Continuously Opening New Horizons for Marxist Political Economy in Contemporary China

Xi Jinping’s economic thought was established and developed in the extraordinary course in which the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core observed the general situation, planned the overall picture, did practical work, and successfully steered the overall situation of China’s economic development. Volume I of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* centrally reflects the principles, theories, and philosophies of this important thought as it continuously opens up new horizons for theoretical innovation in adapting to new situations, solving new problems, and responding to new challenges. It runs through General Secretary Xi Jinping’s profound reflections and scientific judgments on major theoretical and practical issues in China’s economic construction in the New Era, presents the magnificent historical process and world-renowned great achievements of China’s economic development in the New Era, contains a distinct historical logic and theoretical logic, and centrally embodies the rich connotations and practical requirements of Xi Jinping’s economic thought.

习近平经济思想是在以习近平同志为核心的党中央观大势、谋全局、干实事，成功驾驭中国经济发展大局的非凡历程中创立和发展的。《习近平经济文选》第一卷集中反映了这一重要思想在适应新形势、解决新问题、应对新挑战中不断开辟理论创新新境界的道理学理哲理，贯穿着习近平总书记对新时代我国经济建设重大理论和实践问题的深邃思考和科学判断，展现了新时代我国经济发展波澜壮阔的历史进程和举世瞩目的伟大成就，蕴含着鲜明的历史逻辑和理论逻辑，集中体现了习近平经济思想的丰富内涵和实践要求。

I. Putting Forward a Series of Major Judgments and Theses Concerning the Overall Situation of China’s Economic Development, Clearly Answering the Questions of How to View China’s Economic Situation and How to Do Economic Work

一、提出一系列关系我国经济发展全局的重大判断和论断，明确回答了我国经济形势怎么看、经济工作怎么干的问题

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the domestic and international economic situation was extremely complex and intertwined, with both the world economy and China’s economy facing many new major issues. The deep-seated impact of the international financial crisis continued to spread, the world economic recovery was weak, international trade was sluggish, and protectionism was on the rise. Domestically, downward pressure on the economy continued to increase, structural and institutional economic contradictions were prominent, and problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development were significant. Volume I of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* includes 31 important manuscripts by General Secretary Xi Jinping from the 18th National Congress of the CPC to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, providing scientific answers to how to view the economic situation in the New Era and how to do economic work, centrally reflecting the formation and development process of Xi Jinping’s economic thought during this historical stage.

党的十八大以后，国内外经济形势极其错综复杂，世界经济和我国经济都面临许多新的重大课题。国际金融危机深层次影响持续蔓延，世界经济复苏乏力，国际贸易低迷，保护主义抬头。国内经济下行压力不断加大，经济结构性体制性矛盾突出，发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题显著。《习近平经济文选》第一卷收入习近平总书记在党的十八大到党的十九大期间的31篇重要文稿，对新时代经济形势怎么看、经济工作怎么干作出科学回答，集中体现了这一历史阶段习近平经济思想的形成和发展历程。

In December 2012, at the first Central Economic Work Conference after the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that the Party’s leadership over economic work must be effectively strengthened. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee continuously improved the systems and mechanisms for leading economic work, strengthened the analysis and grasp of the general situation and trends of development, promptly formulated major policies and decisions, deployed major work, ensured that the Party’s leadership over economic work was implemented, and guaranteed that China’s economy developed in the correct direction. In July 2013, at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that China’s economy was in a stage where the period of shifting growth rates, the period of painful structural adjustments, and the period of digesting previous stimulus policies overlapped. In December 2013, at the Central Economic Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the major judgment of the “new normal.” In December 2014, at the Central Economic Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping deeply analyzed the reasons for China’s economic development entering the new normal, emphasizing that understanding, adapting to, and leading the new normal was the major logic of China’s economic development for the current and future period. This historically and dialectically clarified the situation and tasks facing China’s economic development.

2012年12月，在党的十八大召开后的首次中央经济工作会议上，习近平总书记明确指出，必须切实加强党对经济工作的领导。党的十八大以后，党中央不断完善领导经济工作的体制机制，加强对发展大局大势的分析和把握，及时制定重大方针决策，部署重大工作，确保党对经济工作的领导落到实处，保证我国经济沿着正确方向发展。2013年7月，习近平总书记在中央政治局常委会会议上指出，我国经济正处于增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期、前期刺激政策消化期叠加的阶段。2013年12月在中央经济工作会议上，习近平总书记提出“新常态”的重大判断。2014年12月，习近平总书记在中央经济工作会议上深刻分析我国经济发展进入新常态的原因，强调认识新常态、适应新常态、引领新常态是当前和今后一个时期我国经济发展的大逻辑。这就历史地、辩证地认清了我国经济发展面临的形势任务。

Facing the complex situation, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly emphasized that adhering to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability was an important principle of our governance and also a methodology for doing economic work well. Our Party has consistently adhered to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, assessing the situation, deliberating carefully, respecting laws, grasping the rhythm and intensity of work, and seeking progress while maintaining overall stability. In response to a series of prominent contradictions and challenges facing China’s development, in November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC made arrangements for comprehensively deepening reform, achieving a series of major breakthroughs in reform theory and policy. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the core issue of economic system reform was to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and the government to play its role better. The Party Central Committee promptly adjusted the thinking on macroeconomic regulation, deeply advanced supply-side structural reform, and prescribed a fundamental cure for maintaining the sustained and healthy development of China’s economy.

面对复杂形势，习近平总书记明确强调坚持稳中求进工作总基调是我们治国理政的重要原则，也是做好经济工作的方法论。我们党一以贯之坚持稳中求进工作总基调，审时度势、深思熟虑、尊重规律，把握好工作节奏和力度，在保持大局稳定的前提下谋进。针对我国发展面临的一系列突出矛盾和挑战，2013年11月，党的十八届三中全会对全面深化改革作出部署，形成改革理论和政策的一系列重大突破。习近平总书记强调，经济体制改革的核心问题是处理好政府和市场关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。党中央及时调整宏观调控思路，深入推进供给侧结构性改革，为保持我国经济持续健康发展开出治本良药。

Addressing issues that concerned the overall situation and had long-term implications, in October 2015, at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the people-centered development philosophy and the development concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing, emphasizing that adhering to the new development concepts was a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of China’s development. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee proposed and implemented a series of major development strategies. These included the innovation-driven development strategy, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development strategy focusing on relieving Beijing of functions non-essential to its role as the capital, the Yangtze River Economic Belt development strategy based on the principle of great protection and no large-scale development, the new-type urbanization strategy centered on promoting people-oriented urbanization and oriented toward improving quality, and the national food security strategy based on self-reliance, domestic focus, ensuring production capacity, moderate imports, and technological support. These strategies have had a profound impact on China’s economic development and transformation.

针对关系全局、事关长远的问题，2015年10月，习近平总书记在党的十八届五中全会上提出坚持以人民为中心的发展思想和坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，强调坚持新发展理念是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。党的十八大以后，党中央提出并实施一系列重大发展战略。包括创新驱动发展战略，以疏解北京非首都功能为重点的京津冀协同发展战略，以共抓大保护、不搞大开发为原则的长江经济带发展战略，以促进人的城镇化为核心、提高质量为导向的新型城镇化战略，以我为主、立足国内、确保产能、适度进口、科技支撑的国家粮食安全战略等，对我国经济发展变革产生深远影响。

On March 21, 2025, the Meridian Project Phase II, a major national scientific and technological infrastructure, passed national acceptance, marking the completion of a comprehensive space environment ground-based monitoring facility covering the entire sphere of the Sun-Earth space, which will significantly enhance China’s space weather forecasting and early warning capabilities. The image shows the Interplanetary Scintillation Monitoring Telescope, a large-scale monitoring device of the Meridian Project Phase II. Photo by Xinhua News Agency, provided by the National Space Science Center.

2025年3月21日，国家重大科技基础设施——子午工程二期通过国家验收，标志着我国建成覆盖日地空间全圈层的综合性空间环境地基监测设施，将显著提升我国空间天气预报预警能力。图为子午工程二期大型监测设备之行星际闪烁监测望远镜。 新华社发 国家空间科学中心供图

From the 18th National Congress of the CPC to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping’s economic thought was conceived and formed in the process of the Party continuously exploring laws, deepening understanding, unifying thinking, and making correct decisions. Under the guidance of a series of major theories and concepts, our Party scientifically understood the economic situation, accurately judged future trends, profoundly grasped the laws of economic development, endowed Marxist political economy with new contemporary connotations, and successfully steered the overall situation of China’s economic development. China’s economy maintained medium-to-high growth rates, ranking among the top in the world’s major countries, with its total economic output firmly in second place globally, achieving major structural changes that had been desired for many years but not realized. Agricultural modernization steadily advanced, regional development coordination strengthened, the construction of an innovative country yielded fruitful results, and a new system for an open economy was gradually perfected.

从党的十八大到党的十九大，习近平经济思想在党不断探索规律、深化认识、统一思想、正确决策的过程中孕育形成。在一系列重大理论和理念的指导下，我们党科学认识经济形势，准确研判未来走势，深刻把握经济发展规律，赋予马克思主义政治经济学新的时代内涵，成功驾驭了我国经济发展大局。我国经济保持中高速增长，在世界主要国家中名列前茅，经济总量稳居世界第二，实现了多年想实现而没有实现的重大结构性变革。农业现代化稳步推进，区域发展协调性增强，创新型国家建设成果丰硕，开放型经济新体制逐步健全。

II. Based on the New Historical Juncture of China’s Economic Development, Forming and Developing a Scientific Thought System with Rich Connotations, Rigorous Logic, and Comprehensive Completeness

二、依据我国经济发展新的历史方位，形成和发展了内涵丰富、逻辑严谨、系统完备的科学思想体系

After the 19th National Congress of the CPC, anchoring the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and promoting high-quality economic development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought continued to develop in practice. Volume I of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* includes 27 important manuscripts by General Secretary Xi Jinping from the 19th National Congress of the CPC to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, which is a vivid manifestation of the continuous development of Xi Jinping’s economic thought during this historical stage and its guidance of China’s economy toward steady progress.

党的十九大以后，锚定全面建成小康社会、推动经济高质量发展目标，习近平经济思想在实践中不断发展。《习近平经济文选》第一卷收入的习近平总书记在党的十九大到党的二十大期间的重要文稿27篇，就是习近平经济思想在这一历史阶段不断发展、引领中国经济稳健前行的生动体现。

Correctly understanding and accurately grasping the historical juncture and stage of development is an important experience for promoting the smooth development of China’s economy and society. In October 2017, in his report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly expounded on the major changes in China’s principal social contradiction and the historic changes in the stage of economic development, pointing out that socialism with Chinese characteristics had entered a New Era, that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society had evolved into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, and that China’s economy had shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development.

正确认识和准确把握历史方位和发展阶段，是推动我国经济社会顺利发展的重要经验。2017年10月，习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中深刻阐述了我国社会主要矛盾的重大变化和经济发展阶段的历史性变化，指出中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。

The change in China’s principal social contradiction is a historic change concerning the overall situation, placing many new demands on the work of the Party and the state. The Central Economic Work Conference held in December 2017, for the first time, clearly proposed and elaborated on Xi Jinping’s economic thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era (i.e., Xi Jinping’s economic thought). This is the theoretical crystallization of our Party’s practice of promoting China’s economic development since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, a rational summary of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics using the basic principles of Marxism, and a very valuable spiritual asset of the Party and the state.

我国社会主要矛盾的变化是关系全局的历史性变化，对党和国家工作提出了许多新要求。2017年12月召开的中央经济工作会议，首次明确提出并阐述习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想（即习近平经济思想）。这是党的十八大以来我们党推动我国经济发展实践的理论结晶，是运用马克思主义基本原理对中国特色社会主义政治经济学的理性概括，是党和国家十分宝贵的精神财富。

Along with the completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and the realization of the First Centenary Goal, China has entered a new stage of development in the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and marching toward the Second Centenary Goal. How to accurately grasp the orientation of the times, scientifically assess the internal and external environment, and clarify future development ideas has become a major new issue facing the Party and the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping has given deep thought to this issue, first proposing in April 2020 the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. In October 2020, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee [6]6 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in October 2020 and adopted proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035. made systematic plans and strategic deployments for the 14th Five-Year Plan period [7]7 The 14th Five-Year Plan covers the years 2021–2025. to grasp the new development stage, implement the new development philosophy, construct the new development pattern, and promote high-quality development. The Party Central Committee has adhered to prioritizing quality and efficiency, improving total factor productivity, taking the advancement of supply-side structural reform as the main line of economic work, focusing on building an industrial system with coordinated development of the real economy, technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources, and focusing on constructing an economic system with effective market mechanisms, vibrant micro-entities, and appropriate macro-control, to promote changes in the quality, efficiency, and driving forces of economic development.

伴随着全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标，我国进入了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的新发展阶段。如何准确把握时代方位，科学研判内外环境，阐明未来发展思路，成为摆在党和人民面前新的重大课题。习近平总书记对这一问题作了深入思考，2020年4月首次提出构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。2020年10月，党的十九届五中全会对“十四五”时期把握新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展作出系统谋划和战略部署。党中央坚持质量第一、效益优先，提高全要素生产率，把推进供给侧结构性改革作为经济工作的主线，着力加快建设实体经济、科技创新、现代金融、人力资源协同发展的产业体系，着力构建市场机制有效、微观主体有活力、宏观调控有度的经济体制，推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革。

From the 19th National Congress of the CPC to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping Economic Thought has directly confronted the new problems and new challenges facing China’s economic development, profoundly summarized and fully utilized the successful experience of leading China’s high-quality economic development, and formed and developed a scientific thought system with rich connotations, rigorous logic, and comprehensive completeness, leading China’s economic strength to achieve a historic leap. China’s gross domestic product has exceeded the 100 trillion yuan mark, and per capita GDP has exceeded 10,000 US dollars. Total grain output has remained stable at the top of the world, and the food security and energy security of the 1.4 billion-plus population have been effectively guaranteed. The scale of the manufacturing industry has remained the largest in the world, the world’s largest high-speed railway network and expressway network have been built, and major achievements have been made in infrastructure construction. Major progress has been made in scientific and technological innovation, with major scientific and technological projects such as the Chang’e-4 [8]8 Chang’e-4 is a Chinese lunar exploration mission that achieved the first soft landing on the far side of the Moon in January 2019. reporting frequent successes. The China International Import Expo has been held continuously, the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative has been solidly advanced, and opening up to the outside world has been expanded in all aspects. The rural revitalization strategy has been effectively implemented, and the urbanization rate of the permanent population has exceeded 60% for the first time. Major regional strategies and the coordinated regional development strategy have been deeply implemented. Decisive achievements have been made in the three major battles [9]9 The three major battles refer to the campaigns against major risks, targeted poverty alleviation, and pollution prevention and control, launched around 2018. of preventing and defusing major risks, targeted poverty alleviation, and pollution prevention and control. China’s economy has embarked on a path of development that is higher quality, more efficient, more equitable, more sustainable, and safer.

从党的十九大到党的二十大，习近平经济思想直面中国经济发展面临的新问题新挑战，深刻总结并充分运用引领我国经济高质量发展的成功经验，形成和发展了内涵丰富、逻辑严谨、系统完备的科学思想体系，引领我国经济实力实现了历史性跃升。我国国内生产总值突破百万亿元大关，人均国内生产总值超过一万美元。谷物总产量稳居世界首位，14亿多人口的粮食安全、能源安全得到有效保障。制造业规模稳居世界第一，建成世界最大的高速铁路网、高速公路网，基础设施建设取得重大成就。科技创新取得重大进展，“嫦娥四号”等重大科技工程捷报频传。连续举办中国国际进口博览会，扎实推进共建“一带一路”，对外开放全方位扩大。乡村振兴战略有力实施，常住人口城镇化率首次突破60%。区域重大战略和区域协调发展战略深入实施。防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治三大攻坚战取得决定性成就。我国经济迈上更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展之路。

III. Centering on the Central Task of Chinese-Path Modernization, Continuously Deepening the Understanding of the Laws of Economic Work

三、围绕中国式现代化的中心任务，不断深化对经济工作的规律性认识

Since the 20th National Congress of the CPC, focusing on comprehensively building a strong country and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to theoretical innovation in economic work, promptly summarized experience, deepened understanding of laws, and deeply studied the new situations and new problems facing the world economy and China’s economy, forming a series of new thoughts, new viewpoints, and new judgments that reveal new characteristics and new laws. The 16 important manuscripts of General Secretary Xi Jinping from the 20th National Congress of the CPC to December 2024 included in the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Economics* are a splendid presentation of this historical process.

党的二十大以来，着眼于以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在经济工作中坚持理论创新，及时总结经验，深化规律性认识，深入研究世界经济和我国经济面临的新情况新问题，形成一系列揭示新特点新规律的新思想新观点新论断。《习近平经济文选》第一卷收入的习近平总书记在党的二十大至2024年12月期间的重要文稿16篇，就是这一历史过程的精彩呈现。

After ten years of continuous struggle in the New Era, China’s economy has shifted to high-quality development and achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic transformations, and China’s development has stood at a new and higher historical starting point. The Party Central Committee has scientifically grasped the new journey and new situation, clearly defined the central task of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and realizing the Second Centenary Goal, and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, and has made systematic expositions and comprehensive deployments for advancing Chinese-path modernization. In October 2022, General Secretary Xi Jinping, in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, made a two-step overall strategic arrangement for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, further clarifying that high-quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Entering 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively proposed the concept of new quality productive forces and the major task of developing new quality productive forces, clarifying that developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development, requiring the development of new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and promoting the smooth and orderly transition and replacement of old and new development drivers.

经过新时代十年的接续奋斗，我国经济转向高质量发展并取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，我国发展站在了新的更高的历史起点上。党中央科学把握新征程新形势，明确全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的中心任务，对推进中国式现代化作出系统阐述和全面部署。2022年10月，习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中对全面建成社会主义现代化强国作出分两步走的总的战略安排，进一步明确高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。进入2023年，习近平总书记创造性提出新质生产力的概念和发展新质生产力的重大任务，明确发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，要求因地制宜发展新质生产力，推动新旧发展动能平稳接续转换。

To continuously enhance the endogenous driving force and vitality of development, the Party Central Committee has scientifically planned major measures for further comprehensively deepening reform, continuously injecting strong impetus into promoting high-quality development and advancing Chinese-path modernization. In July 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee that further comprehensively deepening reform must be closely centered on the theme of advancing Chinese-path modernization. The *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization* reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee deployed more than 300 important reform measures involving the institutional, mechanism, and system levels, covering all aspects of advancing Chinese-path modernization, constructing a panoramic blueprint for further comprehensively deepening reform.

为持续增强发展的内生动力和活力，党中央科学谋划进一步全面深化改革重大举措，为推动高质量发展、推进中国式现代化持续注入强劲动力。2024年7月，习近平总书记在党的二十届三中全会上指出，进一步全面深化改革，必须紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化这个主题来展开。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》，部署300多项涉及体制、机制、制度层面的重要改革举措，覆盖推进中国式现代化方方面面，构筑了进一步全面深化改革的全景图。

Facing the complex and severe situation of increased external pressure, increased internal difficulties, and especially increased downward pressure on the economy, on September 26, 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, scientifically assessed the economic situation, decisively deployed a package of incremental policies, and promoted an effective boost in social confidence and a significant economic rebound. The economic operation throughout 2024 showed a trend of “high in the first quarter, medium in the middle, and rising in the latter part,” which fully confirms the superb wisdom and outstanding ability of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in managing economic work under complex and changing circumstances. In December 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the understanding of the laws of “one greatest consensus, five must-coordinates” at the Central Economic Work Conference, emphasizing that the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the fundamental guarantee for doing a good job in economic work, which is the greatest consensus formed by the entire Party.

面对外部压力加大、内部困难增多特别是经济下行压力加大的复杂严峻形势，2024年9月26日，习近平总书记主持召开中央政治局会议，科学研判经济形势，果断部署一揽子增量政策，推动社会信心有效提振、经济明显回升。2024年全年经济运行呈现出“前高、中低、后扬”的趋势，这充分印证了以习近平同志为核心的党中央在复杂多变局面下驾驭经济工作的高超智慧和卓越能力。2024年12月，习近平总书记在中央经济工作会议上提出“一个最大共识、五个必须统筹”的规律性认识，强调党中央集中统一领导是做好经济工作的根本保证，这是全党上下形成的最大共识。

This series of new thoughts, new viewpoints, and new judgments since the 20th National Congress of the CPC has further enriched and developed Xi Jinping Economic Thought, providing ideological guidance for economic work in the coming period. The clearer the understanding, the more steadfast the action. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Economic Thought, China’s economy is riding the wind and waves and moving forward steadily along the course of high-quality development; the “stable” trend is consolidated and extended, the “progress” step is solid and powerful, and the “new” driving forces are growing robustly. In 2024, China’s gross domestic product approached 135 trillion yuan, with a growth rate ranking among the top major economies in the world, and its contribution rate to global economic growth remained at around 30%. The balance of payments was basically balanced, the scale of foreign trade reached a record high, and the international market share steadily increased. New quality productive forces developed steadily, strategic emerging industries grew and strengthened, and new driving forces and new advantages were rapidly shaped. Grain output jumped to a new level of 1.4 trillion jin for the first time. Macro policies such as the construction of major national strategies and security capacity building [10]10 “两重”建设 (liǎng zhòng jiànshè) refers to the construction of major national strategies and security capacity building, a policy term for key infrastructure and strategic projects. and the work on large-scale equipment renewals and consumer goods trade-ins [11]11 “两新”工作 (liǎng xīn gōngzuò) refers to the work on large-scale equipment renewals and consumer goods trade-ins, a policy initiative to stimulate domestic demand. continued to exert force, effectively stimulating domestic demand potential, and the comprehensive effect on boosting household consumption, expanding effective investment, and accelerating green transformation continued to manifest. Risks in the economic and financial fields were effectively alleviated, the economic cycle gradually improved, and market confidence was significantly boosted. China’s economic strength has achieved a historic leap, and Chinese-path modernization has taken new solid steps.

党的二十大以来的这一系列新思想新观点新论断进一步丰富和发展了习近平经济思想，为今后一个时期的经济工作提供了思想引领。知之愈明，则行之愈笃。在习近平经济思想引领下，我国经济沿着高质量发展航向乘风破浪、稳健前行，“稳”的态势巩固延续，“进”的步伐坚实有力，“新”的动能茁壮成长。2024年，我国国内生产总值接近135万亿元，增速居世界主要经济体前列，对全球经济增长的贡献率保持在30%左右。国际收支基本平衡，对外贸易规模创历史新高，国际市场份额稳中有升。新质生产力稳步发展，战略性新兴产业发展壮大，新动能新优势加快塑造。粮食产量首次跃上1.4万亿斤新台阶。“两重”建设、“两新”工作等宏观政策持续发力，有效激发内需潜力，对提振居民消费、扩大有效投资、加快绿色转型的综合效应持续显现。经济金融领域风险有效缓解，经济循环逐步改善，市场信心明显提振。我国经济实力实现历史性跃升，中国式现代化迈出新的坚实步伐。

IV. Continuously Opening Up New Horizons for Contemporary Chinese Marxist Political Economy in the Historical Process of Scientifically Answering New Issues of the Times

四、在科学解答时代新课题的历史进程中不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界

The formation and development of Xi Jinping Economic Thought at different historical stages have different historical backgrounds, historical connotations, and evolutionary threads. As Marx pointed out, “If each of these evolutions is studied separately and then compared, we will easily find the key to understanding this phenomenon.” Looking back at history, it can be seen that the key to deeply understanding and scientifically grasping the historical logic of Xi Jinping Economic Thought lies in its firm historical confidence, respect for historical laws, maintenance of historical patience, and grasp of historical initiative, continuously opening up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy in the historical process of scientifically answering new issues of the times.

习近平经济思想在不同历史阶段的形成和发展，有着不同的时代背景、历史内涵和演变脉络。正如马克思所指出的，“如果把这些演变中的每一个都分别加以研究，然后再把它们加以比较，我们就会很容易地找到理解这种现象的钥匙”。回顾历史可以看出，深入理解和科学把握习近平经济思想历史逻辑的钥匙，就在于习近平经济思想坚定历史自信、尊重历史规律、保持历史耐心、把握历史主动，在科学解答时代新课题的历史进程中不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界。

The “three new items,” represented by new energy vehicles, have become a shining business card of Chinese manufacturing in the New Era. In 2024, China’s production and sales of new energy vehicles both exceeded 12 million units. In January 2025, automobile exports reached 470,000 units, of which 150,000 were new energy vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 49.6%. The image shows a scene of loading export automobiles at the dock of Lianyungang Port’s Oriental Port Company in Jiangsu Province, photographed on February 21, 2025. Xinhua News Agency, photo by Wang Chun.

以新能源汽车为代表的“新三样”成为新时代中国制造靓丽名片。2024年，我国新能源汽车产销量均突破1200万辆。2025年1月汽车出口量为47万辆，其中新能源汽车出口15万辆，同比增长49.6%。图为2025年2月21日拍摄的江苏省连云港港东方港务分公司码头装载出口汽车的场景。 新华社发 王春/摄

Xi Jinping’s economic thought has

习近平经济思想具有鲜明的时代性，是与时俱进的经济学说。时代是思想之母，时代课题是理论创新的驱动力。随着时代的发展而不断创新，是马克思主义政治经济学诞生和发展的动力所在，也是这门科学能够永葆生机活力的奥妙所在。习近平经济思想站在时代前沿，洞察时代风云，把握时代脉搏，既坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇，将经济工作作为党治国理政的中心工作，又准确识变、科学应变、主动求变。从判断我国经济发展处在“三期叠加”的特定阶段到提出经济发展进入新常态，从明确我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段到开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，习近平经济思想高屋建瓴、审时度势，一以贯之地在发展方位中把握历史方位、在时间历史中把握历史时间，为新时代经济工作确立了战略坐标、提供了战略指引。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought has a distinct practical character; it is an economic theory that adheres to a problem-oriented approach. All epoch-making theories are products that meet the needs of the times. The leap in theory is not manifested in the novelty of wording, nor in the self-consistency and self-proof of logic; in the final analysis, it must be manifested in answering practical questions and leading practical development. Xi Jinping’s economic thought deeply observes the realities and future trends of domestic and international economic development, and its analysis of how to respond to the evolution and changes in the world situation and national conditions is incisive and penetrating. From adhering to the promotion of supply-side structural reform as the “main line of work,” to accelerating the construction of a new development pattern as the strategic foundation for high-quality development and expanding domestic demand as the strategic foundation for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern—these two “strategic foundations”; from adhering to a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, to implementing a more proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy; from focusing on revitalizing the real economy to accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces, and then to promoting the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation—Xi Jinping’s economic thought follows the problems and targets them, consistently reflecting General Secretary Xi Jinping’s profound knowledge, outstanding insight, and extraordinary courage. It guides the entire Party, amid the turbulent tides of the world economy, to master scientific economic analysis methods, understand the process of economic movement, grasp the laws of economic development, improve the ability to steer the socialist market economy, and accurately answer and systematically solve China’s economic development theoretical and practical problems.

习近平经济思想具有鲜明的实践性，是坚持问题导向的经济学说。一切划时代的理论，都是满足时代需要的产物。理论的飞跃不是体现在词句的标新立异上，也不是体现在逻辑的自洽自证上，归根到底要体现在回答实践问题、引领实践发展上。习近平经济思想深刻洞察国内国际经济发展现实和未来趋势，对如何应对世情国情发展演变的剖析鞭辟入里。从坚持推进供给侧结构性改革这一条“工作主线”，到加快构建新发展格局是推动高质量发展的战略基点、扩大内需是加快构建新发展格局的战略基点这两个“战略基点”，从坚持积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，到实施更加积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，从着力振兴实体经济到加快形成新质生产力，再到推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展，习近平经济思想跟着问题走、奔着问题去，一以贯之地反映着习近平总书记渊博的知识、卓越的见识、非凡的胆识，指引着全党在波涛汹涌的世界经济大潮中，掌握科学的经济分析方法，认识经济运动过程，把握经济发展规律，提高驾驭社会主义市场经济能力，准确回答和系统解决我国经济发展的理论和实践问题。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought has a distinct open character; it is an economic theory that connects history and the future. Historical development is endless, China’s economic development is endless, and the endeavor to open up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy is also endless. Xi

习近平经济思想具有鲜明的开放性，是贯通历史与未来的经济学说。历史发展永无止境，中国经济发展永无止境，开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界也永无止境。习近平经济思想是不断发展的开放的理论，是立足国情、造福人民、放眼世界、引领未来的科学理论，必将随着强国建设、民族复兴伟业的全面推进而不断丰富和完善。我国经济发展进程波澜壮阔、成就举世瞩目，蕴藏着理论创造的巨大动力、活力、潜力，是思想理论不断发展的“富矿”。回望历史，习近平经济思想已经树立起新时代经世济民、强国富民的思想丰碑；展望未来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央必将不断总结和提炼我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，为马克思主义政治经济学创新发展持续贡献中国智慧。

History and practice have fully proven that in the New Era, China’s economic ship has braved the wind and waves and sailed steadily forward, fundamentally because General Secretary Xi Jinping steers the course and because of the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is grounded in China’s national conditions and development practice, closely follows the stage-specific characteristics of China’s economic development, reveals the historical laws of China’s economic development, responds to the changes of the times, stands at the forefront of the times, and issues the voice of the times. It profoundly answers the questions of the times, the people, and history concerning China’s economic development, embodying a broad historical perspective, firm cultural confidence, and far-reaching strategic considerations. It has pointed out the correct direction and provided the fundamental guidance for economic work in the New Era and on the new journey. We must combine the study of the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* with the good study and application of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, and effectively transform the results of our study into a powerful force and vivid practice for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

历史和实践充分证明，新时代我国经济航船乘风破浪、行稳致远，根本在于习近平总书记领航掌舵，在于习近平经济思想科学指引。习近平经济思想立足我国国情和发展实践，紧扣我国经济发展的阶段性特征，揭示我国经济发展的历史规律，应时代之变迁、立时代之潮头、发时代之先声，深刻回答我国经济发展的时代之问、人民之问、历史之问，蕴含着宏阔的历史视野、坚定的文化自信、深远的战略考量，为做好新时代新征程经济工作指明了正确方向、提供了根本遵循。我们要结合学习《习近平经济文选》第一卷，学好用好习近平经济思想，切实把学习成效转化为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的强大力量和生动实践。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心