The Philosophical Implications of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with far-sighted vision, overall planning,

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高瞻远瞩、统揽全局、把握大势，深刻总结提炼我国经济发展的成功经验，从新的实际出发，创造性地提出关于我国经济发展的一系列重大理论观点，形成了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，是中国共产党坚持不懈探索社会主义经济发展道路形成的宝贵思想成果，是马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、二十一世纪的重大理论创新成果，是新时代做好我国经济工作的根本遵循。习近平经济思想坚持同中国具体实际相结合，着眼解决新时代经济发展的实际问题，深刻回答了经济发展的时代之问、人民之问、历史之问；坚持同中华优秀传统文化相结合，着眼本国本民族历史文化、经济思想的传承与创新，对“三大规律”（共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律和人类社会发展规律）的认识实现了新飞跃，进一步深化了党对社会主义经济发展规律的认识、对社会主义初级阶段发展演进规律的认识、对经济全球化规律的认识、对人的自由全面发展规律的认识等。马克思指出：“任何真正的哲学都是自己时代的精神上的精华。”习近平经济思想体系严谨、内涵丰富，主要包括十三个方面内容，每一个方面都闪耀着马克思主义的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义哲学智慧之光，每一个方面都运用马克思主义科学的世界观和方法论，回答了时代和实践提出的重大经济问题，体现了深厚的马克思主义唯物论、辩证法、认识论、唯物史观等哲学意蕴。深入研究习近平经济思想的哲学内涵，对在更高水平上推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业具有重要的理论和实践意义。

I. The Materialist Implications of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

一、习近平经济思想的唯物论意蕴

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is imbued with the philosophical wisdom of materialism. Interpreting Xi Jinping’s economic thought from the perspective of materialism helps us to deeply understand General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the primary stage of socialism, the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, the new stage of development, and the construction of an ecological civilization. This is the prerequisite for formulating policies and carrying out work.

习近平经济思想充满着唯物论的哲学智慧。从唯物论出发解读习近平经济思想，有助于深刻理解习近平总书记关于社会主义初级阶段、我国社会的主要矛盾变化、新发展阶段及生态文明建设等重要论述，是制定政策和开展工作的前提。

(A) It reflects the materialist implication of proceeding from objective reality in everything and seeking truth from facts

（一）反映了一切从客观实际出发、实事求是的唯物论意蕴

Marxist materialism holds that the origin of the world is matter. Proceeding from reality in everything and aligning subjective desires with objective reality is a requirement of the Marxist materialist methodology. Engels pointed out: “The real unity of the world consists in its materiality, and this materiality is proved not by a few juggled phrases of a magician, but by a long and protracted development of philosophy and natural science.” [1]1 The “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan” refers to China’s overall plan for promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. This thesis requires that in understanding and transforming the world, we must proceed from reality and seek truth from facts.

马克思主义唯物论认为，世界的本源是物质。一切从实际出发，使主观愿望符合客观实际，是马克思主义唯物论方法论的要求。恩格斯指出：“世界的真正的统一性在于它的物质性，而这种物质性不是由魔术师的三两句话所证明的，而是由哲学和自然科学的长期的和持续的发展所证明的。”这一论断要求我们认识世界和改造世界必须从实际出发、实事求是。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s discourse on the new stage of development reflects the materialist methodological requirement of proceeding from objective reality in everything. Proceeding from reality in everything and seeking truth from facts is the prerequisite for a comprehensive understanding of the stage of development and historical position of the Party’s revolutionary, construction, and reform undertakings. It is the cognitive foundation and practical starting point for better recognizing the current situation, coordinating strategic measures, and planning the future layout. It is also a valuable experience accumulated by the Party over more than one hundred years. In the process of applying the basic principles of Marxism to solve the practical problems of Chinese socialism, our Party has come to recognize that socialist development not only has long-term characteristics but also has stage-specific features. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [2]2 The “Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy” refers to comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. proposed that after building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving the first centenary goal, we should build on this momentum and embark on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, marching toward the second centenary goal. This marks China’s entry into a new stage of development. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping further pointed out: “The new stage of development we are in today is a stage within the primary stage of socialism, and at the same time, it is a stage that, after decades of accumulation, has stood at a new starting point. From a historical basis, the new stage of development is a new stage in which our Party has led the people to usher in a historic leap from standing up and growing rich to becoming strong.” [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, was a key meeting that adopted a comprehensive plan for deepening reform and opening up. The New Era and the new stage give rise to new missions and new tasks. As the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups in comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, achieving the second centenary goal, and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” [4]4 This is a direct quotation from Xi Jinping’s speeches on the new development pattern. Entering the new stage of development, China’s development is still in an important period of strategic opportunity, but it also faces a series of new challenges. We must adhere to proceeding from reality in everything, seeking truth from facts, and keeping the world in mind. We must correctly understand and grasp the general trend of the world and the currents of the times, maintain strategic focus, concentrate our efforts on doing our own work well with the spirit of driving a nail, and be adept at fostering new opportunities amidst crises and opening up new horizons amidst changes. Materialism holds that the world is unified in matter, and that consciousness has a counteractive effect on matter. Our Party emphasizes that ideals and convictions are the “calcium” of the spirit; a lack of “calcium” will lead to “osteoporosis.” It also emphasizes that “revolutionary ideals are higher than heaven,” and firmly establishes the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is precisely the affirmation of the counteractive effect of consciousness.

习近平总书记关于新发展阶段的论述，反映了一切从客观实际出发的唯物论方法论要求。一切从实际出发、实事求是全面了解党所从事的革命、建设和改革事业所处发展阶段和历史方位的前提，是更好地认清当前形势、统筹战略举措、谋划未来布局的认识基础和实践基点，也是党在一百多年来沉淀的宝贵经验。在运用马克思主义基本原理解决中国社会主义实践问题的过程中，我们党认识到社会主义发展不仅具有长期性特征，还具有阶段性特点。党的十九届五中全会提出，在全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标之后，我们要乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军，这标志着我国进入了一个新发展阶段。对此，习近平总书记进一步指出：“今天我们所处的新发展阶段，就是社会主义初级阶段中的一个阶段，同时是其中经过几十年积累、站到了新的起点上的一个阶段。从历史依据来看，新发展阶段是我们党带领人民迎来从站起来、富起来到强起来历史性跨越的新阶段。”新时代新阶段催生新使命新任务，正如党的二十大报告指出的：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”进入新发展阶段，我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，但也面临着一系列的新挑战。要坚持一切从实际出发、实事求是、胸怀天下，正确认识和把握世界大势和时代潮流，保持战略定力，以钉钉子的精神集中力量办好自己的事，善于在危机中育先机、在变局中开新局。唯物论认为，世界统一于物质，意识对物质具有反作用。我们党强调理想信念是精神之“钙”，缺“钙”就会得“软骨病”，还强调“革命理想高于天”，牢固树立共产主义远大理想、中国特色社会主义共同理想，这就是肯定意识的反作用。

Promoting economic development must proceed from China’s actual conditions and grasp the historical changes in the principal contradiction in society. Entering the New Era, the principal contradiction in Chinese society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “It must be recognized that the change in the principal contradiction in our society has not changed our judgment of the historical stage of socialism in which our country is located. The basic national condition that China is still and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism has not changed. China’s international status as the world’s largest developing country has not changed.” [5]5 “Two ends abroad, large imports and large exports” refers to the earlier development model where China relied heavily on foreign markets for both raw materials and sales, processing materials for export. In short, China is a large developing country. We must firmly grasp the “primary stage” as the largest national condition and the largest reality. This is the objective foundation and fundamental starting point for standing firm in the present, looking forward to the future, making overall plans, and achieving steady and long-term progress. Facing this largest national condition, we must always adhere to development as the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country and to economic construction as the central task. We must fully recognize the historic achievements and historic changes in the cause of the Party and the state since reform and opening up, especially since the New Era. At the same time, we must also fully recognize that we still face many difficulties and problems. As the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development remains prominent; there are still many bottlenecks and obstacles to promoting high-quality development; scientific and technological innovation capabilities are not yet strong; many major issues must be resolved to ensure the reliable security of food, energy, and industrial and supply chains and to prevent financial risks; there are still many tough nuts to crack in reforms in key areas; the gap in development between urban and rural areas and in income distribution is still relatively large; the masses face many difficulties in employment, education, medical care, childcare, elderly care, and housing; the task of protecting the ecological environment remains arduous, and so on. These problems must be objectively confronted and a series of measures must be taken to solve them.

推动经济发展必须从我国实际出发，把握社会主要矛盾的历史性变化。进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。习近平总书记指出：“必须认识到，我国社会主要矛盾的变化，没有改变我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断，我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，我国是世界最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变。”简言之，我国是一个发展中大国，要牢牢把握“初级阶段”这个最大国情、最大实际，这是立足当下、展望未来、谋篇布局、行稳致远的客观基点和根本出发点。面对这一最大国情，要始终坚持发展是党执政兴国的第一要务和经济建设这个中心工作，既要充分认识到改革开放以来特别是新时代以来，党和国家事业取得的历史性成就、发生的历史性变革，也要充分认识到当前我们仍然面临不少困难和问题。正如党的二十大报告所指出的，发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，推进高质量发展还有许多卡点瓶颈，科技创新能力还不强；确保粮食、能源、产业链供应链可靠安全和防范金融风险还须解决许多重大问题；重点领域改革还有不少硬骨头要啃；城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大；群众在就业、教育、医疗、托育、养老、住房等方面面临不少难题；生态环境保护任务依然艰巨，等等。这些问题都必须客观正视并采取一系列措施加以解决。

(B) It reflects the materialist implication of the harmonious coexistence between man and nature

（二）反映了人与自然和谐共生的唯物论意蕴

The Marxist view of nature, as an important component of Marxist philosophy, adheres to the basic standpoint of the materialist view of matter, grasps the relationship between humans and nature from the perspective of humans’ concrete, historical practical activities, and, through grasping and adjusting the relations among people hidden behind the relationship between humans and nature, strives to pursue and achieve the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets [5]5 “Two ends abroad, large imports and large exports” refers to the earlier development model where China relied heavily on foreign markets for both raw materials and sales, processing materials for export. implements the Marxist idea concerning the relationship between humans and nature. Natural objects constitute the natural conditions for human survival. Humans produce, live, and develop in their interaction with nature. If humans treat nature well, nature will also reward humans. Humans and nature are a community of life; endlessly extracting from nature or even destroying it will inevitably invite nature’s retaliation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has put forward the important judgment that humans and nature are a community of life, adhered to the policy of sustainable development, giving priority to conservation, protection, and natural restoration, protected nature and the ecological environment as carefully as protecting one’s own eyes, focused on coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection, taken ecological environmental protection as the basic prerequisite for economic development, proposed that protecting the environment means protecting the productive forces, and implemented the concept of green development precisely to solve the problem of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We want both lucid waters and lush mountains and mountains of gold and silver. We would rather have lucid waters and lush mountains than mountains of gold and silver, and lucid waters and lush mountains are themselves invaluable assets.” This important thesis, concise, easy to understand, and vivid, constitutes the scientific connotation of the “Two Mountains” concept, vividly explains the relationship between the environment and people’s livelihood, between economic development and ecological protection, and between protecting the environment and protecting the productive forces, and embodies the profound thinking and practical significance of Xi Jinping’s economic thought regarding the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature.

马克思主义自然观作为马克思主义哲学的重要组成部分，坚持从唯物主义物质观的基本立场出发，从人的具体的、历史的实践活动出发，把握人与自然的关系，通过对隐藏在人与自然关系背后的人与人之间关系的把握和调整，努力追求和实现人与自然和谐共生。习近平总书记关于绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，贯彻了马克思主义关于人与自然关系的思想。自然物构成人类生存的自然条件，人类在同自然的互动中生产、生活、发展，人类善待自然，自然也会馈赠人类。人与自然是生命共同体，无止境地向自然索取甚至破坏自然必然会遭到大自然的报复。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央提出了人与自然是生命共同体的重要判断，坚持可持续发展、节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针，像保护眼睛一样保护自然和生态环境，注重协调经济发展与环境保护的关系，把生态环境保护作为经济发展的基本前提，提出保护环境就是保护生产力，贯彻绿色发展理念就是要解决好人与自然和谐共生问题。习近平总书记指出：“我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山，而且绿水青山就是金山银山。”这一重要论断简明扼要、通俗易懂、生动形象，构成了“两山”理念的科学内涵，形象地阐释了环境就是民生、经济发展与生态保护的关系、保护环境与保护生产力的关系，体现了习近平经济思想关于人与自然和谐共生的深刻思考和实践意义。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized: “We must firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and plan development from the height of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.” In the New Era and the new stage of development, we must accelerate the formation of a green development mode, establish the concepts of high-quality development and economical and intensive use, comprehensively integrate green and low-carbon elements into all aspects of production and life, and transform ecological advantages into economic advantages. Adhere to the concept of green development, continue to deeply fight the battles of pollution prevention and control and the defense of blue skies, clear waters, and clean soil, and actively participate in addressing global climate change. Adhere to ecological civilization construction, tirelessly advance the construction of a Beautiful China, unswervingly follow the path of ecological civilization development, and help achieve the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.

党的二十大报告强调：“必须牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划发展。”新时代新发展阶段，我们要加快形成绿色发展方式，树立高质量发展和节约集约观念，将绿色低碳元素全方位融入生产和生活的方方面面，将生态优势转化为经济优势。坚持绿色发展理念，持续深入打好污染防治攻坚战和蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，积极参与应对全球气候变化。坚持生态文明建设，驰而不息推进美丽中国建设，坚定不移走生态文明发展之路，助力实现中华民族永续发展。

II. The Implications of Dialectics in Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

二、习近平经济思想的辩证法意蕴

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is full of the philosophical wisdom of dialectical materialism. Interpreting Xi Jinping’s economic thought from the perspective of dialectical materialism helps to deeply understand the various dialectical relationships within and among the five spheres of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecology, further clarify the current goals and tasks of China’s economic development, and continuously promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

习近平经济思想充满着唯物辩证法的哲学智慧。从唯物辩证法出发解读习近平经济思想，有助于深刻理解经济、政治、文化、社会、生态五个领域之中及五个领域之间的各种辩证关系，进一步明确当前我国经济发展的目标任务，不断促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

(1) Reflects the Implications of Dialectics of Universal Connection and Comprehensive System

（一）反映了普遍联系、全面系统的辩证法意蕴

Things that are universally connected themselves constitute a system; the concept of system is an inherent meaning of the universal connection viewpoint of dialectical materialism. Engels pointed out: “The whole of nature accessible to us forms a system, an aggregate of interconnected bodies, and by bodies we understand here all material existences.” Understanding and transforming the world from the perspective of system is a scientific working method and fine tradition formed by our Party in long-term practice. For example, since reform and opening up, our Party has successively formulated the “three-step” development strategy, the basic line of “one center, two basic points,” and made an overall plan for the socialist modernization cause; from emphasizing economic construction as the center to emphasizing “grasping with both hands, both hands must be firm” for material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, to the “three-sphere” construction, then to the “four-sphere” construction, and since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, it has been expanded to the “five-sphere” construction. These all reflect the understanding of the integrity and coordination of the development of things, and reflect the methodological significance of dialectical materialism in solving China’s development problems.

普遍联系着的事物本身就是一个系统，系统观念是唯物辩证法普遍联系观点的应有之义。恩格斯指出：“我们所接触到的整个自然界构成一个体系，即各种物体相联系的总体，而我们在这里所理解的物体，是指所有的物质存在。”从系统观念出发认识和改造世界，是我们党在长期实践中形成的科学工作方法和优良传统。如，改革开放以来，我们党先后制定了“三步走”发展战略、“一个中心、两个基本点”的基本路线等，对社会主义现代化建设事业作出整体布局；从强调以经济建设为中心到强调物质文明与精神文明“两手抓、两手都要硬”，到“三位一体”建设，再到“四位一体”建设，党的十八大以来拓展为“五位一体”建设。这些都体现了对事物发展整体性和协调性的认识，体现了唯物辩证法在解决我国发展问题上的方法论意义。

The concept of system is a fundamental thought and working method, and also an important methodology of Xi Jinping’s economic thought for doing economic work well. Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to systematic planning and systematic problem-solving, coordinated and promoted the various undertakings of the Party and the state, placed China’s economic and social development within the overall strategic layout of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world for systematic planning, proposed that economic system reform cannot be separated from the coordination and cooperation of reforms in other fields, and that comprehensive deepening of reform is necessary, highlighting the systematic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform. At the same time, it fully considers the interest demands of different regions, different industries, and different groups, accurately grasps the intersection and combination points of the interests of all parties, and makes the fruits of reform benefit all people more and more fairly. Among them, the new development concept with innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing as the main content proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC

系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法，也是习近平经济思想关于做好经济工作的重要方法论。新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持系统谋划、系统破题，统筹推进党和国家各项事业，把我国经济社会发展置于实现中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局之中进行系统谋划，提出经济体制改革离不开其他领域改革的配合协调，要全面深化改革，突出改革的系统性、整体性、协同性。同时，充分考虑不同地区、不同行业、不同群体的利益诉求，准确把握各方利益的交汇点和结合点，使改革成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。其中，习近平总书记在党的十八届五中全会提出的以创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享为主要内容的新发展理念，明确了我国现代化建设的指导原则，对社会主义经济发展规律作出了全新的总结和概括，进一步科学回答了实现什么样的发展、怎样实现发展的问题，深刻揭示了社会主义经济发展规律。新发展理念是一个辩证的系统的统一整体，是唯物辩证法思想在我国经济领域的创造性运用。新发展阶段贯彻新发展理念，是新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路。完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，要从根本宗旨、问题导向、忧患意识等方面把握，遵循唯物辩证法，运用普遍联系、全面系统的方法，把握事物发展规律，在权衡利弊中趋利避害，在“十个指头弹钢琴”中作出有力抉择。习近平总书记在党的二十届三中全会第二次全体会议上提出了“更加注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效”这一重要论述。其中，更加注重系统集成是坚持唯物辩证法关于普遍联系观点的内在要求。坚持普遍联系的观点，坚持系统观念，就是要在进一步全面深化改革中更加注重系统集成、整体谋划，使改革发展各项举措相互配合、相互促进。新时代新征程，要坚持系统观念，必须坚持前瞻性、全局性、整体性原则推进；必须统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局、统筹国内国际两个大局，全面协调推动各领域工作和社会主义现代化建设；必须统筹发展和安全，不断实现高质量发展和高水平安全的良性互动。

(2) It reflects the dialectical implication of the unity of the "two-point theory" [5]5 “Two ends abroad, large imports and large exports” refers to the earlier development model where China relied heavily on foreign markets for both raw materials and sales, processing materials for export. and the "key-point theory" [6]6 "Key-point theory" (重点论) refers to the principle of identifying and prioritizing the principal contradiction or the principal aspect of a contradiction in analysis and practice..

（二）反映了“两点论”和“重点论”相统一的辩证法意蕴

Dialectical materialism holds that, when studying the dialectical relationship between the principal contradiction and non-principal contradictions, and between the principal aspect and non-principal aspects of a contradiction, one must adhere to the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory”: the two points are points with a key point, and the key point is a key point among the two points. China’s adherence to taking economic construction as the central task and to a series of “grasping both ends” policies are concrete manifestations of upholding the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC proposed the “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan” [1]1 The “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan” refers to China’s overall plan for promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress., the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, proceeding from the overall situation of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, has put forward and formed the “Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy” [2]2 The “Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy” refers to comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party., reflecting a dialectical grasp of the overall and key issues in China’s economic and social development. Important discourses on deploying and implementing major national development strategies, promoting high-quality development, and upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system also adhere to the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory.” At present, China has shifted from a stage of high-speed economic growth to a stage of high-quality development; a series of social contradictions are constantly emerging, and the prominence of many weaknesses and shortcomings is unavoidable. Unbalanced and inadequate development is a long-standing problem; efforts must be concentrated on shoring up weaknesses, and on enhancing the overall and coordinated nature of development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party and the state, in their strategic measures for economic development, have adhered to concentrating efforts on handling their own affairs well, focusing on promoting coordinated urban-rural and regional development, comprehensively implementing the rural revitalization strategy, advancing a people-centered new-type urbanization strategy, improving the systems and mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development, and promoting major regional development strategies such as the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In terms of the focus of economic development, they have vigorously developed manufacturing and the real economy, and promoted the integrated development of the digital economy and the real economy. In terms of the primary task of economic development, high-quality development is the Party’s scientific judgment regarding the current stage of China’s socialist economic development; the primary task of high-quality development must be firmly grasped. These are all practical applications of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, reflecting the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory,” and embodying the methodological significance of dialectical materialism in solving China’s development problems.

唯物辩证法认为，在研究主要矛盾和非主要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面和非主要方面之间的辩证关系时，要坚持“两点论”和“重点论”的统一，两点是有重点的两点，重点是两点中的重点。我国坚持以经济建设为中心和一系列“两手抓”的方针，都是坚持“两点论”和“重点论”相统一的具体表现。自党的十八大提出“五位一体”总体布局以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央从坚持和发展中国特色社会主义全局出发，提出并形成了“四个全面”战略布局，体现了对中国经济社会发展整体和重点问题的辩证把握。关于部署实施国家重大发展战略、推动高质量发展、坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度等重要论述，也都坚持了“两点论”和“重点论”的统一。当前，我国已由经济高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，一系列社会矛盾不断显现，诸多短板弱项凸显在所难免。不平衡不充分的发展是一个长期存在的问题，要在补齐短板上用力，着力增强发展的整体性、协调性。党的十八大以来，党和国家在经济发展的战略举措上，坚持集中精力办好自己的事，重点促进城乡区域协调发展，全面实施乡村振兴战略，推进以人为核心的新型城镇化战略，健全城乡融合发展体制机制，推进京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展等区域发展重大战略；在经济发展的着力点上，大力发展制造业和实体经济，促进数字经济和实体经济融合发展；在经济发展的首要任务上，高质量发展是党对于我国当前社会主义经济发展阶段的科学判断，要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务。这均是习近平经济思想的实践运用，反映了“两点论”和“重点论”的统一，集中体现了唯物辩证法在解决我国发展问题上的方法论意义。

In understanding and grasping the contradictory movement of things, attention must be paid to handling the relationship between the principal contradiction and secondary contradictions, and between the principal aspect and secondary aspects of a contradiction. To promote high-quality economic development in the New Era, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and opening up. The important issues affecting high-quality economic development include both cyclical and aggregate problems and structural problems; the principal aspect of the contradiction lies on the supply side. Promoting supply-side structural reform is a major innovation that, guided by the principal contradiction, better adapts to the new situation of economic development and responds to new problems in economic development. In supply-side structural reform, it is necessary to firmly grasp the principal contradiction of liberating and developing the social productive forces, making this the main task of reform. Of course, grasping the principal contradiction does not mean that secondary contradictions can be ignored or abandoned. While grasping the main line of supply-side structural reform, aggregate regulation must also be carried out on the demand side. Supply and demand in a market economy are a dialectical unity of opposites. Demand-side management mainly involves expanding the aggregate volume, while supply-side management mainly involves regulating and optimizing the structure. Dialectically handling the relationship between the two means achieving a high-level dynamic balance where demand drives supply and supply creates demand. Furthermore, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, was a key meeting that adopted a comprehensive plan for deepening reform and opening up., in elaborating on the issue of the roles of the government and the market, is also a concrete manifestation of adhering to the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory.” The government and the market are a unity of opposites; the role of the market cannot be used to replace or even negate the role of the government, nor can the role of the government be used to replace or even negate the role of the market. Instead, the “visible hand” and the “invisible hand” must be used well to promote the organic combination of an effective market and a well-functioning government.

在认识和把握事物的矛盾运动中，要注意把握好主要矛盾和次要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面和次要方面的关系。新时代推动经济高质量发展，必须进一步全面深化改革，而影响经济高质量发展的重要问题既有周期性和总量性问题，也有结构性问题，矛盾的主要方面在供给侧，而推进供给侧结构性改革就是以主要矛盾为牵引更好适应经济发展新形势、应对经济发展新问题的重大创新。在供给侧结构性改革中，需要紧紧抓住解放和发展社会生产力这个主要矛盾，将其作为改革的主要任务。当然，抓住主要矛盾不等于可以忽略次要矛盾或放弃次要矛盾，抓住供给侧结构性改革这条主线，还要在需求侧方面进行总量调控。供给和需求在市场经济中是对立统一的辩证关系。需求侧管理主要是扩大总量盘子，供给侧管理主要是调节优化结构，辩证处理好二者的关系，就是要实现需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的高水平动态平衡。此外，党的十八届三中全会在阐述政府和市场作用的问题上，也是坚持“两点论”和“重点论”相统一的具体表现。政府和市场是对立统一的，既不能用市场的作用取代甚至否定政府的作用，也不能用政府的作用取代甚至否定市场的作用，而要用好“看得见的手”和“看不见的手”，推动有效市场和有为政府的有机结合。

(3) Reflects the dialectical implication of two-way interaction between internal and external causes

（三）反映了内因和外因双向互动的辩证法意蕴

Dialectical materialism holds that internal causes are the internal contradictions of a thing, and external causes are the external contradictions of a thing; internal causes are the basis for the development and change of a thing, while external causes are indispensable conditions for the development and change of a thing; no matter how great the role of external causes, they must act through internal causes to take effect. The theoretical basis for China’s adherence to the strategic policy of independence, self-reliance, and opening up is precisely the principle of the relationship between internal and external causes in the development of things. This principle has important practical significance for guiding the current construction of the new development pattern and correctly handling the relationship between China and the external world. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal to construct a new development pattern of dual circulation is a strategic layout for grasping the initiative in future development, which centrally reflects the mutual influence and mutual penetration of the “two markets,” deepens the understanding of the unity of opposites between the socialist economy and the world economic system, and simultaneously reflects the two-way interaction of internal and external causes. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must foster a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. This new development pattern is proposed based on changes in China’s development stage, environment, and conditions, and is a strategic choice to reshape China’s new advantages in international cooperation and competition.” [4]4 This is a direct quotation from Xi Jinping’s speeches on the new development pattern. Looking at domestic circulation, before reform and opening up, China’s economy mainly relied on domestic circulation, with imports and exports accounting for a very small proportion of the national economy. Reform and opening up, especially joining the World Trade Organization, played an important role in rapidly enhancing China’s economic strength and improving people’s lives. In recent years, with the intensification of anti-globalization trends, individual countries have engaged in unilateralism and protectionism, causing a significant weakening of the momentum of international circulation. However, the vitality of domestic circulation is increasingly strong. China has the world’s most complete and largest industrial system, over 100 million market entities, and the world’s largest and most promising market. In the current context of constructing the new development pattern, China’s development has become an important growth pole and power source for world development. Looking at international circulation, taking domestic circulation as the mainstay by no means means closing the door to closed operation; rather, it means better connecting the domestic market with the international market by leveraging the potential of domestic demand. General Secretary Xi Jinping further pointed out some cognitive misunderstandings that need to be guarded against, such as only emphasizing the first half of the sentence, one-sidedly stressing “domestic circulation as the mainstay,” and advocating a substantial contraction in opening up; or only emphasizing the second half of the sentence, one-sidedly stressing “domestic and international circulations,” ignoring changes in the international landscape and situation, and clinging to the old mindset of “two ends abroad, large imports and large exports.” [5]5 “Two ends abroad, large imports and large exports” refers to the earlier development model where China relied heavily on foreign markets for both raw materials and sales, processing materials for export. These erroneous understandings all stem from failing to properly apply the dialectics of the two-way interaction between internal and external causes. Therefore, to construct the new development pattern, it is necessary to build a new, higher-standard open economic system, implement opening up on a larger scale, in broader fields, and at a deeper level; actively participate in international market competition, enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of foreign trade, and increase radiation and influence in the global industrial chain, supply chain, and innovation chain. Domestic and international circulations must reinforce each other to inject new momentum and expand new space for China’s economic development.

唯物辩证法认为，内因是事物的内部矛盾，外因是事物的外部矛盾；内因是事物发展变化的根据，外因是事物发展变化不可缺少的条件；外因的作用无论多大，也必须通过内因才能起作用。我国坚持独立自主、自力更生和对外开放战略方针的理论基础，就是事物发展的内因和外因关系原理。这一原理对于当前指导构建新发展格局、正确处理中国与外部世界关系具有重要现实意义。习近平总书记提出构建双循环的新发展格局，是把握未来发展主动权的战略性布局，集中反映了“两个市场”的相互影响、相互渗透，是对社会主义经济与世界经济体系对立统一认识的深化，同时反映了内因和外因的双向互动。习近平总书记指出：“要推动形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。这个新发展格局是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化提出来的，是重塑我国国际合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择。”从国内大循环来看，改革开放以前，我国经济以国内循环为主，进出口占国民经济的比重很小。改革开放尤其是加入世贸组织，对于我国快速提升经济实力、改善人民生活起到了重要作用。近年来，随着逆全球化趋势的加剧，个别国家大搞单边主义、保护主义，造成国际大循环动能明显减弱。但国内大循环活力日益强劲，我国具有全球最完整、规模最大的工业体系，拥有1亿多市场主体，拥有全球最大最有潜力的市场。在当前构建新发展格局的背景下，我国的发展成为世界发展的重要增长极和动力源。从国际大循环来看，以国内大循环为主体，绝不是关起门来封闭运行，而是要通过发挥内需潜力，使国内市场和国际市场更好联通。习近平总书记还进一步提出需要注意防范的一些认识误区，如，只讲前半句，片面强调“以国内大循环为主体”，主张在对外开放上进行大幅度收缩；只讲后半句，片面强调“国内国际双循环”，不顾国际格局和形势变化，固守“两头在外、大进大出”的旧思路。这些错误认识都源于没有运用好内因和外因双向互动的辩证法。因此，构建新发展格局，要建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的对外开放；积极主动参与国际市场竞争，增强对外贸易综合竞争力，增强在全球产业链供应链创新链中的辐射力和影响力。要以国内国际双循环相互促进，为我国经济发展注入新动能、拓展新空间。

(4) Reflects the dialectical implication of quantitative and qualitative mutual transformation

（四）反映了量质互变的辩证法意蕴

Dialectical materialism holds that the contradictory movement of things manifests as quantitative change and qualitative change and their mutual transformation. Quantitative change and qualitative change are dialectically unified: the growth of quantity provides an important foundation for the elevation of quality, and the elevation of quality provides sustained impetus for the growth of quantity. Entering the New Era, our Party, facing a series of profound changes in economic development, has firmly grasped the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, advanced courageously, achieved historic accomplishments, and contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to countries around the world. Adhering to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability in economic work is an important principle of our Party in governing the country and an important methodology in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era regarding doing economic work well. “Stability” and “progress” in economic work embody the dialectical unity of motion and stillness, and of quantitative change and qualitative change. “Stability” refers to maintaining the relative stability of the existing quantity of the economy and achieving the stable development of the economy and society. But “stability” by no means means resting on one’s laurels or marking time; insignificant quantitative change makes the necessary preparations for the development of things. “Progress” is the stage-by-stage change achieved in the process of the development of things, a march toward a higher stage. The new stage of development requires both “stability” that maintains strategic focus and takes a long-term view, and “progress” that seizes opportunities and takes the initiative. It is necessary both to stabilize the basic economic plate, actively introduce policies conducive to economic stability, hold the bottom line of resources and the environment, and secure the bottom line of people’s livelihood, and, on the basis of “stability,” to actively forge ahead, firmly grasp the initiative in development, and ensure that new results are achieved in transforming the economic development model and in innovation-driven development.

唯物辩证法认为，事物的矛盾运动表现为量变与质变及其相互转化。量变和质变是辩证统一的，量的增长为质的提升提供重要基础，质的提升为量的增长提供持续动力。进入新时代，我们党面对经济发展的系列深刻变化，牢牢把握稳中求进总基调，守正创新，勇毅前行，取得了历史性成就，向世界各国贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。坚持稳中求进工作总基调，是我们党治国理政的重要原则，是习近平经济思想关于做好经济工作的重要方法论。经济工作中的“稳”与“进”体现了运动与静止、量变与质变的辩证统一。“稳”指的是保持原有经济量的相对稳定性，实现经济社会的平稳发展。但“稳”绝不是故步自封、原地踏步，不显著的量变为事物的发展做了必要的准备。“进”是事物发展过程中取得的阶段性变化，是向更高阶段的迈进。新发展阶段既要有保持定力、着眼长远的“稳”，也要有抢抓机遇、主动作为的“进”，既要稳住经济基本盘，积极推出有利于经济稳定的政策，守住资源与环境的底线，兜住民生保障的底线，又要在“稳”的基础上积极进取，牢牢把握发展主动权，确保转变经济发展方式和创新驱动发展取得新成效。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on promoting high-quality development and entering the new stage of development also vividly embody the dialectical relationship of the mutual transformation of quantity and quality. The Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out, “promote the economy to achieve effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth.” [7]7 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. The report is the political document adopted at that congress. Since the New Era, the previous extensive growth and crude development model that relied mainly on factor inputs, scale expansion, and neglected quality and efficiency has become unsustainable. It is necessary to shift from the original focus on solving problems of “having or not having,” “big or not big,” and “sufficient or insufficient” to solving problems of “good or not good,” “excellent or not excellent,” and “beautiful or not beautiful,” centering on continuously meeting the people’s aspiration for a better life. On the one hand, efforts must be made in reasonable quantitative growth. The characteristics of China’s super-large-scale market require that the total volume of the industrial system must match it; China’s advantages of complete industrial categories and a comprehensive industrial system are obvious, and it ranks first in the world in terms of manufacturing scale and foreign exchange reserves, so these advantages should be further leveraged; China is a populous country and a large agricultural country, and the newborn population must have a certain increment; economic development cannot be GDP-only, but it is necessary to maintain stable GDP growth and a certain speed. On the other hand, efforts must focus on improving quality and increasing efficiency. Greater attention must be paid to efficiency, effectiveness, and results, making development greener, more circular, lower-carbon, safer, fairer, more efficient, and more sustainable. The development model should achieve simultaneous progress in science and technology, greenness, humanism, and output, and realize the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. Currently, the new stage of development China has entered is a stage of quantitative accumulation that advances step by step, and at the same time, it is a stage of development and change that is increasingly approaching a qualitative leap. This is both an inevitability of the development of the primary stage of socialism and an inherent requirement for development toward a higher stage. Because the development and improvement of the primary stage of socialism is a long historical process, a dynamic development process that unifies long-term nature and stage-based nature, it must inevitably pass through several specific stages of development. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s exposition on the new stage of development is precisely a vivid embodiment in reality of the philosophical principle of the mutual transformation of quantity and quality.

习近平总书记关于推动高质量发展和进入新发展阶段的重要论述，也生动体现了量质互变的辩证关系。党的二十大报告指出，“推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长”。新时代以来，以前主要依靠要素投入、规模扩张、忽视质量效益的外延式扩张和粗放式发展模式难以为继，需要围绕不断满足人民对美好生活的向往，由原来的解决“有没有”“大不大”“足不足”转向解决“好不好”“优不优”“美不美”等问题。一方面，要在量的合理增长上下功夫。我国超大规模市场特征要求产业体系总量上必须与之相匹配；我国产业门类齐全、产业体系完备优势明显，在制造业规模、外汇储备等方面稳居世界第一，应进一步发挥好这些优势；我国是人口大国和农业大国，新生人口要有一定增量，经济发展不能唯GDP论，但要保持GDP稳定增长且保持一定速度。另一方面，要着重在提质增效上下功夫。要更加注重效能、效益、效果，使发展更加绿色、循环、低碳、安全、公平、高效和可持续，发展模式实现科技、绿色、人文、产出齐头并进，实现人与自然和谐共生。当前，我国进入的新发展阶段是一个阶梯式递进的量的积累阶段，同时也是一个日益接近质的飞跃的发展变化阶段。这既是社会主义初级阶段发展的必然，也是向更高阶段发展的内在要求。因为社会主义初级阶段的发展和完善是一个长期的历史过程，是一个长期性和阶段性相统一的动态发展过程，其中必然要经历若干具体的发展阶段，习近平总书记关于新发展阶段的论述正是量质互变这一哲学原理在现实中的生动体现。

III. The Epistemological Implications of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

三、习近平经济思想的认识论意蕴

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is full of the philosophical wisdom of epistemology. Interpreting Xi Jinping’s economic thought from the perspective of epistemology enables us to understand more deeply the laws of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics, and thereby further strengthen our confidence in arming our minds, guiding practice, and promoting work with Xi Jinping’s economic thought.

习近平经济思想充满着认识论的哲学智慧。从认识论出发解读习近平经济思想，能够使我们更深刻地认识中国特色社会主义经济建设规律，进而更加坚定以习近平经济思想武装头脑、指导实践、推动工作的信心。

(I) Reflecting the Epistemological Implication of the Dialectical Unity of Practice and Cognition

（一）反映了实践与认识辩证统一的认识论意蕴

From the perspective of Marxist epistemology, the viewpoint of practice is the core viewpoint of Marxist philosophy. Practice determines cognition; it is the source and driving force of cognition, and also the purpose and destination of cognition. Marx pointed out: “The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question. Man must prove the truth, i.e., the reality and power, the this-sidedness of his thinking in practice.” [8]8 This is a quotation from Marx’s “Theses on Feuerbach” (1845). Xi Jinping’s economic thought adheres to the methodology of combining a problem-oriented approach with a goal-oriented approach, deepens the dialectical relationship between practice and cognition, and carries out strategic thinking, strategic planning, and strategic arrangements in response to many practical problems facing China’s economy in the New Era. Based on the practical logic of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, General Secretary Xi Jinping, in accordance with the situation and tasks of economic development in the practice of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, emphasized the need to change from “building a moderately prosperous society in all respects” to “completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects,” enriching the basic connotation and target requirements of a moderately prosperous society. Based on the practical logic of implementing an innovation-driven development strategy in the context of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, General Secretary Xi Jinping firmly grasps the general trend of technological revolution and industrial transformation, puts forward the major thesis that innovation is the primary driving force for development, and emphasizes the need to strive to achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and accelerate the building of a world-important talent center and innovation highland. Based on the practical logic of promoting common prosperity in the course of high-quality development, and in accordance with the trend changes and stage-based characteristics of economic development since the New Era, the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2019 proposed adhering to supply-side structural reform, adhering to reform and opening up, and promoting high-quality development. High-quality development is an important path for making the “cake” bigger and dividing the “cake” well in the process of promoting common prosperity. It is necessary to promote common prosperity in the course of high-quality development, and take promoting common prosperity for all the people as the focal point for seeking happiness for the people. Based on the practical logic of continuously improving the socialist market economy system, General Secretary Xi Jinping scientifically defines and explains the roles of the government and the market under the socialist market economy system, and further emphasizes that the relationship between making the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and the government playing its role better is organically unified, not fragmented or opposed. Based on the practical logic of financial work with Chinese characteristics, General Secretary Xi Jinping systematically expounds the basic essentials of the Chinese-characteristic financial development path and the main connotations of the Chinese-characteristic modern financial system, clarifies how to view and how to do financial work with the “Eight Persistences,” [9]9 “Eight Persistences” (八个坚持) refers to a set of principles for financial work articulated by Xi Jinping, including persisting in the centralized responds to the risks and challenges encountered in financial practice, and clears up the theoretical puzzles that need to be resolved in financial development. The centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over financial work has become stronger and more powerful, the people-centered nature of financial work has become more distinct, the development requirement of finance serving the real economy and preventing “shifting from real to virtual” has become firmer, the eternal theme of preventing and controlling financial risks has become more prominent, financial innovation and development have been advanced more solidly on the track of marketization and rule of law, and the path of socialist financial development with Chinese characteristics is broadening. Based on the practical logic of promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and in the face of the current insufficient driving force for world economic growth, the profound adjustment of the international strategic landscape, and the intensified competition brought about by a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the Belt and Road Initiative and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, aiming to achieve win-win cooperation and shared benefits, and through the unremitting efforts of the international community, jointly build a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, and clean and beautiful.

从马克思主义认识论的角度看，实践观点是马克思主义哲学的核心观点。实践决定认识，是认识的源泉和动力，也是认识的目的和归宿。马克思指出：“人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，自己思维的此岸性。”习近平经济思想坚持问题导向和目标导向相结合的方法论，深化了实践与认识的辩证关系，针对新时代中国经济面临的诸多现实问题进行了战略思考、战略谋划和战略安排。立足全面建成小康社会的实践逻辑，习近平总书记根据中国特色社会主义现代化建设实践中经济发展的形势任务，强调要由“全面建设小康社会”转变为“全面建成小康社会”，丰富了小康社会的基本内涵和目标要求。立足新一轮科技革命和产业变革实施创新驱动发展战略的实践逻辑，习近平总书记牢牢把握科技革命和产业变革的发展大势，提出创新是引领发展的第一动力的重大论断，强调要努力实现高水平科技自立自强，加快建设世界重要人才中心和创新高地。立足在高质量发展中推进共同富裕的实践逻辑，根据新时代以来经济发展的趋势性变化和阶段性特征，2019年12月的中央经济工作会议提出要坚持供给侧结构性改革，坚持改革开放，推动高质量发展。高质量发展是推动共同富裕进程中把“蛋糕”做大和把“蛋糕”分好的重要路径，必须在高质量发展中推动共同富裕，把促进全体人民共同富裕作为为人民谋幸福的着力点。立足持续完善社会主义市场经济体制的实践逻辑，习近平总书记科学地界定和阐释了社会主义市场经济体制下政府和市场的作用，并进一步强调使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用之间的关系是有机统一的，不是割裂、对立的。立足中国特色社会主义金融工作的实践逻辑，习近平总书记系统阐述了中国特色金融发展之路的基本要义和中国特色现代金融体系的主要内涵，以“八个坚持”明确了金融工作怎么看、怎么干，回应了金融实践遭遇的风险挑战，廓清了金融发展需要解决的理论困惑。党中央对金融工作的集中统一领导更加坚强有力，金融工作的人民底色更加鲜明，金融服务实体经济、防止“脱实向虚”的发展要求更加坚定，防控金融风险的永恒主题更加突出，金融创新发展在市场化法治化轨道上推进得更加扎实，中国特色社会主义金融发展之路越走越宽。立足推动构建人类命运共同体的实践逻辑，面对当前世界经济增长动能不足、国际战略格局深度调整，以及新一轮科技革命和产业变革带来的竞争加剧，习近平总书记提出“一带一路”倡议，构建人类命运共同体，旨在实现共赢共享，通过国际社会不懈努力，共同建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界。

(II) Reflecting the Epistemological Implication of the Infinite Repetition and Spiral Ascent of Cognition

（二）反映了认识的无限反复性和螺旋式上升性的认识论意蕴

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “Practice, knowledge, again practice, and again knowledge. This form repeats itself in endless cycles, and with each cycle the content of practice and knowledge rises to a higher level. Such is the whole of the dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge, and such is the dialectical-materialist theory of the unity of knowing and doing.” [10]10 The Chinese term “唯物史观” (historical materialism) is rendered here as “the historical materialist view” to maintain consistency with the glossary term “historical materialism” while fitting the grammatical context. Since reform and opening up, our Party’s understanding of major issues such as ownership, distribution relations, and plan versus market has continuously deepened. One of the important contents of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, which profoundly embodies the dialectical movement of practice and knowledge. The Party’s process of understanding the basic socialist economic system is a process of moving from the shallow to the deep, from the surface to the core, and from the perceptual to the rational, as understanding deepens and practice develops. The Report of the 15th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together constitute the basic economic system for the primary stage of socialism in China. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, further pointed out that mixed-ownership economies, where state capital, collective capital, and non-public capital hold cross-shareholdings and merge with each other, are an important form of realizing the basic economic system. Focusing on new practice and development, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC innovatively proposed that public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together, distribution according to work as the mainstay and multiple forms of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system constitute the basic socialist economic system. Thus it can be seen that the Party’s process of understanding the basic socialist economic system fully reflects the materialist dialectical principle of the infinite repetitiveness and spiral ascent of knowledge.

毛泽东同志指出：“实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的程度。这就是辩证唯物论的全部认识论，这就是辩证唯物论的知行统一观。”改革开放以来，我们党对所有制、分配关系、计划与市场等重大问题的认识不断深化，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要内容之一就是坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，这深刻体现了实践与认识的辩证运动。党对社会主义基本经济制度的认识过程，就是随着认识的深入和实践的发展，由浅及深、由表及里、由感性到理性的过程。党的十五大报告指出，公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，是我国社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度。党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》进一步指出，国有资本、集体资本、非公有资本等交叉持股、相互融合的混合所有制经济，是基本经济制度的重要实现形式。着眼于新的实践和发展，党的十九届四中全会创新性地提出公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度。由此可见，党对社会主义基本经济制度的认识过程充分反映了认识的无限反复性、螺旋式上升性的唯物辩证法原理。

The relationship between socialism and the market economy is a major issue in the development of socialist economic theory and practice. In the early days after the founding of New China, China formed a highly centralized planned economic system. Since reform and opening up, from the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the CPC to the 13th and 14th National Congresses of the CPC, our Party successively proposed a planned commodity economy system, a planned commodity economy system with the unity of plan and market, and a socialist market economy system. Along with the practical development and continuous exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the 15th National Congress of the CPC proposed “the basic role of the market in resource allocation,” and subsequently continuously improved upon it. This embodies the Chinese Communist Party’s continuous adaptation to the new developments in the practice of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, achieving a deepening understanding of the relationship between government and market. Economic development is a process of spiral ascent. From the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC first proposing “letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of government,” to the 20th National Congress of the CPC once again emphasizing “fully leveraging the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and better playing the role of government,” this reflects the Party’s continuous breakthroughs and innovations in understanding the laws of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics.

社会主义与市场经济的关系是社会主义经济理论和实践发展中的一个重大问题。新中国成立之初，我国形成了高度集中的计划经济体制。改革开放以来，从党的十二届三中全会到党的十三大、十四大，我们党先后提出有计划的商品经济体制、计划与市场内在统一的有计划的商品经济体制、社会主义市场经济体制。伴随中国特色社会主义的实践发展和不断探索，党的十五大提出“市场在资源配置中的基础性作用”，之后不断加以完善。这体现了中国共产党不断适应中国特色社会主义现代化建设实践的新发展，实现对政府和市场关系认识的不断深化。经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，从党的十八届三中全会首次提出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”，到党的二十大再次强调“充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用”，体现了党对中国特色社会主义经济建设规律认识的不断突破和创新。

(3) Reflects the epistemological implication that scientific theory has a huge guiding role in practice

（三）反映了科学理论对实践具有巨大指导作用的认识论意蕴

Marxist epistemology holds that correct understanding, especially scientific theory, has a promoting effect on practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the world economy has been sluggish in its recovery, global problems have intensified, and traditional and non-traditional security incidents have intertwined, accelerating the adjustment of the world pattern. The profound and complex changes in world conditions, national conditions, Party conditions, and social conditions objectively require us to transform our development concepts and development models. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to using

马克思主义认识论认为，正确的认识尤其是科学的理论对于实践具有促进作用。党的十八大以来，世界经济复苏乏力，全球性问题加剧，传统和非传统安全事件相互交织，加速了世界格局调整。世情、国情、党情、社情发生的深刻复杂变化客观要求我们转变发展理念、发展方式。习近平总书记高度重视以马克思主义哲学思想来指导经济工作实践和探索经济建设规律，以马克思主义政治家、思想家、战略家的理论勇气和求实精神，深刻总结并充分运用我国经济发展的成功经验，从新的实际出发，提出了一系列新理念新思想新战略，形成了习近平经济思想，其基本内容主要包括：加强党对经济工作的全面领导、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想、新发展阶段、新发展理念、新发展格局、高质量发展、坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度、部署实施国家重大发展战略、坚持创新驱动发展、大力发展制造业和实体经济、坚定不移全面扩大开放、统筹发展和安全、坚持正确工作策略和方法，等等。在习近平经济思想的科学指引下，我国经济建设取得重大成就，国家经济实力、科技实力、综合国力迈上新台阶。例如，加强党对经济工作的全面领导，这是社会主义经济持续健康发展的根本保证。党是总揽全局、协调各方的，而经济工作是中心工作，党的领导当然要在中心工作中得到充分体现。要切实把党领导经济工作的制度优势转化为治理效能，提高党领导经济工作的能力和水平。进入新时代以来，在党的领导下，经济工作不但取得了历史性的发展成就，发生了历史性的伟大变革，而且破解了多年来累积和新遇到的障碍和难题，奋力谱写了我国经济快速发展奇迹和社会长期稳定奇迹这“两大奇迹”的新篇章。又如，坚定不移全面扩大开放，妥善应对困难和挑战，以不断提高开放型经济水平持续发展经济。实践证明，中国对外开放的大门一旦打开，开放程度会越来越大，开放水平会越来越高。要顺应世界经济发展大势，坚持对外开放、互利共赢，发展更高层次的开放型经济，以扩大开放带动创新、推动改革、促进发展。此外，在党的领导下，我们成功推进了中国式现代化，并拓展了中国式现代化的内涵。习近平总书记指出：“中国人民的成功实践昭示世人，通向现代化的道路不止一条，只要找准正确方向、驰而不息，条条大路通罗马。”中国式现代化是中国共产党在新中国成立以来长期探索和实践基础上，经过持续探索和创新突破形成的，既有世界各国现代化的共同特征，更有中国自己的特色和气派。中国的现代化道路为人类社会发展规律提供了新的实践依据，也是马克思主义认识论和方法论运用的最新理论成果。

IV. The Implications of Historical Materialism in Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

四、习近平经济思想的唯物史观意蕴

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is imbued with the

习近平经济思想充满着唯物史观的哲学智慧。从唯物史观出发解读习近平经济思想，能够使我们更好地理解和把握建成现代化经济体系、发展新质生产力、以人民为中心的发展思想及社会有机体等理论与实践。

(1) It reflects the implications of the historical materialist view of the dialectical unity of productive forces and relations of production, and of the economic base and superstructure.

（一）反映了生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑辩证统一的唯物史观意蕴

Historical materialism holds that the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, constitutes the fundamental contradiction of human society. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has employed the theory of the reciprocal relationship between productive forces and relations of production to examine the perfection of the superstructure, applied the historical materialist principle that the superstructure is built upon the economic base, focused on strengthening institutions with a long-term perspective, correctly distinguished China’s fundamental economic system, basic economic systems, and important economic systems, deepened reforms addressing deep-seated institutional and mechanistic issues, further perfected the new system of nationwide resource mobilization [11], and effectively strengthened the Party’s overall leadership over economic work. General Secretary Xi Jinping, applying the historical materialist dialectic of productive forces and relations of production, has put forward that for the country to be strong, its economic system must be strong, and that building a modernized economic system is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development and comprehensively enhancing the overall competitiveness of the economy. The modernized economic system to be built must both draw on the beneficial practices of developed countries and conform to China’s national conditions; it must advance the integrated construction of an industrial system, a market system, an income distribution system, an urban-rural regional development system, a green development system, a comprehensive opening-up system, and an economic system, all under a unified perspective and thinking, so as to provide a solid material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping, applying the historical materialist principle of the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure, has put forward that strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for China’s economic development. Historical materialism holds that the economic base and the superstructure are dialectically unified, manifested as the organic unity and mutual interaction of economy and politics: the economy is the foundation of politics, and politics is the concentrated expression of the economy. The Party’s leadership system, as part of the superstructure, has provided a strong political guarantee and organizational guarantee for China’s revolution, construction, and reform. Strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over economic work is determined by the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, its nature, and its purpose; its fundamental goal is to better satisfy the people’s aspiration for a better life. Entering the New Era, under the Party’s leadership, we have coordinated development and security, continuously strengthened the Four Confidences in socialism with Chinese characteristics, actively responded to various risks and challenges, ensured stable economic development, guaranteed the fundamental interests of the people and the overall interests of social development, formed an effective basic socialist economic system, and transformed institutional advantages into governance effectiveness. As Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “In a big country like China, to unify the thoughts and strength of several hundred million people to build socialism, it is inconceivable without a party composed of highly conscious, disciplined, and self-sacrificing members that can truly represent and unite the masses, and without the unified leadership of such a party.” [12] General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on the developmental practice of productive forces, has innovatively proposed the theory of new quality productive forces, a new theory of productive forces that deepens the grasp of the dialectical relationship between productive forces and relations of production. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “To develop new quality productive forces, we must further comprehensively deepen reforms and form new relations of production that are compatible with them.” This thesis clearly embodies the principle that relations of production must be adjusted in a timely manner to adapt to the actual development of productive forces. New quality productive forces are engendered by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Among these, revolutionary technological breakthroughs require reforming the science and technology innovation system, strengthening the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over science and technology work, and promoting the formation of stronger innovation momentum and the release of greater innovative talent vitality; this is the strategic consideration behind the establishment of the Central Science and Technology Commission in the new round of Party and state institutional reforms. [13] The innovative allocation of production factors points toward deepening economic system reform, achieving a better combination of an effective market and a competent government, both more prominently highlighting the market’s decisive role in improving efficiency and allocating resources, and fully leveraging the government’s macro-regulatory role in promoting fairness and ensuring the rule of law, so that all types of advanced and high-quality production factors flow smoothly into the domain of new quality productive forces. This is a profound application of the theoretical idea that relations of production react upon productive forces.

唯物史观认为，生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾是人类社会的基本矛盾。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央运用生产力与生产关系的相互关系理论审视上层建筑的完善问题，运用唯物史观关于上层建筑建立在经济基础之上的原理，着眼长远加强制度建设，正确区分我国的根本经济制度、基本经济制度和重要经济制度，深化改革深层次的体制机制问题，进一步完善新型举国体制，切实加强党对经济工作的全面领导。习近平总书记运用唯物史观关于生产力与生产关系的辩证原理，提出国家强，经济体系就必须强，建设现代化经济体系是推动高质量发展、全面提高经济整体竞争力的必然要求。建设的现代化经济体系既要借鉴发达国家的有益做法，又要符合中国国情，要以统一的视角和思想一体推进建设产业体系、市场体系、收入分配体系、城乡区域发展体系、绿色发展体系、全面开放体系、经济体制等，为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚实的物质基础。习近平总书记运用唯物史观关于经济基础与上层建筑关系原理，提出加强党对经济工作的全面领导是我国经济发展的根本保证。唯物史观认为，经济基础与上层建筑辩证统一，体现为经济与政治的有机统一、相互作用，经济是政治的基础，政治是经济的集中表现。作为上层建筑的党的领导制度，为我国革命、建设和改革提供了坚强的政治保证和组织保证。加强党对经济工作的全面领导，决定于党的初心使命、性质宗旨，根本目的是更好满足人民群众对美好生活的向往。进入新时代，在党的领导下，统筹发展和安全，不断坚定中国特色社会主义“四个自信”，积极应对各种风险和挑战，确保了经济稳定发展，保证了人民的根本利益和社会发展的整体利益，形成了行之有效的社会主义基本经济制度，并将制度优势转化为治理效能。正如邓小平同志指出的：“在中国这样的大国，要把几亿人口的思想和力量统一起来建设社会主义，没有一个由具有高度觉悟性、纪律性和自我牺牲精神的党员组成的能够真正代表和团结人民群众的党，没有这样一个党的统一领导，是不可能设想的”。习近平总书记根据生产力发展实践，创新性地提出了新质生产力这一新的生产力理论，对生产力与生产关系辩证关系的把握更加深入。习近平总书记指出：“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”这一论断鲜明体现了生产关系必须适应生产力的发展实际及时进行调整。新质生产力由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生。其中，技术革命性突破要求改革科技创新体制，加强党对科技工作的集中统一领导，推动形成更加强劲的创新动力，释放更大能量的创新人才活力，这就是新一轮党和国家机构改革中组建中央科技委员会的战略考量。生产要素创新性配置指向深化经济体制改革，实现有效市场和有为政府更好结合，既更加突出市场在提升效率、配置资源等方面的决定性作用，又充分发挥政府在促进公平、保障法治等方面的宏观调节作用，让各类先进优质的生产要素向新质生产力领域顺畅流动。这是对生产关系反作用于生产力这一理论思想的深刻运用。

(2) It reflects the historical materialist implication that the masses of the people are the creators of history.

（二）反映了人民群众是历史的创造者的唯物史观意蕴

Historical materialism holds that the masses of the people are the creators of history, the creators of society’s material and spiritual wealth, and the decisive force in social transformation. Marx and Engels pointed out: “The proletarian movement is the independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority.” [14] Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.” [15] Therefore, we must adhere to the mass viewpoint and actively practice the Party’s mass line. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the people-centered development thought, taking the enhancement of the people’s well-being and the promotion of people’s all-round development as the starting point and ultimate goal of development. The people-centered development thought is the Party’s lifeline and fundamental working line, and also the value stance consistently upheld in China’s economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points

唯物史观认为，人民群众是历史的创造者，是社会物质财富和精神财富的创造者，是社会变革的决定力量。马克思和恩格斯指出：“无产阶级的运动是绝大多数人的，为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动。”毛泽东同志指出：“人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。”因此，我们要坚持群众观点，积极践行党的群众路线。习近平总书记在党的十八届五中全会上提出了坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点。以人民为中心的发展思想是我们党的生命线和根本工作路线，也是我国经济发展一以贯之坚持的价值立场。习近平总书记指出：“以人民为中心的发展思想，不是一个抽象的、玄奥的概念，不能只停留在口头上、止步于思想环节，而要体现在经济社会发展各个环节。”新中国成立以来，我们党不断深入对社会主义建设规律的探索，将“为了人民”作为改革的逻辑起点和价值根基，不断通过改革开放解放和发展社会生产力，使生产关系不断适应和促进生产力的发展。随着社会主要矛盾的转变，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持人民至上的价值追求，发展的出发点就是坚持人民利益，发展的根本目的就是增进民生福祉，追求的目标就是实现人民对美好生活的向往，紧紧抓住人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，在发展中保障和改善民生，在推动高质量发展中坚定不移走共同富裕道路。习近平总书记坚持以人民为中心的立场，在发展理念上、社会主要矛盾问题上、收入分配问题上、乡村振兴问题上、共同富裕问题上等均提出了一系列的理论观点，这些观点处处回应了人民群众的期待，彰显着人民至上的价值取向。人民群众创造历史这一唯物史观，深刻揭示了在经济工作中始终坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享的必然要求。新时代社会主义现代化建设就是要坚持以人民日益增长的美好生活需要为目标和尺度，以更高质量的供给结构来适应更高水平的需求结构。习近平经济思想始终坚持“从群众中来，到群众中去”，强调衡量一切工作得失的根本标准就是看人民“拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应”。经济工作成效的检验最终要看人民的三个“真正”，即是否真正得到了实惠、生活是否真正得到了改善、权益是否真正得到了保障，这是对唯物史观的深刻诠释和现代拓展。

(3) It reflects the implications of historical materialism in the Marxist theory of social organism.

（三）反映了马克思主义社会有机体论的唯物史观意蕴

The Marxist theory of the social organism is an important component of historical materialism. It is a theory of social development that is based on the mode of material production, takes the mode of material production as its foundation, and takes the free and comprehensive development of the human person as its value goal. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core persists in treating socialist modernization as an organic whole, grasping the laws of construction from a systemic perspective, and vividly embodies the core essence of the Marxist theory of the social organism. At present, it is necessary to base ourselves on the New Era and the new stage, identify the crux of systemic problems, give full play to the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, properly handle new contradictions and new problems, take into account different regions and different stages of development, and coordinate the balanced development of all links and aspects, including the relationship between humanity and nature and between development and security. The Marxist theory of the social organism always takes human development as its theme, emphasizing that social development takes human development as both its driving force and its purpose. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that to grasp the worldview and methodology of the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we must adhere to putting the people first. The “people” here are real people, not abstract people; they are the broadest masses of the people who create history. Adhering to putting the people first in the New Era and the new stage, and promoting the free and comprehensive development of the human person on the basis of advancing comprehensive economic and social progress, requires, on the one hand, always trusting and relying on the people, transforming the immense vitality and talent advantages of the masses into forward momentum and developmental advantages; on the other hand, always acting for the people and serving the people, keeping in mind that the starting point and ultimate goal of all work of the Party and the state is to realize, safeguard, and develop the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people. This is not only a vivid embodiment of unswervingly following the path of common prosperity, but also the best interpretation of the people-oriented governing philosophy. The Marxist theory of the social organism holds that development among nations is closely linked and interdependent; all countries are within the same community with a shared future for mankind. To achieve national development, we must always adhere to maintaining a global vision, so as to truly grasp the laws of the historical evolution of the social organism. Unswervingly and comprehensively expanding opening up is an important magic weapon for China’s economic development, and opening up has become a distinctive symbol of contemporary China. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “China’s opening up is not a one-man show,

马克思主义社会有机体论是唯物史观的重要内容，是关于社会有机运行、以物质资料生产方式为基础、以人的自由全面发展为价值目标的社会发展理论。以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持把社会主义现代化建设作为一个有机整体，以系统论观点把握建设规律，生动体现了马克思主义社会有机体论的核心要义。当前，要立足新时代新阶段，找准系统性的问题症结，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，处理好新矛盾新问题，兼顾好不同区域、不同发展阶段，统筹好人与自然、发展与安全等各环节、各方面的协调发展。马克思主义社会有机体论始终坚持以人的发展为主题，强调社会的发展以人的发展为动力和目的。党的二十大报告指出，把握好新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，必须坚持人民至上。这里的人是现实的人，而不是抽象的人，是创造历史的最广大的人民群众。新时代新阶段坚持人民至上，在推进经济社会全面进步的基础上促进人的自由全面发展，一方面，要始终相信人民、依靠人民，把人民群众的巨大活力和人才优势转化为前进动力和发展优势；另一方面，要始终为了人民、服务人民，牢记党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点，就是实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益。这既是坚定不移走共同富裕道路的生动体现，也是以人为本执政理念的最佳诠释。马克思主义社会有机体论认为，国家间的发展是紧密相连、相互依赖的，各国处于同一个人类命运共同体，实现国家发展必须始终坚持胸怀天下，才能真正把握社会有机体历史演进的规律。坚定不移地全面扩大开放，是我国经济发展的重要法宝，开放已经成为当代中国的鲜明标识。习近平总书记指出：“中国对外开放，不是要一家唱独角戏，而是要欢迎各方共同参与；不是要谋求势力范围，而是要支持各国共同发展；不是要营造自己的后花园，而是要建设各国共享的百花园。”坚定不移推进高水平对外开放，推动共建“一带一路”，以务实有效的行动推动高质量发展，为世界经济复苏和稳定发展注入更多中国力量，是落实马克思主义社会有机体论的生动体现。

The vitality of theory lies in constant innovation. In his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the “Six Musts,” namely, must put the people first

理论的生命力在于不断创新。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中提出了“六个坚持”，即坚持人民至上、坚持自信自立、坚持守正创新、坚持问题导向、坚持系统观念、坚持胸怀天下。这些内容是贯穿习近平经济思想立场、观点、方法的应有之义，也充分体现了马克思主义社会有机体论。我们要站稳人民立场，践行党的宗旨，贯彻党的群众路线，自觉把以人民为中心的发展思想贯穿经济领域的各项工作。党的百年奋斗成功道路是党领导人民独立自主探索开辟出来的，进入新时代，党和国家所取得的历史性成就和历史性变革也是党领导人民依靠自身力量实践出来的，我们要坚定“四个自信”，立足现阶段，推动经济高质量发展；要坚持守正和创新的辩证统一，在推进中国式现代化进程中，坚守党的理想信念、初心使命不动摇；要把握世界发展大势、顺应我国时代潮流与时俱进深化改革，以新理念新思路新举措解决好经济领域中的各种矛盾和问题；要坚持问题导向，聚焦经济实践遇到的新矛盾新问题，不断提出能够真正解决经济问题的新理念新思路新办法，不断提升化解矛盾的能力和实效。我国已开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程，必须坚持系统观念，立足中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，统筹国内国际两个大局，全面协调推动经济领域各项工作。中国共产党百年奋斗的一条重要经验就是胸怀天下，始终关注人类的前途命运。要坚持互利共赢、合作发展，为人类文明进步和经济社会发展贡献智慧和力量。总之，要把握和运用好“六个坚持”，更好地领会习近平经济思想的科学内涵、精神实质、实践要求，更好地把这一思想转化为推动经济建设的强大动力。

(Author bios: Wang Wenju, Professor at the School of Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business; Sun Jie, Research Fellow at the School of Marxism, Beijing Wuzi University)

（作者简介：王文举，首都经济贸易大学经济学院教授；孙杰，北京物资学院马克思主义学院研究员）

Internet editor: Tongxin

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