Building the Institutional System for Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out: “To turn the blueprint for Chinese-path modernization into reality, the fundamental approach lies in further deepening reform comprehensively, continuously improving various systems and mechanisms, and providing institutional guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization.” The current and coming period is a critical period for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. Further deepening reform comprehensively and building the institutional system for advancing Chinese-path modernization are of great significance for accelerating the completion of a great modern socialist country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

党的二十届三中全会指出：“把中国式现代化蓝图变为现实，根本在于进一步全面深化改革，不断完善各方面体制机制，为推进中国式现代化提供制度保障。”当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。进一步全面深化改革，构建推进中国式现代化的制度体系，对于加快建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴具有重要意义。

I. The Intrinsic Connection between Perfecting and Developing the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

一、完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度与推进中国式现代化的内在联系

The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the national governance system are “a system and governance system that can continuously drive the progress and development of a major country with a population of nearly 1.4 billion and ensure that the Chinese nation, with a civilization history of more than 5,000 years, realizes the ‘Two Centenary Goals’ [1]1 The Two Centenary Goals are the strategic objectives of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC in 2021 and building a great modern socialist country by the centenary of the PRC in 2049. and thereby achieves great rejuvenation.” On the one hand, perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity are important components of advancing Chinese-path modernization; on the other hand, the increasingly perfected, mature, and well-defined system of socialism with Chinese characteristics provides effective institutional guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系是“能够持续推动拥有近十四亿人口大国进步和发展、确保拥有五千多年文明史的中华民族实现‘两个一百年’奋斗目标进而实现伟大复兴的制度和治理体系”。一方面，完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化是推进中国式现代化的重要内容；另一方面，日益完善、成熟定型的中国特色社会主义制度为推进中国式现代化提供行之有效的制度保障。

1. The Construction of the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Has Been Synchronized with the Practice of Chinese-Path Modernization

1.中国特色社会主义制度的构建同步于中国式现代化的实践

The practice of the Communist Party of China in constructing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing Chinese-path modernization have accompanied and complemented each other. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong, at the Seventh National Congress of the CPC, elaborated on the vision of transforming China from a backward agricultural country into an industrial country after the victory of the Chinese revolution. On the eve of the founding of New China, in his report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC, Mao Zedong pointed out the development direction of transforming from an agricultural country into an industrial country and from a New Democratic society into a socialist society, outlining the blueprint for New China’s industrialization construction and institutional construction. After the founding of New China, the practice of China’s socialist industrialization construction and socialist system construction began. In 1953, the Party announced the general line for the transition period, proposing the gradual realization of the country’s socialist industrialization and the gradual socialist transformation of individual agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce. Socialist industrialization construction and the transformation of ownership were carried out simultaneously; the relationship between them was one of “one body with two wings,” [2]2 “One body with two wings” is a metaphor used in the early 1950s to describe the relationship between socialist industrialization (the body) and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce (the two wings). complementing each other, with the aim of establishing relations of production suited to socialist industrialization and building an institutional system to advance socialist industrialization construction. In September 1954, Mao Zedong, at the First National People’s Congress, proposed building China into “a great industrialized country with a high degree of modern culture.” At the same time, the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted by the First National People’s Congress established the state system of the people’s democratic dictatorship and the fundamental political system of the People’s Congresses. By the end of 1956, with the basic completion of the socialist transformation, the socialist system was basically established in China. The basic establishment of the socialist system laid the fundamental political prerequisite and institutional foundation for socialist modernization construction.

中国共产党构建中国特色社会主义制度与推进中国式现代化的实践相生相伴、相辅相成。新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东在党的七大上阐述了在中国革命胜利后实现由一个落后的农业国向工业国转变的构想。新中国成立前夕，在党的七届二中全会上的报告中，毛泽东指出了由农业国转变为工业国、由新民主主义社会转变为社会主义社会的发展方向，擘画了新中国工业化建设和制度构建的蓝图。新中国成立后，我国社会主义工业化建设和社会主义制度构建的实践开始启动。1953年，党公布了过渡时期的总路线，提出逐步实现国家的社会主义工业化，并逐步实现对个体农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的社会主义改造。社会主义工业化建设与所有制改造同步进行，两者是“一体两翼”、相辅相成的关系，目的在于建立与社会主义工业化相适应的生产关系，建立推进社会主义工业化建设的制度体系。1954年9月，毛泽东在第一届全国人民代表大会上提出，将我国“建设成为一个工业化的具有高度现代文化程度的伟大的国家”。同时，第一届全国人民代表大会通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》确立了人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会这一根本政治制度。1956年年底，随着社会主义改造的基本完成，社会主义制度在中国基本确立。社会主义制度的基本确立为社会主义现代化建设奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础。

In the early period of New China, China’s industrialization development model and the construction of the basic socialist system were inevitably influenced by the Soviet model. In practice, the Communist Party of China’s understanding of the laws of socialist modernization construction deepened continuously. The First Session of the First National People’s Congress, held in 1954, clearly proposed the task of realizing the “Four Modernizations” [3]3 The Four Modernizations were the strategic goals for national development proposed in the 1960s, targeting modernization in agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. of industry, agriculture, transportation and communications, and national defense. On the eve of the Eighth National Congress of the CPC, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, proposed “taking the Soviet Union as a mirror” and exploring a path of socialist modernization construction suited to China’s national conditions and characteristics. During this period, the Party actively explored reforms in the economic system and political system. In December 1964, Zhou Enlai, at the First Session of the Third National People’s Congress, formally proposed the strategic goal of the “Four Modernizations”: “building China into a great socialist power with modern agriculture, modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology.”

新中国成立初期，我国工业化的发展模式和社会主义基本制度体系的构建，不可避免地受到苏联模式的影响。在实践中，中国共产党对社会主义现代化建设规律的认识不断深化。1954年召开的第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议明确提出实现工业、农业、交通运输业和国防“四个现代化”的任务。党的八大前夕，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人提出“以苏为鉴”，探索适合中国国情和特点的社会主义现代化建设道路。这一时期，党在经济体制和政治体制改革方面进行了积极探索。1964年12月，周恩来在三届全国人大一次会议上正式提出“把我国建设成为一个具有现代农业、现代工业、现代国防和现代科学技术的社会主义强国”的“四个现代化”的战略目标。

Entering the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization construction, Deng Xiaoping, on the basis of realizing the goal of the “Four Modernizations,” proposed the concept of “Chinese-style modernization” and opened up the path of Chinese-style modernization in the practice of reform and opening up. At the same time, reflecting on historical experience, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “problems in the leadership system and organizational system are more fundamental, comprehensive, stable, and long-term.” Therefore, it was necessary to simultaneously construct an institutional system matching Chinese-style modernization to provide institutional guarantees for reform and opening up. In early 1992, Deng Xiaoping, in his talks during the southern inspection tour, stated: “It will probably take another thirty years for us to form a more mature and well-defined system in all respects.” Since reform and opening up, Chinese-style modernization has placed greater emphasis on the perfection, development, and innovation of systems and institutions. On the one hand, previously effective systems such as the People’s Congress system were restored and developed; on the other hand, reforms in areas such as the economic system and political system were continuously advanced, effectively ensuring the steady progress of reform and opening up and socialist modernization construction. Several generations of the Party’s leadership collective in the new period carried forward the exploration, continuously constructing and perfecting various systems and institutions in the economic, political, cultural, and social fields. In July 2011, Hu Jintao, in his speech at the celebration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, formally proposed the concept of the “system of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” clarifying that “socialism with Chinese characteristics” includes three aspects: the path, the theoretical system, and the system. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics provided strong institutional guarantees for reform and opening up and Chinese-style modernization.

进入改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平在实现“四个现代化”目标的基础上提出了“中国式的现代化”的概念，并在改革开放的实践中开辟了中国式的现代化道路。同时，邓小平在反思历史经验时指出，“领导制度、组织制度问题更带有根本性、全局性、稳定性和长期性”。因此，要同步构建与中国式的现代化相匹配的制度体系，为改革开放提供制度保障。1992年年初，邓小平在南方谈话中指出，“恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面形成一整套更加成熟、更加定型的制度”。改革开放以来，中国式的现代化更加注重制度体制的完善、发展和创新。一方面，人民代表大会制度等过去卓有成效的制度得到恢复和发展；另一方面，经济体制、政治体制等领域的改革不断推进，有力保障了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的稳步推进。新时期党的几代领导集体接力探索，不断构建并完善经济、政治、文化、社会等领域的各项制度体制。2011年7月，胡锦涛在庆祝中国共产党成立90周年大会上的讲话中正式提出“中国特色社会主义制度”概念，阐明了“中国特色社会主义”包括道路、理论体系和制度三个方面。中国特色社会主义制度为改革开放和中国式的现代化提供强大制度保障。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core “perfected various systems through comprehensively deepening reform, promoting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics to become more mature and well-defined, and significantly raising the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC established the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform as “perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity.” Through comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, the main framework of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, playing the role of the “four beams and eight pillars” [4]4 “Four beams and eight pillars” is a Chinese architectural metaphor for the main supporting framework of a structure, used here to describe the foundational institutional framework. in major areas, was basically established, and breakthroughs were made in reforms in some important areas and key links. The fundamental systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics were further consolidated, basic systems were continuously perfected and developed, and important systems were continuously innovated. The institutional systems in areas including Party leadership, economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, national defense, and diplomacy were further perfected and developed, providing a strong guarantee for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and also laying a solid institutional foundation for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央“通过全面深化改革完善各方面制度，推动中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平明显提高”。党的十八届三中全会把全面深化改革的总目标确立为“完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。通过新时代全面深化改革，中国特色社会主义制度在主要领域具有“四梁八柱”作用的主体框架基本确立，一些重要领域和关键环节的改革取得突破。中国特色社会主义根本制度得到进一步巩固，基本制度不断完善和发展，重要制度不断创新，包括党的领导、经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国防、外交等领域的制度体系进一步完善和发展，为全面建成小康社会提供了有力保障，同时也为全面建设社会主义现代化国家奠定了坚实的制度基础。

2. Perfecting the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Is Closely Related to Modernizing the National Governance System and Governance Capacity

2.完善中国特色社会主义制度与推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化密切相关

Xi Jinping pointed out: “To modernize the national governance system and governance capacity, we must fully understand and grasp the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform. This is a whole composed of two sentences, namely, perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity.” That is to say, perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity are inseparable and indivisible, together constituting a unified whole.

习近平指出：“推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，必须完整理解和把握全面深化改革的总目标，这是两句话组成的一个整体，即完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。”也就是说，完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度与推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化密不可分，不可分割，共同构成统一的整体。

All work and practice of China’s national governance is carried out in accordance with the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. “The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a rigorous and complete scientific institutional system, in which the fundamental systems, basic systems, and important systems serve as the four beams and eight pillars [5]5 “Four beams and eight pillars” (四梁八柱) is a Chinese architectural metaphor for a sturdy framework; here it refers to the core structural components of the institutional system..” The fundamental systems are those that play a decisive role in the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, determining the nature and direction of China’s national governance. Among them, the fundamental system of Party leadership is the general framework of China’s national governance; all work and activities of national governance must accept Party leadership. The state system of the people’s democratic dictatorship is the most fundamental system within China’s socialist system. The system of people’s congresses is China’s fundamental political system. The fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain is China’s fundamental system in the sphere of ideology and culture, determining the fundamental direction of using Marxism to guide ideology. The basic systems are those that exert a major influence on economic and social development, playing a foundational role in national governance. Among them, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China is China’s political party system and an important manifestation of socialist democratic politics. The system of regional ethnic autonomy is a creative institutional arrangement for solving ethnic issues. The system of grassroots self-governance fully demonstrates the breadth and authenticity of socialist democracy. The basic socialist economic system includes three aspects: the ownership structure with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together, the distribution system with distribution according to work as the mainstay and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system; it is the foundational institutional arrangement in China’s economic sphere. The important systems are those derived from the fundamental and basic systems, which stipulate specific institutions for all areas, aspects, and links of national governance, playing an important role in China’s national governance. Specifically, they include the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, the socialist administrative system with Chinese characteristics, the system for flourishing and developing advanced socialist culture, the system for ensuring people’s wellbeing that coordinates urban and rural areas, the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and shared benefits, the system for an ecological civilization, the system for “one country, two systems,” the system for foreign affairs work, and the Party and state oversight systems, covering all aspects of governance, including domestic affairs, foreign affairs, and national defense, providing important institutional guidance and guarantees for all work of national governance.

我国国家治理的一切工作和实践都依照中国特色社会主义制度展开。“中国特色社会主义制度是一个严密完整的科学制度体系，起四梁八柱作用的是根本制度、基本制度、重要制度”。根本制度是在中国特色社会主义制度体系中起决定性作用的制度，决定了我国国家治理的性质和方向。其中，党的领导根本制度是我国国家治理的总纲，国家治理的一切工作和活动都要接受党的领导；人民民主专政的国体是我国社会主义制度中最根本的制度；人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度；马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度是我国在思想文化领域的根本制度，决定了以马克思主义统领意识形态的根本方向。基本制度是对经济社会发展起重大影响的制度，在国家治理中发挥着基础性作用。其中，中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是我国的政党制度，是社会主义民主政治的重要体现；民族区域自治制度是解决民族问题的创造性制度安排；基层群众自治制度充分展现了社会主义民主的广泛性和真实性。社会主义基本经济制度包括公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的所有制结构，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度和社会主义市场经济体制三个方面，是我国经济领域的基础性制度安排。重要制度是由根本制度和基本制度派生而来的、规定国家治理各领域各方面各环节的具体制度，在我国国家治理中发挥着重要作用。具体来讲，包括中国特色社会主义法治体系、中国特色社会主义行政体制、繁荣发展社会主义先进文化的制度、统筹城乡的民生保障制度、共建共治共享的社会治理制度、生态文明制度体系、“一国两制”制度体系、外事工作制度体系、党和国家监督体系等，涵盖内政外交国防等治国理政的各个方面，为国家治理的各项工作提供重要的制度遵循和保障。

The national governance system and governance capacity are the concentrated embodiment of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and its implementation capability. The modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity is an inherent requirement of Chinese-path modernization. As a composite of the national system and its implementation capability, the national governance system encompasses the institutions, mechanisms, laws, and regulations in various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and Party building; it is a complete set of closely linked and mutually coordinated national governance institutions and mechanisms. Governance capacity is the ability to use the national system to manage all aspects of social affairs, including reform, development, and stability; domestic affairs, foreign affairs, and national defense; and Party governance, state governance, and military governance. The national governance system and the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics are both connected and distinct. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a scientific institutional system formed by the Party and the people through long-term practical exploration; the national governance system is the concretization and materialization of this system in national governance, while governance capacity is the ability and effectiveness of this system as manifested at the governance level. Therefore, in this sense, whether the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is scientific and complete directly determines the effectiveness of the national governance system and governance capacity, and thus largely influences the advancement of Chinese-path modernization. In the actual operation of the system, there is also a link of institutional implementation between institutional design and institutional effectiveness. Without institutional implementation, institutional advantages cannot be transformed into governance effectiveness. Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “Constantly demonstrate the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics, continuously enhance the driving force and vitality of socialist modernization, and better transform China’s institutional advantages into national governance effectiveness.” In the practice of advancing Chinese-path modernization, strengthening institutional implementation and better transforming the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics into governance effectiveness is an inherent requirement.

国家治理体系和治理能力是中国特色社会主义制度及其执行能力的集中体现。国家治理体系和治理能力现代化是中国式现代化的应有之义。作为国家制度和制度执行能力的综合体，国家治理体系涵盖了经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明和党的建设等各领域的体制机制、法律法规，是一整套紧密相连、相互协调的国家治理体制机制。治理能力则是运用国家制度管理社会各方面事务的能力，包括改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军等各个方面。国家治理体系和中国特色社会主义制度既有联系又有区别。中国特色社会主义制度是党和人民在长期实践探索中形成的科学制度体系，国家治理体系是这一制度在国家治理中的具体化、实体化，治理能力则是这一制度体现在治理层面的能力和效力。因此，从这个意义上讲，中国特色社会主义制度体系是否科学完备，直接决定了国家治理体系和治理能力的效能，也就在很大程度上影响了中国式现代化的推进。而在现实的制度运行中，制度设计与制度效能之间还有一个制度执行的环节。缺少制度执行，制度优势就无法转化为治理效能。习近平在党的二十大报告中指出：“不断彰显中国特色社会主义制度优势，不断增强社会主义现代化建设的动力和活力，把我国制度优势更好转化为国家治理效能。”在推进中国式现代化的实践中，强化制度执行力，把中国特色社会主义制度优势更好转化为治理效能是其内在要求。

3. The System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Provides Institutional Guarantees for Chinese-Path Modernization

3.中国特色社会主义制度为中国式现代化提供制度保障

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Institutions are fundamental, overarching, stable, and long-term issues concerning the development of the Party and the state.” Institutions are one of the important factors affecting a country’s level of modernization. In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to attach importance to the guaranteeing role of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and fully leverage its institutional advantages.

习近平指出：“制度是关系党和国家事业发展的根本性、全局性、稳定性、长期性问题。”制度是影响一个国家现代化水平的重要因素之一。在推进中国式现代化过程中，必须重视发挥中国特色社会主义制度的保障作用，充分发挥中国特色社会主义的制度优势。

First, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has significant advantages. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out that the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the national governance system have advantages including Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, covering multiple aspects such as the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, national defense, and foreign affairs, demonstrating strong vitality and great superiority. Among them, the leadership of the Communist Party of China is the greatest advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing a fundamental guarantee for ensuring the long-term stability and development of the country and advancing Chinese-path modernization. In addition, in terms of institutional design, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics also has the advantage of being scientific and complete. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics covers all areas of economic and social development, forming a rigorous and complete institutional system. Within this institutional system, the institutions and mechanisms of various aspects can be organically combined and mutually coordinated, jointly promoting economic development and social progress.

首先，中国特色社会主义制度具有显著优势。党的十九届四中全会指出，中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系具有包括党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国等方面的优势，涵盖经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国防、外交等多个方面，体现了强大生命力和巨大优越性。其中，中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势，为确保国家的长期稳定和发展、推进中国式现代化提供了根本保证。除此之外，在制度设计上，中国特色社会主义制度还具有科学完备的优势。中国特色社会主义制度涵盖了经济社会发展的各个领域，形成了一个严密完整的制度体系。在这一制度体系中，各方面的体制机制能够有机结合、相互配合，共同推动经济发展和社会进步。

Second, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics demonstrates a strong capacity to resist risks. “Advancing Chinese-path modernization is an unprecedented pioneering undertaking, which will inevitably encounter various predictable and unpredictable risks, challenges, difficulties, and even stormy waves.” Especially against the backdrop of the “two overall situations” [6]6 “Two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century., new risks and challenges come from various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and the international environment, with significantly increased uncertainty. Facing various risks and challenges, the Communist Party of China is adept at using the power of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, able to respond quickly and take effective measures to deal with them. This strong capacity to resist risks enables us to maintain a steady pace of development in a complex and changing domestic and international environment, providing a powerful guarantee for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

其次，中国特色社会主义制度展现出强大的抗风险能力。“推进中国式现代化，是一项前无古人的开创性事业，必然会遇到各种可以预料和难以预料的风险挑战、艰难险阻甚至惊涛骇浪”。特别是在“两个大局”背景下，新的风险和挑战来自经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明以及国际环境等各个领域，不确定性显著增强。面对各种风险和挑战，中国共产党善于运用中国特色社会主义制度威力，能够迅速作出反应，采取有效措施进行应对。这种强大的抗风险能力，使得我们能够在复杂多变的国内外环境中保持稳健的发展步伐，为推进中国式现代化提供有力的保障。

Finally, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics also has the capacity for self-improvement and development. “The so-called ‘socialist society’ is not something immutable, but, like any other social system, should be regarded as a society that is constantly changing and reforming.” The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the characteristic of keeping pace with the times; it can, through reform and innovation, continuously adjust those parts of the relations of production that are incompatible with the development of the productive forces and those contents of the superstructure that are incompatible with the economic base, constantly removing various institutional and mechanistic obstacles that hinder the development of Chinese-path modernization, in order to adapt to the needs of advancing Chinese-path modernization in the New Era. This capacity for self-improvement and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics enables it to continuously promote its own dynamic adjustment and sustained optimization according to the development and changes of the times, providing a continuous source of power for building a great modern socialist country.

最后，中国特色社会主义制度还具有自我完善和发展的能力。“所谓‘社会主义社会’不是一种一成不变的东西，而应当和任何其他社会制度一样，把它看成是经常变化和改革的社会。”中国特色社会主义制度具有与时俱进的特点，能够通过改革和创新不断调整生产关系中与生产力发展不相适应的部分以及上层建筑中不适应经济基础的内容，不断破除阻碍中国式现代化发展的各项体制机制障碍，以适应新时代推进中国式现代化的需求。中国特色社会主义制度这种自我完善和发展的能力，使其能够根据时代条件的发展变化不断推动自身的动态调整和持续优化，为建设社会主义现代化强国提供源源不断的动力。

In addition, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics can also ensure the continuity and stability of the strategic goals and policy arrangements of Chinese-path modernization, thereby guaranteeing that Chinese-path modernization “carries out a blueprint to the end” [7]7 “Carries out a blueprint to the end” (一张蓝图绘到底) is a Chinese political idiom meaning to persistently implement a long-term strategic plan without deviation..

除此之外，中国特色社会主义制度还能够确保中国式现代化战略目标和政策安排的连续性和稳定性，从而保障中国式现代化“一张蓝图绘到底”。

II. Deepening Reform Comprehensively in the New Era Provides Driving Force and Institutional Guarantees for Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

二、新时代全面深化改革为推进中国式现代化提供动力支持和制度保障

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, the Party Central Committee has, with unprecedented resolve and force, broken through the shackles of ideological concepts, breached the barriers of entrenched interests, resolutely eliminated institutional and mechanistic obstacles in various areas, actively responded to the risks and challenges brought about by changes in the external environment, and launched a reform process of magnificent momentum and sweeping scale.” [n8] Deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era is a process of “combining destruction and construction”: on the one hand, through deepening reform comprehensively, it continuously adjusts the relations of production to meet the requirements of the development of the productive forces, and constantly improves the superstructure to meet the needs of the economic base; on the other hand, in the process of deepening reform comprehensively, it summarizes and refines practical experience and standardizes it, promoting various institutional innovations to provide institutional guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

习近平指出：“党的十八届三中全会以来，党中央以前所未有的决心和力度冲破思想观念的束缚，突破利益固化的藩篱，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，积极应对外部环境变化带来的风险挑战，开启了气势如虹、波澜壮阔的改革进程。”新时代全面深化改革是一个“破立结合”的过程：一方面，通过全面深化改革，不断调整生产关系以适应生产力的发展要求，不断完善上层建筑以适应经济基础的需要；另一方面，在全面深化改革的过程中总结提炼实践经验并加以规范，推动各项制度创新，为推进中国式现代化提供制度保障。

1. Deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era continuously breaks down the deep-seated institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain the advancement of Chinese-path modernization

1.新时代全面深化改革不断破除制约推进中国式现代化的深层次体制机制障碍

Xi Jinping emphasized: “Resolutely eliminate the ideological concepts and institutional and mechanistic drawbacks that hinder the advancement of Chinese-path modernization, and continuously provide strong impetus and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.” As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, reform faces more deep-seated institutional and mechanistic issues, which have become obstacles to building a great modern socialist country. Deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era adheres to taking institutional construction as the main line, continuously breaks down various institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain the advancement of Chinese-path modernization, and endows Chinese-path modernization with powerful momentum.

习近平强调：“坚决破除妨碍推进中国式现代化的思想观念和体制机制弊端，不断为中国式现代化提供强劲动力和制度保障。”中国特色社会主义进入新时代，改革更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，这些问题成为制约社会主义现代化强国建设的障碍。新时代全面深化改革坚持以制度建设为主线，不断破除制约推进中国式现代化的各项体制机制障碍，赋予中国式现代化强大的动力。

Breaking down the institutional and mechanistic obstacles that are unsuitable for the requirements of advancing Chinese-path modernization is an inevitable requirement for deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee opened the prelude to reform and opening up. [n9] After more than 40 years of reform and opening up, a system of socialism with Chinese characteristics that meets the requirements of reform and opening up and socialist modernization has been gradually established, and socialist modernization has achieved remarkable accomplishments. As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, with changes in the conditions of the times, some institutions and mechanisms have gradually become unable to meet the requirements of advancing Chinese-path modernization, and even hinder its development. This is mainly manifested in two aspects. First, due to the stability of institutions, reform of some institutions and mechanisms is quite difficult. Some stubborn and deep-seated problems from the past reform process have not been thoroughly resolved, seriously hindering the development of Chinese-path modernization. As Xi Jinping pointed out, reform “has entered the deep-water zone; it can be said that the easy, universally welcomed reforms have been completed, the tasty meat has been eaten, and what remains are the hard bones that are difficult to chew.” [n10] Second, some institutions and mechanisms that were effective in the past can no longer meet the requirements of the development of new productive forces as the conditions of the times have changed. Some systems established during the process of reform and opening up, although able to meet the needs of the early stage of reform and opening up, are no longer suitable for the new requirements of advancing Chinese-path modernization after building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and have even become obstacles to advancing Chinese-path modernization. For these parts of the institutions and mechanisms, reform and adjustment must be carried out with a high degree of historical initiative. “Reform now faces more deep-seated institutional and mechanistic issues, with higher requirements for the top-level design of reform, and stronger requirements for the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform; correspondingly, the tasks of establishing rules and regulations and building systems are heavier.” [n11] Standing at a new historical starting point, accelerating the elimination of deep-seated institutional and mechanistic drawbacks is an urgent and important historical task for deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era.

破除不适应推进中国式现代化要求的体制机制障碍，是新时代全面深化改革的必然要求。党的十一届三中全会拉开了改革开放的序幕，经过40余年的改革开放，逐渐建立起一套适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设要求的中国特色社会主义制度体系，社会主义现代化建设取得了举世瞩目的成就。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，随着时代条件的变化，一些体制机制逐渐不能适应推进中国式现代化的要求，甚至阻碍中国式现代化的发展。这主要表现在两个方面。一是由于制度的稳定性，一些体制机制改革具有较大难度。过去改革进程中的一些顽瘴痼疾并没有得到彻底解决，严重妨碍中国式现代化的发展。正如习近平指出的，改革“已进入深水区，可以说，容易的、皆大欢喜的改革已经完成了，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头”。二是一些过去有效的体制机制随着时代条件的变化已经不能适应新的生产力发展要求。在改革开放过程中建立起来的部分制度虽然能够适应改革开放初期的需要，但是已经不适应全面建成小康社会之后推进中国式现代化的新要求，甚至成为推进中国式现代化的障碍。对于这部分体制机制，必须以高度的历史主动精神进行改革和调整。“改革更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，对改革顶层设计的要求更高，对改革的系统性、整体性、协同性要求更强，相应地建章立制、构建体系的任务更重。”站在新的历史起点上，加快破除深层次体制机制弊端是新时代全面深化改革刻不容缓的重要历史任务。

The main line of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era is to uphold and improve the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. “From the perspective of forming a more mature and more定型 [n12] system, the first half of China’s socialist practice has already been traversed. In the first half, our main historical task was to establish the basic socialist system and carry out reforms on this basis; now we have a very good foundation.” [n13] Entering the second half of institutional construction, “a major historical task before us is to promote the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics to become more mature and more定型, providing a more complete, more stable, and more effective institutional system for the development of the Party and the country’s undertakings, for the well-being and happiness of the people, for social harmony and stability, and for the long-term peace and stability of the country.” [n14] Therefore, in the strategic deployment of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, institutional construction occupies an important position. In important reform documents such as the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Improving the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity” adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, and the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, institutional construction has always been a high-frequency term, and upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the core content of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era. [n15] According to the deployment of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, by 2016, the main framework of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, with the nature of “four beams and eight pillars,” had been basically established. [n16] By 2021, the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, deepening reform comprehensively had achieved historic accomplishments, and significant results had been achieved in making various systems more mature and more定型. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee proposed that “by 2035, a high-level socialist market economy system will be fully established, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics will be more complete, and the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity will be basically realized… by 2029, the 80th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the reform tasks set forth in this Decision will be completed.” [n17] From the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, deepening reform comprehensively has been consistent, continuously breaking down various deep-seated institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain the advancement of Chinese-path modernization.

新时代全面深化改革的主线是坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度。“从形成更加成熟更加定型的制度看，我国社会主义实践的前半程已经走过了，前半程我们的主要历史任务是建立社会主义基本制度，并在这个基础上进行改革，现在已经有了很好的基础。”进入制度建设的后半程，“摆在我们面前的一项重大历史任务，就是推动中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型，为党和国家事业发展、为人民幸福安康、为社会和谐稳定、为国家长治久安提供一整套更完备、更稳定、更管用的制度体系”。因此，在新时代全面深化改革的战略部署中，制度建设占据了重要位置。在党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》、党的十九届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》、党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》等重要改革文件中，制度建设始终是高频词，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度是新时代全面深化改革的核心内容。根据新时代全面深化改革的部署，到2016年，中国特色社会主义制度体系具有“四梁八柱”性质的主体框架已经基本确立。到2021年中国共产党成立100周年时，全面深化改革取得了历史性成就，各方面制度更加成熟更加定型取得明显成效。党的二十届三中全会提出，“到二〇三五年，全面建成高水平社会主义市场经济体制，中国特色社会主义制度更加完善，基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化……到二〇二九年中华人民共和国成立八十周年时，完成本决定提出的改革任务”。从党的十八届三中全会到二十届三中全会，全面深化改革一以贯之，不断破除制约推进中国式现代化的各种深层次体制机制障碍。

2. Continuously improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics on the basis of summarizing the practical experience of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era

2.在总结新时代全面深化改革实践经验的基础上不断完善中国特色社会主义制度

“Improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a dynamic process that inevitably develops continuously with the development of practice; existing systems need to be constantly improved, and new fields and new practices require promoting institutional innovation and filling institutional gaps.” [n18] Institutional construction is not a one-time effort, but a continuous historical process.

“完善中国特色社会主义制度是一个动态过程，必然随着实践发展而不断发展，已有制度需要不断健全，新领域新实践需要推进制度创新、填补制度空白。”制度建设并非一劳永逸，而是一个不断持续的历史进程。

The mature and finalized character of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a relative concept; perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a dynamic process. “When old problems are solved, new ones emerge; institutions always need continuous improvement, so reform can neither be accomplished in one stroke nor provide a permanent solution once and for all.” No institution can be flawless; there will always be some problems and shortcomings. In the New Era, comprehensive and deep reform has entered the deep-water zone, placing higher demands on institutional development. At the same time, against the backdrop of the “two overall situations”[n], new problems constantly emerge in practice, raising many new requirements for institutional development. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously advance institutional reform and innovation to adapt to new developments and demands. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We Chinese Communists engage in revolution, construction, and reform always to solve China’s real problems. It can be said that reform is forced by problems and deepened in the continuous process of solving them.” Reform is long-term and complex; similarly, institutional development is a protracted and ongoing process. Under different historical stages and epochal contexts, the mature and finalized character of institutions has different connotations and forms of expression. This requires us to constantly adjust and improve institutions according to the needs of practice and the demands of the times. Of course, in the process of institutional development, it is also necessary to grasp the dialectic between upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, that is, to handle the relationship between institutional stability and continuity on the one hand, and institutional innovation and development on the other. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed: “Consolidate the fundamental institutions, improve the basic institutions, and innovate the important institutions.” To make the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics more mature and more finalized, it is necessary to adhere to upholding fundamental principles while breaking new ground. For fundamental institutions that determine the direction, continuous consolidation is needed, and no fundamental change should occur; for basic institutions that play a foundational role, further maturation and finalization need to be promoted, and they should be continuously improved in reform practice; for the various important institutions that function in national governance, it is necessary to both abolish and establish, constantly adjusting existing institutions to meet the needs of Chinese-path modernization, while actively innovating to promote the construction of a series of institutional systems that adapt to developments and changes in both domestic and international situations.

中国特色社会主义制度的成熟定型是一个相对的概念，完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度是一个动态的过程。“旧的问题解决了，新的问题又会产生，制度总是需要不断完善，因而改革既不可能一蹴而就、也不可能一劳永逸。”任何制度都不可能完美无缺，总会存在一些问题和不足。新时代全面深化改革进入深水区，对制度建设的要求更高。同时，在“两个大局”背景下，实践中不断出现新的问题，对制度建设提出许多新的要求，因此需要不断推进制度的改革和创新，以适应新的形势发展和要求。习近平指出：“我们中国共产党人干革命、搞建设、抓改革，从来都是为了解决中国的现实问题。可以说，改革是由问题倒逼而产生，又在不断解决问题中得以深化。”改革具有长期性和复杂性，同样地，制度建设也是一个漫长而持续的过程。在不同的历史阶段和时代背景下，制度的成熟定型有不同的内涵和表现形式，这就要求我们根据实践的需要和时代的要求，不断对制度进行调整和完善。当然，在制度建设的过程中，还必须把握好守正和创新的辩证法，也就是处理好制度稳定性、连续性和制度创新性、发展性的关系。党的二十届三中全会提出：“筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度”。推动中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型，需要坚持守正创新。对于决定方向的根本制度，需要不断筑牢巩固，不能发生根本变化；对于发挥基础性作用的基本制度，需要进一步推动成熟定型，并在改革实践中不断完善；对于在国家治理中发挥作用的各项重要制度，则需要破立并举，不断调整现有制度，使其符合中国式现代化发展的需要，同时积极创新，推动构建一系列适应国内外形势发展变化的制度体系。

Extracting and summarizing the practical experiences and important achievements in the reform process, and standardizing and institutionalizing them, is an important pathway and method for further perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The practice of comprehensive and deep reform in the New Era proves that the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been continuously developed and improved through reform, and its mature and finalized character is built upon the foundation of summarizing the practical experiences of comprehensive and deep reform. Comprehensive and deep reform is a process of continuous exploration, trial and error, and adjustment, which contains rich practical experience and wisdom. Through in-depth analysis and summarization of these experiences, the laws and development trends within them can be discovered, thereby providing useful references and insights for institutional improvement. “For proven effective experiences and practices, timely summarization, extraction, improvement, and standardization should be carried out, and they should be promoted widely.” Standardization means transforming practical experience into institutional norms with clarity, operability, and stability. The best way to promote the practical experience of reform is to form an institutional system in the relevant fields. Comprehensive and deep reform in the New Era, through pilot reforms, using pilot projects to drive broader progress, and timely summarizing the practical experiences of reform, has formed systematic institutional achievements. In the economic field, when advancing market mechanism reform, effective institutions such as the negative list system for market access have gradually been formed. In the political field, when advancing the construction of democracy and the rule of law, mechanisms for the coordination and connection between intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations have gradually been formed. In the cultural field, with the advancement of cultural development and the strengthening of the Party’s leadership over ideological work, the fundamental institution of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain has been established. In the social field, in the process of continuously meeting the people’s needs for a better life, reforms to the systems and mechanisms for employment, healthcare, elderly care, and education have been continuously deepened, building the world’s largest and most functionally complete social security system. In the ecological field, for the governance of rivers and lakes, ecological protection institutions such as the river and lake chief system have gradually been formed. By summarizing and extracting the practical experiences of comprehensive and deep reform and elevating them into institutional achievements, a series of important experiences and reform achievements from comprehensive and deep reform in the New Era have been systematically summarized and standardized, forming new important institutions. This pushes comprehensive and deep reform further in depth and provides a strong institutional guarantee for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

提炼和总结改革过程中的实践经验和重要成果，并将其规范化、制度化，是进一步完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度的重要途径和方法。新时代全面深化改革的实践证明，中国特色社会主义制度在改革中不断得到发展和完善，其成熟定型建立在总结全面深化改革实践经验的基础之上。全面深化改革是一个不断探索、试错、调整的过程，其中蕴含着丰富的实践经验和智慧。通过深入分析和总结这些经验，可以发现其中的规律和发展趋势，从而为制度的完善提供有益参考和启示。“对证明行之有效的经验做法，要及时总结提炼、完善规范，在面上推广。”规范化意味着将实践经验转化为具有明确性、可操作性和稳定性的制度规范。对改革实践经验的最好推广就是形成相关领域的制度体系。新时代全面深化改革通过试点改革，以点带面，及时总结改革的实践经验，形成了系统的制度成果。在经济领域，推进市场机制改革时，逐步形成了市场准入负面清单制度等卓有成效的制度。在政治领域，推进民主法治建设时，逐步形成了党内法规同国家法律法规衔接协调机制。在文化领域，随着文化建设的推进和加强党对意识形态工作的领导，确立了马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度。在社会领域，在不断满足人民美好生活需要的过程中，持续深化就业、医疗、养老、教育等体制机制改革，建成世界上规模最大、功能完备的社会保障体系。在生态领域，针对河湖治理，逐渐形成了河湖长制等生态保护制度。通过将全面深化改革的实践经验总结提炼并上升为制度成果，新时代全面深化改革的一系列重要经验和改革成果得以系统总结和规范，形成新的重要制度，推动全面深化改革进一步向纵深发展，为推进中国式现代化提供了有力的制度保障。

3. The Organic Unity of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively, Perfecting the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

3.进一步全面深化改革、完善中国特色社会主义制度和推进中国式现代化的有机统一

“Advancing Chinese-path modernization is an exploratory undertaking; there are still many unknown areas that require us to boldly explore in practice and promote the development of the cause through reform and innovation.” Chinese-path modernization needs to be advanced within comprehensive and deep reform, and the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics also needs to be continuously perfected within comprehensive and deep reform. Further deepening reform comprehensively and perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics promote each other and complement each other, unified in the great practice of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

“推进中国式现代化是一个探索性事业，还有许多未知领域，需要我们在实践中去大胆探索，通过改革创新来推动事业发展。”中国式现代化需要在全面深化改革中推进，中国特色社会主义制度也需要在全面深化改革中不断完善。进一步全面深化改革与完善中国特色社会主义制度相互促进、相得益彰，统一于推进中国式现代化的伟大实践。

Comprehensive and deep reform is the fundamental driving force for perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing Chinese-path modernization. “Reform is the self-perfection of the socialist system, and to a certain extent, it has also undergone a certain degree of revolutionary change.” Looking back at the reform process from the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC to the present, its essence is the self-perfection and development of the socialist system. From a practical perspective, whether it is perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics or advancing Chinese-path modernization, both are complex systematic projects, long and tortuous processes, and their steady progress cannot be separated from the continuous deepening of reform. “Reform and opening up is the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Over more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has undergone earth-shaking changes and achieved remarkable accomplishments. This historical process has not only promoted the maturation and finalization of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics but has also injected strong impetus into advancing Chinese-path modernization. The great achievements of Chinese-path modernization are now having a worldwide impact. Embarking on the new journey of the New Era, further deepening reform comprehensively touches upon all aspects and fields of the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, promoting the removal of outdated systems and mechanisms, constructing an institutional system that meets the development requirements of the New Era, and injecting strong impetus into promoting the self-perfection of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

全面深化改革是完善中国特色社会主义制度和推进中国式现代化的根本动力。“改革是社会主义制度的自我完善，在一定的范围内也发生了某种程度的革命性变革。”回顾党的十一届三中全会至今的改革历程，其本质是社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。从实践层面来讲，无论是完善中国特色社会主义制度还是推进中国式现代化，都是一个复杂的系统工程，是一个漫长而曲折的过程，其稳步推进离不开改革的不断深入。“改革开放是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路”。改革开放40余年来，中国经历了翻天覆地的变化，取得了举世瞩目的成就。这一历史进程不仅推动了中国特色社会主义制度的成熟和定型，而且为推进中国式现代化注入了强大动力，中国式现代化的伟大成就正产生世界性的影响。踏上新时代新征程，进一步全面深化改革触及经济体制、政治体制、文化体制、社会体制和生态文明体制等经济社会各方面各领域，推动破除不合时宜的体制机制，构建适应新时代发展要求的制度体系，为推动中国特色社会主义制度的自我完善和推进中国式现代化注入了强大动力。

Perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an important guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization. The relationship between institutional development and comprehensive and deep reform is one of dialectical unity: on the one hand, institutions are continuously perfected within comprehensive and deep reform; on the other hand, without institutional guarantees, comprehensive and deep reform will be difficult to sustain and may even go astray. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “Good institutions can prevent bad people from acting arbitrarily; bad institutions can prevent good people from fully doing good deeds, and may even drive them to the opposite.” In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization, institutions play the role of a criterion and basis, around which all national governance work is carried out. However, institutions are not immutable; as part of the superstructure, systems and mechanisms must inevitably adjust with changes in the economic base. “With the change of the economic foundation, the entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed.” Therefore, in this great transformation involving all aspects of China’s economy and society, adhering to the continuous updating and perfection of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is not only related to the overall situation of further deepening reform comprehensively but also concerns the success or failure of building a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation. In short, comprehensive and deep reform and the perfection and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics complement each other. Comprehensive and deep reform requires upholding and perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, while the perfection of institutions must be achieved through comprehensive and deep reform.

完善中国特色社会主义制度是进一步全面深化改革和推进中国式现代化的重要保障。制度建设与全面深化改革之间是辩证统一的关系：一方面，制度在全面深化改革中不断完善；另一方面，缺少制度保障，全面深化改革就难以持续甚至会走上歧途。邓小平指出：“制度好可以使坏人无法任意横行，制度不好可以使好人无法充分做好事，甚至会走向反面。”在进一步全面深化改革和推进中国式现代化的过程中，制度发挥了准绳和依据的作用，国家的各项治理工作围绕其展开。然而，制度又不是一成不变的，作为上层建筑的体制机制必然要随着经济基础的变化而调整。“随着经济基础的变更，全部庞大的上层建筑也或慢或快地发生变革。”因此，在这场涉及中国经济社会方方面面的伟大变革中，坚持中国特色社会主义制度的与时俱进和不断完善，不仅关系到进一步全面深化改革的大局，更关乎强国建设、民族复兴伟业的成败。总之，全面深化改革与完善发展中国特色社会主义制度相辅相成。全面深化改革需要坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，而制度的完善又需要通过全面深化改革来实现。

Further deepening reform comprehensively and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics must be closely tied to the theme of Chinese-path modernization. The 20th National Congress of the CPC clearly stated: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country in building a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieving the Second Centenary Goal, and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese-path modernization.” [20]20 The Second Centenary Goal refers to building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, following the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021. Advancing Chinese-path modernization is the Party’s central task for the present and for a period to come, and all work of the Party and the state should revolve around it. “Planning and deploying reform around the Party’s central task is a successful experience of the Party in leading reform and opening up.” [21]21 This is a formulation from the 2024 Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPC on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization. Advancing Chinese-path modernization is a systematic project involving multiple fields—economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, national defense, and foreign affairs—which imposes many new requirements on further deepening reform comprehensively and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. How to better promote the development of Chinese-path modernization through comprehensive deepening of reform, and how to safeguard the great cause of Chinese-path modernization through institutional improvement, are the central issues that further deepening reform comprehensively and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics must resolve. In this process, it is especially necessary to grasp the intrinsic connections among the three, using further comprehensive deepening of reform to solve the numerous difficulties that arise in advancing Chinese-path modernization, and using the improvement of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics to provide institutional guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

进一步全面深化改革和完善中国特色社会主义制度需要紧扣中国式现代化这一主题。党的二十大明确指出：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”推进中国式现代化是当前及今后一段时间内党的中心任务，党和国家的各项工作都应该围绕其展开。“围绕党的中心任务谋划和部署改革，是党领导改革开放的成功经验。”推进中国式现代化是一项系统工程，涉及经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国防、外交等多个领域，这对进一步全面深化改革和完善中国特色社会主义制度提出了许多新的要求。如何以全面深化改革更好推动中国式现代化的发展，如何以制度建设保障中国式现代化的伟大事业，是进一步全面深化改革和完善中国特色社会主义制度需要解决的中心问题。而在这一过程中，尤其需要把握三者之间的内在联系，通过进一步全面深化改革来破解推进中国式现代化进程中出现的众多难题，通过完善中国特色社会主义制度为推进中国式现代化提供制度保障。

III. Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Promote the Building of an Institutional System That Ensures the Steady and Sustained Progress of Chinese-Path Modernization

三、进一步全面深化改革推动构建保障中国式现代化行稳致远的制度体系

“Chinese-path modernization has been advanced through reform and opening up and will surely open up broad prospects through reform and opening up. In the face of complex and ever-changing international and domestic situations, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and the new expectations of the people, we must continue to push reform forward.” [22]22 Ibid. At this new historical starting point, we should give full play to the historical initiative spirit, center on the strategic deployment of Chinese-path modernization, and through further comprehensive deepening of reform, build an institutional system that both fits China’s actual conditions and can meet the requirements of all aspects of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

“中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景。面对纷繁复杂的国际国内形势，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，面对人民群众新期待，必须继续把改革推向前进。”在新的历史起点上，应当充分发挥历史主动精神，围绕中国式现代化的战略部署，通过进一步全面深化改革，构建既切合中国实际又能够适应推进中国式现代化各方面要求的制度体系。

1. Further Consolidating the Institutional System of Party Leadership

1.进一步巩固党的领导的制度体系

Chinese-path modernization is a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. “Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization.” [23]23 Ibid. On the new journey of the New Era, advancing Chinese-path modernization requires first and foremost strengthening the Party’s overall leadership. To this end, it is necessary to effectively ensure the Party’s overall leadership over Chinese-path modernization at the institutional level. First, build a normative system for the Party’s self-revolution. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “We will advance the great new project of Party building in the New Era in depth, and use the Party’s self-revolution to lead social revolution.” [24]24 The “great new project of Party building” is a term originating from the 1990s, referring to the systematic effort to strengthen the CPC’s organizational, ideological, and disciplinary foundations. To strengthen the Party’s capacity to lead modernization, it is first necessary to carry out the Party’s self-revolution, continuously enhance the Party’s ability to purify, improve, reform, and upgrade itself, always maintain the Party’s advanced nature and purity, and increase its combat effectiveness. Second, build an institutional system to enhance the Party’s capacity to lead the modernization cause. Improving the Party’s level of scientific, democratic, and law-based governance is an inevitable requirement for strengthening the Party’s ability to lead Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to build an institutional system at the institutional level that continuously enhances the Party’s learning ability and ensures that Party leadership can adapt to changes of the times and always stay at the forefront of the times. Third, build an institutional system to implement and carry out the Party’s overall leadership over Chinese-path modernization. “Party leadership must be comprehensive, systematic, and holistic, and must be reflected in all aspects, including economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, national defense and the military, national reunification, diplomatic work, and Party building.” [25]25 This formulation appears in the 2024 Resolution and related Party documents on the scope of Party leadership. Chinese-path modernization is a grand and systematic project; only through the establishment of rules and institutions can Party leadership be truly guaranteed to run through all aspects of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化。“党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。”新时代新征程上，推进中国式现代化首要的是加强党的全面领导。为此，需要从制度层面切实保障党对中国式现代化的全面领导。第一，构建党的自我革命制度规范体系。党的二十大报告指出：“深入推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程，以党的自我革命引领社会革命。”加强党领导现代化的能力，首先需要开展党的自我革命，不断加强党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的能力，始终保持党的先进性和纯洁性，增强党的战斗力。第二，构建提高党领导现代化事业能力的制度体系。提高党科学执政、民主执政、依法执政水平，是增强党领导中国式现代化能力的必然要求。需要从制度层面构建不断增强党的学习能力，保证党的领导能够适应时代的变化、始终走在时代前沿的制度体系。第三，构建贯彻落实党对中国式现代化全面领导的制度体系。“党的领导必须是全面的、系统的、整体的，必须体现到经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和国防军队、祖国统一、外交工作、党的建设等各方面。”中国式现代化是一个宏大系统的工程，只有通过建章立制，才能真正保障党的领导贯穿推进中国式现代化的方方面面。

2. An Institutional System That Adapts to the Requirements of the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

2.适应新质生产力发展要求的制度体系

High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. Currently, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is sweeping the globe, and developing new quality productive forces requires further comprehensive deepening of reform to form new relations of production that are compatible with them, and to continuously promote adjustments in the superstructure. First, accelerate the building of a high-level socialist market economy system. This includes establishing efficient, standardized, fair, competitive, and fully open national unified market rules and institutions; improving basic market institutions such as property rights and market access; adhering to the basic economic system and promoting the common development of all forms of ownership; and promoting the establishment and improvement of financial supervision and support systems, so as to provide favorable environments and conditions for the development of new quality productive forces. Second, continuously improve and develop a socialist rule-of-law system that matches new quality productive forces. In response to the emergence of new fields and new business forms, respond in a timely manner and legislate promptly, especially by strengthening the depth and breadth of legislation in the field of scientific and technological innovation, ensuring that scientific and technological innovation achievements can be rapidly transformed and fully protected by law. At the same time, resolutely eliminate policy barriers that violate the principle of fair competition, infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises, and hinder the stimulation of enterprise vitality and innovation potential, creating a market environment of equal competition for all types of enterprises. Third, promote the integrated reform of education, science and technology, and talent, providing a fundamental driving force for the development of new quality productive forces. “We must deepen reforms in the economic system, the science and technology system, and other systems, and make efforts to unblock the bottlenecks and blockages that constrain the development of new quality productive forces.” [26]26 This is a formulation from Xi Jinping’s remarks on developing new quality productive forces, as reflected in official documents from 2023–2024. We must deepen reforms in the education system, the science and technology system, and the innovation system, open up the integrated innovation channels of education, science and technology, and talent, and enhance the overall efficiency of the national innovation system.

高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革席卷全球，而发展新质生产力必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系，并不断推动上层建筑的调整。第一，加快构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。包括建立高效规范、公平竞争、充分开放的全国统一市场制度规则，完善产权、准入等市场基础制度，坚持基本经济制度、推动各种所有制经济共同发展，推动建立和完善金融监管和支持体系等，为新质生产力的发展提供有利的环境和条件。第二，不断完善与发展与新质生产力相匹配的社会主义法治体系。针对新领域、新业态的涌现，及时响应、及时立法，特别是强化科技创新领域的立法深度和广度，确保科技创新成果能够快速转化并充分得到法律保护。同时，坚决消除违反公平竞争原则、侵害企业合法权益、阻碍激发企业活力与创新潜能的政策壁垒，为各类企业创造平等竞争的市场环境。第三，推动教育科技人才一体化改革，为发展新质生产力提供根本动力。“要深化经济体制、科技体制等改革，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点”。要深化教育体制、科技体制和创新体制改革，打通教育、科技和人才的融合创新通道，提升国家创新体系的整体效能。

3. An Institutional System to Promote Common Prosperity for All the People

3.推动全体人民共同富裕的制度体系

“Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people.” [27]27 This is a standard definition of Chinese-path modernization, as articulated in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022). At present, China’s development still faces the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development; the gap between urban and rural areas and between regions in development and income distribution remains relatively large; there are still shortcomings in ensuring people’s livelihood; especially as the demographic structure changes, it is necessary to further improve the relevant systems and mechanisms for ensuring and improving people’s livelihood, and build an institutional system to promote common prosperity for all the people. First, improve a series of basic guarantee systems in the field of people’s livelihood. We should focus on practical issues of concern to the people, continuously improve the income distribution system, increase the income of low-income groups, and steadily expand the size of the middle-income group; improve the employment-first policy and the policy support system for key groups’ employment; improve the social security system for old-age care, unemployment, work-related injuries, etc., and further increase the coverage rate of social security; deepen the reform of the medical and health system, and continuously improve the public health system; accelerate the establishment of a housing system that combines rental and purchase, and accelerate the construction of a new model for real estate development, so as to truly achieve the goals of having children cared for, receiving education, earning income through labor, having access to medical care, being cared for in old age, having a place to live, and receiving support when weak. [28]28 This eight-character phrase (幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶) is a standard Party formulation for comprehensive social welfare goals. Second, establish a population system that adapts to demographic changes. “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population.” [29]29 This is another standard definition of Chinese-path modernization from the 20th National Congress report. The population issue is a fundamental and long-term issue concerning the advancement of Chinese-path modernization. We must deeply grasp the characteristics and trends of China’s demographic changes, continuously improve the birth support policy system and incentive mechanism on the fertility side, and actively respond to the risks and challenges brought about by demographic changes; on the elderly care side, continuously improve the policy mechanisms for developing elderly care services and industries, build a population service system covering the entire population and the whole life cycle, and promote high-quality population development.

“中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。”当前，我国发展还存在发展不平衡不充分的问题，城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大，民生保障仍存在短板，特别是随着人口结构发生变化，需要进一步健全保障和改善民生的相关体制机制，构建推动全体人民共同富裕的制度体系。第一，完善民生领域的一系列基本保障制度。要着眼于人民群众切身关心的实际问题，不断完善收入分配制度，增加低收入群体收入，稳步扩大中等收入群体规模；完善就业优先政策，完善重点群体就业支持政策体系；健全养老、失业、工伤等社会保障体系，进一步提高社会保障覆盖率；深化医药卫生体制改革，持续健全公共卫生体系；加快建立租购并举的住房制度，加快构建房地产发展新模式等，真正实现幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶。第二，建立与人口变化相适应的人口制度体系。“中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化。”人口问题是事关推进中国式现代化的基础性、长远性问题。要深刻把握我国人口变化的特点和趋势，在生育端不断完善生育支持政策体系和激励机制，积极应对人口变化带来的风险和挑战；在养老端不断完善发展养老事业和养老产业政策机制，构建起覆盖全人群、全生命周期的人口服务体系，促进人口高质量发展。

4. An Institutional System for Realizing the Comprehensive Development of the Individual

4.实现人的全面发展的制度体系

“Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress advancing in tandem.” The essence of Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of people, and its ultimate goal is to realize people’s free and all-round development. People’s free and all-round development includes not only material abundance but also the enrichment of the spiritual world and the free development of individuality. In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to continuously build an institutional system that corresponds to the modernization of people and accelerate the realization of people’s modernization. First, establish an educational system and mechanism that meets people’s all-round development. Education is the basic condition for promoting people’s development. On the one hand, it is necessary to promote educational equity and strive to achieve the sharing of educational resources. It is necessary to optimize the allocation of regional educational resources, establish a basic public education service supply mechanism that is coordinated with demographic changes, improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality and balanced compulsory education, and explore the gradual expansion of the scope of free education. On the other hand, it is necessary to promote the high-quality development of education, build an education system that comprehensively cultivates moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic and labor education, form a higher-level talent cultivation system, and promote people’s all-round development. In addition, it is necessary to promote the establishment of a lifelong learning and development education mechanism to promote people’s continuous development and progress. Second, optimize the supply mechanism for spiritual and cultural products. On the one hand, it is necessary to gradually improve the basic public cultural service system, establish a mechanism for high-quality cultural resources to reach the grassroots directly, and accelerate the equalization of basic public cultural services. Continuously optimize the supply mechanism for cultural services and cultural products, and improve the quality of the supply of spiritual and cultural products. On the other hand, it is necessary to vigorously develop the cultural industry to meet the multi-level and diversified cultural needs of the people. Third, improve the institutional system for whole-process people’s democracy. Continuously expanding the people’s orderly political participation and ensuring that the people are the masters of the country are also important components of realizing people’s all-round development. Continuously enrich the forms of democracy at all levels, effectively enhance the people’s awareness and ability to participate in politics, and truly realize whole-process people’s democracy.

“中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化。”中国式现代化的本质是人的现代化，最终目的是实现人的自由全面发展。人的自由全面发展不仅包括物质生活的丰富，还包括精神世界的充实、个性的自由发展等。在推进中国式现代化的进程中，需要不断构建起与人的现代化相适应的制度体系，加快实现人的现代化。第一，构建满足人的全面发展的教育体制机制。教育是促进人的发展的基础条件。一方面，要促进教育公平，努力实现教育资源的共享。要优化区域教育资源配置，建立同人口变化相协调的基本公共教育服务供给机制，完善义务教育优质均衡推进机制，探索逐步扩大免费教育范围。另一方面，要推动教育的高质量发展，构建德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系，形成更高水平的人才培养体系，促进人的全面发展。除此之外，还需要推动构建终身学习和发展的教育机制，推动人的持续发展进步。第二，优化精神文化产品供给机制。一方面，要逐步完善基本公共文化服务体系，建立优质文化资源直达基层机制，加快实现基本公共文化服务的均等化。不断优化文化服务和文化产品供给机制，提高精神文化产品供给的质量。另一方面，要大力发展文化产业，满足人民群众多层次、多样化的文化需求。第三，健全全过程人民民主的制度体系。不断扩大人民群众有序政治参与，保障人民当家作主，也是实现人的全面发展的重要内容。不断丰富各层级民主形式，切实增强人民群众的政治参与意识和能力，真正实现全过程人民民主。

5. The institutional system for promoting harmony between humanity and nature

5.促进人与自然和谐共生的制度体系

“Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature.” Humanity and nature are an inseparable community of life. Ecological and environmental issues not only directly affect the current quality of life of humanity but also affect the well-being of future generations. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve long-term mechanisms and institutional systems for protecting nature and ecology, and strive to achieve harmony between humanity and nature. First, improve the basic system for ecological civilization. Since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, a series of effective institutional systems have been established in the field of ecological and environmental protection. The next step is to further improve the basic system, formulate a full-process mechanism for ecological and environmental assessment, monitoring, supervision, and evaluation, and explore the construction of basic systems for ecological and environmental protection. Second, improve the ecological and environmental governance system. It is necessary to further improve the relevant systems and mechanisms for environmental governance, place greater emphasis on the precision and scientific nature of environmental governance, improve the systems and mechanisms for precise pollution control, scientific pollution control, and law-based pollution control, and improve the mechanisms for the integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts. Third, improve the mechanism for green and low-carbon development. Economic development and ecological protection are not antagonistic. It is necessary to integrate economic development and ecological protection, accelerate the formation of green production methods and lifestyles, develop green productive forces, implement the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” and build an institutional system conducive to the development of green and low-carbon industries.

“中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。”人与自然是紧密不可分的生命共同体。生态环境问题不仅直接关系人类当前的生活质量，更影响子孙后代的福祉。因此，必须建立并完善保护自然和生态的长效机制和制度体系，努力实现人与自然的和谐共生。第一，完善生态文明基础体制。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，生态环境保护领域已经建立起了一系列有效的制度体系，接下来需要进一步完善基础体制，制定全流程的生态环境评估、监测、监管、考核机制，探索构建生态环境保护方面的基本制度。第二，健全生态环境治理体系。需要进一步完善环境治理的相关体制机制，更加强调环境治理的精准化和科学化，完善精准治污、科学治污、依法治污体制机制，健全山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理机制等。第三，健全绿色低碳发展机制。经济发展与生态保护并非对立的关系，要将经济发展和生态保护贯通起来，加快形成绿色生产方式和生活方式，发展绿色生产力，落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念，构建有利于发展绿色低碳产业的制度体系。

6. The institutional system for creating a favorable external environment

6.营造良好外部环境的制度体系

“Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development.” Chinese-path modernization is an organic component of the modernization of all countries in the world, and it continuously develops through exchange and interaction with the modernization of other countries. At present and for some time to come, China’s development remains in an important period of strategic opportunity. In particular, the “two overall situations” [30]30 The “two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century. are intertwined and interact with each other, providing new opportunities for advancing Chinese-path modernization while also posing many new challenges. With the rise of anti-globalization sentiments and the intensification of great-power games, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of an institutional system for creating a favorable external environment in accordance with changes in the domestic and international situation, so as to provide favorable external conditions for advancing Chinese-path modernization. First, accelerate the establishment of a new system for a higher-level open economy. Economic globalization is the general trend of world history. It is necessary to steadily expand institutional opening-up, deepen the reform of the foreign trade system, deepen the reform of the management system for foreign investment and outbound investment, optimize the layout of regional opening-up, and improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to integrate into the world with a more proactive posture, thereby gaining the initiative in global competition and continuously expanding the development space for Chinese-path modernization. Second, improve the systems and mechanisms for safeguarding national security. At present, the international environment is becoming increasingly complex, and the instability and uncertainty of the international situation have further increased, posing severe challenges to China’s national security. In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between development and security, accelerate the improvement of systems and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, and at the same time steadily advance the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, ensuring the stable and long-term progress of Chinese-path modernization. Third, accelerate the promotion of the institutional system for building a community with a shared future for mankind. “China’s modernization emphasizes mutual benefit and win-win cooperation with other countries, promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and strives to contribute to human peace and development.” It is necessary to deepen the reform of the foreign affairs work mechanism, and build a set of foreign affairs work mechanisms that ensure the resolute implementation of the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee on foreign affairs, while also being able to proactively adapt to new changes in the international situation and strengthen friendly exchanges and cooperation between China and other countries. It is necessary to actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system, lead the direction of change in the international system and order, promote the building of a more just and reasonable international order, and create a more favorable external environment for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

“中国式现代化是走和平发展道路的现代化。”中国式现代化是世界各国现代化的有机组成部分，在与世界各国现代化的交流互动中不断发展。当前和今后一个时期，我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，特别是“两个大局”同步交织、相互激荡，为推进中国式现代化提供了新的机遇，也提出了许多新的挑战。随着逆全球化思潮的兴起、大国博弈的日趋激烈，需要根据国内外形势的变化，加快构建营造良好外部环境的制度体系，为推进中国式现代化提供有利的外部条件。第一，加快推进建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。经济全球化是世界历史大势，要稳步扩大制度型开放，深化外贸体制改革，深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，优化区域开放布局和完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，以更主动的姿态融入世界，从而在全球竞争中占据主动，不断拓展中国式现代化的发展空间。第二，完善维护国家安全体制机制。当前，国际环境日趋复杂，国际局势不稳定性、不确定性进一步增强，这给我国国家安全构成了严峻挑战。在推进中国式现代化的进程中，要统筹好发展和安全的关系，加快完善维护国家安全的体制机制，同时稳步推进国防和军队现代化建设，保障中国式现代化行稳致远。第三，加快推动构建人类命运共同体的制度体系。“我国现代化强调同世界各国互利共赢，推动构建人类命运共同体，努力为人类和平与发展作出贡献。”要深化外事工作机制改革，构建一套确保党中央对外工作决策部署坚决贯彻执行，同时又能够主动适应国际形势新变化、强化我国和世界其他国家友好交流合作的外事工作机制。要积极参与到全球治理体系的改革和建设中，引领国际体系和秩序变革方向，推动构建更加公正合理的国际秩序，为推进中国式现代化营造更加良好的外部环境。

Source: *Research on Marxism*, Issue 11, 2024

文章来源：《马克思主义研究 》2024年第11期

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆