The Original Contributions of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on Common Prosperity

Common prosperity is a millennia-old dream of the Chinese people and a characteristic feature of the ideal human society and a good life, yet no country in human history has truly achieved it. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the great practice of leading the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, General Secretary Xi Jinping, with extraordinary theoretical courage and a strong sense of mission, has scientifically explored and deeply pondered the major theoretical and practical issues of common prosperity, delivering a series of important discourses. These discourses constitute a major judgment on the historical stage of China’s economic and social development, a profound grasp of the Party’s long-term governing foundation, a scientific summary of the driving forces behind high-quality development, a long-term reflection on the foundations of social harmony, and a high-level synthesis of the important characteristics of Chinese-path modernization. They have achieved a new leap in our understanding of the Party’s important experience in governing the country, the laws of the Communist Party’s long-term governance, the laws of economic development, the laws of social development, and the laws of socialist construction, advancing our Party’s understanding of common prosperity to a new level, a new height, and a new realm. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity have formed a complete scientific category of common prosperity, constructed a theoretical system, a discourse system, and a practical strategy for common prosperity, creatively developed the wealth theory of Marxist political economy, enriched and developed Marx’s theory of social formations, made original contributions to Marxism, and advanced the new development of Marxism in contemporary China.

共同富裕是中国人的千年梦想，也是人类理想社会和美好生活的样态特征，但人类历史上迄今还没有一个国家真正实现共同富裕。党的十八大以来，在领导中国特色社会主义事业的伟大实践中，习近平总书记以非凡的理论勇气、强烈的使命担当，对共同富裕重大理论和实践问题进行科学探索和深邃思考，作出了一系列重要论述，这些论述是对我国经济社会发展历史阶段的重大判断、对党长期执政基础的深刻把握、对高质量发展动力的科学总结、对社会和谐基础的长远思考、对中国式现代化重要特征的高度概括，实现了对我们党治国理政重要经验、共产党长期执政规律、经济发展规律、社会发展规律和社会主义建设规律认识新的飞跃，把我们党对共同富裕的认识推进到一个新水平、新高度、新境界。习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述形成了完整的共同富裕科学范畴，构建了共同富裕的理论体系、话语体系和实践方略，创造性发展了马克思主义政治经济学的财富理论，丰富发展了马克思主义的社会形态理论，是对马克思主义的原创性贡献，推进了当代中国马克思主义的新发展。

I. Taking the Basic Principles of Marxism as Scientific Guidance, Grasping the Historical Practical Process of the Production and Distribution of Wealth, and Constructing the Overall Category of Common Prosperity

一、以马克思主义基本原理为科学指导，把握财富的生产与分配的历史实践过程，建构共同富裕总体性范畴

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The creation and distribution of wealth is a major issue faced by all countries.” [1]1 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party’s policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. Looking at the history and reality of human social development, in any historical stage, any social system, or any country, the creation and distribution of wealth remains a major problem that has never reached an ideal goal. Based on the laws of human social development revealed by historical materialism, the classical writers envisioned the production and distribution of wealth in a future socialist society: social production aimed at the prosperity of all people, ensuring not only material abundance but also spiritual abundance through the free and comprehensive development of each individual’s abilities. “Common prosperity,” expressed in the plain language familiar to every Chinese, combines the Chinese people’s age-old yearning for a Great Harmony society with the laws of human social development revealed by Marxism. The Party has always regarded common prosperity as the essence of socialism and the goal direction and principle of social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important discourses on the new development philosophy, poverty alleviation, a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and Chinese-path modernization. On the basis of practical innovation, applying the Marxist methodology of totality, upholding and developing Marxist political economy, he has comprehensively and systematically expounded the major proposition of common prosperity and clarified its scientific connotation. Common prosperity is a conceptual category abstracted from the practices of all aspects of human social activity. As a category of totality, totality is the characteristic of this category, a characteristic directly derived from the holistic methodology upheld by Marxism.

习近平总书记指出：“财富的创造和分配是各国都面对的重大问题。”[1]就人类社会发展的历史和现实来看，在任何一个历史阶段、任何一种社会制度、任何一个国家，财富的创造和分配，仍然是一个始终没有达到理想目标的重大问题。经典作家基于历史唯物主义揭示的人类社会发展规律对未来社会主义社会的财富生产和分配作出设想，即以所有人的富裕为目的的社会生产，不仅保证物质富裕，而且保证使每个人的能力得到自由全面发展的精神富裕。“共同富裕”以中国人家喻户晓的朴实话语，把中国人自古以来对大同社会的美好向往与马克思主义揭示的人类社会发展规律相结合。党历来把共同富裕作为社会主义的本质和社会发展的目标方向和原则。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记发表了一系列关于新发展理念、脱贫攻坚、全面小康、中国式现代化的重要论述，在实践创新的基础上，运用马克思主义总体性方法论，坚持和发展了马克思主义政治经济学，全面系统地阐述了共同富裕的重大命题，廓清了共同富裕的科学内涵。共同富裕是由人类社会活动各方面的实践抽象而来的一个概念范畴，作为一个总体性范畴，总体性是这一范畴的特点，这一特点直接来源于马克思主义坚持的总体方法论。

(1) Common Prosperity Is the Overall Social Practice of the Production and Distribution of Wealth

（一）共同富裕是财富的生产和分配的社会实践总体

Taking labor practice as the intermediary to grasp the relationships formed between humans and nature and between humans and society, Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity closely link the comprehensive development of individuals, the overall progress of society, and the common prosperity of all the people. At a specific historical stage, individual persons with differences in region, social stratum, ability level, income level, etc., cannot detach themselves from the practice of creating social wealth through social labor. The comprehensively developed person refers to all people in social existence, not an abstract concept, but the general totality of the species-essence of humans as Marx pointed out. Thus, common prosperity is the prosperity of all people. Taking the practice of creating wealth through labor as the foundation, Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity use the category of totality to express the comprehensiveness, universality, and inclusiveness of common prosperity. Whether low- and middle-income earners or high-income earners, whether groups obtaining income distribution through various factors, all will gain a sense of fulfillment from the practice of common prosperity. Therefore, General Secretary Xi Jinping particularly emphasizes that common prosperity is not the prosperity of a minority, nor is it uniform egalitarianism; rather, it encourages all the people to become prosperous through hard work and innovation [3]3 The bracketed numbers [20] and [21] are citation markers from the original Chinese text, referring to specific sources in the authors’ bibliography..

以劳动实践为中介来把握人与自然、人与社会形成的关系，习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述把人的全面发展、社会的全面进步与全体人民共同富裕紧密联系起来。特定历史阶段中不同区域、社会阶层、能力水平、收入水平等存在差别的个体的人，都无法脱离社会劳动创造社会财富的实践。全面发展的人，指的是社会存在中的所有人，不是观念上的抽象，而是马克思所指出的人的类本质上的一般总体。因而，共同富裕是所有人的富裕。以劳动创造财富的实践为依归，习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述以总体性范畴来表达共同富裕的全面性、普及性、全民性。无论是中低收入者还是高收入者，无论是以何种要素获取收入分配的群体，都将从共同富裕的实践中得到获得感。因此，习近平总书记特别强调，共同富裕不只是少数人的富裕，也不是整齐如一的平均主义，而是要鼓励全体人民勤劳创新致富[3]。

(2) Common Prosperity Is a Historical Overall Process Unifying the Ideal Goal and Historical Stages

（二）共同富裕是理想目标和历史阶段相统一的历史总体进程

From a historical perspective, common prosperity is a long-term historical process of reaching an ideal goal. In different historical stages, common prosperity, as an overall process, continuously realizes the comprehensive development of individuals. Any historical stage is an indivisible and insurmountable stage and component part of common prosperity. The overall level of material and spiritual wealth in common prosperity differs significantly across stages, but each is a practical process of common prosperity. Within this overall historical category, General Secretary Xi Jinping objectively summarized the positive and negative experiences of the practice of common prosperity in the two stages before and after the establishment of China’s socialist system and reform and opening up, emphasizing the need to adhere to the fundamental direction of the socialist basic system for common prosperity, to break with the planned system and egalitarianism, while also upholding the basic socialist economic system [4]4 “The end of history” refers to Francis Fukuyama’s 1989 thesis that liberal democracy represents the endpoint of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government.. The more than one hundred years of struggle by the Communist Party of China have been practices advancing common prosperity at different historical stages of productive forces development. Especially on the basis of the historic achievement of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and eradicating absolute poverty that had plagued the nation for millennia, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Now, we have reached the historical stage of solidly promoting common prosperity” [5]5 “The rich amassing huge fortunes while the poor eat chaff” (富者累巨万、贫者食糟糠) is a classical Chinese phrase from the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian’s *Records of the Grand Historian*, used here to warn against extreme wealth polarization.. Solidly promoting common prosperity is a historical necessity; it cannot be delayed, but neither can it be rushed. The specific requirements for common prosperity must inevitably not exceed the historical stage of productive forces development. Comparing the level of productive forces between China and some Western developed countries, the two are clearly at different historical stages. Therefore, criticizing or questioning China’s common prosperity cause based on gaps in per capita income and public welfare levels is logically erroneous. General

从历史的维度来看，共同富裕是一个达到理想目标的长期历史过程，在不同的历史阶段，共同富裕作为一个总体过程不断实现人的全面发展，任何历史阶段都是共同富裕不可分割、不可逾越的阶段和组成部分。不同阶段共同富裕的物质财富和精神财富的总体水平显著不同，但都是共同富裕的实践进程。在这一总体性历史范畴下，习近平总书记客观总结了我国社会主义制度确立以来和改革开放前后两个阶段共同富裕实践的正反两方面经验，强调必须坚持社会主义基本制度这一共同富裕的根本方向，必须打破计划体制和平均主义，又要坚持社会主义基本经济制度[4]。中国共产党一百多年来的奋斗，都是在不同生产力发展历史阶段上推进共同富裕的实践。尤其是在全面建成小康社会、解决了千年绝对贫困这一历史性成就的基础上，习近平总书记指出，“现在，已经到了扎实推动共同富裕的历史阶段”[5]。扎实推动共同富裕是历史必然，等不得，但同时也急不得，对共同富裕的具体要求必然不能超越生产力发展的历史阶段。对比我国和一些西方发达国家的生产力水平，两者显然处于不同的历史阶段，因此，基于人均收入和公共福利水平的差距而批评质疑我国共同富裕事业，这样的逻辑是错误的。习近平总书记指出：“一些发达国家工业化搞了几百年，但由于社会制度原因，到现在共同富裕问题仍未解决，贫富悬殊问题反而越来越严重。”[6]可以判断，一些西方发达国家走在了一条马克思曾经批判过的错误的历史道路之上。

(3) Common prosperity is the holistic existence of the economic and social system and the interdependence and interaction among its various levels

（三）共同富裕是经济社会系统及系统内各层级相互依存、相互作用的总体性存在

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: "Common prosperity for all the people is an overall concept, which applies to the whole of society. It should not be divided into separate indicators for urban and rural areas, or for the eastern, central, and western regions, each setting its own targets; rather, it must be viewed from an overall perspective." [7]7 The three major gaps refer to the gaps in development between urban and rural areas, between regions, and in income distribution. From an overall perspective, human society is a holistic existence generated on the basis of material production and life. The subsystems and various levels of the system that constitute the social whole are interdependent and interact with one another. If the internal disparities within a whole continue to widen and the relationships become severely imbalanced, it is clearly detrimental to achieving common prosperity on an overall basis. When concretely planning the strategic deployment for common prosperity, General Secretary Xi Jinping first emphasized the balance, coordination, and inclusiveness of development. To achieve common prosperity from the overall perspective of society, it is necessary to overcome and resolve the disparities in China's development across regions, sectors, urban and rural areas, and industries, as well as the lack of coordination between cultural-ethical progress and material progress. Under this principle, General Secretary Xi Jinping further pointed out the reform path for forming an olive-shaped income distribution structure among the three major income groups [8]8 “Two more, two enrichments, and six haves” (两多、两富、六个有) is a shorthand summary of the common prosperity vision in Zhejiang: “more pay for more work” (多劳多得) and “material prosperity” (物质富裕) as the “two more” and “two enrichments,” and “good care for the young, excellent education for the school-age, good medical care for the sick, healthy support for the elderly, livable housing, and assistance for the vulnerable” as the “six haves.”. At present, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in our country remains prominent, and the disparities in urban-rural regional development and income distribution are still relatively large. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation has powerfully driven economic development, but it is necessary to proceed from the overall perspective of society, take note of its negative impacts, and effectively respond to and resolve them.

习近平总书记指出：“全体人民共同富裕是一个总体概念，是对全社会而言的，不要分成城市一块、农村一块，或者东部、中部、西部地区各一块，各提各的指标，要从全局上来看。”[7]人类社会从全局而言是以物质生产生活为基点而生成的总体性存在。组成社会总体的子系统、体系各层级相互依存又相互作用，如果一个整体内部差距持续拉大、关系严重失衡，显然不利于实现总体上的共同富裕。习近平总书记在具体谋划共同富裕的战略部署时，首先强调了发展的平衡性、协调性和包容性。从社会总体上实现共同富裕，就必须克服解决我国发展的区域、部门、城乡、行业等差距，克服精神文明和物质文明不协调。习近平总书记在这一原则下进一步指明了三大收入群体形成橄榄型收入分配结构的改革路径[8]。当前我国发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大。新一轮科技革命和产业变革有力推动了经济发展，必须从社会总体出发，注意到其中的负面影响并加以有效应对和解决。

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity apply a holistic methodology, providing theoretical elaboration and practical responses to a series of major issues concerning comprehensive social progress and the all-round development of the individual arising from the production and distribution of wealth. Starting from the totality of labor practice, historical process, and the economic-social system, they construct a complete scientific category of common prosperity.

习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述运用总体性方法论，对由财富的生产和分配而引发的社会全面进步和人的全面发展的一系列重大问题加以理论阐述和实践回应，从劳动实践、历史进程和经济社会系统的总体性出发，构建了体系完整的共同富裕科学范畴。

II. Creatively Developing the Wealth Theory of Marxist Political Economy, Laying the Contemporary Marxist Political Economy Theoretical Foundation for Common Prosperity

二、创造性发展了马克思主义政治经济学的财富理论，为共同富裕奠定了当代马克思主义政治经济学理论基础

(1) Creatively Elucidating the Scientific Basis for Achieving Prosperity through Hard Work and Innovation, Pointing to the Key Role of the Subject Position of Laborers and the Enhancement of Their Capabilities in Wealth Creation and Distribution

（一）创造性阐明了勤劳创新致富的科学依据，指明了劳动者主体地位和劳动者能力提升在财富创造和分配中的关键作用

Marx pointed out that wealth is nothing but the manifestation of human activity.[9]9 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2020 and adopted proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and long-range objectives through 2035, placing common prosperity as a central goal. In a market economy, the commodity is the social form of wealth, and use-value constitutes the material content of wealth.[10] In a socialist country, the practical meaning of wealth is the good life that concerns everyone. “The people’s needs exhibit diverse, multi-level, and multifaceted characteristics; they look forward to better education, more stable employment, more satisfactory income, more reliable social security, higher-level medical and health services, more comfortable living conditions, a more beautiful environment, and a richer cultural and spiritual life.”[11] All good things in the world are achieved through struggle. General Secretary Xi Jinping highly affirms the subject position and role of laborers in the process of common prosperity, emphasizing that to solidly advance common prosperity, we must encourage achieving prosperity through hard work and innovation.

马克思指出，财富不过表现为人的活动[9]。在市场经济中，商品是财富的社会形式，使用价值是构成财富的物质内容[10]。在社会主义国家中，财富的现实含义就是与每个人相关的美好生活。“人民群众的需要呈现多样化多层次多方面的特点，期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境、更丰富的精神文化生活。”[11]世界上一切美好的事物都是奋斗出来的。习近平总书记高度肯定共同富裕进程中劳动者的主体地位和作用，强调扎实推进共同富裕，必须鼓励勤劳创新致富。

The process of wealth creation is the labor process itself—a purposeful activity that produces use-values, involving the role and mobilization of various factors of production. The factors of wealth creation are not limited to labor; capital, land, technology, and management are all factors of wealth creation. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity creatively develop the Marxist theory of wealth. While upholding the species-essence of labor and the subject position of laborers, they properly handle the unified relationship between labor and other factors in the production process. Labor and various factors such as capital, technology, and even data are mutually dependent and mutually reinforcing, creating more wealth, yet they also compete with each other in distributing wealth according to their contributions.

财富创造过程就是劳动过程本身，是制造使用价值的有目的的活动，涉及各类生产要素的作用和动员。财富创造的要素不只有劳动，资本、土地、技术、管理等都是财富创造的要素。习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述创造性发展了马克思主义财富理论，在坚持劳动的类本质、劳动者的主体地位的前提下，处理好了生产过程中劳动与其他要素的统一关系。劳动与资本、技术乃至数据要素等多种要素之间既相互依赖、相互促进创造更多财富，但又要按照贡献度分配财富而相互竞争。

With social progress and economic development, the combination of various factors of wealth creation exhibits two trends: first, with the concentration and socialization of capital, science is increasingly consciously applied to technology, land is increasingly utilized in a planned way, means of labor are increasingly transformed into means of labor that can only be used collectively, and all means of production are increasingly economized through their use as combined, social means of production.[13] Second, the factors of production that play a decisive role in increasing wealth are increasingly shifting from tangible, general material factors to intangible factors such as management, technology, and knowledge. The owners of these factors will become the center of modern wealth creation.[14] Scientific and technological innovation and technological progress play an important role in raising the level of productive forces. For wealth creation driven by technological progress to benefit human development and the common prosperity of all the people, it is necessary to increase the degree of laborers’ contribution in the process of wealth creation. In tandem with technological progress, the skills of laborers must be improved, and the level of human capital across society must be raised.

随着社会的进步和经济的发展，各种财富创造要素的结合呈现出两种趋势：一是随着资本的集中和社会化，科学日益被自觉地应用于技术方面，土地日益被有计划地利用，劳动资料日益转化为只能共同使用的劳动资料，一切生产资料因作为结合的、社会的劳动的生产资料使用而日益节省[13]。二是对财富增进起决定性作用的生产要素日益由有形的一般物质要素转向无形的管理、技术、知识等要素。这些要素所有者将会成为现代财富创造的中心[14]。科技创新和技术进步，对提高生产力水平发挥着重要作用，技术进步推动的财富创造要有利于人的发展，有利于全体人民的共同富裕，就必须提高劳动者在财富创造过程中的贡献程度。与技术进步同步，必须提高劳动者的技能，提升全社会人力资本水平。

Based on the Marxist theory of wealth, the production and distribution of wealth are two closely linked processes: “making the cake bigger” and “dividing the cake well.” The distribution of wealth must first address the distribution of the conditions of production; the remaining part is used for income distribution, including compensation for the reproduction of labor power and surplus. The mechanism or institutional arrangement for increasing wealth must allow the productive forces of all factors to be fully unleashed. Income distribution cannot be limited to distribution according to work; it must also include the distribution of surplus. When factors participate in sharing the surplus, attention cannot be confined to the distribution involving material factors such as capital and land; greater attention must be paid to the distribution involving the factors of laborers.[15]

基于马克思主义的财富理论，财富的生产和分配就是“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”这两个紧密联系的过程。财富的分配首先要解决生产条件的分配，余下的部分就用于收入分配，包括对劳动力再生产的补偿和剩余。财富增进的机制或者说制度安排要使所有要素的生产力得到充分发挥。收入分配不能局限于按劳分配，还包括对剩余的分配。要素参与剩余的分享，不能只注意资本、土地等物的要素参与的分配，更要关注劳动者的要素参与的分配[15]。

After the establishment of the basic socialist system, how to create wealth to meet the needs of the good life becomes a key issue in creatively developing the Marxist theory of wealth. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity develop the Marxist theory of wealth, from which the principle of encouraging achieving prosperity through hard work and innovation is summarized. “Encouraging achieving prosperity through hard work and innovation and upholding the basic economic system” can allow all sources of social wealth to flow fully, and enable labor, capital, technology, management, and other factors to fully unleash their vitality in promoting wealth creation. With social and technological progress, the role of laborers’ capabilities in increasing wealth will grow ever larger; correspondingly, in the structure where factors receive remuneration according to their contributions, the share of surplus that laborers receive will become increasingly larger.

在社会主义基本制度确立后，如何为满足美好生活需要而创造财富是创造性发展马克思主义财富理论的重点问题。习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述发展了马克思主义财富理论，从中总结了鼓励勤劳创新致富的原则。“鼓励勤劳创新致富，坚持基本经济制度”，能让一切创造社会财富的源泉都充分涌流，让劳动、资本、技术和管理等各种要素促进创造财富的活力充分迸发。随着社会和科技的进步，劳动者能力对财富增进所起的作用会越来越大，与此相应，在要素按贡献取得报酬的结构中，劳动者分享的剩余份额会越来越大。

(2) Creatively Developing the Marxist Theory of Wealth, Providing a Scientific Basis for High-Quality Development to Promote Common Prosperity

（二）创造性发展马克思主义财富理论，为高质量发展促进共同富裕提供了科学依据

The theory of wealth is a fundamental issue in economics. The wealth theory of modern Western economics differs in standpoint from the Marxist theory of wealth, and their theoretical tasks are markedly different. The wealth theory of Western economics holds that the value of wealth lies in satisfying people’s subjective needs, without distinguishing between value and use-value; therefore, it does not clearly differentiate between value theory and wealth theory. Classical economics and Western economics superficially unify the factor contributions to wealth production with the factor contributions to wealth distribution, assuming that wealth is fully distributed among the owners of factors of production according to the size of their contributions. This obscures the inequality of rights among the owners of different factors such as capital, labor, and land, and conceals the inequality of wealth distribution premised on ownership. The explanatory logic of wealth distribution in modern Western economics is seriously inconsistent with the reality of the enormous unfairness and severe polarization in the distribution of wealth among factor owners.

财富理论是经济学的基本问题，现代西方经济学的财富理论与马克思主义财富理论的立场不同，理论任务显著不同。西方经济学财富理论认为财富的价值在于满足人的主观需要，不区分价值和使用价值，因此没有明确区分价值理论和财富理论。古典经济学和西方经济学将财富生产的要素贡献与财富分配的要素贡献表面上统一起来，财富在生产要素所有者之间按照贡献大小得以全部分配完毕，掩盖了资本、劳动、土地等不同要素所有者权利的不平等，掩盖了以所有权为前提的财富分配的不平等。现代西方经济学财富理论对财富分配的解释逻辑，与现实中要素所有者分配财富巨大的不公平和贫富分化严重不符。

The wealth theory of modern Western economics holds that income transfers that improve the utility of low-income earners help raise the overall welfare level of society. This theory further proposes theories of income redistribution and welfare policy designs that rely on the state’s fiscal distribution function. The wealth theory and welfare system of Western economics fundamentally fail to recognize laborers’ contribution to the social wealth surplus and their right to obtain a share of it; moreover, they have created the absurd phenomenon where some people can obtain a share of wealth distribution without working. This theory, which fundamentally denies the status and role of laborers, stifles the initiative and creativity of laborers in creating wealth, causing a considerable number of laborers to lose labor as the essential attribute of the human being. The welfare system distorts some laborers into “lazybones.” Such a theory and institutional design are fundamentally detrimental to stimulating the full flow of the sources of social wealth creation.

现代西方经济学财富理论认为，收入转移对低收入者效用的改善有助于提高社会整体的福利水平。该理论进一步提出通过国家财政的分配功能来调节收入分配的理论和福利政策设计。西方经济学财富理论和福利制度没有从根本上承认劳动者对社会财富剩余的贡献以及获得分配的权利，还造成了一部分人不工作也可以获得财富分配的荒唐现象。这种从根本上否认劳动者地位和作用的理论，扼杀了劳动者创造财富的主动性和创造性，导致相当一部分劳动者丧失了劳动作为人的本质属性。福利制度把一部分劳动者扭曲为“懒汉”，这样的理论和制度设计从根本上来讲不利于激发创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流。

The starting point and ultimate goal of the Marxist theory of wealth are both human development. The role and status of laborers in wealth production and distribution are genuinely enhanced; the wisdom and innovative activities of laborers raise the level of productive forces; and the proportion of the social wealth surplus collectively possessed by laborers continuously increases. On the basis of upholding the subject position of laborers in the theory of wealth, and drawing on the welfare systems of developed Western countries, using the state’s fiscal secondary distribution to apply social wealth to raising laborers’ levels of education, health, and work capability constitutes a welfare system focused on the capacity for wealth production. This surpasses the welfare systems of developed Western countries, which focus on wealth distribution to alleviate the contradictions of wealth polarization.

马克思主义财富理论的出发点和最终落脚点都是为了人的发展，劳动者在财富生产和分配中的作用和地位得到切实提高，劳动者的智慧和创新活动提高了生产力水平，劳动者整体占有社会财富剩余的比重持续提高。在坚持财富理论中劳动者的主体地位的基础上，借鉴西方发达国家的福利制度，通过国家财政的二次分配，把社会财富运用于提高劳动者的受教育水平、健康水平和工作能力水平，是一种着眼于财富生产能力的福利制度，超越了西方发达国家着眼于财富分配以缓解贫富差距矛盾的福利制度。

Developing the Marxist theory of wealth under the conditions of the primary stage of socialism has laid the political-economic foundation for common prosperity to move from theoretical necessity to practical possibility. Taking common prosperity as the goal, it liberates and develops socialist productive forces, thereby forming a theory of socialist economic development that transcends the development theories of modern Western economics.[16] General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Promote common prosperity in the course of high-quality development,”[17] which indicates the development principle for achieving common prosperity. The New Development Philosophy is the core content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought; implementing the New Development Philosophy to achieve high-quality development is highly consistent with the goal of achieving common prosperity. People-centered development resolves the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. The theory of economic development, built on the Marxist theory of wealth and the theory of productive forces, truly recognizes the key role of workers’ knowledge and abilities in technological progress and in enhancing the overall level of social wealth and welfare, breaking out of the dead end of the opposition between capital and labor found in Western economic development theories. The theory of economic development aimed at common prosperity is clearly different from development theories based on the experience of developed capitalist countries; the two have entirely different development stances, development goals, development drivers, and development paths. Based on the Marxist political-economic theory of wealth and the theory of the reproduction cycle of total social capital, socialist economic development must pay more attention to the balance, coordination, and inclusiveness of development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out the development thinking for solidly promoting common prosperity: the primary task is to focus on the balance, coordination, and inclusiveness of economic development, which is then concretely expressed in handling the balanced, coordinated, and inclusive distribution of income among the three major groups—low-income, middle-income, and high-income—and in handling the balanced, coordinated, and inclusive development of urban and rural areas and regions.

发展社会主义初级阶段条件下的马克思主义财富理论，为共同富裕从理论上的必然走向现实可能奠定了政治经济学基础。以共同富裕为目的，解放和发展社会主义生产力，从而形成了超越现代西方经济学发展理论的社会主义经济发展理论[16]。习近平总书记指出，“在高质量发展中促进共同富裕”[17]，指明了实现共同富裕的发展原则。新发展理念是习近平经济思想的核心内容，贯彻新发展理念实现高质量发展的目的与实现共同富裕的目的高度一致，以人民为中心的发展破解不平衡、不充分的发展与人民日益增长的美好生活需要之间的矛盾。建立在马克思主义财富理论和生产力理论基础上的经济发展理论，真正认识到劳动者的知识、能力在技术进步和增进全社会财富水平、福利水平中的关键作用，跳出了西方经济学发展理论中资本和劳动对立矛盾的死胡同。以共同富裕为目的的经济发展理论，与以资本主义发达国家为经验来源的发展理论明显不同，二者有着完全不同的发展立场、发展目的、发展动力、发展路径。基于马克思主义政治经济学的财富理论、社会总资本再生产循环理论，社会主义经济发展更要注重发展的均衡性、协调性和包容性。习近平总书记指出扎实推动共同富裕的发展思路，首要的是注重经济发展的平衡、协调和包容，进而具体表现为处理好低收入、中等收入和高收入三大群体的收入分配的平衡协调包容，处理好城乡和区域的平衡协调包容发展。

The socialist theory of wealth that guides common prosperity is also the foothold of the socialist theory of economic development. On the one hand, based on the reality that the level of social productive forces is still in the primary stage of socialism, and based on the reality that the historical development process is still in the stage of “dependence on things,”[n] it is clear that labor is not the only decisive factor in creating wealth; factors such as capital, land, and technology still play indispensable roles, and it is still necessary to continuously accumulate material factors such as capital and technology to improve labor productivity. On the other hand, the socialist theory of economic development is based on the specific historical stage and institutional conditions of a socialist country. Socialist economic development, grounded in common prosperity and the socialist theory of wealth, also inevitably requires adherence to the basic economic system. It is necessary not only to allow all factors that create wealth to meet the needs of a better life to flow fully, but also to avoid “the rich amassing huge fortunes while the poor eat chaff.”[n] It is necessary to adhere to the system in which public ownership is the mainstay and multiple forms of ownership develop together, to adhere to the system in which distribution according to work is the mainstay and multiple modes of distribution coexist, and to the system in which factors of production participate in distribution according to their contributions. The ownership system with public ownership as the mainstay and multiple forms of ownership developing together ensures that the accumulation of social wealth continuously increases public capital. Public capital is widely distributed in key sectors and key links of social production. Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has creatively developed the theory of the Party’s unified leadership, strengthened the Party’s leadership system, and centralized political leadership, further strengthening the dominant capacity of public capital in expanding social reproduction and creating social wealth, effectively guiding the social nature of non-public capital in creating wealth for the needs of a better life. While the socialist nature of public capital guides and strengthens the social nature of non-public capital, it also improves development conditions for non-public capital and workers to jointly participate in creating social wealth, such as providing necessary infrastructure and industrial foundation conditions, improving the position of workers relative to capital in wealth production and distribution, and empowering workers to share more material conditions conducive to improving production capacity from wealth distribution. The whole-society nature of public capital can balance the development rights of different groups in developed and underdeveloped regions, guide social wealth to tilt toward underdeveloped regions and rural groups, narrow the gap in development opportunities, improve development conditions, and guide non-public capital to invest in socialized mass production in underdeveloped regions and rural areas.

指引共同富裕的社会主义财富理论，同时也是社会主义经济发展理论的立足点。一方面，立足于社会生产力水平仍然处于社会主义初级阶段的现实，立足于历史发展进程仍然处于“物的依赖”阶段的现实，显然劳动并不是唯一的创造财富的决定性要素，资本、土地、技术等要素仍然发挥着不可或缺的作用，仍然需要不断积累资本、技术等物质要素来提高劳动生产率。另一方面，社会主义经济发展理论，立足于社会主义国家特定的历史阶段和制度条件。立足于共同富裕和社会主义财富理论的社会主义经济发展，同时也必然要求坚持基本经济制度。不仅要让全社会创造财富满足美好生活需要的要素充分涌流，同时还要避免“富者累巨万、贫者食糟糠”。坚持公有制为主体，多种所有制共同发展，坚持按劳分配为主体，多种分配方式并存，生产要素按贡献参与分配的制度。公有制为主体、多种所有制共同发展的所有制保证了社会财富积累持续增加公有制资本，公有资本广泛分布在社会生产的关键部门和关键环节。新时代以来，习近平总书记创造性发展了党的统一领导的理论，加强了党的领导制度，政治上的集中领导，更进一步加强了公有资本对扩大社会再生产、创造社会财富的主导能力，有力引导着非公资本创造财富的社会属性，为美好生活需要而创造财富。公有资本的社会主义属性在引导和加强非公资本的社会属性的同时，也在为非公资本与劳动者共同参与创造社会财富改善发展条件，如提供所需的基础设施和产业基础条件，改善劳动者相对于资本在财富生产和分配中的地位，赋能劳动者从财富分配中分享更多有利于生产能力提升的物质条件。公有资本的全社会属性能兼顾发达地区和落后地区不同群体的发展权利，引导社会财富为落后地区和乡村群体倾斜，缩小发展机会的差距，改善发展条件，引导非公资本投入落后地区和乡村的社会化大生产。

III. Innovating the Discourse System for Promoting Common Prosperity, Integrating the Basic Tenets of Marxism with China’s Specific Realities and the Finest Traditional Chinese Culture, Making the Theory of Common Prosperity Popular and Practical

三、推进共同富裕的话语体系创新，将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际、中华优秀传统文化相结合，使共同富裕理论通俗化、实践化

(I) Discourse Innovation on the Connotation of Common Prosperity

（一）共同富裕内涵的话语创新

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Common prosperity is the prosperity of all the people, the prosperity of both the material and cultural-ethical life of the people, not the prosperity of a few, nor is it uniform egalitarianism.”[19] Combining the communist social ideal of the free and comprehensive development of every individual envisioned by Marx and Engels with the realistic conditions of China’s current level of productive forces, it provides a prescriptive explanation of the connotation of common prosperity and reveals its scientific meaning. Common prosperity is prosperity for all the people; this is the essential requirement of socialism, and it must never allow a situation where productive forces develop but wealth polarization occurs. Common prosperity is comprehensive prosperity; it must never allow a situation where, after the development of productive forces, the people lose the spiritual temperament of the working subject. Common prosperity is not the prosperity of equal distribution; it must not return to the old path of the planned economy system where “working more or working less is all the same.” General Secretary Xi Jinping’s formulation of the scientific connotation of common prosperity concretizes the requirements of the species-essence of labor and implements and embodies them in the practice of wealth creation and human development. The free and comprehensive development of the individual points to the value goal and value stance of common prosperity, establishes the ultimate goal of common prosperity, and indicates the fundamental socialist direction of the practice of common prosperity. This is fundamentally different from the production of wealth centered on capital and driven by profit in Western developed countries. Prosperity for all the people stimulates the subjectivity and initiative of every member of society, which is a respect for the essence of the human being. Common prosperity is an overall category; common prosperity between urban and rural areas, common prosperity between developed and underdeveloped regions, and common prosperity between different industries and groups—each individual situated in a part is an indispensable element of the overall category of common prosperity. Comprehensive prosperity and prosperity for all the people are balanced and inclusive prosperity, respecting the qualification rights and intrinsic motivation of every individual as a development subject. Regarding the connotation of common prosperity, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made relevant statements on many occasions, explaining the holistic, comprehensive, and long-term nature of common prosperity in a popular discourse, relating it to every member of society, so that every individual, every organization, and every region can feel that they are both strivers for and beneficiaries of common prosperity.

习近平总书记指出：“共同富裕是全体人民共同富裕，是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕，不是少数人的富裕，也不是整齐划一的平均主义。”[19]把马克思、恩格斯设想的每个人自由全面发展的共产主义社会理想目标，与我国现有生产力水平的现实条件相结合，对共同富裕内涵作出了规定性说明，揭示了共同富裕的科学内涵。共同富裕是全民富裕，这是社会主义本质要求，绝不能出现生产力发展但又贫富分化。共同富裕是全面富裕，绝不能出现生产力发展后人民丧失劳动者主体的精神气质。共同富裕不是平均分配的富裕，不能再走计划经济体制“干多干少一个样”的老路。习近平总书记关于共同富裕科学内涵的表述，将劳动的类本质的要求具体化，并在财富创造和人的发展的实践中加以贯彻和体现。人的自由全面发展，指明了共同富裕的价值目标和价值立场，树立了共同富裕的终极目标，指明了共同富裕实践的社会主义根本方向。这与西方发达国家以资本为中心和以利润为驱动力生产财富有着根本不同。全民富裕激发每一个社会成员的主体性和积极性，是对人的本质的尊重。共同富裕是一个总体范畴，城市和乡村之间的共同富裕，先发后发区域的共同富裕，不同行业、人群之间的共同富裕，身处局部的个体都是整体共同富裕范畴中不可缺少的一分子。全面富裕、全民富裕，是均衡和包容的富裕，尊重每一个个体作为发展主体的资格权利和内在动力。关于共同富裕的内涵，习近平总书记在很多场合都有相关表述，以一种通俗的话语阐述了共同富裕的整体性、全局性和长期性，与每一个社会成员有关系，让每一个个体、每一个组织、每一个区域都能感受到既是共同富裕的奋斗者也是共同富裕的获得者。

(II) Discourse Innovation on the Principles of Common Prosperity

（二）共同富裕原则的话语创新

The principle of “encouraging hard work and innovation to get rich” neither denies nor belittles the contribution of capital, land, natural resources, and other factors to wealth creation, while at the same time highlighting the subject status of workers and the decisive role of workers in the process of wealth creation. “Encouraging hard work and innovation to get rich” incorporates innovation into the category of labor, expands the extension of labor, and affirms that innovation is a special and higher form of labor. Entering the era of innovation-driven economic development, innovation, as a higher form of labor, plays an even more important role in raising the level of productive forces. Incorporating innovation into labor affirms the status of entrepreneurs and scientific and technological innovation personnel, who possess innovative elements and play an innovative role in the labor process, as workers, greatly expanding the workforce and adding advanced elements representing the direction of advanced productive forces to the workforce. Income obtained through intelligent innovation will also effectively improve the overall social income distribution in favor of workers, increase the proportion of workers’ income in wealth distribution, help expand the middle-income group, and form an olive-shaped income structure and social structure.

“鼓励勤劳创新致富”的原则，既不否认贬抑资本、土地等自然资源及其他要素对财富创造的贡献，又突出了劳动者的主体地位，突出了财富创造的过程中劳动者的决定性作用。“鼓励勤劳创新致富”把创新也纳入了劳动范畴，拓展了劳动的外延，肯定了创新是一种特殊而且高级的劳动形式。进入创新驱动经济发展的时代，创新这一种高级形式的劳动对提高生产力水平起到了更加重要的作用。把创新纳入劳动，肯定了劳动过程中具备创新要素、发挥创新作用的企业家群体、科技创新人员的劳动者地位，大大拓展了劳动者队伍，为劳动者队伍增加了代表先进生产力方向的先进分子，通过智慧创新获得的收入也将切实改善全社会收入分配向劳动者倾斜，提高劳动者收入在财富分配中的比例，有助于扩大中等收入群体，形成橄榄型收入结构和社会结构。

The principle of “upholding the basic economic system” stimulates multiple forms of ownership to jointly create wealth. Policies such as the “two unswervinglys” [1]1 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party’s policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. are a vivid embodiment of China’s theoretical and practical innovations in the socialist market economy and have taken deep root in people’s hearts. Upholding the basic economic system, in concise language, reaffirms the Party’s principle of supporting and guiding the non-public sector of the economy under the socialist system, highlighting the socialist essential requirement that those who get rich first help and drive those who get rich later.

“坚持基本经济制度”的原则，激发多种所有制主体共同创造财富，“两个毫不动摇”等政策是我国社会主义市场经济理论创新和实践创新的生动体现，深入人心。坚持基本经济制度，以简洁的话语重申了党在社会主义制度下对非公有制经济的支持和引导原则，突出了先富带后富、帮后富的社会主义本质要求。

The principle of “doing one’s best within one’s means” [2]2 “Doing one’s best within one’s means” (尽力而为量力而行) is a Chinese idiom meaning to exert maximum effort while acting within one’s actual capacity; it is often used in policy discourse to advocate for ambitious but realistic goals. emphasizes that the state provides public welfare to create conditions and an environment for human development, while at the same time it is necessary to bring into play the initiative of the working subjects. When China actively promoted common prosperity while its overall level of productive forces was still lower than that of developed countries, and drew on the public welfare systems of Western developed countries, it had to clearly recognize the fundamental limitation of Western welfare systems: their neglect of the people’s subjectivity. To solidly advance common prosperity, public welfare policies should be anchored in enhancing people’s developmental capabilities, rather than in pure consumption and enjoyment. If we mechanically copy the welfare systems of developed capitalist countries and make public welfare policies and commitments that exceed the level of productive forces, this will severely dampen workers’ initiative and overall social fairness, inevitably falling into the welfare trap of “raising the lazy,” and ultimately imposing a heavy burden on society.

“尽力而为量力而行”的原则，强调国家提供公共福利为人的发展创造发展条件和环境，同时又必须发挥劳动者主体的主动性。我国在总体生产力水平还低于发达国家时就积极推进共同富裕，借鉴西方发达国家公共福利制度，必须清醒认识到西方福利制度从根本上忽视人民主体性的局限。扎实推动共同富裕更应该把国家的公共福利政策落脚于人的发展能力的提升，而不是单纯的消费享乐。如果照搬照抄资本主义发达国家福利制度，作出了超出生产力水平的公共福利政策和承诺，会严重挫伤劳动者的积极性和社会整体公平性，必然会掉入福利主义“养懒汉”的陷阱，最终给社会带来沉重负担。

(III) Discursive Innovation in the Laws of Common Prosperity

（三）共同富裕规律的话语创新

Using the metaphor of a cake for wealth, making the cake and dividing the cake correspond to the production and distribution of wealth. Capitalist society once created far more wealth than the total wealth of any previous historical period. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism. The production and distribution of wealth in socialist society differ from those in capitalist society, precisely in that the cake must not only be made bigger but also be divided well. Unifying the two aspects of “making the cake bigger” and “dividing the cake well” is the essential requirement and institutional advantage of socialism.

以蛋糕比喻财富，做蛋糕和分蛋糕也就是财富的生产和分配。资本主义社会曾经创造出比之前任何历史阶段总财富还要多得多的财富，共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，社会主义社会财富的生产和分配有别于资本主义社会，就体现在蛋糕不仅要做大而且要分好。把“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”两个方面统一起来，才是社会主义的本质要求和制度优势。

“Making the cake bigger” is the prerequisite for “dividing the cake well.” The essence of socialism is to liberate and develop the productive forces, with economic and social development centered on the people, meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. The reason we must “make the cake bigger” is that the level of productive forces for creating wealth in the primary stage of socialism is still insufficient, significantly lower than that of developed capitalist countries. After completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the level of social wealth is still far from that of common prosperity for all. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that we still need to explore and accumulate experience on how to get rich [20]. [3]3 The bracketed numbers [20] and [21] are citation markers from the original Chinese text, referring to specific sources in the authors’ bibliography. Science and technology are the primary productive forces, innovation is the primary driving force, and talent is the primary resource. The continuous improvement of productive forces for creating wealth ultimately depends on hardworking and innovative workers.

“做大蛋糕”是“分好蛋糕”的前提条件，社会主义的本质是解放和发展生产力，经济社会发展以人民为中心，满足人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要。之所以要“做大蛋糕”，是因为社会主义初级阶段创造财富的生产力水平还不够高，明显低于发达资本主义国家。在全面建成小康社会后，社会财富离全民富裕的水平还有较远距离。习近平总书记强调，我们在如何致富问题上还要探索积累经验[20]。科学技术是第一生产力，创新是第一推动力，人才是第一资源。创造财富的生产力不断提高，最终是要靠勤劳创新的劳动者。

Only by “dividing the cake well” can we further “make the cake bigger.” “Making the cake bigger” is not the ultimate goal; it is also necessary, through “dividing the cake well,” to truly reflect the dominant position of workers in wealth creation and ultimately realize the free and comprehensive development of the individual. Marxist wealth theory points out that workers are the living factor that utilizes and controls capital elements, occupying a dominant position in the production process where factors of production are combined to create wealth. The distribution of wealth must reflect the requirement for the continuous improvement of workers’ status and capabilities. Once the dominant position of workers in the production and distribution of wealth is consolidated, the relationship between the production and distribution of wealth can be unified. Efficiency and fairness are mutually reinforcing; fairness in wealth distribution can promote efficiency in wealth production. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “High-quality development requires high-quality workers. Only by promoting common prosperity, raising the income of urban and rural residents, and enhancing human capital can we increase total factor productivity and consolidate the dynamic foundation for high-quality development.” [21] High-quality development is inseparable from common prosperity precisely because the capabilities of high-quality workers are closely related to dividing the cake well. It is necessary to increase the share of workers’ income in primary distribution, and the secondary distribution through public finance must provide high-quality public services such as education, training, and health care to enhance the developmental capabilities of all types of workers and raise the human capital of the entire society.

“分好蛋糕”，才能进一步“做大蛋糕”。“做大蛋糕”不是最终目的，还需要通过“分好蛋糕”，真正体现劳动者在财富创造中的主体地位并最终实现人的自由全面发展。马克思主义财富理论指出，劳动者是运用驾驭资本要素的活的因素，在生产要素组合创造财富的生产过程中占据主导，财富的分配要体现劳动者地位和能力不断提升的要求。巩固了劳动者在财富生产和分配中的主体地位，财富的生产和分配二者的关系才可以统一起来。效率和公平是相互促进的，财富分配的公平能促进财富生产的效率。习近平总书记指出：“高质量发展需要高素质劳动者，只有促进共同富裕，提高城乡居民收入，提升人力资本，才能提高全要素生产率，夯实高质量发展的动力基础。”[21]高质量发展同样离不开共同富裕，就是因为高素质劳动者的能力与分好蛋糕密切相关。提高劳动者收入在一次分配中的比重，公共财政的二次分配要为各类劳动者提高发展能力、全社会人力资本提升提供教育、培训、卫生等优质公共服务。

“Making the cake bigger” and “dividing the cake well” answer the political economy of common prosperity from the basic logic of Marxist wealth theory. This popular yet profound discursive formulation reveals the essential difference between socialism and capitalism in the laws of wealth. Capitalism’s productive forces can “make the cake bigger,” but capitalist relations of production cannot “divide the cake well,” so that even at a highly developed level of wealth productivity, the gap between rich and poor continues to widen. Socialism’s productive forces can “make the cake bigger,” and socialist relations of production can also rectify the relationship between workers and other factors of production—especially capital, natural resources, and data—in wealth distribution, giving greater prominence to the long-term improvement of workers’ labor capacity in the production process, creating a developmental environment for all types of workers to exercise their abilities, and tilting the surplus of social wealth toward improving developmental conditions and enhancing developmental capabilities, thereby truly achieving the organic unity of “making the cake bigger” and “dividing the cake well,” and of efficiency and fairness.

“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”从马克思主义财富理论的基本逻辑上回答了共同富裕的政治经济学，这一通俗而又深刻的话语表述，揭示了社会主义和资本主义在财富规律上的本质区别。资本主义的生产力可以“做大蛋糕”，但是，资本主义的生产关系不可能“分好蛋糕”，以至于在高度发达的财富生产力水平上贫富差距仍然不断拉大。社会主义生产力可以“做大蛋糕”，社会主义生产关系还可以摆正劳动者和其他生产要素尤其是资本、自然资源、数据等在财富分配中的关系，更加突出劳动者在生产过程中劳动能力的长期提升，为各类劳动者发挥能力创造发展环境，把社会财富剩余向改善发展条件、提高发展能力倾斜，真正实现“做大蛋糕”与“分好蛋糕”、效率与公平的有机统一。

IV. Inheriting and Developing the Marxist Theory of Social Formations, Realizing the Unity of Comprehensive Social Progress and Comprehensive Human Development, and Constructing the Theoretical and Practical Path of a New Form of Human Civilization

四、继承和发展马克思主义社会形态理论，实现社会全面进步与人的全面发展相统一，构建了人类文明新形态的理论和实践路径

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity, from both theoretical and practical perspectives, address the common needs for a better society and for the free and comprehensive development of the individual, pointing out the direction of development for human society in the 21st century, the direction of development for socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the direction of development for Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping takes common prosperity as one of the overarching goals guiding Chinese-path modernization, unifying comprehensive human development and comprehensive social progress, and guiding China in resolving the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development.

习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述，从理论和实践两方面回答了面向美好社会、人的自由全面发展的共同需要，指明了21世纪人类社会的发展方向、中国特色社会主义的发展方向和中国式现代化的发展方向。习近平总书记把共同富裕作为引领中国式现代化总体的目标之一，将人的全面发展、社会全面进步统一起来，指导我国破解人民日益增长的美好生活需要与不平衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾。

(I) The Important Thesis of Solidly Advancing Common Prosperity Creatively Reveals the Superiority of the Socialist System in Leading to a New Form of Social Civilization

（一）扎实推动共同富裕的重要论断，创造性揭示了社会主义制度通向新的社会文明形态的优越性

Marxism is a doctrine concerning the liberation of all humanity. It established the theory of social formations that reveals the laws of human social development, scientifically proving that “capitalism is inevitably doomed” and “socialism is inevitably victorious.” In the 21st century, the world socialist cause has fallen to a low ebb, and Western scholars have even put forward theses such as “the end of history.” [4]4 “The end of history” refers to Francis Fukuyama’s 1989 thesis that liberal democracy represents the endpoint of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. Whether to uphold socialism, how to uphold socialism, and how to correctly understand the huge gap between the level of human development and social progress in socialist societies and that in developed capitalist countries—these are theoretical and practical questions that world socialism, and socialism with Chinese characteristics in particular, must answer.

马克思主义是关于全人类解放的学说，建立了揭示人类社会发展规律的社会形态理论，科学证明了“资本主义必然灭亡”和“社会主义必然胜利”。21世纪世界社会主义事业跌入低谷，西方学者甚至亮出了“历史的终结”等论断。要不要坚持社会主义，如何坚持社会主义，如何正确认识社会主义社会中人的发展和社会进步水平与资本主义发达国家之间存在的巨大差距，这是世界社会主义，也是中国特色社会主义必须回答的理论和现实问题。

The Communist Party of China has always adhered to the socialist system, taking the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of polarization, and the ultimate realization of common prosperity as the essential requirements of socialism. Common prosperity is the original meaning of the future society envisioned by Marxism, and it is also a social ideal cherished by the Chinese nation for thousands of years. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity have once again placed common prosperity in a more important position, both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, General Secretary Xi Jinping has constructed the scientific category of common prosperity through a holistic methodology. Fundamentally, common prosperity is a category of the historical materialist theory of social formations, a scientific category for us to scientifically identify the actual gap and developmental direction between socialism and capitalism in terms of their economic and social development forms.

中国共产党始终坚持社会主义制度，把解放和发展生产力、消灭两极分化并最终实现共同富裕，作为社会主义的本质要求。共同富裕是马克思主义设想的未来社会的本义，同时也是中华民族数千年来的社会理想。习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述，在理论和实践两方面再一次将共同富裕摆到了更加重要的位置上。从理论上来讲，习近平总书记以总体性方法论构建了共同富裕这一科学范畴，从根本上来讲，共同富裕是历史唯物主义社会形态理论的范畴，是我们科学辨识社会主义与资本主义在经济社会发展形态上的现实差距和发展走向的科学范畴。

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity highly unify socialism’s liberation and development of the productive forces with the continuous improvement of socialist relations of production. Xi Jinping points out that solidly promoting common prosperity requires “encouraging hard work and innovation to become prosperous” and “adhering to the basic economic system,”[22] allowing the sources of wealth creation to flow fully, especially stimulating the initiative of laborers and particularly innovators, permitting some people to become prosperous first, while simultaneously avoiding polarization between rich and poor. In contrast, a few developed capitalist countries, after centuries of industrialization, have still not resolved the problem of polarization; instead, the gap between rich and poor has continuously widened, with social unrest and the collapse of the middle class. The root cause is that the capitalist social welfare system has never properly addressed the social subject status of laborers as creators of wealth. From the overarching requirement of common prosperity, the immense material wealth of developed capitalist countries cannot conceal the fact that a minority possesses enormous wealth while the majority can only obtain part of their means of subsistence through the redistribution of social welfare and maintain their status as objects of “effective demand” for commodities. This fundamentally precludes the free and comprehensive development of the individual and the comprehensive progress of society. Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that “common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism,” taking the solid promotion of common prosperity as the fundamental path for the comprehensive development of the individual and the comprehensive progress of society. This fundamentally establishes the “integration” of Marxism with China’s concrete realities and scientifically indicates the socialist direction toward a new form of human civilization.

习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述将社会主义解放和发展生产力与不断完善社会主义生产关系高度统一。习近平总书记指出，扎实推动共同富裕“要鼓励勤劳创新致富”和“坚持基本经济制度”[22]，让财富创造的源泉充分涌流，尤其是激发劳动者特别是创新者的主动性，允许一部分人先富起来，同时又能避免出现贫富两极分化。反观少数资本主义发达国家，经过数百年工业化后仍然没有解决两极分化问题，贫富差距反而不断拉大，社会动荡、中产塌陷，其根本原因是资本主义的社会福利制度始终没有解决好劳动者创造财富的社会主体地位。以共同富裕的总体性要求来看，资本主义发达国家极大的物质财富难以掩盖少数人占有极大财富而大多数人仅能从社会福利的再分配中获得部分生活资料并维持作为商品“有效需求”客体的事实，根本谈不上人的自由全面发展和社会全面进步。习近平总书记多次强调“共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求”，把扎实推进共同富裕作为人的全面发展和社会全面进步的根本路径，从根本上奠定了马克思主义与中国具体实际的“结合”，科学指明了向着人类文明新形态迈进的社会主义方向。

(II) The important thesis of solidly promoting common prosperity creatively reveals the inevitability of Chinese-path modernization leading to a new form of social civilization

（二）扎实推动共同富裕的重要论断，创造性揭示了中国式现代化通向新的社会文明形态的必然性

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. After achieving the First Centenary Goal [6]6 The First Centenary Goal refers to the goal set by the CPC of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of its founding in 2021., namely building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, how should the Party lead the entire people to continue striving toward a higher social form? What kind of social form will emerge after the completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects? Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity anchor the new historical orientation of China’s development. Solidly promoting common prosperity, continuously creating a better life, and gradually realizing common prosperity for all the people constitute a major strategic choice for China as it builds a moderately prosperous society in all respects and then embarks on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代。在实现第一个百年奋斗目标，即全面建成小康社会后，党如何带领全体人民朝着更高的社会形态目标继续奋斗，全面建成小康社会以后的社会形态是一个什么样的形态？习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述锚定了我国发展新的历史方位。扎实推动共同富裕，不断创造美好生活、逐步实现全体人民共同富裕，是我国全面建成小康社会进而开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的重大战略抉择。

A notable feature of common prosperity as a holistic category is that it takes the species-essence of human labor as its foundation. Humans, as the subjects who create social wealth, are simultaneously the subjects who satisfy their needs through social wealth. After building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, “the people’s needs for a better life are increasingly broad. Not only have higher requirements been put forward for material and cultural life, but demands in areas such as democracy, the rule of law, fairness, justice, security, and the environment are also growing.”[23] Promoting the comprehensive development of the individual and the comprehensive progress of society is an inevitable requirement for meeting the people’s growing needs for a better life, and it is also the practical goal pursued by common prosperity. Xi Jinping pointed out when presiding over the 27th group study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee: “Having entered the new stage of development, to fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, we must pay greater attention to the issue of common prosperity. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee planned common prosperity with a longer-term goal, proposing the objective of ‘achieving more substantial and tangible progress in common prosperity for all the people.’ Common prosperity itself is an important goal of socialist modernization.”[24] “Paying greater attention to common prosperity” is a new feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics as it enters the New Era and a new task for China’s various undertakings as they enter the new stage of development.

共同富裕作为总体性范畴的一个显著特点是以人的劳动类本质为基点。人作为社会财富的创造主体，同时也是社会财富满足需求的主体。在全面建成小康社会后，“人民美好生活需要日益广泛，不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且在民主、法治、公平、正义、安全、环境等方面的要求日益增长”[23]。推进人的全面发展和社会的全面进步，是满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的必然要求，也是共同富裕追求的现实目标。习近平总书记在主持十九届中央政治局第二十七次集体学习时指出：“进入新发展阶段，完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，必须更加注重共同富裕问题。党的十九届五中全会向着更远的目标谋划共同富裕，提出了‘全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展’的目标。共同富裕本身就是社会主义现代化的一个重要目标。”[24]“更加注重共同富裕”是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的新特征，是我国各项事业进入新发展阶段的新任务。

Another feature of common prosperity as a holistic category is that it takes material life as its foundation to generate a holistic existence in which internal subsystems and various levels of the system are interdependent and interact. Common prosperity itself is an important goal and important characteristic of Chinese-path modernization. The process of promoting the comprehensive development of the individual through common prosperity is a process that is integrated and synchronized with comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In essence, it is to promote the comprehensive development of the individual and advance the development and progress of human civilization in the process of building socialist material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization. The common prosperity promoted by China is not a partial or isolated phenomenon; it is a practical creative process that comprehensively coordinates and advances all elements of social operation, including the contemporary Chinese political system, social culture, social governance, and social policies. This is not only a historic undertaking to comprehensively advance and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation but also a great feat in creating a new form of human civilization, which will profoundly change and influence the new development and new process of human civilization.

共同富裕作为总体性范畴的另一个特征是以物质生活为基点生成内部子系统和体系各层级相互依存、相互作用的总体性存在。共同富裕本身是中国式现代化的重要目标和重要特征，以共同富裕促进人的全面发展的过程，是和全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴一体同步的过程，本质上就是要在建设社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明的过程中，促进人的全面发展，推动人类文明发展进步。我国推进的共同富裕不是局部的、个别的现象，而是当代中国政治制度、社会文化、社会治理、社会政策等全部社会运行要素统筹综合推进的实践创造过程。这既是全面推进和实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史伟业，也是开创人类文明新形态的伟大壮举，将深刻地改变和影响人类文明的新发展新进程。

As a holistic category, common prosperity is a process in which the whole continuously advances. This process contains the differences of various individuals and localities; it is an overall process constituted by countless concrete differences. Xi Jinping clearly points out: “My overall view is that, like building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, common prosperity for all the people is an overall concept, directed at the whole of society. It should not be divided into one piece for cities and another for rural areas, or one piece for the eastern, central, and western regions each with their own indicators. It must be viewed from the overall situation.”[25] “In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, not a single person should be left behind; on the road to common prosperity, not a single person should be left to fall behind.”[26] The common prosperity after building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is not a partial or isolated social development phenomenon but an overall and comprehensive social development and social life form. The historical process of common prosperity is highly unified with the process of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to see both that common prosperity is gradually realized and that it is comprehensive. If there are those who fall behind on the path to common prosperity, it is not truly high-quality common prosperity. Unifying differences into the gradually advancing process of Chinese-path modernization still requires “greater efforts on how to become prosperous,” with “those who become prosperous first helping those who become prosperous later.”

作为总体性范畴，共同富裕是一个整体不断向前推进的过程，这种过程包含了不同个体和局部的差异性，是由无数种现实差异性构成的总体进程。习近平总书记明确指出：“我总的认为，像全面建成小康社会一样，全体人民共同富裕是一个总体概念，是对全社会而言的，不要分成城市一块、农村一块，或者东部、中部、西部地区各一块，各提各的指标，要从全局上来看。”[25]“全面建成小康社会，一个也不能少；共同富裕路上，一个也不能掉队。”[26]全面建成小康社会后的共同富裕，不是局部性、个别性的社会发展现象，而是总体性、全局性的社会发展和社会生活形态。共同富裕的历史进程与中国式现代化进程高度统一，既要看到共同富裕是逐步实现的，也要看到共同富裕是全面的，出现共同富裕的掉队者，就不是真正的高质量的共同富裕。把差异性统一到逐步推进的中国式现代化进程，仍然需要“在如何富裕上有更大作为”，“先富带后富”。

(III) High-quality development to build a demonstration zone for common prosperity creatively reveals the feasibility of provincial-level practice of Chinese-path modernization in expanding a new form of social civilization

（三）高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区，创造性揭示了中国式现代化省域实践拓展新的社会文明形态的可行性

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new stage of development, the contradiction between the people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development remains widespread. Under such historical conditions, how can a country with a large population and vastly different endowments across regions proactively resolve the three major gaps [7]7 The three major gaps refer to the gaps in development between urban and rural areas, between regions, and in income distribution. and unify the strategic goal of common prosperity with the practical path? Xi Jinping deeply grasps the comprehensive, systematic, and gradual characteristics of common prosperity. He personally conceived, set the theme, deployed, and promoted the major strategic decision of “high-quality development to build a demonstration zone for common prosperity,” using provincial-level exploration of Chinese-path modernization to expand multiple feasibilities for reaching a new form of civilization.

中国特色社会主义进入新的发展阶段，人民日益增长的美好生活需要与发展的不平衡、不充分之间的矛盾表现得还很普遍，在这样的历史条件下，一个人口众多、各地禀赋差异巨大的大国如何主动破解三大差距，把共同富裕的战略目标和实践路径统一起来？习近平总书记深刻把握了共同富裕全面性、系统性和渐进性的特点，亲自谋划、亲自定题、亲自部署、亲自推动“高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区”的重大战略决策，以中国式现代化的省域探索拓展通向文明新形态的多种可行性。

Under Xi Jinping’s guidance, the construction of the Zhejiang common prosperity demonstration zone accurately grasps the essential characteristics of common prosperity as a holistic category. Promoting the comprehensive development of the individual and the comprehensive progress of society is an inevitable requirement of the people’s growing needs for a better life. The fundamental content of this comprehensively improved better life is the pursuit of common prosperity. The “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Supporting Zhejiang’s High-Quality Development and Construction of a Demonstration Zone for Common Prosperity” also clearly states that common prosperity in the New Era “is the universal achievement, through hard work and mutual assistance by all the people, of a life of prosperity and abundance, a spirit of self-confidence and self-reliance, a livable and work-friendly environment, a harmonious and amicable society, universal access to public services, the realization of the comprehensive development of the individual and the comprehensive progress of society, and the sharing of the fruits of reform, development, and a happy and beautiful life.”

在习近平总书记的指引下，浙江共同富裕示范区建设准确把握了共同富裕总体性范畴的本质特征。推进人的全面发展和社会的全面进步，是人民日益增长的美好生活需要的必然要求，而这种全面进步的美好生活，其根本内容就是对共同富裕的追求。《中共中央 国务院关于支持浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区的意见》也明确指出，新时代共同富裕“是全体人民通过辛勤劳动和相互帮助，普遍达到生活富裕富足、精神自信自强、环境宜居宜业、社会和谐和睦、公共服务普及普惠，实现人的全面发展和社会全面进步，共享改革发展成果和幸福美好生活”。

The construction of the demonstration zone has enriched the practical connotations of common prosperity — the social form of “a better society of common prosperity” is a more advanced social form after the completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. First, “a better society of common prosperity” is a social form in which socialism with Chinese characteristics advances to a higher stage. The construction of the demonstration zone must explore, under the leadership of the Party and in the process of Chinese-path modernization, the gradual advancement from low-level common prosperity to high-level common prosperity. Second, “a better society of common prosperity” is a social form in which high-quality development, modernization, and common prosperity mutually promote each other and spiral upward. The construction of the demonstration zone must explore taking the lead in promoting common prosperity on the track of high-quality development, enhanced competitiveness, and modernization, driving a new balance between efficiency and fairness. Third, “a better society of common prosperity” is a social form with a more optimized social structure and more complete institutions and mechanisms. The construction of the demonstration zone must explore social transformation, forming a pattern of integrated urban and rural development, an olive-shaped social structure, and a new mechanism of “those who get rich first helping those who get rich later.” Fourth, “a better society of common prosperity” is a social form of comprehensive improvement in civilization. The construction of the demonstration zone must explore the realization of a social form in which the people are generally spiritually enriched, humans and nature coexist harmoniously, and society is harmonious, peaceful, and progressive. Fifth, “a better society of common prosperity” is a social form of high-quality and shared public services throughout the whole life cycle of the people. The construction of the demonstration zone must solve the global problem of high-quality and shared public services, taking the lead in achieving at a high level: care for the young, education for the school-age, remuneration for the working, medical care for the sick, support for the elderly, housing for the homeless, and assistance for the vulnerable.

示范区建设丰富了共同富裕的实践内涵——“共同富裕美好社会”的社会形态，是全面建成小康社会后的一种更高级的社会形态。第一，“共同富裕美好社会”是中国特色社会主义迈向更高阶段的社会形态。示范区建设要探索在党的领导下，在中国式现代化进程中，将低水平共同富裕向高水平共同富裕渐进推进。第二，“共同富裕美好社会”是高质量发展、现代化建设与共同富裕相互促进、螺旋上升的社会形态。示范区建设要探索在高质量发展、竞争力提升、现代化先行的跑道上率先推动共同富裕，推动效率与公平实现新的平衡。第三，“共同富裕美好社会”是社会结构更优化、体制机制更完善的社会形态。示范区建设要探索社会变革，形成区域城乡一体化格局、橄榄型社会结构和“先富带后富”新机制。第四，“共同富裕美好社会”是文明全面提升的社会形态。示范区建设要探索实现人民精神普遍富足、人与自然和谐共生、社会和谐和睦向上的社会形态。第五，“共同富裕美好社会”是人的全生命周期公共服务优质共享的社会形态。示范区建设要破解公共服务优质共享的世界性难题，率先高水平实现幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶。

On the basis of the overall guiding opinions of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, Zhejiang has deeply grasped the connotations and requirements of reshaping the new social form and clarified the strategic positioning of the demonstration zone for common prosperity. First, it is a pilot zone for high-quality development and high-quality life, exploring effective paths to achieve high-quality development, promoting more coordinated growth of urban and rural residents’ incomes with economic growth, and better meeting the people’s demand for a quality and diversified life. Second, it is a leading zone for coordinated urban-rural and regional development, improving the institutions and mechanisms for integrated urban-rural and coordinated regional development, accelerating the equalization of basic public services, and taking the lead in exploring paths for coordinated urban-rural and regional development. Third, it is a pilot zone for reform of the income distribution system, adhering to distribution according to work as the mainstay and the coexistence of multiple modes of distribution, while continuously raising the income levels of urban and rural residents and narrowing the income distribution gap. Fourth, it is a demonstration zone for a civilized, harmonious, and beautiful homeland, striving to build a happy and beautiful homeland where the people are spiritually rich, society is civilized and progressive, and humans and nature coexist harmoniously.

在中共中央、国务院总体指导意见的基础上，浙江深刻把握重塑社会新形态的内涵和要求，明确了共同富裕示范区的战略定位。一是高质量发展高品质生活先行区，以率先探索实现高质量发展的有效路径，促进城乡居民收入增长与经济增长更加协调，更好满足人民群众品质化多样化的生活需求。二是城乡区域协调发展引领区，健全城乡一体、区域协调发展体制机制，加快基本公共服务均等化，率先探索实现城乡区域协调发展的路径。三是收入分配制度改革试验区，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，在不断提高城乡居民收入水平的同时，缩小收入分配差距。四是文明和谐美丽家园展示区，努力打造成为人民精神生活丰富、社会文明进步、人与自然和谐共生的幸福美好家园。

The construction of the demonstration zone for common prosperity through high-quality development in Zhejiang has achieved positive results, forming a batch of typical experiences in seven areas, including upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership, high-quality development, narrowing the urban-rural gap, narrowing the regional development gap, narrowing the income gap, and promoting the equalization of basic public services. These are summarized in the common prosperity vision of “two more, two enrichments, and six haves” [8]8 “Two more, two enrichments, and six haves” (两多、两富、六个有) is a shorthand summary of the common prosperity vision in Zhejiang: “more pay for more work” (多劳多得) and “material prosperity” (物质富裕) as the “two more” and “two enrichments,” and “good care for the young, excellent education for the school-age, good medical care for the sick, healthy support for the elderly, livable housing, and assistance for the vulnerable” as the “six haves.” to encapsulate the theoretical and institutional achievements of “a better society of common prosperity”: “more pay for more work, material prosperity, spiritual enrichment, good care for the young, excellent education for the school-age, good medical care for the sick, healthy support for the elderly, livable housing, and assistance for the vulnerable,” making the achievements of the common prosperity demonstration zone visible, tangible, and perceptible.

浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区已经取得积极成效，形成了一批包括坚持和加强党的领导、高质量发展、缩小城乡差距、缩小区域发展差距、缩小收入差距、促进基本公共服务均等化等七个方面的典型经验，以“两多、两富、六个有”的共同富裕图景概括“共同富裕美好社会”的理论成果、制度成果，“多劳多得、物质富裕、精神富有、幼有善育、学有优教、病有良医、老有康养、住有宜居、弱有帮扶”，让共同富裕示范区建设的成果看得见、摸得着、可感知。

Conclusion

结 语

Common prosperity is the basic goal of Marxism and the essential requirement of socialism. However, the classical writers did not provide a concrete plan for a future society. Developed capitalist countries have been industrialized for two to three hundred years, creating enormous wealth accumulation, but they face serious crises of polarization and social fragmentation. After eliminating absolute poverty and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in the primary stage of socialism, the Party Central Committee has placed the solid promotion of common prosperity in a more important position, proposing to achieve more obvious substantive progress. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, especially since the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee [9]9 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2020 and adopted proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and long-range objectives through 2035, placing common prosperity as a central goal., General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important discourses on solidly promoting common prosperity, profoundly revealing the historical inevitability of solidly promoting common prosperity, deeply explaining the scientific connotation and theoretical foundation of common prosperity, and comprehensively and systematically deploying the strategic goals, promotion principles, and high-quality development paths for achieving common prosperity in the process of Chinese-path modernization, responding to the questions of the era, the questions of the people, and the questions of the world. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on common prosperity have answered the major question of the production and distribution of wealth in the development of human society from both theoretical and practical perspectives, constructed the overall category of common prosperity, creatively developed the Marxist theory of wealth, formed a socialist economic development theory that conforms to the historical stage and institutional conditions of socialism and guides high-quality development to promote common prosperity, and popularized and put into practice the overall category and the theory of common prosperity as a new discourse system. The original discourses, creative theories, and practices on the major proposition of common prosperity have gradually transformed common prosperity from a conceptual basic goal and essential requirement into a visible, tangible, and perceptible better social form in reality.

共同富裕是马克思主义的基本目标，也是社会主义的本质要求。但是，经典作家对未来社会并没有给出现实方案。资本主义发达国家工业化已经有两三百年历史，创造了巨大的财富积累，但是面临着两极分化、社会撕裂的严重危机。我国在社会主义初级阶段消除了绝对贫困、全面建成小康社会后，党中央把扎实推进共同富裕摆到更加重要的位置上，提出要取得更为明显的实质性进展。党的十八大以来，尤其是党的十九届五中全会以来，习近平总书记围绕扎实推动共同富裕作出了一系列重要论述，深刻揭示了扎实推进共同富裕的历史必然性，深刻阐释了共同富裕的科学内涵和理论基础，全面系统部署了在中国式现代化进程中实现共同富裕的战略目标、推进原则和高质量发展实现路径，回应了时代之问、人民之问、世界之问。习近平总书记关于共同富裕的重要论述，从理论和实践两方面回答了财富的生产与分配这一人类社会发展的重大问题，构建了共同富裕总体性范畴，创造性发展了马克思主义财富理论，形成了符合社会主义历史阶段和制度条件的指导高质量发展推进共同富裕的社会主义经济发展理论，并将总体性范畴、共同富裕理论通俗化、实践化为新的话语体系。共同富裕重大命题的独创性论述、创造性理论与实践，推动共同富裕从观念上的基本目标、本质要求逐步落实为现实中看得见摸得着可感知的美好社会形态。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗