A Study of Xi Jinping’s Important Expositions on Integrated Urban-Rural Development

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has persistently taken the resolution

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持把解决好“三农”问题作为全党工作的重中之重，将乡村视为与城市具有同等地位的有机整体，高度重视城乡融合发展。习近平多次就城乡融合发展进行阐述，深刻回答了为什么要实现城乡融合发展、实现什么样的城乡融合发展、如何实现城乡融合发展等重大理论和实践问题，为新时代正确处理城乡关系提供了根本遵循。深入研究习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，有助于深化对城乡融合发展的认识，以党的创新理论指导实践活动，扎实推进我国城乡融合发展进程。

I. The Theoretical Logic of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourse on Urban-Rural Integrated Development

一、习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的理论逻辑

The theoretical logic of Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development can be grasped from four aspects: its theoretical foundation, cultural foundation, experiential foundation, and practical foundation.

习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的理论逻辑，可以从其理论基础、文化基础、经验基础与实践基础四个方面来把握。

(A) Theoretical Foundation: The Marxist Theory of Urban-Rural Development

（一）理论基础：马克思主义城乡发展理论

First, Xi Jinping emphasizes the material foundation of urban-rural integrated development. Based on the law of the movement of contradictions between productive forces and relations of production, Marx and Engels pointed out that the urban-rural relationship passes through stages of development from “chaos” to “opposition” and then to “integration.” The development of productive forces in capitalist society broke the state of urban-rural unity: “The opposition between town and country begins with the transition from barbarism to civilization, from tribe to state, from locality to nation, and runs through the whole history of civilization to the present day.” [1]1 *Analects of Confucius*, Book XVI, “Ji Shi,” Chapter 1. The original passage discusses the governance of a state, emphasizing equitable distribution and social stability over mere material abundance. With the development of the social division of labor and the increase in the degree of specialization, cities and villages exhibit different modes of production and ways of life, but their oppositional relationship will be terminated by the development of productive forces at a higher stage. The development of productive forces pushes urban-rural development into an integrated stage that “combines the advantages of urban and rural lifestyles, avoiding the one-sidedness and shortcomings of both.” [2]2 *Lüshi Chunqiu*, a classical Chinese text compiled around 239 BCE under the patronage of Lü Buwei, Prime Minister of the Qin state. The cited passage advocates impartiality as the foundation of good governance. Under new historical conditions, Xi Jinping has inherited and developed the Marxist and Engelsian theory of urban-rural integrated development. He clearly states, “Promoting urban-rural integration is an inevitable requirement when industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization reach a certain stage,” because “no matter how far industrialization and urbanization progress, agriculture must develop, villages will not disappear, and cities and villages will coexist for a long time,” and “without rural development, urbanization will lack a foundation.” [3]3 *Book of Songs* (or *Classic of Poetry*), the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, compiled between the 11th and 7th centuries BCE. The phrase “min yi lao zhi, qi ke xiao kang” is a classical expression of the aspiration for a modestly comfortable life. As China’s economic strength and comprehensive national power have significantly increased, the material and technological conditions to support urban-rural integration have been achieved, and “the stage has been reached where industry can support agriculture and cities can support villages.” [4]4 Guanzi (c. 720–645 BCE), a Chinese philosopher and statesman associated with Legalist and economic thought, traditionally credited with the text *Guanzi*. The cited idea links good governance to the material well-being of the people. Adapting to these new features and new requirements, accelerating urban-rural integrated development is an inevitable choice for China to correctly handle urban-rural relations and enable the broad masses of the people to truly share the fruits of reform and development.

第一，习近平注重城乡融合发展的物质基础。马克思、恩格斯基于生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动规律，指出城乡关系呈现出从“混沌”到“对立”，再到“融合”的发展阶次。资本主义社会生产力的发展打破了城乡一体的状态，“城乡之间的对立是随着野蛮向文明的过渡、部落制度向国家的过渡、地域局限性向民族的过渡而开始的，它贯穿着文明的全部历史直至现在”。随着社会分工的发展和专业化程度的提高，城市与乡村呈现出不同的生产方式和生活方式，但二者的对立关系会被更高阶段的生产力发展所终结。生产力的发展促使城乡发展进入“把城市和农村生活方式的优点结合起来，避免二者的片面性和缺点”的融合发展阶段。在新的历史条件下，习近平继承和发展了马克思、恩格斯的城乡融合发展理论。他明确指出，“推进城乡发展一体化，是工业化、城镇化、农业现代化发展到一定阶段的必然要求”，因为“不管工业化、城镇化进展到哪一步，农业都要发展，乡村都不会消亡，城乡将长期共生并存”，“没有农村发展，城镇化就会缺乏根基”。随着我国经济实力和综合国力显著增强，具备了支撑城乡发展一体化的物质技术条件，“到了工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的发展阶段”。顺应这一新特征新要求，加快城乡融合发展，是我国正确处理城乡关系，让广大人民群众切实共享改革发展成果的必然选择。

Second, Xi Jinping emphasizes the need to fully leverage the institutional advantages of socialism. Marx analyzed the causes of the emergence of the urban-rural opposition, arguing that with the rise of capitalist private ownership and the development of capitalist productive forces, “all relations arising from the old rural mode of production would dissolve.” [5]5 “San nong” (三农) is an abbreviation for agriculture (农业), rural areas (农村), and farmers (农民), a standard policy term in China. Engels believed that “capitalist society cannot eliminate this opposition; on the contrary, it inevitably sharpens it.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. Marx and Engels pointed out that the primary condition for establishing a community is to eliminate the opposition between town and country. Urban-rural integrated development takes the demise of capitalism as its institutional prerequisite. Based on the development of China’s socialist market economy, Xi Jinping, when discussing the practical path of urban-rural integrated development, focuses on fully leveraging the institutional advantages of China’s socialism, emphasizing both strategic top-level design and the coordinated cooperation of various policies. From coordinating the dual drivers of new-type urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization to promote urban-rural integrated development, to coordinating the three-pronged efforts of new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization to improve the institutional mechanisms for urban-rural integrated development, this reflects the deepening understanding of the laws of urban-rural integrated development by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. As Xi Jinping points out, “In the process of modernization, how to handle the relationship between industry and agriculture, and between urban and rural areas, determines the success or failure of modernization to a certain extent.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. The tripartite coordination and systematic integration of new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization essentially aims to smooth the circulation between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas, promote functional complementarity between urban and rural areas, and form a new type of urban-rural relationship. It is a vivid practice of combining urban-rural relations with industry-agriculture relations.

第二，习近平强调要充分发挥社会主义制度优势。马克思分析了城乡对立产生的原因，认为伴随资本主义私有制的产生与资本主义生产力的发展，“一切从农村旧的生产方式产生的关系就会解体。”恩格斯认为，“资本主义社会不能消灭这种对立，相反，它必然使这种对立日益尖锐化。”马克思、恩格斯指出，建立共同体的首要条件是消灭城乡之间的对立。城乡融合发展以资本主义的消亡为制度前提。习近平立足我国社会主义市场经济的发展，在论及城乡融合发展的现实路向时，注重充分发挥我国社会主义制度优势，既强调战略顶层设计，又重视各项政策的协同配合。从统筹推进新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴双轮驱动促进城乡融合发展，到统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴三向发力完善城乡融合发展体制机制，体现了以习近平同志为核心的党中央对城乡融合发展规律认识的不断深化。如同习近平指出的那样，“在现代化进程中，如何处理好工农关系、城乡关系，在一定程度上决定着现代化的成败。”新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴的三方统筹、系统集成，其本质在于畅通工农城乡循环，促进城乡功能互补，形成新型城乡关系，是城乡关系与工农关系相结合的生动实践。

(B) Cultural Foundation: Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture

（二）文化基础：中华优秀传统文化

Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development is a flexible application of the rich connotations of excellent traditional Chinese culture. The values within excellent traditional Chinese culture that emphasize protecting nature, fairness, and enriching the people constitute important ideological content of Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development.

习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是对中华优秀传统文化丰富内涵的灵活运用。中华优秀传统文化中注重保护自然与强调公平、富民的价值观念，是构成习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的重要思想内容。

First, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development profoundly embodies the civilizational concept of protecting nature in excellent traditional Chinese culture. To begin with, Xi Jinping emphasizes the symbiotic and coexisting relationship between humans and nature in urban-rural integrated development. China’s thought of “unity of heaven and humanity,” expressed in phrases like “above and below, one with heaven and earth in the same flow” and “master the mandate of heaven and use it,” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. originated in traditional agricultural civilization. It emphasizes the close, unitary connection between humans and nature, admonishing people to act in accordance with heaven. Xi Jinping requires that in

第一，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，深刻体现了中华优秀传统文化中保护自然的文明理念。首先，习近平强调城乡融合发展中人与自然共生共存的关系。我国“上下与天地同流”“制天命而用之”的“天人合一”思想产生于传统农耕文明，强调人类与自然一元统一的紧密联系，告诫人们要顺天而行。习近平要求在城乡建设中把生态环境放在更加突出的位置，“城市工作要把创造优良人居环境作为中心目标”，“让城市融入大自然……让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁。”其次，习近平强调城乡融合发展中经济社会发展的可持续性。习近平提出：“我们要以自然之道，养万物之生，从保护自然中寻找发展机遇，实现生态环境保护和经济高质量发展双赢。”这是对“取之以道，用之以时”“草木荣华滋硕之时，则斧斤不入山林，不夭其生，不绝其长也”思想的继承与发展。习近平指出，实现乡村全面振兴，既要“发展生态低碳农业”，又要“加强乡村环境整治”，“持续推进农村人居环境整治”，建设兼顾生产绿色和生活绿色的美丽乡村，实现经济社会发展和生态环境保护相协调。

Second, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development profoundly embodies the value orientation of common prosperity in fine traditional Chinese culture. The *Analects of Confucius* (Book XVI, “Ji Shi”) records, “One is not concerned about scarcity but about inequality; one is not concerned about poverty but about instability.” [1]1 *Analects of Confucius*, Book XVI, “Ji Shi,” Chapter 1. The original passage discusses the governance of a state, emphasizing equitable distribution and social stability over mere material abundance. The *Lüshi Chunqiu* (Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lü, “Meng Chun Ji, Gui Gong”) records, “To govern the world, one must first be impartial; when impartial, the world will be at peace.” [2]2 *Lüshi Chunqiu*, a classical Chinese text compiled around 239 BCE under the patronage of Lü Buwei, Prime Minister of the Qin state. The cited passage advocates impartiality as the foundation of good governance. Both reflect the simple “equality” and “common” distributional views that have existed in China for thousands of years. Xi Jinping emphasizes that work on common prosperity in rural areas must be grasped urgently: “To promote common prosperity, the most arduous and heaviest task remains in the countryside.” The essence of urban-rural integrated development is to enable the broad masses of farmers to share in the fruits of reform and development: “We must firmly grasp the political direction of the rural revitalization strategy, uphold the collective ownership nature of rural land, develop new-type collective economies, and take the path of common prosperity.” The concept of a moderately prosperous society (*xiaokang*) proposed in the *Book of Songs* (Greater Odes, “Min Lao”) — “The people are weary and toiling; may they approach a state of moderate prosperity” [3]3 *Book of Songs* (or *Classic of Poetry*), the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, compiled between the 11th and 7th centuries BCE. The phrase “min yi lao zhi, qi ke xiao kang” is a classical expression of the aspiration for a modestly comfortable life. — and Guanzi’s thought that “the way to govern a state is to first enrich the people” [4]4 Guanzi (c. 720–645 BCE), a Chinese philosopher and statesman associated with Legalist and economic thought, traditionally credited with the text *Guanzi*. The cited idea links good governance to the material well-being of the people. are both intrinsically compatible with the socialist concept of common prosperity. Xi Jinping points out that it is necessary to “mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the broad masses of farmers, turning their longing for a better life into the driving force for rural revitalization,” and in advancing comprehensive rural revitalization, “we must accelerate the establishment of long-term policy mechanisms to promote sustained and relatively rapid increases in farmers’ incomes,” thereby promoting common prosperity for all the people.

第二，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，深刻体现了中华优秀传统文化中共同富裕的价值取向。《论语·季氏》 记载的“不患寡而患不均，不患贫而患不安”和 《吕氏春秋·孟春纪·贵公》记载的“治天下也，必先公，公则天下平矣”，都体现了中国几千年来朴素的“平等”“共同”分配观。习近平强调，要抓紧农村共同富裕工作，“促进共同富裕，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村。”城乡融合发展的本质就是让广大农民共享改革发展成果，“要把好乡村振兴战略的政治方向，坚持农村土地集体所有制性质，发展新型集体经济，走共同富裕道路。”《诗经·大雅·民劳》提出的“民亦劳止，汔可小康”的小康社会理念，管子的“凡治国之道，必先富民”思想，都与社会主义共同富裕的理念具有内在契合性。习近平指出，要“调动广大农民积极性、主动性、创造性，把广大农民对美好生活的向往化为推动乡村振兴的动力”，在推进乡村全面振兴过程中，“要加快构建促进农民持续较快增收的长效政策机制”，促进全体人民共同富裕。

(3) Empirical Foundation: Practical Exploration by the Chinese Communist Party in Handling Urban-Rural Relations

（三）经验基础：中国共产党处理城乡关系的实践探索

Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development is a scientific summation and innovative development of the Chinese Communist Party’s practical experience in handling urban-rural relations.

习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是对中国共产党处理城乡关系实践经验的科学总结和创新发展。

First, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on integrated urban-rural development is the fundamental guideline for correctly understanding urban-rural relations in the New Era. To begin with, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on integrated urban-rural development represents a systematic restructuring of the past imbalance in urban-rural development. Xi Jinping points out: “The greatest imbalance in China’s development is the imbalance between urban and rural development, and the greatest inadequacy is the inadequacy of rural development.” [5]5 “San nong” (三农) is an abbreviation for agriculture (农业), rural areas (农村), and farmers (农民), a standard policy term in China. The imbalance between urban and rural development is the result of a unique urban-rural dual system formed historically in China; this problem first emerged during the planned economy period and became further accentuated during the period of accelerated urbanization. During the planned economy period, China’s rural areas implemented the people’s commune system of “three levels of ownership, with the production team as the base,” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. providing factors of production and accumulating economic surplus for industrial development. The “Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Household Registration,” promulgated and implemented in 1958, marked the formation of a household registration management system centered on strictly restricting the flow of rural population to cities, thereby solidifying the rigidity of the urban-rural dual structure. Since reform and opening up, during the period of accelerated urbanization in China, the urban-rural dual land system and household registration system have further deepened the imbalance in urban-rural development: on the one hand, there is the phenomenon whereby the land value-added gains generated when agricultural land is converted to non-agricultural land belong to the city government, so that urban prosperity is accompanied by rural decline; on the other hand, urban and rural residents are not equal in terms of rights linked to household registration, such as employment and medical insurance, a problem prominently manifested in the issue of migrant workers. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Building a moderately prosperous society

第一，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是新时代正确认识城乡关系的根本遵循。首先，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是对过去城乡发展不平衡的系统重构。习近平指出：“我国发展最大的不平衡是城乡发展不平衡，最大的不充分是农村发展不充分。”城乡发展不平衡是我国历史形成的独特的城乡二元体制发展的结果，该问题在计划经济时期初现端倪，在城市化加速时期进一步凸显。计划经济时期，我国农村实行“三级所有，队为基础”的人民公社体制，为工业化发展提供生产要素、积累经济剩余。1958年颁布实施的《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》，标志着以严格限制农村人口向城市流动为核心的户籍管理制度的形成，进而促成了城乡二元结构刚性化。改革开放以来，在我国城市化加速推进期间，城乡二元的土地制度和户籍制度进一步加深了城乡发展不平衡：一方面，存在农业用地转为非农用地后产生的土地增值收益属于城市政府，城市繁荣的同时是农村的凋敝的现象；另一方面，城乡居民在与户籍挂钩的就业、医保等权利方面并不平等，突出表现为农民工问题。习近平强调：“全面建成小康社会离不开农民工的辛勤劳动和奉献，要更多关心、关爱农民工。”针对城乡发展不平衡问题，习近平明确提出，“要坚持以改革为动力，不断破解城乡二元结构”，推进城乡融合发展。其次，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是对城乡关系认识的进一步深化。为了加快国家工业化进程，在工业化起步阶段，需要农业哺育工业、农村支持城市，政策的立足点表现为以城市为主。随着工业化、城镇化的发展，到了工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的新阶段。推进城乡融合发展的核心是打破城市本位的发展思路，将农业农村从“工业反哺农业、城市支持农村”的被动局面中解放出来。习近平指出：“我们一开始就没有提城市化，而是提城镇化，目的就是促进城乡融合。”新时代新征程上，要畅通城乡要素双向流动，充分发挥农业农村农民的自主性创造性，让广大农民共享改革发展成果，重塑新型城乡关系。

Second, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development serves as the action guide for correctly handling urban-rural relations in the New Era. Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development emphasizes the supporting role of new-type industrialization in urban-rural integrated development. Xi Jinping points out that it is necessary to coordinate new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization: “To revitalize the countryside, we cannot discuss the countryside solely on its own terms; we must still strengthen the use of industry to support agriculture and the use of cities to drive the countryside.” New-type industrialization is the key to advancing urban-rural integrated development. On the one hand, new-type industrialization assists the construction of new-type urbanization by inducing a transformation in the mode of production. New-type industrialization shifts the production activities of townships from primarily agricultural production to primarily industrial production, which can form a rational concentration of industries and populations, thereby promoting the construction of new-type urbanization with counties as important carriers. On the other hand, new-type industrialization provides dynamic support for comprehensive rural revitalization and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Xi Jinping points out that it is necessary to “accelerate the transformation of the agricultural development model, accelerate the pace of agricultural technological innovation, and forge a path of intensive, efficient, safe, and sustainable modern agricultural development.” New-type industrialization is the focal point for accelerating the pace of agricultural modernization; it is essential to support the development of agricultural modernization with an intelligent, green, and high-end new-type industrialization system. By providing modern facilities, promoting the cultivation of improved varieties, extending the agricultural product industry chain and value chain, and connecting the agricultural product supply chain, new-type industrialization can raise the level of intensive and intelligent agricultural production and promote the high-quality development of rural industries. At the same time, Xi Jinping’s important discourse on urban-rural integrated development emphasizes the coordination between ecological environmental protection and economic and social development. On the one hand, Xi Jinping emphasizes the relationship between urban production and living and ecological environmental protection. Xi Jinping points out: “Urban development cannot only consider the benefits of economies of scale; ecology and safety must be placed in a more prominent position.” The modernization of cities is a modernization in which humans and nature coexist harmoniously; it requires coordinating spatial layout, planning development paths, adhering to the principle that the people’s city is for the people, and building livable cities where humans and nature coexist and thrive together, thereby both improving the quality of economic development and enhancing the quality of life of urban residents. On the other hand, Xi Jinping attaches importance to the relationship between agricultural production and living and ecological environmental protection. Xi Jinping points out: “The rural environment directly affects the rice bag, the vegetable basket, the water tank, and the back garden of towns and cities.” Building a more beautiful and livable socialist new countryside must adapt measures to local conditions and seek truth from facts, “solidly implement the three-year action plan for the improvement of the rural living environment, advance the ‘toilet revolution’ in rural areas, and improve rural living facilities.”

第二，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，是新时代正确处理城乡关系的行动指南。习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，强调新型工业化对城乡融合发展的支撑作用。习近平指出，要统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，“振兴乡村，不能就乡村论乡村，还是要强化以工补农、以城带乡。”新型工业化是推进城乡融合发展的关键。一方面，新型工业化通过诱发生产方式的转变来助力新型城镇化建设。新型工业化使得乡镇的生产活动从以农业生产为主转向以工业生产为主，可以形成产业和人口的合理集聚，从而促进以县域为重要载体的新型城镇化建设。另一方面，新型工业化为乡村全面振兴和农业农村现代化建设提供动力支持。习近平指出，要“加快转变农业发展方式，加快农业技术创新步伐，走出一条集约、高效、安全、持续的现代农业发展道路”。新型工业化是加快农业现代化步伐的着眼点，必须以智能化、绿色化、高端化的新型工业化体系支撑农业现代化发展。新型工业化通过提供现代设施、推进良种培育、延长农产品产业链价值链、贯通农产品供应链，可以提高农业生产的集约化智能化水平，促进乡村产业高质量发展。同时，习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，强调生态环境保护与经济社会发展的协调。一方面，习近平强调城市生产生活和生态环境保护的关系问题。习近平指出：“城市发展不能只考虑规模经济效益，必须把生态和安全放在更加突出的位置。”城市的现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，需要统筹空间布局、规划发展路径，坚持人民城市为人民，建设人与自然共生共荣的宜居城市，既提高经济发展质量，又提高城市人民生活品质。另一方面，习近平重视农业生产生活和生态环境保护的关系问题。习近平指出：“农村环境直接影响米袋子、菜篮子、水缸子、城镇后花园。”建设更加美丽宜居的社会主义新农村要因地制宜、实事求是，“扎实实施农村人居环境整治三年行动计划，推进农村‘厕所革命’，完善农村生活设施。”

(4) Practical Foundation: Socialist Modernization Construction in the New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

（四）实践基础：新时代中国特色社会主义现代化建设

Entering the New Era, focusing on the changes in China’s development stage and the principal social contradiction, and on the basis of a profound insight into the laws and trends of urban-rural relations, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core made strategic deployments for new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization. It coordinated the relationship between an efficient market and a competent government, and strived to build a new type of industry-agriculture and urban-rural relationship characterized by mutual promotion between industry and agriculture, complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development, and shared prosperity, thereby accelerating the realization of agricultural and rural modernization.

进入新时代，着眼于我国发展阶段和社会主要矛盾的变化，在深刻洞察城乡关系发展规律和趋势的基础上，以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴的战略部署，统筹有效市场和有为政府的关系，着力构建工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系，加快实现农业农村现代化。

First, the functional positioning of complementarity between urban and rural resource factors is an important content of Xi Jinping’s elaboration on urban-rural integrated development. To begin with, the functional positioning of complementarity between urban and rural resource factors is a manifestation of the historic transformation of China’s industry-agriculture and urban-rural relations. In December 2020, Xi Jinping emphasized at the Central Conference on Rural Work: “The next fifteen years are a window period for breaking down the urban-rural dual structure and perfecting the systems and mechanisms for urban-rural integrated development.” Promoting urban-rural integrated development requires scientifically assessing the major structural and trend-based changes in future urban-rural relations. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has accumulated valuable experience in correctly handling urban-rural relations. Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the issue of urban-rural integrated development, led the entire people in comprehensively winning the battle against poverty, implemented the strategy of comprehensive rural revitalization, promoted historic achievements in the development of China’s industry-agriculture and urban-rural relations, and created new social conditions for realizing urban-rural integrated development. In 2024, China’s agricultural production reached a new level, farmers’ incomes grew steadily, rural society was harmonious and stable, the work concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers [“san nong” work] progressed steadily while maintaining stability, and the role of the countryside in supporting and guaranteeing cities became more prominent. Furthermore, the functional positioning of complementarity between urban and rural resource factors is the starting point for China to unleash the initiative of farmers and narrow the urban-rural gap in the future. The objective law of an increasing proportion of the urban population and a decreasing proportion of the rural population, combined with the national condition of China’s huge population size, jointly determine that cities and the countryside will coexist for a long time. Xi Jinping proposed that the “focal point for solving the problem of unbalanced urban-rural development is to form a new type of industry-agriculture and urban-rural relationship characterized by industry promoting agriculture, cities driving the countryside, mutual benefit between industry and agriculture, and urban-rural integration, through establishing systems and mechanisms for urban-rural integrated development.” Towns and the countryside, as two sides of an organic whole, have their uniqueness and complementarity. Towns have advantages in terms of population agglomeration, industrial collaboration, and the level of new-type industrialization, while the countryside has greater advantages in terms of agricultural supply and ecological development. It is necessary to vigorously develop the county economy, “unify strengthening the county and enriching the people, and combine reform with development,” strengthen the connection of industrial chains between urban and rural areas, promote specialized division of labor and collaboration, and further optimize the layout of urban and rural productive forces.

第一，我国城乡资源要素互补的功能定位是习近平阐述城乡融合发展的重要内容。首先，城乡资源要素互补的功能定位是我国工农城乡关系历史性变革的体现。2020年12月，习近平在中央农村工作会议上强调：“今后十五年是破除城乡二元结构、健全城乡融合发展体制机制的窗口期。”推动城乡融合发展要科学研判未来城乡关系发展的重大结构性、趋势性变化。新中国成立以来，我国积累了正确处理城乡关系的宝贵经验。新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视城乡融合发展问题，领导全国人民全面打赢脱贫攻坚战，实施乡村全面振兴战略，推动我国工农城乡关系发展取得历史性成就，为实现城乡融合发展创造了新的社会条件。2024年，我国农业生产迈上新台阶，农民收入稳步增长，农村社会和谐稳定，“三农”工作稳中有进，乡村对城市的支撑保障作用更加突出。其次，城乡资源要素互补的功能定位是未来我国发挥农民主动性、缩小城乡差距的起点。城镇人口比重上升、农村人口比重下降的客观规律与我国人口规模巨大的国情，共同决定了城市和农村将长期并存。习近平提出，解决城乡发展不平衡问题的“着力点是通过建立城乡融合的体制机制，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系”。城镇和乡村作为一个有机整体的两面，有其独特性和互补性。城镇在人口集聚、产业协作、新型工业化水平等方面具有优势，乡村在农业供给、生态发展等方面更具优势。要大力发展县域经济，“把强县和富民统一起来，把改革和发展结合起来”，加强城乡之间的产业链衔接，推进专业化分工协作，进一步优化城乡生产力布局。

Second, coordinating the relationship between an effective market and a proactive government is the entry point for Xi Jinping’s exposition of integrated urban-rural development. Integrated urban-rural development is a top-level design for solving the problem of the urban-rural gap and promoting rural development. To promote integrated urban-rural development, it is necessary both to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and to better play the role of the government. Building a prosperous countryside by relying solely on the market’s decisive role in resource allocation is insufficient. Integrated urban-rural development involves multiple actors, which requires that all regions and departments “strengthen top-level design, strengthen systematic planning, and strengthen institutional and mechanism innovation,” comprehensively raising the level of urban-rural planning, urban-rural construction, and urban-rural governance, and “giving play to the government’s positive role in planning guidance, policy support, market supervision, and rule-of-law guarantees.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. If only the government’s role is emphasized, the endogenous vitality of urban-rural development cannot be effectively stimulated. Xi Jinping points out: “Rural revitalization hinges on people, hinges on doing.” Only by giving full play to the principal role of the hundreds of millions of people, taking market demand as the guide, liberalizing and invigorating the rural economy, and cultivating new drivers of rural development can common urban-rural prosperity be achieved.

第二，统筹有效市场和有为政府的关系是习近平阐述城乡融合发展的切入点。城乡融合发展是解决城乡差距问题、促进乡村发展的顶层设计。促进城乡融合发展，既要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，又要更好发挥政府作用。建设繁荣的农村仅仅发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用是不够的。城乡融合发展涉及多元主体，这就要求各地区各部门“加强顶层设计，加强系统谋划，加强体制机制创新”，全面提高城乡规划、城乡建设、城乡治理水平，“发挥政府在规划引导、政策支持、市场监管、法治保障等方面的积极作用。”而如果仅仅强调政府的作用，就不能有效激发城乡发展的内生活力。习近平指出：“乡村振兴，关键在人、关键在干。”只有充分发挥亿万人民的主体作用，以市场需求为导向，放开搞活农村经济，培育乡村发展新动能，才能实现城乡共同繁荣。

II. The Epochal Value of Xi Jinping’s Important Expositions on Integrated Urban-Rural Development

二、习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的时代价值

Xi Jinping’s important expositions on integrated urban-rural development, based on the change in China’s principal social contradiction and the development prospects of Chinese-path modernization, emphasize that promoting integrated urban-rural development and building a new type of urban-rural relationship are strategic measures that conform to the national development strategy and respond to the people’s needs. Specifically, the epochal value of promoting integrated urban-rural development lies in its being conducive to advancing Chinese-path modernization, achieving high-quality development, and satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life.

习近平关于城乡融合发展的重要论述，基于我国社会主要矛盾的变化和中国式现代化的发展前景，强调促进城乡融合发展、构建新型城乡关系是符合国家发展战略、呼应人民需要的战略举措。具体而言，促进城乡融合发展的时代价值在于其有利于推进中国式现代化、实现高质量发展、满足人民对美好生活的向往。

(I) Integrated Urban-Rural Development Is an Inevitable Requirement for Building an Agricultural Powerhouse and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

（一）城乡融合发展是建设农业强国、推进中国式现代化的必然要求

Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, and this salient feature determines that integrated urban-rural development is an inevitable requirement for building an agricultural powerhouse and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping points out: “If the agricultural foundation is solid, the countryside is harmonious and stable, and the peasants live and work in peace and contentment, the entire overall situation will be guaranteed, and all work will be relatively proactive.” To build a modern socialist powerhouse, it is necessary to place the accelerated building of an agricultural powerhouse in an important position; only by advancing agricultural and rural modernization can Chinese-path modernization have a solid foundation. “From the perspective of changes unseen in a century in the world, stabilizing the basic agricultural sector and guarding the foundation of agriculture, rural areas, and peasants is the ‘ballast stone’ for responding to changes in the situation and opening up new prospects.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. At present, the inadequacy of China’s rural development is mainly manifested in the lack of a solid agricultural and rural foundation. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Without agricultural modernization, without rural prosperity and strength, and without peasants living and working in peace and contentment, national modernization is incomplete, not comprehensive, and not solid.” Integrated urban-rural development is a strategic arrangement endogenous to the background of changes in China’s urban-rural and industrial-agricultural relations. As Xi Jinping points out, “In

中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化，这一显著特征决定了城乡融合发展是建设农业强国、推进中国式现代化的必然要求。习近平指出：“农业基础稳固，农村和谐稳定，农民安居乐业，整个大局就有保障，各项工作都会比较主动。”建设社会主义现代化强国必须把加快建设农业强国摆在重要位置，只有推进农业农村现代化，中国式现代化才有坚实根基。“从世界百年未有之大变局看，稳住农业基本盘、守好‘三农’基础是应变局、开新局的‘压舱石’。”当前，我国农村发展不充分主要体现为农业农村基础不牢固。习近平强调：“没有农业现代化，没有农村繁荣富强，没有农民安居乐业，国家现代化是不完整、不全面、不牢固的。”城乡融合发展是内生于我国城乡工农关系变革背景下的战略安排。正如习近平指出的那样，“建设农业强国，利器在科技，关键靠改革。”具体而言，城乡融合发展主要通过科技引领和制度创新，为建设农业强国、推进中国式现代化培育发展动力、增加发展活力，助力乡村全面振兴。

First, integrated urban-rural development, through the leadership of science and technology, cultivates developmental momentum for building an agricultural powerhouse and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping points out: “Now more than ever, we need to value and rely on agricultural science and technology innovation.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. To promote integrated urban-rural development, it is necessary to coordinate the advancement of new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization, leveraging cities’ functions and effects in concentrating population, industry, capital, and technology to radiate and drive rural agricultural science and technology innovation, thereby assisting in building an agricultural powerhouse. On the one hand, new-type industrialization provides technological support for agricultural mechanization and automation. New-type industrialization is the main battlefield for technological innovation; it must focus on the six major fields of seeds, arable land, biosecurity, agricultural machinery and equipment, green and low-carbon development, and rural development, developing intelligent breeding, green production, and intelligent production, increasing agricultural output and its stability, strengthening technological research and development and application across the entire agricultural industry chain, improving the cold-chain logistics system for agricultural products, and consolidating the scientific and technological foundation for building an agricultural powerhouse. On the other hand, new-type urbanization provides a source of momentum for agricultural science and technology innovation. New-type urbanization, with county towns as key carriers, is conducive to leveraging the connecting function of county towns in “linking cities and driving villages” and their central function in cultivating “strong agricultural counties, large industrial counties, and famous tourism counties.” Using county areas as platforms to attract the concentration of urban and rural populations can both directly deepen urban-rural connections, thereby exerting cities’ knowledge spillover effects on villages and prompting villages to accept technological diffusion from cities, and indirectly stimulate the vitality of scientific and technological innovation, improving the efficiency of transforming innovation achievements in the two-way interaction between urban and rural areas, thus cultivating developmental momentum for building an agricultural powerhouse and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

第一，城乡融合发展通过科技引领为建设农业强国、推进中国式现代化培育发展动力。习近平指出：“现在比以往任何时候都更加需要重视和依靠农业科技创新。”促进城乡融合发展，要统筹推进新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，发挥城市在集聚人口、产业、资金和技术方面的功能和效应，辐射带动农村农业科技创新，助力建设农业强国。一方面，新型工业化为农业机械自动化提供科技支撑。新型工业化是技术创新的主战场，要聚焦种子、耕地、生物安全、农机装备、绿色低碳和乡村发展六大领域，发展智能育种、绿色生产、智能化生产，增加农业产出及其稳定性，强化农业发展全产业链的技术研发与应用，完善农产品冷链物流体系，夯实建设农业强国的科技基础。另一方面，新型城镇化为农业科技创新提供动力来源。以县城为重要载体的新型城镇化，有利于发挥县城“连接城市、带动乡村”的连接功能和培育“农业强县、工业大县、旅游名县”的中心功能。以县域为平台吸引城乡人口集聚，既能直接加深城乡连接，从而发挥城市对乡村的知识溢出效应，促使乡村接受城市的技术扩散；又能间接激发科技创新活力，在城乡双向互动中提高创新成果转化效率，为农业强国建设和中国式现代化建设培育发展动力。

Second, integrated urban-rural development, through institutional innovation, increases developmental vitality for building an agricultural powerhouse and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping points out: “No matter what level of urbanization is reached, the rural population will still be quite large; even if the urbanization rate reaches seventy percent, there will still be several hundred million people living in rural areas.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. Therefore, greater attention must be paid to rural development, adhering to reform as the driving force, integrating expansion, acceleration, and consolidation, improving the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development, activating rural resource factors, and striving to construct a new pattern of integrated urban-rural development. Xi Jinping particularly emphasizes the importance of Party committees taking the lead in rural revitalization work. He points out: “Party committees and governments at all levels must adhere to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas, and consolidate the political responsibility of Party secretaries at five levels [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. in grasping rural revitalization.” It is necessary to improve the basic rural management system, perfect the grain price formation mechanism, and improve the support system for strengthening agriculture, benefiting farmers, and enriching them, granting farmers more complete property rights and interests, and perfecting the long-term mechanism for promoting comprehensive rural revitalization. Through deepening land system reform and other measures, the reform for the market entry of rural collective operational construction land should be advanced in an orderly manner, the mechanism for distributing income from land value appreciation should be improved, the problem of unequal distribution of land value-added income between urban and rural areas should be resolved, the situation of one-way outflow of rural resources should be changed, the developmental vitality of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers should be stimulated, assisting in building an agricultural powerhouse and advancing Chinese-path modernization. At the same time, Xi Jinping particularly

第二，城乡融合发展通过制度创新为建设农业强国、推进中国式现代化增加发展活力。习近平指出：“不管城镇化发展到什么程度，农村人口还会是一个相当大的规模，即使城镇化率达到了百分之七十，也还有几亿人生活在农村。”因此，要更加重视农村发展，坚持以改革为动力，扩面、提速、集成为一体，完善城乡融合发展体制机制，让农村资源要素活起来，着力构建城乡融合发展新格局。习近平特别强调党委主抓乡村振兴工作的重要性。他指出：“各级党委和政府要坚持农业农村优先发展，夯实五级书记抓乡村振兴政治责任。”要完善农村基本经营制度、健全粮食价格形成机制、完善强农惠农富农支持制度，赋予农民更加充分的财产权益，健全推动乡村全面振兴长效机制。通过深化土地制度改革等有序推进农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革，健全土地增收收益分配机制，解决城乡之间土地增值收益分配不平等问题，改变农村资源单向流出局面，激发农业农村农民发展活力，助力农业强国建设，推进中国式现代化。同时，习近平特别注重制度建设的守正创新。调整上层建筑以适应经济基础，既要根据新时代发展需要进行创新，也要坚持底线思维。习近平指出：“农村改革不论怎么改，都不能把农村土地集体所有制改垮了、把耕地改少了、把粮食生产能力改弱了、把农民利益损害了。”推动城乡融合发展体制机制改革，其本质是要实现好、维护好和发展好最广大农民的根本利益。

(2) Urban-rural integrated development is a powerful driving force for constructing a new development pattern and achieving high-quality development.

（二）城乡融合发展是构建新发展格局、实现高质量发展的强大动力

The complex and severe internal and external situation facing China’s modernization development determines that urban-rural integrated development is a powerful driving force for constructing a new development pattern and achieving high-quality development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China’s economic development has entered a new normal. Facing the situation of increased external pressure and increased internal difficulties, Xi Jinping emphasized: “Constructing a new development pattern is our strategic measure to respond to the great changes in the world, and it is also our preemptive move to conform to the changes in the domestic development stage and grasp the initiative in development.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. Currently, international anti-globalization sentiment has further intensified, and phenomena such as passive disruption and active decoupling of global supply chains occur frequently. It is necessary to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main body and domestic and international dual circulations promoting each other. The strategic focus must be placed on expanding domestic demand, “to expand the space for modernization development, agriculture and rural areas are vast fields with great potential,” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. “to fully leverage the important role of rural areas as consumer markets and factor markets,” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. accelerate the formation of a unified national urban-rural market, and expand the development space of domestic circulation. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The urban-rural economic cycle is an inherent requirement of domestic circulation and is also a key factor in ensuring a healthy proportional relationship between domestic and international dual circulations.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 30, 2020. Urban-rural integrated development creates broad space for constructing a new development pattern and achieving high-quality development mainly from the two aspects of supply and demand.

我国现代化发展面临的内外部复杂严峻形势，决定了城乡融合发展是构建新发展格局、实现高质量发展的强大动力。党的十八大以来，我国经济发展进入新常态。面对外部压力加大、内部困难增多的形势，习近平强调：“构建新发展格局是我们应对世界大变局的战略举措，也是我们顺应国内发展阶段变化、把握发展主动权的先手棋。”当前，国际逆全球化思潮进一步加剧，全球供应链被动断裂和主动脱钩等现象频频发生，必须加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。要把战略基点放在扩大内需上，“拓展现代化发展空间，农业农村是大有可为的广阔天地”，“要充分发挥乡村作为消费市场和要素市场的重要作用”，加快形成全国城乡统一大市场，拓展国内大循环的发展空间。习近平指出：“城乡经济循环是国内大循环的题中应有之义，也是确保国内国际双循环比例关系健康的关键因素。”城乡融合发展主要从供给和需求两个方面为构建新发展格局、实现高质量发展创造广阔空间。

First, integrated urban-rural development releases enormous supply potential. Xi Jinping points out: “Smoothing the cycle between industry and agriculture, between town and country, is an important aspect of smoothing the domestic economic cycle and enhancing the resilience and strategic depth of our economy.” [1]1 *Analects of Confucius*, Book XVI, “Ji Shi,” Chapter 1. The original passage discusses the governance of a state, emphasizing equitable distribution and social stability over mere material abundance. Integrated urban-rural development provides safeguards for China’s economic development and security mainly through factor supply and spatial expansion, thereby enhancing the resilience of our economy. First, integrated urban-rural development implies an abundant supply of agricultural products. As Xi Jinping notes, “Achieving high-quality development also cannot be separated from agricultural development.” [2]2 *Lüshi Chunqiu*, a classical Chinese text compiled around 239 BCE under the patronage of Lü Buwei, Prime Minister of the Qin state. The cited passage advocates impartiality as the foundation of good governance. Food security is a matter of national importance for the stability of the overall economic situation. Integrated urban-rural development takes new industrialization as its prerequisite and vigorously promotes new industrialization; through digitalization, intelligent means, and the like, it can monitor the entire process of seed selection, sowing, cultivation, management, and harvesting, raise the efficiency of agricultural production, optimize the agricultural product supply system, accelerate the development of a circular agriculture combining planting and breeding, promote the coordinated development of a ternary cropping structure of grain, cash crops, and forage grass, and provide higher-quality agricultural products for urban and rural production and life. Second, integrated urban-rural development implies a large supply of population. Xi Jinping points out: “When several hundred million farmers enter modernization as a whole, it will release enormous creative momentum and consumption potential, injecting powerful impetus into economic and social development.” [3]3 *Book of Songs* (or *Classic of Poetry*), the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, compiled between the 11th and 7th centuries BCE. The phrase “min yi lao zhi, qi ke xiao kang” is a classical expression of the aspiration for a modestly comfortable life. Promoting the construction of a new type of urbanization with county towns as important carriers, absorbing the agricultural population, and enabling the agricultural transfer population to enter towns, settle down, integrate, find employment, and start businesses in towns – this is conducive to increasing the labor supply, raising the quality of workers, reducing labor costs, cultivating a modern industrial workforce for the construction of a modern industrial system, stimulating investment in municipal public utilities and public services, stabilizing the real estate market, and providing a source of impetus for the sustainable development of towns and cities. Third, integrated urban-rural development implies a vast supply of space. Facing the stage-specific characteristic of unbalanced urban-rural development, Xi Jinping emphasizes: “If we only look after one side and neglect the other,

第一，城乡融合发展释放巨大的供给潜能。习近平指出：“畅通工农城乡循环，是畅通国内经济大循环、增强我国经济韧性和战略纵深的重要方面。”城乡融合发展主要通过要素供给和空间拓展为我国经济发展与安全提供保障，增强我国经济韧性。其一，城乡融合发展意味着丰富的农产品供给。正如习近平指出的，“实现高质量发展，也离不开农业发展。”粮食安全是经济大局稳定的国之大者。城乡融合发展以新型工业化为前提，大力推进新型工业化，能够通过数字化、智能化等手段，监控选种、播种、养护、管理和收割全过程，提高农业生产效率，优化农产品供给体系，加快种养结合循环农业发展，促进粮食、经济作物、饲草料三元种植结构协调发展，为城乡生产生活提供更加优质的农产品。其二，城乡融合发展意味着大量的人口供给。习近平指出：“几亿农民整体迈入现代化，会释放巨大的创造动能和消费潜能，为经济社会发展注入强大动力。”推进以县城为重要载体的新型城镇化建设，吸纳农业人口，让农业转移人口在城镇进得来、住得下、融得进、能就业、可创业，这有利于增加劳动力供给、提高劳动者素质、降低用工成本，为现代产业体系建设培育现代产业工人队伍，拉动市政公用、公共服务等投资，稳定房地产市场，为城镇可持续发展提供动力来源。其三，城乡融合发展意味着广阔的空间供给。面对城乡发展不平衡的阶段特征，习近平强调：“如果只顾一头、不顾另一头，一边是越来越现代化的城市，一边却是越来越萧条的乡村，那也不能算是实现了中华民族伟大复兴。”我国乡村空间利用率低，城乡发展不充分，其中蕴含着可观的发展空间和发展潜力，推进乡村全面振兴是我国经济发展最大的回旋余地。构建城乡融合发展新格局，要推动乡村从要素供给单元向具备农业生产、生态屏障、农耕文化等多元功能的价值承载空间转变，营造宜居宜业的乡村生产生活环境，拓宽经济发展空间。

Second, integrated urban-rural development releases enormous demand potential. Xi Jinping points out, “Where are the new growth points? They are right around us, in the new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization proposed at the 18th National Congress of the CPC.” [10]10 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012; it marked the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership and formally proposed the “new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization” as a strategic goal. “If these potential demands can be stimulated and drive supply, they will become new growth points, forming a powerful force for development.” Integrated urban-rural development can narrow the urban-rural income gap, adjust the supply structure, and expand domestic consumption demand. First, integrated urban-rural development can stimulate residents’ consumption demand. Xi Jinping points out, “If China is to prosper, the peasants must prosper.” China’s new-type urbanization takes counties as an important carrier; developing and strengthening the county economy is conducive to linking urban and rural economic ties, raising the income of urban and rural residents, and narrowing the urban-rural income gap. Developing county-specific industries, seeking comparative advantages, accelerating the development of agricultural producer services, promoting the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, supporting the deep processing of agricultural products, advancing the branding of agricultural products, and increasing the added value of agricultural products. Implementing “Internet + modern agriculture,” vigorously developing e-commerce for agricultural products, accelerating the construction of a cold-chain logistics system for agricultural products, and speeding up the realization of the value of agricultural products. New-type urbanization with counties as an important carrier, under the synergistic effect of new industrialization and comprehensive rural revitalization, increases urban and rural employment opportunities, raises the income of urban and rural residents, and directly stimulates the consumption of urban and rural residents. Second, integrated urban-rural development can meet rural residents’ demand for equalized public services. At present, the total supply of rural infrastructure in China is not small, but the contradiction of imbalance and inadequacy remains relatively prominent. Xi Jinping emphasizes, “We must make up for the shortcoming of rural infrastructure,” and “gradually establish an infrastructure service network that covers the whole area, is universally shared, and integrates urban and rural areas.” The purpose of integrated urban-rural development is to promote the equalization of basic rights and interests of urban and rural residents. Integrated urban-rural development promotes the extension of urban infrastructure and public services to rural areas, providing equal public services for urban and rural residents on the basis of respecting the differences in urban and rural production and lifestyles.

第二，城乡融合发展释放巨大的需求潜能。习近平指出，“新的增长点在哪儿呢？就在我们身边，就在党的十八大提出的新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化之中”，“这些潜在的需求如果能激发出来并拉动供给，就会成为新的增长点，形成推动发展的强大动力。”城乡融合发展可以缩小城乡收入差距、调整供给结构、扩大国内消费需求。其一，城乡融合发展可以拉动居民消费需求。习近平指出：“中国要富，农民必须富。”我国新型城镇化以县域为重要载体，发展壮大县域经济，有利于沟通城乡经济联系、提高城乡居民收入、缩小城乡收入差距。发展县域特色产业，寻找比较优势，加快发展农业生产性服务业，促进农村一二三产业融合发展，支持农产品深加工发展，推进农产品品牌建设，提高农产品附加值。实施“互联网+现代农业”，大力发展农产品电子商务，加快农产品冷链物流体系建设，加速农产品价值的实现。以县域为重要载体的新型城镇化，在新型工业化、乡村全面振兴的协同作用下，增加了城乡就业岗位，提高了城乡居民收入，直接拉动了城乡居民消费。其二，城乡融合发展可以满足农村居民对均等化公共服务的需求。当前，我国农村基础设施供给总量不小，但不平衡不充分的矛盾仍较为突出。习近平强调，“要补齐农村基础设施这个短板”，“逐步建立全域覆盖、普惠共享、城乡一体的基础设施服务网络。”城乡融合发展的目的是推动城乡居民基本权益的平等化。城乡融合发展推动城市基础设施和公共服务向农村延伸，在尊重城乡生产生活方式差异的基础上，为城乡居民提供均等公共服务。

(3) Integrated urban-rural development is a key link in achieving common prosperity and meeting the people’s needs for a better life.

（三）城乡融合发展是实现共同富裕、满足人民美好生活需要的关键环节

The basic national condition that China is still in and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism determines that integrated urban-rural development is a key link in achieving common prosperity and meeting the people’s needs for a better life. Xi Jinping points out: “We must see both that the basic national condition of the primary stage of socialism has not changed and that each stage of China’s economic and social development presents new characteristics.” On the one hand, the basic national condition that China is still in and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism has not changed, but the level of China’s productive forces has greatly improved, and the principal contradiction in society has transformed. The 19th National Congress of the CPC proposed that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. On the other hand, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the cause of the Party and the state has achieved historic accomplishments, creating new conditions of productive forces for integrated urban-rural development. While China’s urban-rural development is unbalanced and rural development is inadequate, China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, which sets new requirements for integrated urban-rural development and promoting common prosperity for all the people. Xi Jinping points out: “The problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in our country remains prominent, and the gap in urban-rural regional development and income distribution is relatively large. Promoting common prosperity for all the people is a long-term task, but as our country has completed the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and embarked on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, we must place the promotion of common prosperity for all the people in a more important position, work steadfastly and persistently, and strive more actively and effectively toward this goal.” [11]11 The “building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects” (全面建成小康社会) was declared complete in 2021, and the “new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country” (全面建设社会主义现代化国家) refers to the second centenary goal (2049) of making China a fully modernized socialist country. Allowing the broad masses of the people to share in the fruits of reform and development is the ultimate goal of Xi Jinping’s important discourse on integrated urban-rural development. He points out: “Achieving coordinated urban-rural regional development is not only a need for the balanced spatial layout of the national territory but also a requirement for taking the path of common prosperity.” Promoting integrated urban-rural development means using changes in the urban-rural structural relationship to drive the transformation of China’s economic development momentum, stimulating the endogenous driving force of rural development through industrial development and ecological protection, continuously consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation, realizing common prosperity for urban and rural residents, and meeting the aspirations of urban and rural people for a better life.

我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情，决定了城乡融合发展是实现共同富裕、满足人民美好生活需要的关键环节。习近平指出：“既要看到社会主义初级阶段基本国情没有变，也要看到我国经济社会发展每个阶段呈现出来的新特点。”一方面，我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，但我国生产力水平有了很大提高，社会主要矛盾发生了转变。党的十九大提出，我国社会主要矛盾已经转变为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。另一方面，党的十八大以来，党和国家事业取得历史性成就，为城乡融合发展创造了新的生产力条件。在我国城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分的同时，我国经济由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，这为城乡融合发展、促进全体人民共同富裕提出了新要求。习近平指出：“我国发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，城乡区域发展和收入分配差距较大，促进全体人民共同富裕是一项长期任务，但随着我国全面建成小康社会、开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，我们必须把促进全体人民共同富裕摆在更加重要的位置，脚踏实地，久久为功，向着这个目标更加积极有为地进行努力。”让广大人民群众共享改革发展成果，这是习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的落脚点。他指出：“实现城乡区域协调发展，不仅是国土空间均衡布局发展的需要，而且是走共同富裕道路的要求。”推进城乡融合发展，就是要以城乡关系结构变迁带动我国经济发展动力转换，通过产业发展和生态保护，激发农村发展的内生动力，持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，实现城乡居民共同富裕，满足城乡人民对美好生活的向往。

First, integrated urban-rural development is conducive to promoting industrial integration and achieving the strengthening of agriculture through industry. Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that we must “seek benefits from the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, strengthen leading enterprises, fill in the chains, foster new business forms, build brands, promote the full-chain upgrading of rural industries, and enhance market competitiveness and sustainable development capabilities.” Thriving industries are the foundation and guarantee for the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside, and promoting the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries is an important direction for integrated urban-rural development. Integrated urban-rural development mainly achieves the strengthening of agriculture through industry by making the “cake” bigger and dividing the “cake” well. On the one hand, integrated urban-rural development promotes industrial integration and achieves the strengthening of agriculture through industry by leveraging the comparative advantages of each township and strengthening the division of labor and cooperation among townships. Market demand is the navigation light, and resource endowments are the positioning device. Each township should base itself on its regional resource endowments and locational advantages, develop characteristic industries according to local conditions, actively integrate into the industrial circles of higher-tier cities, take chain-leading enterprises as the guide, help transform local characteristic industries into advantageous industries, and expand agricultural functions and the space for increasing agricultural value and efficiency. On the other hand, integrated urban-rural development promotes industrial integration and achieves the strengthening of agriculture through industry by improving the benefit-linking mechanism and rationally distributing the value-added income of industries. Xi Jinping emphasized: “The integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries is not simply about the primary sector ‘connecting with the secondary and tertiary sectors’; the key is to improve the benefit-linking mechanism, so that it does not enrich the bosses while losing the fellow villagers.” In the process of promoting industrial integration, attention must be paid to the rational distribution of income to achieve an increase in farmers’ incomes.

第一，城乡融合发展有利于促进产业融合，实现产业强农。习近平多次强调，要“向一二三产业融合发展要效益，强龙头、补链条、兴业态、树品牌，推动乡村产业全链条升级，增强市场竞争力和可持续发展能力”。产业兴旺是乡村全面振兴的基础和保障，推动农村一二三产业融合发展是城乡融合发展的重要方向。城乡融合发展主要是通过做大“蛋糕”和分好“蛋糕”来实现产业强农的。一方面，城乡融合发展通过发挥各乡镇比较优势、加强各乡镇分工协作促进产业融合、实现产业强农。市场需求是导航灯，资源禀赋是定位器。各乡镇要立足地区资源禀赋和区位优势，因地制宜发展特色产业，积极融入更高能级城市的产业圈，以链主企业为引领，助力本土特色产业向优势产业发展，拓展农业功能和农业增值增效空间。另一方面，城乡融合发展通过完善利益联结机制、合理分配产业增值收益促进产业融合、实现产业强农。习近平强调：“农村一二三产业融合不是简单的一产‘接二连三’，关键是完善利益联结机制，不能富了老板、丢了老乡。”在推进产业融合过程中，要注重合理分配收益，实现农民增收。

Second, integrated urban-rural development is conducive to promoting ecological protection and achieving the enrichment of the people through ecology. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Agriculture is an ecological industry, and the countryside is an important part of the ecosystem.” The countryside has the functional positioning of an ecological barrier, and a livable ecological environment is an inherent requirement for the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside. On the one hand, integrated urban-rural development achieves the enrichment of the people through ecology by promoting the industrialization of ecology. Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must hold the red line for ecological protection, accelerate the increase in value of rural natural capital, and make a good ecology a support point for rural revitalization.” Protecting natural wealth is protecting social wealth. Guided by integrated urban-rural development, we should promote the integrated development of urban and rural infrastructure, enhance urban-rural linkages, encourage urban residents to go to the countryside, actively cultivate an “ecology+” development model, tap into natural landscapes, revitalize ecological resources, promote the deep integration of “agriculture, culture and tourism” projects, realize a virtuous cycle of ecological industrialization and industrial ecologization, transform natural resources more smoothly into economic benefits, and follow the path of enriching the people through ecology characterized by “beautiful ecology, thriving industries, and prosperous people.” On the other hand, integrated urban-rural development must maintain a good ecological environment. Xi Jinping pointed out: “A good living environment is the ardent hope of the vast number of farmers. The ‘dirty, messy, and poor’ appearance of some rural areas must be changed quickly.” Providing a clean and tidy living environment for the common people is also an inherent requirement of common prosperity.

第二，城乡融合发展有利于促进生态保护，实现生态富民。习近平指出：“农业是个生态产业，农村是生态系统的重要一环。”农村具有生态屏障的功能定位，生态宜居是乡村全面振兴的内在要求。一方面，城乡融合发展通过促进生态产业化来实现生态富民。习近平强调：“要守住生态保护红线，推动乡村自然资本加快增值，让良好生态成为乡村振兴的支撑点。”保护自然财富就是保护社会财富。要以城乡融合发展为导向，推动城乡基础设施一体化发展，促进城乡联系，推动市民下乡，积极培育“生态+”发展模式，挖掘自然景观，盘活生态资源，促进“农文旅”项目深入融合，实现生态产业化和产业生态化的良性循环，使自然资源更为顺畅地转化为经济效益，走“生态美、产业兴、百姓富”的生态富民之路。另一方面，城乡融合发展要维护良好生态环境。习近平指出：“良好人居环境，是广大农民的殷切期盼，一些农村‘脏乱差’的面貌必须加快改变。”为老百姓提供干净整洁的生活环境也是共同富裕的题中应有之义。

III. The Practical Orientation of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourse on Integrated Urban-Rural Development

三、习近平关于城乡融合发展重要论述的实践指向

Based on the current situation of urban and rural development in our country, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, proceeding from the overall strategic layout of modernization, has clarified the general thinking for promoting integrated urban-rural development, namely, “to plan industry and agriculture, cities and villages as a whole, and promote mutual integration and common development between urban and rural areas in terms of planning and layout, factor allocation, industrial development, public services, ecological protection, and other aspects.”

基于我国城乡发展的现状，以习近平同志为核心的党中央从现代化建设战略全局出发，明确促进城乡融合发展的总体思路，即“把工业和农业、城市和乡村作为一个整体统筹谋划，促进城乡在规划布局、要素配置、产业发展、公共服务、生态保护等方面相互融合和共同发展”。

(I) Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development with Planning and Layout as the Guide

（一）以规划布局为引领促进城乡融合发展

Urban and rural planning is the top-level design for coordinating urban and rural spatial layout, improving the living environment, and promoting comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable economic and social development in urban and rural areas. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must break the planning pattern that separates urban and rural areas and establish a planning management and implementation system that integrates urban and rural areas and coordinates the entire county as a single chessboard.” Planning is the leading factor in construction. Only by having a planning consciousness of integrated urban-rural development at the top-level design can we effectively solve the problem of unbalanced urban-rural development in grassroots practice.

城乡规划是协调城乡空间布局、改善人居环境、促进城乡经济社会全面协调可持续发展的顶层设计。习近平指出：“要打破城乡分割的规划格局，建立城乡一体化、县域一盘棋的规划管理和实施体制。”规划是建设的龙头，只有在顶层设计上具有城乡融合的规划意识，才能在基层实践中切实解决城乡发展不平衡问题。

First, planning and layout emphasize integrated design and the integration of multiple plans. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must improve the planning system and take into overall consideration the formulation of urban and rural development plans.” All regions and departments must strengthen forward-looking thinking and overall planning, ensure that the “three zones and three lines” [12]12 The “three zones and three lines” refer to ecological protection redlines, permanent basic farmland, and urban development boundaries (the three zones), and the corresponding control lines for ecological protection, permanent basic farmland, and urban development boundaries (the three lines). This is a key spatial planning framework in China. are precisely implemented at the city and county levels, effectively solve the problem of planning that prioritizes cities over villages, anchor development goals, and persistently implement them.

第一，规划布局强调一体设计、多规合一。习近平指出：“要完善规划体制，通盘考虑城乡发展规划编制。”各地区各部门要加强前瞻性思考、全局性谋划，确保“三区三线”在市县层面精准落地，切实解决规划上重城市轻农村的问题，锚定发展目标，持之以恒加以落实。

Second, planning and layout focus on urban-rural differences and coordinated optimization. On the one hand, urban planning and construction should focus on revitalizing existing stock. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Urban planning should gradually shift from expansionary planning to planning that defines urban boundaries and optimizes spatial structure.” Under the condition of limited increments, actively revitalize existing stock to create livable, resilient, and green new-type cities. On the other hand, the spatial layout of the countryside should focus on optimizing increments. Xi Jinping emphasized that the retention or reduction of villages “depends crucially on planning first.” When formulating village plans, it is necessary to comprehensively consider functions such as land use, industrial development, residential layout, living environment, ecological protection, and historical and cultural heritage, fully tap into economic growth points, and increase the vitality of rural development.

第二，规划布局注重城乡差异、统筹优化。一方面，城市的规划建设要侧重盘活存量。习近平指出：“城市规划要由扩张性规划逐步转向限定城市边界、优化空间结构的规划。”在增量有限的情况下积极盘活现有存量，营造宜居、韧性、绿色的新型城市。另一方面，乡村的空间布局要侧重做优增量。习近平强调，乡村的保留或缩减“关键是要做到规划先行”。在编制村庄规划时要综合考虑土地利用、产业发展、居民点布局、人居环境、生态保护、历史文化传承等功能，充分挖掘经济增长点，增加乡村发展活力。

(II) Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development with Factor Allocation as the Driving Force

（二）以要素配置为动能促进城乡融合发展

Optimizing factor allocation is the key to enhancing the driving force for integrated urban-rural development. For a long time, along with the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, China’s rural areas have unidirectionally supplied factors such as talent, land, and capital to cities, leaving the countryside in a state of “anemia” and “blood loss.” As Xi Jinping pointed out, “In some places, industrialization and urbanization have overwhelmed and defeated agricultural modernization.” We must conform to the general trend of integrated urban-rural development, improve the mechanism for the rational flow of urban and rural factors, promote equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, guide the inflow of capital, technology, talent, and other factors into rural areas, and solve the dilemma of “rural land not being used by the countryside.”

优化要素配置是增强城乡融合发展动力的关键。长期以来，伴随着工业化、城镇化的快速推进，我国农村向城市单向输送人才、土地、资金等要素，使得农村处于“贫血”“失血”状态。正如习近平指出的，“在一些地方工业化、城镇化压倒了农业现代化，打败了农业现代化。”要顺应城乡融合发展大趋势，健全城乡要素合理流动机制，促进城乡要素平等交换、双向流动，引导资本、技术、人才等要素流入农村，破解“农村的地农村不用”的困局。

Optimizing factor allocation requires better playing the role of the government. On the one hand, it is necessary to enhance the attractiveness of benefits for factors going to the countryside. In response to the current situation of unequal exchange of urban and rural factors, Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must find ways to create conditions so that the opportunities in the countryside attract people and the environment in the countryside retains people, especially so that some young people love rural agriculture.” The long-term flow of factors from the countryside to the cities is a reflection of the larger profit space in cities compared to the countryside. To promote equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, it is necessary to better play the role of the government, establish a benefit incentive mechanism, guide the inflow of capital and talent into rural areas, and enable enterprises that “go up to the mountains and down to the villages” to obtain sufficient benefits through measures such as tax reductions and exemptions. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a service mechanism for factors going to the countryside. “We must gradually explore and make institutional arrangements,” remove various obstacles hindering factors from going to the countryside, strengthen legal planning, policy guidance, and credit system construction, create a good business environment, and provide good institutional and mechanism services at the grassroots level for the entry of various factors and service entities into the countryside.

优化要素配置要更好发挥政府作用。一方面，要增强要素下乡的利益吸引。针对城乡要素不平等交换的现状，习近平指出：“要想方设法创造条件，让农村的机会吸引人、让农村的环境留住人，特别是要让一部分年轻人热爱农村农业。”要素长期由乡村流入城市是城市利润空间大于乡村的体现。促进城乡要素平等交换、双向流动，必须更好发挥政府作用，建立利益激励机制，引导资本、人才流入农村，通过减免税收等措施让“上山下乡”的企业获得充分收益。另一方面，要建立要素下乡的服务机制。“要逐步探索，作出制度安排”，清除阻碍要素下乡的各种障碍，强化法律规划、政策指导和诚信建设，打造良好营商环境，以基层为单位做好各类要素和服务主体下乡的体制机制服务。

(III) Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development with Industrial Development as the Foundation

（三）以产业发展为基石促进城乡融合发展

Industrial development is the material foundation for achieving integrated urban-rural development. Only by developing modern agriculture, promoting the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries, cultivating new industries and new business forms based on locational advantages, and participating in urban-rural division of labor and cooperation can the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside have endogenous momentum and broaden the channels for increasing farmers’ incomes and prosperity. Xi Jinping emphasized on this point: “We must realize that towns and villages promote and coexist with each other.” Urban and rural industries are complementary. We must vigorously develop rural industries and promote the integration and complementarity of urban and rural industries.

产业发展是实现城乡融合发展的物质基石。只有发展现代农业，促进农村一二三产业融合发展,立足区位优势培育新产业新业态、参与城乡分工协作，乡村全面振兴才有内生动力，才能拓宽农民增收致富渠道。习近平就此强调指出：“我们一定要认识到，城镇和乡村是互促互进、共生共存的。”城乡产业具有互补性，要大力发展乡村产业，促进城乡产业融合互补。

To promote industrial development and industrial integration, it is necessary to strengthen the county unit, give full play to the connecting role of county towns as the “tail of the city and the head of the village,” and vigorously develop the county economy. Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must take the county as an important entry point for integrated urban-rural development,” and “tap the potential of developing multiple functions of agriculture, and give full play to the multiplier effect of the integrated development of the three industries.” Vigorously develop new economic forms such as leisure agriculture and homestay tourism, promote the development of rural producer services, and achieve multi-level docking of urban and rural production and consumption.

推动产业发展、促进产业融合要强化县域单元，发挥县城“城尾乡头”的衔接作用，大力发展县域经济。习近平强调，“要把县域作为城乡融合发展的重要切入点”，“向开发农业多种功能要潜力，发挥三次产业融合发展的乘数效应。”大力发展休闲农业、民宿旅游等新经济业态，促进农村生产性服务业发展，实现城乡生产与消费的多层次对接。

(IV) Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development with Infrastructure Construction and Public Services as Support

（四）以基础设施建设和公共服务为支撑促进城乡融合发展

The huge gap in infrastructure and public services between urban and rural areas is the weak link in integrated urban-rural development, and one prominent manifestation of unbalanced urban-rural development is the uneven allocation of public resources. To this end, Xi Jinping pointed out that we must take the path of integrated urban-rural development, focus the construction of public infrastructure on rural areas, give priority to the development of rural education, and gradually establish and improve a basic public service system that covers the entire population, is universally shared, and integrates urban and rural areas. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China’s rural social security system has achieved a historic transformation from nonexistence to existence in terms of institutions, and rural infrastructure construction has achieved remarkable results. This has created new historical conditions for upgrading infrastructure and developing public services from having them to having them of good quality.

城乡之间基础设施和公共服务的巨大差距是城乡融合发展的短板所在，城乡发展不平衡的一个突出表现就是公共资源配置不均。为此，习近平指出，要走城乡融合发展之路，把公共基础设施建设的重点放在农村，优先发展农村教育事业，逐步建立健全全民覆盖、普惠共享、城乡一体的基本公共服务体系。党的十八大以来，我国农村社会保障体系在制度上实现了从无到有的历史性转变，农村基础设施建设成效明显，这为基础设施提档升级、公共服务从有到好发展创造了新的历史条件。

First, promote both an effective qualitative improvement and a reasonable quantitative increase in rural infrastructure construction. On the one hand, infrastructure construction must be targeted. Priority should be given to increasing productive rural infrastructure that meets the goals of agricultural development, improves the level of rural governance, and satisfies the urgent needs of farmers, especially the upgrading of roads, farmland water conservancy facilities, and fiber-optic internet. On the other hand, infrastructure construction should make good use of various types of capital. Xi Jinping stated on this point: “We must improve the diversified investment guarantee mechanism, increase investment in agricultural and rural infrastructure construction, and accelerate the interconnection of urban and rural infrastructure.” This requires innovating investment methods, guiding and encouraging various types of social capital to participate, and promoting policy-based and development-oriented financial support for agricultural and rural infrastructure construction.

第一，促进农村基础设施建设质的有效提升和量的合理增长。一方面，基础设施建设要有针对性。要优先增加符合农业发展目标、提高农村治理水平、满足农民迫切需要的生产性农村基础设施，特别是道路、农田水利设施、光纤互联网等的提档升级。另一方面，基础设施建设要善于利用各类资本。习近平就此提出：“要健全多元投入保障机制，增加对农业农村基础设施建设投入，加快城乡基础设施互联互通。”这就需要创新投入方式，引导和鼓励各类社会资本参与、推进政策性开发性金融支持农业农村基础设施建设。

Second, achieve universal coverage and shared benefits of the basic public service system. On the one hand, we must accelerate the extension of public services to the countryside. Xi Jinping pointed out: “New funds for social undertakings such as education, culture, and medical and health care must be tilted toward rural areas; public resources for social construction must be invested in rural areas; basic public services must be extended to rural areas; urban social service forces must go to the countryside to support rural areas, forming a joint force for the development of rural social undertakings, and striving to ensure that the vast number of farmers have access to education, medical care, old-age support, and housing.” To this end, we must promote the extension of public services to rural areas and the coverage of social undertakings to agriculture, continuously raise the standards and levels of basic public services in rural areas, improve the unified urban-rural resident social security system, and enhance the capacity and quality of safety-net support. On the other hand, we must focus on ensuring and improving the quality of urbanization of the agricultural transfer population. Xi Jinping emphasized: “For those who are already employed in cities and towns but have unstable employment, find it difficult to adapt to urban requirements, or are unwilling to settle down, we must gradually raise the level of basic public services and strive to meet their needs for children’s education, medical and health care, and social security.” This requires implementing a system that provides basic public services based on household registration at the place of habitual residence, comprehensively improving the supporting work for the urbanization of the agricultural transfer population, and enabling the agricultural transfer population to both want to and be able to settle down.

第二，实现基本公共服务体系的全民覆盖与普惠共享。一方面，要加快推动公共服务下乡。习近平指出：“新增教育、文化、医疗卫生等社会事业经费要向农村倾斜，社会建设公共资源要向农村投放，基本公共服务要向农村延伸，城市社会服务力量要下乡支援农村，形成农村社会事业发展合力，努力让广大农民学有所教、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居。”为此，要推进公共服务向农村延伸、社会事业向农业覆盖，不断提高农村基本公共服务标准和水平，完善城乡统一的居民社会保障体系，提高托底保障能力和服务质量。另一方面，要着力保障和提高农业转移人口市民化的质量。习近平强调：“对那些已经在城镇就业但就业不稳定、难以适应城镇要求或不愿落户的人口，要逐步提高基本公共服务水平，努力解决好他们的子女教育、医疗卫生、社会保障等需求。”这就需要推行按常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务的相关制度，全面完善农业转移人口市民化配套工作，让农业转移人口想落户、能落户。

(5) Promote integrated urban-rural development by taking ecological protection as the starting point

（五）以生态保护为抓手促进城乡融合发展

The path of integrated urban-rural development we must take is one that realizes the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. Xi Jinping pointed out: “A good ecological environment is the greatest advantage and precious asset of rural areas.” Taking ecological protection as the starting point can not only retain blue skies for urban and rural residents but also achieve green development.

我们要走的城乡融合发展之路是实现人与自然和谐共生的城乡融合发展之路。习近平指出：“良好生态环境是农村最大优势和宝贵财富。”以生态保护为抓手，既能为城乡居民留住蓝天，又能实现绿色发展。

First, take ecological protection as the starting point to build a good rural ecological environment. Xi Jinping pointed out: “In building a new countryside, we must by no means destroy these rural landscapes and beauties, but rather integrate them with modern life. That is why I said we should be cautious about cutting down trees, prohibit digging up mountains, avoid filling lakes, and minimize demolishing houses.” The construction of the rural ecological environment must proceed from reality, be coordinated with local culture and customs, and pay attention to protecting the ecological environment while reflecting rural characteristics and preserving rural landscapes.

第一，以生态保护为抓手建设良好的农村生态环境。习近平指出：“搞新农村建设，决不是要把这些乡情美景都弄没了，而是要让它们与现代生活融为一体，所以我说要慎砍树、禁挖山、不填湖、少拆房。”农村生态环境建设要从实际出发，要同当地文化和风土人情相协调，在体现农村特点、保留乡村风貌的同时注意保护生态环境。

Second, take ecological protection as the starting point to transform the mode of industrial development. On the one hand, we must transform the mode of agricultural development. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Agricultural development must not only avoid incurring new ecological debts but also gradually repay old ones… Implement stricter protection of mountains, waters, forests, fields, and lakes, accelerate the treatment of ecologically fragile areas, groundwater funnel areas, and soil heavy metal pollution areas, and fight the battle against agricultural non-point source pollution.” This requires adjusting the agricultural input structure, reducing the use of agricultural chemical fertilizers, promoting green agricultural development, and building a good ecological environment. On the other hand, encourage the industrialization of ecology and explore the value realization mechanism of ecological products. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Areas with important ecological functions and agricultural status should focus on protecting the ecology, enhancing comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and developing advantageous and distinctive industries according to local conditions.” This requires improving the price formation mechanism for natural resources and stimulating the enthusiasm of market entities; at the same time, it is necessary to combine local resource endowments to realize the economic transformation of natural resources.

第二，以生态保护为抓手转变产业发展方式。一方面，要转变农业发展方式。习近平强调：“农业发展不仅要杜绝生态环境欠新账，而且要逐步还旧账……对山水林田湖实施更严格的保护，加快生态脆弱区、地下水漏斗区、土壤重金属污染区治理，打好农业面源污染治理攻坚战。”这就需要调整农业投入结构，减少农业化肥使用量，推进农业绿色发展，建设良好的生态环境。另一方面，鼓励生态产业化，探索生态产品的价值实现机制。习近平指出：“生态功能和农业地位重要的地区，要着力保护好生态，增强农业综合生产能力，因地制宜发展优势特色产业。”这就需要完善自然资源价格形成机制，激发市场主体的积极性；同时，要结合当地资源禀赋，实现自然资源的经济转化。

(Author profiles: Ding Renzhong, Professor, Institute of Marxist Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics; Gao Yumeng, Assistant Researcher, Institute of Marxist Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics)

（作者简介：丁任重，西南财经大学马克思主义经济学研究院教授；高雨萌，西南财经大学马克思主义经济学研究院助理研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心