Deeply Grasping the Worldview and Methodology of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the latest theoretical achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The “Six Musts” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,” February 28, 2018. are the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods that run through this thought and also serve as the fundamental guidance for economic construction in the New Era. Xi Jinping’s economic thought summarizes the historic achievements and historic transformations in China’s economic development since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee,” January 31, 2024.; it is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the latest theoretical achievement in socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and a scientific guide for promoting China’s high-quality development. The worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping’s economic thought have been formed and developed under the guidance of the Marxist worldview and methodology, centrally embodying the overall views and basic perspectives of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core on China’s economic development, and reflecting the basic modes of thinking for carrying out various economic tasks. Understanding the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping’s economic thought from the perspective of the “Six Musts” is undoubtedly of great significance.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义中国化时代化最新的理论成果。“六个必须坚持”是贯穿这一思想的立场观点方法，也是指导新时代经济建设的根本遵循。习近平经济思想总结了党的十八大以来我国经济发展取得的历史性成就和发生的历史性变革，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学最新的理论成果，是推动我国经济高质量发展的科学指南。习近平经济思想的世界观和方法论是在马克思主义世界观和方法论指导下形成与发展起来的，集中体现出以习近平总书记为核心的党中央对我国经济发展的总体看法和基本观点，折射出做好各项经济工作的基本思维方式。从“六个必须坚持”理解习近平经济思想的世界观和方法论，无疑具有重要意义。

I. Must Adhere to Putting the People First, Firmly Uphold the Fundamental Value Stand of “People-Centered” Development, and Steadily Advance Toward Common Prosperity

一、必须坚持人民至上，牢牢坚持“以人民为中心”的根本价值立场，朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “All theories that are divorced from the

习近平总书记指出：“一切脱离人民的理论都是苍白无力的，一切不为人民造福的理论都是没有生命力的。”进入新时代，部署经济工作、制定经济政策、推动经济发展，要牢牢坚持“以人民为中心”的根本价值立场，将增进人民福祉、顺应人民群众对美好生活的向往贯穿到经济建设各环节之中，不断把全体人民共同富裕事业推向前进。

(1) Development for the people, persisting in safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods through development

（一）发展为了人民，坚持在发展中保障和改善民生

People-centeredness is the fundamental stance of Marxist political economy. Persisting in being people-centered is the continuation and inheritance of the people’s stance by the Communist Party of China over a century of struggle, and its fundamental purpose is to enhance the people’s well-being in development, promote the all-round development of people, and pursue common prosperity for all the people. In the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has persisted in starting from “the issues of the most direct and practical interest to the people that concern them most,” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,” February 28, 2018. continuously exerting efforts in safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods, and adopting a series of measures to ensure people’s livelihoods, such as targeted poverty alleviation, improving the quality of employment and the level of people’s income, perfecting the medical and health system, the social security system, and the education system, etc., solving the people’s “urgent, difficult, anxious, and expectant” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee,” January 31, 2024. problems in employment, education, social security, medical care, and elderly care, so that the people’s lives have been improved in all respects, and the cause of people’s livelihoods has achieved historic accomplishments. Over the ten-year period, “decisive progress was made in the fight against poverty; more than 60 million poor people were lifted out of poverty, and the poverty headcount ratio fell from 10.2 percent to less than 4 percent.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” December 18, 2015. The per capita disposable income of residents increased from 16,500 yuan to 36,900 yuan, and the scope of people’s economic expenditure was greatly broadened. The scale of employment continued to expand, the industrial structure of employment was continuously optimized, the employment rate of people with difficulties in finding jobs and college graduates remained stable, and the average annual number of new urban jobs exceeded 13 million. The world’s largest medical and health system, social security system, and education system were built. “Basic medical insurance covers over 1.36 billion people, and basic old-age insurance covers nearly one billion people,” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Report to the and the universal accessibility and affordability of medical and health services have been significantly improved, so that the people’s medical burden has been alleviated and their average life expectancy has continued to increase.

以人民为中心是马克思主义政治经济学的根本立场。坚持以人民为中心，是中国共产党在百年奋斗中对人民立场的赓续与传承，其根本目的是在发展中增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展、追求全体人民共同富裕。新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持从“人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题”出发，在保障和改善民生事业上持续用力，采取了一系列措施保障民生，比如精准扶贫，提高就业质量和人民收入水平，完善医疗卫生体系、社会保障体系和教育体系等等，解决了就业、教育、社保、医疗、养老等群众“急难愁盼”的问题，使人民生活得到了全方位改善，民生事业取得了历史性成就。十年期间，“脱贫攻坚战取得决定性进展，六千多万贫困人口稳定脱贫，贫困发生率从百分之十点二下降到百分之四以下”。居民人均可支配收入从1.65万元增加到了3.69万元，人们的经济支出范围大幅拓宽。就业规模持续扩大，就业产业结构不断优化，就业困难人员和高校毕业生就业率保持稳定，城镇新增就业年均1300万人以上。建成了世界上规模最大的医疗卫生体系、社会保障体系和教育体系。“基本医疗保险覆盖十三亿六千万亿人，基本养老保险覆盖近十亿人”，医疗卫生服务普惠性、可及性的显著提升，使人民群众的医疗负担得以减轻，人均寿命持续延长。

(2) Development relying on the people, always maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the people

（二）发展依靠人民，始终保持同人民群众的血肉联系

China’s leap from a poor and blank starting point to the world’s second-largest economy—the fundamental reason for this historic leap lies in always adhering to the fundamental purpose of “everything for the people, everything relying on the people,” practicing the working line of “from the masses, to the masses,” [5]5 A classic formulation of the mass line, originating from Mao Zedong’s 1943 directive “Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership.” and deeply integrating the mass line into every link of governing the country. Xi Jinping’s economic thought deeply embodies respect for the people’s initiative in pioneering, clearly affirms the principal position and positive role of the people in economic construction, is committed to stimulating their creative enthusiasm and innovative vitality, and ensures that the people’s wisdom and strength are fully brought into play. At the same time, China has constructed a series of rules and regulations for governing for the people and relying on the people to govern, providing a solid institutional guarantee for the people to be the masters of the house in the country’s political life and social life.

中国从一穷二白的起点跃升为世界第二大经济体，这一历史性跨越的根本原因在于，始终坚持“一切为了人民、一切依靠人民”的根本宗旨，践行“从群众中来、到群众中去”的工作路线，将群众路线深度融入治国理政的每一个环节。习近平经济思想深刻体现了对人民首创精神的尊重，明确肯定人民群众在经济建设中的主体地位与积极作用，致力于激发其创造热情与创新活力，确保人民的智慧与力量得以充分发挥。同时，我国构建了一系列为人民执政、靠人民执政的规章制度，为人民群众在国家政治生活和社会生活中当家作主提供了坚实的制度保障。

(3) Development results shared by the people, solidly advancing common prosperity for all the people

（三）发展成果由人民共享，扎实推进全体人民共同富裕

Marx and Engels profoundly revealed that under capitalist relations of production, the growth of wealth is often accompanied by the deepening of the exploitation of the working class; while social wealth accumulates, the poverty of the working people also quietly intensifies. What the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics pursues is precisely the transcendence of this paradox, and its core value orientation lies in ensuring that the people can equally enjoy the rich fruits of social development. Marx and Engels envisioned that in a future society, “production will be for the purpose of the prosperity of all people” [6]6 Paraphrase of Marx’s concept in the *Grundrisse* that production in a future society will aim at the full development of all individuals. and “all people will jointly enjoy the benefits created by everyone.” [7]7 Paraphrase of a passage from Engels’s *Principles of Communism*. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Development for the people, development relying on the people, and development results shared by the people.” [8]8 A key statement by Xi Jinping, often cited in discussions of people-centered development. In the process of promoting economic and social development, the interests of the people must always be placed first, ensuring that the fruits of development benefit all the people. Specifically, to realize the sharing of development results by the people, the primary task lies in persisting in taking economic construction as the central task and vigorously developing the productive forces. “Development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems.” [9]9 A standard formulation in CPC policy discourse, emphasizing the primacy of development. Therefore, development must be regarded as the top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. By continuously promoting the improvement of social productive forces and creating more abundant material wealth, a solid material foundation is laid for all the people to share the fruits of development, continuously meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. At the same time, institutional construction plays a decisive role in the process of realizing the sharing of development results. “It is necessary to improve the institutional mechanisms for safeguarding social fairness and justice, and to guarantee the people’s rights to equal participation and equal development.” [10]10 A paraphrase of policy language from CPC documents on social fairness. In view of the problems existing in China’s current development, such as unfair distribution, the widening gap in residents’ income, and the uneven level of public services between urban and rural areas and regions, strengthening institutional construction is particularly important. Effective institutional arrangements can not only stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of the whole society to jointly make the “cake” of social wealth bigger, but also, through a reasonable distribution mechanism, ensure that the “cake” is cut fairly and divided reasonably, thereby truly realizing the sharing of development results by the people.

马克思恩格斯深刻揭示了资本主义生产关系下，财富的增长往往伴随着对劳动阶级的剥削而加深，社会财富积累的同时，劳动者的贫困亦在悄然加剧。中国特色社会主义道路所追求的正是对这一悖论的超越，其核心价值取向在于确保人民群众能够平等享有社会发展的丰硕成果。马克思、恩格斯设想，在未来社会中，“生产将以所有的人富裕为目的”“所有人共同享受大家创造出来的福利”。习近平总书记强调：“发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享”。在推进经济社会发展的过程中，必须始终将人民的利益放在首位，确保发展成果惠及全体人民。具体而言，实现发展成果由人民共享，首要任务在于坚持以经济建设为中心，大力发展生产力，“发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键”。因此，必须将发展视为执政兴国的第一要务，通过持续推动社会生产力的提升，创造更为丰富的物质财富，为全体人民共享发展成果奠定坚实的物质基础，不断满足人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要。同时，制度建设在实现发展成果共享的过程中具有举足轻重的地位。“要完善维护社会公平正义的制度机制，保障人民平等参与、平等发展权利”。针对当前我国发展中存在的分配不公、居民收入差距拉大以及城乡区域公共服务水平不均等问题，加强制度建设显得尤为重要。有效的制度安排不仅能够激发全社会的积极性和创造力，共同做大社会财富的“蛋糕”，还能通过合理的分配机制，确保“蛋糕”切得公平、分得合理，从而真正实现发展成果由人民共享。

2. We must persist in self-confidence and self-reliance, firmly grasp the initiative in future development, and achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening

二、必须坚持自信自立，牢牢把握未来发展的主动权，实现高水平科技自立自强

“In human history, no nation or country has ever become strong and revitalized by relying on external forces or by blindly following others.” [11]11 A quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at the conference marking the 95th anniversary of the founding of the CPC. In every historical period, our Party has persisted in proceeding from China’s national conditions, explored and formed a path of socialist economic construction that conforms to China’s actual conditions. This spirit of independent exploration is the basic prerequisite for China to grasp the initiative in future development and is also the only way for China to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.

“人类历史上，没有一个民族、没有一个国家可以通过依赖外部力量、跟在他人后面亦步亦趋实现强大和振兴。”我们党在各个历史时期，坚持从我国国情出发，探索并形成了符合中国实际的社会主义经济建设道路，这种独立自主的探索精神是我国把握未来发展主动权的基本前提，也是推动我国实现高水平科技自立自强的必由之路。

(1) Strengthen confidence in the system, unswervingly uphold the basic socialist economic system

（一）坚定制度自信，毫不动摇坚持社会主义基本经济制度

The basic socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics not only demonstrates our country’s high confidence in the choice of economic system, but also runs parallel and competes with the economic systems of Western capitalist countries, increasingly displaying its unique institutional advantages. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized: “Institutional advantage is a country’s greatest advantage, and institutional competition is the most fundamental competition between countries.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,” February 28, 2018. Adhering to the subjectivity of the basic socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics is the only way to build a solid foundation for national development and stimulate social creativity. Specifically, at the level of ownership structure, we unswervingly maintain the dominant position of the public sector of the economy, ensuring its control over the lifelines of the national economy, while actively creating a fair competitive market environment, encouraging, supporting, and guiding the healthy development of the non-public sector of the economy, forming a new pattern where multiple forms of ownership promote and develop together, greatly unleashing the productive forces. In terms of distribution methods, we adhere to and consolidate the system in which distribution according to work is dominant and multiple forms of distribution coexist, paying attention to both efficiency improvement and fairness realization, gradually narrowing the income gap through a series of policy measures, effectively stimulating the enthusiasm and creativity of all people in participating in social construction, and demonstrating the superiority of the socialist system. At the level of economic operation mechanisms, we scientifically grasp the relationship between the government and the market, allowing the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation while better leveraging the role of the government, ensuring the effective operation of market mechanisms and the scientific rationality of macroeconomic regulation, effectively promoting the optimal allocation of resources and the sustained and healthy development of the economy, and further advancing the continuous improvement and prosperity of the socialist market economy system.

中国特色社会主义基本经济制度不仅彰显了我国在经济制度选择上的高度自信，更是与西方资本主义国家经济制度并行、竞争，且日益展现出其独特的制度优势。习近平总书记多次强调：“制度优势是一个国家的最大优势，制度竞争是国家间最根本的竞争。”坚持中国特色社会主义基本经济制度的主体性，是构筑国家发展坚实基石、激发社会创造活力的必由之路。具体而言，在所有制结构层面，坚定不移地维护公有制经济的主体地位，确保其发挥对国民经济命脉的掌控力，同时积极营造公平竞争的市场环境，鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济健康发展，形成了多种所有制经济相互促进、共同发展的新格局，极大地释放了社会生产力。在分配方式上，坚持并巩固按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的制度，既注重效率的提升，又兼顾公平的实现，通过一系列政策措施逐步缩小收入差距，有效激发了全体人民参与社会建设的积极性与创造力，彰显了社会主义制度的优越性。在经济运行机制层面，科学把握政府与市场的关系，既让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，又更好发挥政府作用，确保市场机制有效运行与宏观调控科学合理，有效促进了资源的优化配置与经济的持续健康发展，进一步推动了社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善与繁荣。

(II) Adhere to Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance, Develop New Quality Productive Forces to Win Strategic Initiative

（二）坚持科技自立，发展新质生产力赢得战略主动

Under the dual pressures of the current globalization backlash and the weak recovery of the world economy, our country faces unprecedented challenges. With the in-depth implementation of the national innovation-driven development strategy, our country’s capabilities in scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation have significantly improved, effectively narrowing the overall gap with developed countries in the field of science and technology. However, in many key technology areas, there is still a considerable gap compared with the international advanced level. In particular, the United States, in order to maintain its global hegemonic position, has increased rather than decreased its pressure and sanctions against our country. Its strategy has gradually deepened and expanded from a single “technology blockade” in key technology fields to an “all-domain suppression” of basic resource-based industries, strategic emerging industries, and other core economic sectors, as well as their related industrial chains, supply chains, and value chains. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, fight the tough battle for key core technologies, so that original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation achievements emerge in abundance, and cultivate new momentum for the development of new quality productive forces.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee,” January 31, 2024. Therefore, our country must firmly grasp the “lifeline” of the supply chain and the initiative in scientific and technological development in its own hands, achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. In the new stage of development, our country needs more urgently than any period in history to strengthen the revolutionary force of scientific and technological innovation. The continuous accumulation and original breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation will lay a solid technological foundation for the development of new quality productive forces, and then through the systematic reshaping of the qualitative state of social productive forces, ensure that our country occupies an active position in global competition, achieving the great goal of sustainable development and national rejuvenation.

在当前全球化逆流与世界经济复苏疲软的双重压力下，我国面临前所未有的挑战。随着国家创新驱动发展战略的深入实施，我国科技创新与产业创新的能力显著提升，有效缩短了与发达国家在科技领域的整体差距，但在诸多关键技术领域仍与国际先进水平相比有较大差距。尤其是美国为维护其全球霸权地位，针对我国采取的施压与制裁措施有增无减，其策略从单一的关键科技领域的“技术封锁”，逐步深化并拓展至对基础性资源型产业、战略性新兴产业等核心经济板块及其相关联的产业链、供应链、价值链的“全域打压”。习近平总书记指出：“必须加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，使原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果竞相涌现，培育发展新质生产力的新动能。”因此，我国必须把供应链的“命门”，科技发展的主动权牢牢掌握在自己手里，实现高水平科技自立自强。新发展阶段，我国比历史上任何时期都更加迫切需要壮大科技创新的革命性力量。科技创新的持续累积与原创性突破，将为新质生产力的发展奠定坚实的技术基石，进而通过社会生产力质态的系统性重塑，确保我国在全球竞争中占据主动地位，实现可持续发展与民族复兴的伟大目标。

III. Must Adhere to Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground, Adhere to the Party’s Overall Leadership over Economic Work, and Use Innovation-Driven Development to Enhance the Endogenous Driving Force of Economic Development

三、必须坚持守正创新，坚持党对经济工作的全面领导，以创新驱动增强经济发展内生动力

Economic construction is the central task of the Party. Strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over economic work is the basic prerequisite for ensuring that our country’s economy develops in the correct direction. At the same time, under the new situation of profound changes in world conditions, national conditions, and Party conditions, we need to use innovation-driven development as an engine to comprehensively enhance the endogenous driving force of economic development and comprehensively shape new advantages for our country’s development.

经济建设作为党的中心工作，加强党对经济工作的全面领导是确保我国经济朝着正确方向发展的基本前提。同时，在世情、国情、党情深刻变化的新形势下，需要我们以创新驱动为引擎，全面增强经济发展的内生动力，全面塑造我国发展新优势。

(I) Uphold the Right Path, Adhere to the Party’s Overall Leadership over Economic Work

（一）坚守正道，坚持党对经济工作的全面领导

Adhering to the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over economic work is an inherent part of upholding the Party’s leadership. As the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Party’s leading position in the economic field is the fundamental guarantee for ensuring that our country’s economy advances along the correct track. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Party is responsible for overall leadership and coordinating all parties. Economic work is the central task. The Party’s leadership must naturally be fully reflected in the central task. By grasping the ‘bull’s nose’ of the central task, other work can be better carried out.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” December 18, 2015. Therefore, strengthening the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over economic work is not only to ensure the smooth progress of other tasks, but also to fundamentally consolidate the Party’s core leadership position in economic construction. To implement the Party’s overall leadership over economic work, the Party Central Committee has adopted a series of practical and effective measures: by optimizing the economic governance system and innovating governance methods, it strives to better leverage the role of the government while giving full play to the decisive role of the market, achieving dynamic balance and continuous optimization of economic development; it focuses on improving the professional, scientific, and legal level of the Party’s leadership over economic work, continuously deepening the understanding and grasp of the laws of economic development, and striving to solve deep-seated problems restricting economic development; it actively mobilizes forces and resources from all sides to form a strong synergy for promoting economic and social development. Driven by these measures, our country’s economic development has achieved remarkable accomplishments, including steady growth in economic aggregate, continuous optimization and upgrading of economic structure, significant improvement in innovation capabilities, and continuous improvement in people’s living standards.

坚持党对经济工作的集中统一领导是坚持党的领导应有之义，党作为中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，其在经济领域的领导地位是确保我国经济沿着正确轨道前行的根本保证。习近平总书记指出：“党是总揽全局、协调各方的，经济工作是中心工作，党的领导当然要在中心工作中得到充分体现，抓住了中心工作这个‘牛鼻子’，其他工作就可以更好展开。”因此，加强党对经济工作的集中统一领导，不仅是为了保障其他各项工作的顺利推进，更是为了从根本上巩固党在经济建设中的核心领导地位。为将党对经济工作的全面领导落到实处，党中央采取了一系列务实有效的措施：通过优化经济治理体系、创新治理方式，力求在充分发挥市场决定性作用的同时，更好发挥政府作用，实现经济发展的动态平衡与持续优化；注重提升党领导经济工作的专业化、科学化与法制化水平，不断深化对经济发展规律的认识与把握，着力解决制约经济发展的深层次问题；积极调动各方力量与资源，形成推动经济社会发展的强大合力。在这些措施的有力推动下，我国经济发展取得了举世瞩目的成就，包括经济总量稳步增长、经济结构持续优化升级、创新能力显著提升、人民生活水平不断提高等。

(II) Open Up New Endeavors, Use Innovation-Driven Development to Enhance the Endogenous Driving Force of Economic Development

（二）开辟事业，以创新驱动增强经济发展内生动力

Innovation is the core engine driving the development of a country, a nation, and even the entire human society forward. Facing the wave of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, our country has adopted a series of strategic measures, with innovation-driven development as the core, to reshape new momentum for economic development. First, it has established the core position of innovation in the overall situation of modernization. By increasing investment in basic research and focusing on enhancing original innovation capabilities, our country has achieved a historic leap from “following” to “running alongside” and even “leading” in multiple cutting-edge fields of science and technology, laying a solid foundation for building an innovative country and a world power in science and technology. Second, it has constructed a key supporting system integrating education, science and technology, and talent. “Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Report to the Education provides an inexhaustible source of knowledge and a talent pool for scientific and technological innovation; science and technology are the core driving force for industrial upgrading and economic transformation; and talent is the creator and practitioner of all this. The three complement each other, jointly promoting the comprehensive improvement of our country’s innovation capabilities. Under the guidance of the innovation-driven development strategy, the endogenous driving force of our country’s economic development has been significantly enhanced, achieving remarkable results. On the one hand, the improvement of innovation capabilities has directly promoted the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, with emerging industries flourishing and traditional industries rejuvenated, significantly improving the quality of economic growth. On the other hand, innovation has also enhanced international competitiveness, enabling our country to continuously rise in the global industrial chain and value chain, providing strong support for building a new development pattern.

创新是推动一个国家、一个民族，甚至是整个人类社会向前发展的核心引擎。面对新一轮的科技革命和产业革命的浪潮，我国采取了一系列战略性举措，以创新驱动为核心，重塑经济发展新动能。一是确立了创新在现代化建设全局中的核心地位。通过加大对基础研究的投资力度，聚焦提升原始创新能力，我国在多个科技前沿领域实现了从“跟跑”到“并跑”乃至“领跑”的历史性跨越，为构建创新型国家和世界科技强国奠定了坚实基础；二是构建了教育、科技和人才三位一体的关键支撑体系。“教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑。”教育为科技创新提供不竭的知识源泉和人才储备，科技则是驱动产业升级和经济转型的核心动力，人才则是这一切的创造者和实践者。三者相辅相成，共同推动了我国创新能力的全面提升。在创新驱动发展战略的引领下，我国经济发展内生动力显著增强，取得了令人瞩目的成效。一方面，创新能力的提升直接推动了产业结构的优化升级，新兴产业蓬勃发展，传统产业焕发新生，经济增长质量显著提升。另一方面，创新还增强了国际竞争力，使我国在全球产业链、价值链中的地位不断攀升，为构建新发展格局提供了有力支撑。

IV. Must Adhere to a Problem-Oriented Approach, Focus on Major Issues in Current Economic Development, and Solve the “Difficult and Complicated Problems” as Reform Enters the Tough and Deep-Water Zone

四、必须坚持问题导向，聚焦当前经济发展中的重大问题，破解改革进入攻坚期和深水区的“疑难杂症”

“When the Chinese Communists waged revolution, carried out construction, and pursued reform, it was always to solve China’s practical problems.” [5]5 A classic formulation of the mass line, originating from Mao Zedong’s 1943 directive “Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership.” In the New Era, the deep-seated contradictions in our country’s economic and social development have become increasingly prominent. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core adheres to a problem-oriented approach, focuses on major issues in economic development, and deploys a series of new economic development strategies, striving to solve the “difficult and complicated problems” as reform enters the tough and deep-water zone, providing strategic support for enhancing our country’s overall development advantages.

“中国共产党人干革命、搞建设、抓改革，从来都是为了解决中国的现实问题。”新时代我国经济社会发展的深层次矛盾日益凸显，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持问题导向，聚焦经济发展中的重大问题，部署了一系列经济发展新战略，着力破解改革进入攻坚期和深水区的“疑难杂症”，为提升我国整体发展优势提供了战略支撑。

(I) Focus on Major Issues in Current Economic Development

（一）聚焦当前经济发展中的重大问题

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach first requires clarifying what a problem is. At present, China’s economy has steadily moved from a track of high-speed growth into the new normal of high-quality development. Against this backdrop, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core adheres to a problem-oriented approach, precisely focusing on major issues and prominent contradictions in current economic development. It has put forward a series of innovative development concepts, including supply-side structural reform to optimize the supply-demand structure; the coordinated regional development strategy aimed at narrowing regional development gaps; the rural revitalization strategy to promote integrated urban-rural development; the innovation-driven development strategy to stimulate new drivers of economic growth; the strategy for harmony between humanity and nature to guide a green development model; and the Belt and Road Initiative to broaden the new pattern of opening up. Through the implementation of this series of strategies, China’s economy has achieved notable results across multiple dimensions. The supply-demand structure is gradually moving toward balance, regional and urban-rural development gaps have narrowed, innovation-driven development has become the main driver of economic growth, green development has become a consensus, the level of opening up has significantly improved, and the resilience and sustainability of economic development have been markedly enhanced.

坚持问题导向，首先需要厘清什么是问题。当前，我国经济已由高速增长轨道稳健迈入高质量发展新常态。在此背景下，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持问题导向，精准聚焦当前经济发展中的重大问题和突出矛盾。提出了一系列创新性的发展理念，包括供给侧结构性改革以优化供需结构；区域协调发展战略旨在缩小区域发展差距；乡村振兴战略促进城乡融合发展；创新驱动发展战略激发经济增长新动能；人与自然和谐共生战略引领绿色发展模式；“一带一路”倡议拓宽了对外开放新格局。通过这一系列战略的实施，我国经济在多个维度取得了显著成效。供需结构逐步趋向平衡，区域与城乡发展差距有所缩小，创新驱动成为经济增长的主要驱动力，绿色发展成为共识，对外开放水平显著提升，经济发展的韧性与可持续性显著增强。

(2) Solving the “stubborn and complex problems” as reform enters the critical period and uncharted waters

（二）破解改革进入攻坚期和深水区的“疑难杂症”

General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly pointed out: “After more than thirty years of reform, China has entered uncharted waters. It can be said that the easy, universally welcomed reforms have been completed; the tasty meat has been eaten, and what remains are hard bones that are difficult to chew.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 9, 2013), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 1, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2018, p. 497. A series of deep-seated “stubborn and complex problems” have gradually emerged, becoming obstacles to sustained and healthy economic and social development. These difficulties include: lagging ideas and concepts, which hinder the emergence of innovative thinking; the solidification of interest patterns, which limits the effective allocation and fair distribution of social resources; and the rigidity of systems and mechanisms, which affects the optimization and upgrading of the economic structure and the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, among others. At the level of ideas and concepts, it is necessary to break free from the shackles of outdated thinking and continue to emancipate the mind. This requires aligning ideas and concepts with the development requirements of the New Era, analyzing new situations, new changes, and new circumstances in a factual manner based on the new domestic and international environment, thinking about and solving problems under the guidance of the new development philosophy, eliminating all forms of formalism and bureaucracy, and ensuring the precise implementation and efficient execution of reform measures. At the level of solidified interests, it is necessary to break through the barriers of entrenched interests and regulate the exercise of public power. Through institutional optimization, promote the fair distribution of educational resources and opportunities, so as to remove the obstruction of vested interests to the reform process, thereby unleashing the immense potential of social productive forces, mobilizing the initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity of workers, and injecting a continuous stream of vitality and momentum into economic and social development. At the level of system and mechanism reform, it is necessary to resolutely eliminate institutional and mechanistic defects in all areas and promote the reform and innovation of systems and mechanisms. Facing the urgent demands of innovation-driven and green development, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes the need to confront deep-seated problems such as unsound systems and imperfect mechanisms, and “continue to deepen the reform of systems and mechanisms in all fields and aspects,” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference” (December 11, 2023), *People’s Daily*, December 13, 2023. with the core of improving the quality and efficiency of economic development, promoting the optimization and upgrading of the economic structure, and achieving sustainable economic and social development.

习近平总书记深刻指出：“中国改革经过三十多年，已经进入深水区，可以说，容易的、皆大欢喜的改革已经完成了，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头。”一系列深层次的“疑难杂症”逐渐显现，成为制约经济社会持续健康发展的障碍。这些难题包括：思想观念的滞后，阻碍了创新思维的涌现；利益格局的固化，限制了社会资源的有效配置与公平分配；以及体制机制的僵化，影响了经济结构的优化升级与创新驱动发展战略的深入实施等。在思想观念层面，冲破思想观念束缚，继续解放思想。促使思想观念与新时代的发展要求相契合，根据新的国内国际环境，实事求是地分析新形势新变化新情况，在新发展理念的指导下思考和解决问题，杜绝各种形式主义和官僚主义，确保改革举措的精准落地与高效执行；在利益固化层面，突破利益固化藩篱，规范公共权力的运行。通过制度优化，促进教育资源与机会的公平分配，以消除既得利益者对改革进程的阻碍，从而激发社会生产力的巨大潜能，调动劳动者的积极性、主动性和创造性，为经济社会发展注入源源不断的活力与动力；在机制体制改革层面，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，推动体制机制改革创新。面对创新驱动和绿色发展的迫切需求，习近平总书记强调要直面体制不健全、机制不完善等深层次问题，“继续深化各领域各方面体制机制改革”，以提升经济发展的质量和效益为核心，推动经济结构的优化升级，实现经济社会的可持续发展。

V. We must adhere to a systematic approach, enhance the ability to plan comprehensively and coordinate implementation, and promote the dynamic balance of economic development among multiple objectives

五、必须坚持系统观念，提高统筹谋划和协调推进能力，推动经济发展在多重目标中实现动态平衡

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “All things are interconnected and interdependent. Only by observing things from the perspective of universal connection, comprehensive systems, and development and change can we grasp the laws of development of things.” [14]14 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects – Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China” (October 16, 2022), *People’s Daily*, October 26, 2022. In promoting economic work, emphasis should be placed on strengthening the overall, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform, continuously improving the ability to plan comprehensively and coordinate implementation, examining the challenges and opportunities facing economic development from a forward-looking perspective, planning for both domestic and international situations with a holistic mindset, and advancing economic construction with an integrated strategy to achieve dynamic balance among multiple objectives.

党的二十大报告指出：“万事万物是相互联系、相互依存的。只有用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物，才能把握事物发展规律。”在推动经济工作中，应着重强化改革的全局性、整体性和协同性，不断提高统筹谋划和协调推进能力，以前瞻性的视角审视经济发展面临的挑战与机遇，以全局性的思维谋划国内国际两个大局，以整体性的策略推进经济建设在多重目标中实现动态平衡。

(1) Forward-looking thinking about the opportunities and challenges hidden in future development

（一）前瞻性思考未来发展中蕴藏的机遇与挑战

Against the backdrop of deepening globalization and the transformation and upgrading of the domestic economic structure, the development situation at home and abroad exhibits unprecedented complexity and volatility. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Entering the new stage of development, the profound changes in the domestic and international environment bring both a series of new opportunities and a series of new challenges. Crises and opportunities coexist, opportunities lie within crises, and crises can be turned into opportunities.” [15]15 Xi Jinping, “Correctly Understanding and Grasping the Major Issues of the New Development Stage” (January 11, 2021), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 4, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 161. “A systematic approach is a fundamental way of thinking and working.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China” (February 28, 2018), *People’s Daily*, March 1, 2018. Adhering to a systematic approach is the golden key to understanding complex matters and solving complex problems. It requires that when planning and promoting work, we must pay attention to overall, holistic, and coordinated aspects. Based on this, to grasp the opportunities and challenges hidden in future development, the primary task is to strengthen forward-looking thinking. This means we must deeply study domestic and international development trends, seeing not only the pressure brought by challenges but also keenly capturing the opportunities contained within them, examining and judging the situation from an overall perspective, and discerning the first signs of future development with scientific foresight and keen insight. At the same time, adhering to a systematic approach requires us to comprehensively consider domestic and international factors, short-term and long-term goals, and partial and overall interests, ensuring that various decisions and actions are both in line with current realities and take into account the needs of future development. In concrete practice, we should focus on enhancing capabilities such as strategic thinking, historical thinking, and dialectical thinking, exploring a path of high-quality economic development that conforms to China’s national conditions and manifests Chinese wisdom with a broader vision and deeper reflection. In short, far-sighted forward-looking thinking is an inevitable requirement for us to grasp the future and lead the era.

在当前全球化深入发展与国内经济结构转型升级的交织背景下，国内外发展形势展现出前所未有的复杂性与多变性。习近平总书记指出：“进入新发展阶段，国内外环境的深刻变化既带来一系列新机遇，也带来一系列新挑战，是危机并存、危中有机、危可转机。”“系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法。”坚持系统观念是认识复杂事物、解决复杂问题的金钥匙，要求我们在谋划和推动工作时，必须注重全局性、整体性、协同性。基于此，我们把握未来发展中蕴藏的机遇与挑战，首要任务是加强前瞻性思考。这意味着我们要深入研究国内外发展趋势，既要看到挑战带来的压力，更要敏锐捕捉其中蕴含的机遇，从全局高度审视和判断形势，以科学的预见性和敏锐的洞察力，洞察未来发展的先机。同时，坚持系统观念要求我们统筹考虑国内外因素、短期与长期目标、局部与整体利益等，确保各项决策和行动既符合当前实际，又兼顾未来发展需要。在具体实践中，我们应注重提升战略思维、历史思维、辩证思维等能力，以更加开阔的视野和更加深邃的思考，探索出一条符合中国国情、彰显中国智慧的高质量经济发展道路。总之，高瞻远瞩的前瞻性思考是我们把握未来、引领时代的必然要求。

(2) Holistic planning for both domestic and international situations

（二）全局性谋划国内国际两个大局

“One who fails to plan for the whole is inadequate to plan for a part.” [17]17 A classical Chinese saying from the Qing dynasty text *The Art of Governance: A Discourse on Current Affairs* by Chen Zhanran, emphasizing the necessity of holistic planning. Facing the challenges of headwinds in economic globalization and profound adjustments in the international landscape, General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, and advocated for a concept of global economic governance based on equality, openness, cooperation, and sharing. At the domestic level, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that holistic planning requires the coordinated advancement of top-level design and strategic layout, demanding that “comrades of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee should take the lead in strengthening systematic thinking… be good at comprehensively advancing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and coordinating the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Special Topic Seminar on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China for Principal Leading Cadres at the Provincial and Ministerial Level” (February 7, 2023), *People’s Daily*, February 8, 2023. The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy coordinate all aspects of national development from a strategic height, ensuring that the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics maintains steady progress in a complex and volatile domestic and international environment. Furthermore, it is necessary to firmly establish the thinking of the whole country as a single chessboard, fully stimulate the initiative and creativity of the central government, local governments, and all parties, encourage all regions to leverage their own development advantages, shore up weak points, strengthen areas of weakness, and jointly promote high-quality economic development. This organic unity of the whole and the part not only reflects the flexible application of a systematic approach in governing the country but also highlights the unique advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.

“不谋全局者，不足谋一域。”面对经济全球化遭遇逆流、国际格局深刻调整的挑战，习近平总书记创造性地提出了“一带一路”倡议，构建人类命运共同体理念，倡导平等、开放、合作、共享的全球经济治理观等。在国内层面，习近平总书记强调全局性谋划需注重顶层设计与战略布局的协同推进，要求“中央政治局的同志要带头强化系统观念……善于统筹推进‘五位一体’总体布局、协调推进‘四个全面’战略布局”。“五位一体”总体布局、“四个全面”战略布局以战略高度统筹国家发展的方方面面，确保中国特色社会主义事业在复杂多变的国内外环境中保持稳健前行。此外，要牢固树立全国一盘棋思想，充分激发中央、地方及各方面的积极性与创造力，促使各地立足自身发展优势，补齐短板，强化弱项，共同推动经济实现高质量发展。这种全局与局部的有机统一，不仅体现了系统观念在治国理政中的灵活运用，也彰显了中国特色社会主义制度的独特优势。

(3) Integrated advancement of economic construction to achieve dynamic balance among multiple objectives

（三）整体性推进经济建设在多重目标中实现动态平衡

To comprehensively build a modern socialist great power, it is necessary to holistically understand the interconnectedness of the undertakings of the Party and the state, comprehensively grasp the synergy among all levels and links, coordinate and take into account the interests of all aspects in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, conduct systematic analysis of all work, drive overall progress with breakthroughs in key areas, and continuously promote new progress and new breakthroughs in Chinese-path modernization through overall advancement. Xi Jinping’s economic thought, based on the long-term development of the Party and the state, has deployed a series of major strategies for economic construction. First, it holistically promotes the achievement of dynamic balance among multiple objectives in economic construction. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “On the basis of continuous economic development, we should coordinate the advancement of political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, and other aspects of construction.” This statement profoundly reveals the intrinsic connection between economic development and comprehensive social progress, requiring us in practice not only to focus on the sustained growth of the total economic volume but also to achieve dynamic balance among multiple development objectives, ensuring the coordinated progress of economic construction with political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization construction and other fields. Under the strategic framework of “coordinated advancement,” the interconnectedness and synergy of reforms in various fields are placed at an unprecedented height, aiming to avoid one-sidedness and fragmentation in the reform process through holistic institutional design and policy arrangements, thereby maximizing the comprehensive benefits of reform. Second, it uses breakthroughs in key areas as a lever to drive an overall leap in economic quality. Facing the complex and volatile contradictions and challenges in current economic and social development, especially the core issue of unbalanced and inadequate development, the Party, starting from systems theory, optimizes the mode of economic governance, adheres to the unity of key breakthroughs and overall advancement, and “takes promoting the resolution of the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development as the focus of work, closely revolves around the overall situation, and aims at the important issues of grasping key points, shoring up weaknesses, and strengthening weak links.” By concentrating efforts on resolving the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction that constrain high-quality development, it can not only effectively alleviate the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development but also drive the gradual resolution of other related contradictions, forming a virtuous cycle of economic development. This strategy not only reflects a profound grasp of the laws of economic development but also provides solid theoretical support and practical pathways for China’s economy to move toward the stage of high-quality development.

全面建设社会主义现代化强国，需要整体性认识党和国家各项事业的关联性，全面把握各层次、各环节之间的协同性，统筹兼顾全面深化改革过程中各方面的利益，对各项工作进行系统分析，以重点突破带动整体性推进，在整体性推进中不断促进中国式现代化取得新进展新突破。习近平经济思想立足党和国家的长远发展，为经济建设部署了一系列重大战略。其一，整体性推动经济建设在多重目标中实现动态平衡。习近平总书记强调：“在经济不断发展的基础上，协调推进政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设以及其他各方面建设。”这一论述深刻揭示了经济发展与社会全面进步的内在联系，要求我们在实践中不仅要注重经济总量的持续增长，更要在多重发展目标间实现动态平衡，确保经济建设与政治、文化、社会、生态文明建设等领域的协同并进。在“协调推进”战略框架下，各领域改革的关联性和协同性被置于前所未有的高度，旨在通过整体性的制度设计与政策安排，避免改革过程中的片面性与碎片化，从而最大化改革的综合效益。其二，以重点突破为抓手，带动经济质量实现整体跃升。面对当前经济社会发展中复杂多变的矛盾与挑战，尤其是发展不平衡不充分这一核心问题，党从系统论出发优化经济治理方式，坚持重点突破和整体推进相统一，“以促进解决好发展不平衡不充分的问题为工作重点，紧紧围绕大局，瞄准抓重点、补短板、强弱项的重要问题”。通过集中力量解决制约高质量发展的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，不仅能够有效缓解发展不平衡不充分的问题，还带动其他相关矛盾的逐步解决，形成经济发展的良性循环。这种策略不仅体现了对经济发展规律的深刻把握，也为我国经济迈向高质量发展阶段提供了坚实的理论支撑和实践路径。

VI. We Must Adhere to a Global Vision, Firmly Pursue the Open Strategy of Mutual Benefit and Win-Win Cooperation, and Promote the Deep Integration of China’s Economy with World Development

六、必须坚持胸怀天下，坚定互利共赢的开放战略，推动中国经济与世界发展的深度融合

The vigorous development of China’s economy and society is inseparable from the extensive support and cooperation of the international community. While achieving remarkable accomplishments, China also upholds the principles of openness, inclusiveness, mutual benefit, and win-win cooperation, actively integrating its own development into the broader context of world development, and injecting continuous vitality and momentum into the global economic system.

中国经济社会的蓬勃发展，离不开国际社会的广泛支持与合作，而中国在取得显著成就的同时，亦秉持开放包容、互利共赢的原则，积极将自身发展融入世界发展大局，为全球经济体系注入源源不断的活力与动力。

(I) Adhere to the Basic State Policy of Opening Up and Build a Strong Open Economy

（一）坚持对外开放基本国策，建设开放型经济强国

Against the backdrop of the formation and increasingly close interconnection of the world market under globalization, China, as the world’s second-largest economy, regards its basic state policy of opening up not only as an inherent need for its own development but also as the inevitable path to integrate into the global economy and achieve shared prosperity. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized: “… China’s door of opening up will not close; it will only open wider and wider!” This is not only a clear declaration of the opening-up policy but also an action guide for China to advance the construction of a strong open economy in the New Era. To actively respond to the challenges of globalization, China has implemented a series of opening-up strategies, including the Belt and Road Initiative, pilot free trade zones, and the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port. Among these, the Belt and Road Initiative, as an important vehicle for China’s opening up in the New Era, promotes economic cooperation and people-to-people exchanges among countries along the routes through five major areas: policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds, thereby driving the shared prosperity of the regional economy. At the same time, the construction of China’s pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port represents an important practice for China to explore high-level opening up and promote institutional opening up. These regions have carried out bold innovations in areas such as negative list management, foreign investment access, and financial opening up, forming replicable and scalable experiences that provide new pathways for the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment in China and even globally. The successful practices of the pilot free trade zones and the free trade port have not only enhanced China’s voice and influence in global economic governance but also contributed “Chinese solutions” to world economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “China will raise the level of its open economy in a wider scope, on a broader scale, and at a deeper level.” Currently, China has become a major trading partner for over 140 countries and regions, its total goods trade has ranked first in the world for many consecutive years, its attraction of foreign investment and outbound investment both rank among the top in the world, and its contribution to global economic growth exceeds 30%. These achievements not only demonstrate the enormous potential and broad prospects of China’s opening up but also provide strong support for the stable growth of the world economy.

在世界市场形成并日益紧密联系的全球化背景下，中国作为世界第二大经济体，其对外开放的基本国策不仅是自身发展的内在需求，更是融入全球经济、实现共同繁荣的必由之路。习近平总书记多次强调：“……中国开放的大门不会关闭，只会越开越大！”这不仅是对外开放政策的鲜明宣示，更是新时代中国推进开放型经济强国建设的行动指南。为积极应对全球化挑战，中国实施了包括“一带一路”倡议、自由贸易试验区及海南自由贸易港建设等一系列对外开放战略。其中，“一带一路”倡议作为新时代中国对外开放的重要载体，通过政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通五大领域，促进了沿线国家的经济合作与人文交流，推动了区域经济的共同繁荣。同时，中国自贸试验区与海南自由贸易港的建设，更是中国探索高水平对外开放、推动制度型开放的重要实践。这些区域在负面清单管理、外资准入、金融开放等方面进行了大胆创新，形成了可复制可推广的经验，为中国乃至全球贸易投资自由化便利化提供了新路径。自贸试验区与自贸港的成功实践，不仅提升了中国在全球经济治理中的话语权和影响力，也为世界经济发展贡献了“中国方案”。习近平总书记强调：“中国将在更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次上提高开放型经济水平。”目前，中国已成为140多个国家和地区的主要贸易伙伴，货物贸易总额连续多年位居世界第一，吸引外资和对外投资均居世界前列，对世界经济增长率贡献超过30%。这些成就不仅彰显了中国对外开放的巨大潜力和广阔前景，也为世界经济的稳定增长提供了有力支撑。

(II) Firmly Pursue the Open Strategy of Mutual Benefit and Win-Win Cooperation and Promote the Building of an Open World Economy

（二）坚定互利共赢的开放战略，推动建设开放型世界经济

In recent years, anti-globalization sentiments have surged globally, the world economy has been in a downturn, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on world economic development has led to a significant contraction in international trade and investment, bringing unprecedented challenges and tests to human production and life. However, General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “… Currently, economic globalization encounters some twists and difficulties, but the trend of economic globalization is irreversible. The increasing interweaving of interests and the growing interdependence of destinies among countries is the general trend. Continuously creating a better life is the common expectation of people of all countries.” This statement is not only an accurate grasp of the characteristics of the era of economic globalization but also a firm guide for the direction of reform of the global governance system. Facing the difficulties of world economic development, “We will uphold the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, continue to play the role of a responsible major country, actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system, and inject Chinese strength into the reform and optimization of global governance.” Guided by this, China unswervingly promotes the building of an open world economy. By deepening supply-side structural reform, it promotes the transformation and upgrading of the domestic economy, while simultaneously increasing the pace of opening up, actively participating in the reform of the global economic governance system, and providing strong momentum for global economic growth. The Belt and Road Initiative has built a new platform for international cooperation based on extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, opening up new space for global economic cooperation and providing more opportunities for developing countries. In addition, China actively participates in the construction of the global multilateral trading system, firmly upholds the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organization, opposes unilateralism and protectionism, advocates for the resolution of trade disputes through dialogue and consultation, and strives to create a fair, just, and non-discriminatory international trade environment. China has proactively lowered tariff levels, expanded market access, and increased imports of goods and services, providing vast market opportunities for countries around the world, and interpreting the development concept of openness, inclusiveness, mutual benefit, and win-win cooperation with concrete actions. China is practicing multilateralism with concrete actions, promoting economic globalization to develop in a more open, inclusive, balanced, and win-win direction that benefits all, and contributing to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

近年来，全球范围内逆全球化思潮暗流涌动，世界经济处于低迷态势，加之新冠肺炎疫情对世界经济发展的冲击，导致国际贸易和投资大幅萎缩，给人类生产生活带来前所未有的挑战和考验。然而，习近平总书记指出：“……当前，经济全球化遇到一些曲折困难，但经济全球化潮流不可逆转，各国利益日益交融、命运更加休戚与共是大势所趋，不断创造更加美好的生活是各国人民的共同期待。”这一论述不仅是对经济全球化时代特征的准确把握，更是对全球治理体系变革方向的坚定引领。面对世界经济发展难题，“我们将秉持共商共建共享的全球治理观，继续发挥负责任大国作用，积极参与全球治理体系改革和建设，为改革和优化全球治理注入中国力量”。在此指引下，我国坚定不移地推动构建开放型世界经济，通过深化供给侧结构性改革，促进国内经济转型升级，同时加大对外开放步伐，积极参与全球经济治理体系改革，为全球经济增长提供强劲动力。“一带一路”倡议搭建起共商共建共享的国际合作新平台，为全球经济合作开辟了新空间，为发展中国家提供了更多机遇。此外，我国还积极参与全球多边贸易体制建设，坚定维护以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体系，反对单边主义和保护主义，倡导通过对话协商解决贸易争端，努力营造公平、公正、非歧视的国际贸易环境。中国主动降低关税水平，扩大市场准入，增加商品和服务进口，为世界各国提供了广阔的市场机遇，用实际行动诠释了开放包容、互利共赢的发展理念。我国正以实际行动践行多边主义，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展，为构建人类命运共同体贡献力量。

Source: *Marxist Philosophy*, Issue 6, 2024

文章来源：《马克思主义哲学》2024年第6期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆