyalty, integrity, and responsibility, dare to manage and supervise, dare to confront tough issues, skillfully apply the “four forms” [51] of supervision and discipline enforcement, adhere to the combination of managing the majority and punishing the very few, and fully reflect the unity of strict management and care. The initiative of all supervisory entities should be mobilized to build and strengthen an intra-Party supervision system featuring joint management, coordinated efforts, and collaborative action. Third, a sense of proportionality between power and responsibility must be established. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “There is no power without responsibility; the greater the power, the greater the responsibility. One cannot only want to be an official but not want to do work, only want to take power but not want to bear responsibility, only want to shine but not want to exert effort.” Where there is power, there is responsibility; power and responsibility must be proportional; the exercise of power must be subject to supervision; and if problems arise, accountability must be pursued. A strict accountability system must be improved and implemented, “using serious accountability to drive the implementation of responsibilities, transmitting pressure layer by layer,” [52] so as to implement the responsibility for managing the Party and governing it in practice.

强化和落实全面从严治党的政治责任，是贯彻好这一重要思想的根本保障。党的自我革命不仅仅是党中央的职责，也不仅仅是纪委的工作，而是全党的重大政治任务。纵深推进全面从严治党这场深刻的自我革命，“仅靠党中央抓不行，仅靠纪委抓也不行，必须落实各级党委全面从严治党的政治责任，强化责任担当”。第一，必须夯实各级党委（党组）管党治党的主体责任。各级党委（党组）要以对党、对人民、对事业高度负责的精神选好用好干部、密切党群关系、促进秉公用权、正风肃纪反腐，特别是党委（党组）书记作为管党治党第一责任人，要强化责任意识、彰显担当精神，切实把自己摆进去，管好班子、带好队伍，以自己的标杆作用凸显管党治党的“头雁效应”。党委（党组）班子成员都要在职责范围内履行好管党治党相应职责。第二，必须强化管党治党的监督责任。各级纪委要切实担负起党内监督专责机关的职责，弘扬忠诚干净担当的政治品格，敢抓敢管、敢于碰硬，运用好监督执纪“四种形态”，坚持管住大多数与惩治极少数相结合，充分体现严管与厚爱的统一。调动各监督主体积极性，构建和强化齐抓共管、协同作战的党内监督体系。第三，必须树立权责对等意识。习近平总书记强调：“没有离开责任的权力，权力有多大，责任就有多大。不能只想当官不想干事，只想揽权不想担责，只想出彩不想出力。”有权就有责，权责要对等，用权受监督，出了问题就要问责。要完善和落实严格的问责制度，“以严肃问责推动责任落实，层层传导压力”，把管党治党的责任落到实处。

(3) Giving Play to the Key Role of the “Key Minority”

（三）发挥“关键少数”的关键作用

The “key minority” [53] occupies an important position and has a tremendous influence; its irreplaceable role in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party must be given full play. First, the understanding of the role of the “key minority” must be strengthened. In advancing the Party’s self-revolution, “the leadership of leading organs and leading cadres taking the lead is extremely important. When leading organs and leading cadres set an example, those below will follow and emulate them.” [54] For ordinary Party members, the actions of leading cadres are silent commands. Conversely, if leading cadres violate laws and discipline, the harm to the Party is great, and the impact on Party members and the masses is also great. In comprehensively “governing the Party strictly, the key is to grasp the leading cadres, this ‘key minority,’ and strictly manage leading cadres at all levels.” [55] Second, the mentality of “watching a show” must be avoided. Every member of the Party committee (leading Party group), this “key minority,” must strengthen their Party consciousness and Party member and cadre consciousness, not act as an onlooker or a spectator, consciously participate in the self-revolution, and, in the spirit of “seeing the virtuous and thinking of emulating them, seeing the unvirtuous and introspecting inwardly,” [56] “resolutely abandon the ‘watching a show’ mentality, truly learn lessons from others, treat the absence of illness as if illness were present to prevent it, hold the bottom line, pursue high standards, and continuously improve one’s own immunity.” [57] Third, the “ostrich policy” must be abandoned. Facing the prominent problems existing within the Party itself, General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “We cannot be afraid of hurting the mouse and break the v

“关键少数”地位重要、影响巨大，必须发挥其在全面从严治党中不可替代的作用。第一，强化对“关键少数”作用的认识。推进党的自我革命，“领导机关和领导干部带头非常重要。领导机关和领导干部做出样子，下面就会跟着来、照着做”。对普通党员来说，领导干部所做所为就是无声的命令。相反，领导干部如果违法乱纪，对党的危害大，对党员和群众的影响也大。全面“从严治党，关键是要抓住领导干部这个‘关键少数’，从严管好各级领导干部”。第二，避免“看戏”心态。党委（党组）这个“关键少数”中的每个成员，都要强化党的意识、党员干部意识，不做旁观者、不当看戏人，自觉参与到自我革命中来，本着见贤思齐、见不贤而内自省的态度，“坚决抛弃‘看戏’心态，真正从别人身上汲取教训，把未病当作有病防，坚守底线、追求高标准，不断提高自身免疫力”。第三，摒弃“鸵鸟政策”。面对党自身存在的突出问题，习近平总书记指出：“我们不能投鼠忌器，王顾左右而言他，采取鸵鸟政策”。这一论述旨在强调，党委（党组）这个“关键少数”对自身问题不能装聋作哑、视而不见，不能处理起来前怕虎后怕狼、优柔寡断，要直面问题、当即立断、该出手时就出手。第四，坚持以上率下。要层层强化上梁意识，一级做给一级看、一级带着一级干，充分发挥“关键少数”特别是一把手的示范效应，努力避免“其身不正，虽令不从”的被动局面，努力塑造“其身正，不令而行”的良好政治生态。

(4) Relying on People’s Supervision to Promote the Party’s Self-Revolution

（四）依靠人民监督促进党的自我革命

The Party’s self-revolution by no means implies closed-door cultivation, engaging in self-praise, self-talk, or internal circulation. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “We cannot carry out self-revolution behind closed doors; we must listen more to the opinions of the people and consciously accept the supervision of the people.” Relying on people’s supervision to promote the Party’s self-purification and self-repair is an important content and inevitable choice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. First, deeply understand the importance of relying on mass supervision. Without mass supervision, it is difficult to carry out a thorough self-revolution. Because “the masses contain the wisdom and strength for governing the country and managing the Party, and strict governance of the Party must rely on the people.” Second, rely on people’s supervision to prevent and avoid the occurrence of problems. Keep channels and pathways for the masses to express opinions unimpeded, promote the convenience of online supervision, enhance the sense of security for whistleblowers, form a vast ocean of mass supervision where “in truth they want to reach out but dare not, the people are close at hand and hands draw back of themselves,” forge a “warning device” to prevent the development of incipient, tendency-based, and symptomatic problems, build a “firewall” to treat illness before it arises and prevent trouble before it happens, and pursue the highest realm of self-revolution. Third, rely on people’s supervision to promptly discover problems. The masses live right alongside Party members and cadres, and they see clearly what Party members and cadres do, especially paying close attention to every move of leading cadres. Therefore, “the masses see the problems in Party members and cadres most clearly and have the greatest right to speak.” Relying on mass supervision, one can perceive the smallest details and promptly discover problems existing in Party members and cadres. Fourth, rely on people’s supervision to effectively solve existing problems. How to solve problems also requires listening more to the opinions and suggestions of the masses. For example, “the masses say, only when the alarm bell rings constantly can the siren not sound.” This emphasizes the importance of promoting self-revolution from the source. Mass supervision is irreplaceable; “only by weaving a tight net of mass supervision and turning on a round-the-clock searchlight can ‘invisible persons’ have nowhere to hide.”

党的自我革命决不意味着闭门修炼，搞自弹自唱、自说自话、体内循环。习近平总书记强调：“我们不能关起门来搞自我革命，而要多听听人民群众意见，自觉接受人民群众监督。”依靠人民监督促进党的自我净化和修复是全面从严治党的重要内容和必然选择。第一，深刻认识依靠群众监督的重要性。没有群众监督，很难进行彻底的自我革命。因为“人民群众中蕴藏着治国理政、管党治党的智慧和力量，从严治党必须依靠人民”。第二，依靠人民监督预防和避免问题发生。畅通群众反映意见的渠道和途径，促进网络监督的便利化，增强举报人的安全感，形成“其实想伸不敢伸，人民咫尺手自缩”的群众监督的汪洋大海，铸造阻止苗头性、倾向性、征兆性问题发展的“警示器”，构建治未病、防患于未然的“防火墙”，追求自我革命的最高境界。第三，依靠人民监督及时发现问题。群众就生活在党员、干部的身边，对党员、干部的所作所为看得一清二楚，尤其是会重点关注领导干部的一举一动。所以，“党员、干部身上的问题，群众看得最清楚、最有发言权”。依靠群众监督，就能明察秋毫，及时发现党员、干部身上存在的问题。第四，依靠人民监督有效解决存在的问题。如何解决问题，也要多听取群众的意见和建议。如“群众说，只有警钟长鸣，才能警笛不响”。这是在强调从源头入手推进自我革命的重要性。群众监督无可替代，“只有织密群众监督之网，开启全天候探照灯，才能让‘隐身人’无处藏身”。

Source: Journal of China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan, Issue 2, 2024

文章来源：《中国井冈山干部学院学报》2024年第2期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆