The Fundamental Guidance for Solidly Advancing Comprehensive Rural Revitalization

Advancing comprehensive rural revitalization is the overarching task for work concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers in the New Era and new journey, and it is also an important component of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought. In the recently published and distributed first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Economics* (hereinafter referred to as the *Selected Works*), many writings offer profound discussions on advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. For instance, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his “Speech at the National Conference on Summarizing and Commending the Fight against Poverty”: “Rural revitalization is a major task for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation”; in “Taking the Path of Socialist Rural Revitalization with Chinese Characteristics,” he stated that implementing the rural revitalization strategy requires “following the general requirements of thriving industries, livable ecosystems, civilized rural customs, effective governance, and prosperous lives” and “promoting the all-round upgrading of agriculture, all-round progress of rural areas, and all-round development of farmers”; in “Solidly Advancing Common Prosperity,” he noted: “We must comprehensively advance rural revitalization, accelerate agricultural industrialization, revitalize rural assets, increase farmers’ property income, and enable more rural residents to become prosperous through hard work.” These important discussions provide us with the fundamental guidance for solidly advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. Only by deeply studying the important discussions on advancing comprehensive rural revitalization in the *Selected Works* and scientifically and accurately grasping the connotation, overall requirements, goals and tasks, and policy measures of comprehensive rural revitalization can we effectively and forcefully advance comprehensive rural revitalization.

推进乡村全面振兴是新时代新征程“三农”工作的总抓手，也是习近平经济思想的重要内容。在前不久出版发行的《习近平经济文选》第一卷（以下简称《文选》）中，不少著作都对推进乡村全面振兴作出深刻论述。比如，习近平总书记在《在全国脱贫攻坚总结表彰大会上的讲话》中指出：“乡村振兴是实现中华民族伟大复兴的一项重大任务”；在《走中国特色社会主义乡村振兴道路》中指出，实施乡村振兴战略，要“按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的总要求”“推动农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展”；在《扎实推动共同富裕》中指出：“要全面推进乡村振兴，加快农业产业化，盘活农村资产，增加农民财产性收入，使更多农村居民勤劳致富”。这些重要论述，为我们扎实推进乡村全面振兴提供了根本遵循。深入学习《文选》中关于推进乡村全面振兴的重要论述，科学准确把握乡村全面振兴的内涵、总体要求、目标任务和政策举措，才能有力有效推进乡村全面振兴。

Scientifically Grasping the Connotation of Comprehensive Rural Revitalization

科学把握乡村全面振兴的内涵

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Implementing the New Development Concept and Building a Modernized Economic System”: “Implement the rural revitalization strategy. Issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers are fundamental to the national economy and people’s livelihood; the work on the ‘three rural issues’ must always be the top priority of the entire Party.” Advancing comprehensive rural revitalization signifies that the implementation of China’s rural revitalization strategy is continuously deepening.

习近平总书记在《贯彻新发展理念，建设现代化经济体系》中指出：“实施乡村振兴战略。农业农村农民问题是关系国计民生的根本性问题，必须始终把解决好‘三农’问题作为全党工作重中之重。”推进乡村全面振兴，标志着我国乡村振兴战略的实施在不断深化。

From a practical perspective, since the 19th National Congress of the CPC proposed implementing the rural revitalization strategy, under the leadership of the Party, China’s grain output has continuously reached new highs, the achievements in poverty alleviation have been continuously consolidated and expanded, the bottom lines of ensuring national food security and preventing large-scale relapse into poverty have been held, key tasks in rural development, rural construction, and rural governance have been advanced in an orderly manner, rural revitalization has achieved significant phased results, and the appearance of vast rural areas has been transformed. This fully demonstrates that the implementation of China’s rural revitalization strategy has gotten off to a good start. At the same time, it must also be recognized that China’s agricultural foundation remains generally weak, and there are still shortcomings in rural infrastructure and basic public services, all of which constrain the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The 20th National Congress of the CPC made important arrangements for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization, and the *Decision* of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized that “it is necessary to coordinate new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization.” From a policy perspective, after achieving a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty, the focus of China’s work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers has shifted to comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. At the same time, after the completion of the poverty alleviation goals and tasks, the Party Central Committee established a five-year transition period for counties that have shaken off poverty, starting from the date they emerged from poverty. During the transition period, major support policies should be maintained generally stable. From 2021 to 2023, three consecutive No. 1 Central Documents all revolved around the main line of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. 2024 was the fourth year of China’s transition period after winning the fight against poverty. The 2024 No. 1 Central Document proposed a “roadmap” for effectively and forcefully advancing comprehensive rural revitalization, beginning to take advancing comprehensive rural revitalization as the main line for implementing the rural revitalization strategy. The 2025 No. 1 Central Document focuses on further deepening rural reform and solidly advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. From “comprehensively advancing rural revitalization” to “advancing comprehensive rural revitalization,” this shift reflects both the transfer of the focus of China’s work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers and the expansion of the connotation of rural revitalization. The former emphasizes comprehensive advancement, while the latter places greater emphasis on comprehensive revitalization.

从实践角度看，自党的十九大提出实施乡村振兴战略以来，在党的领导下，我国粮食产量不断迈上新台阶，脱贫攻坚成果持续巩固拓展，守住了保障国家粮食安全和不发生规模性返贫致贫底线，乡村发展、乡村建设和乡村治理重点任务有序推进，乡村振兴取得了阶段性显著成效，广大农村面貌焕然一新。这充分表明，我国乡村振兴战略实施开局良好。同时也要看到，我国农业基础总体上仍然薄弱，农村基础设施和基本公共服务还有短板，这些都制约着乡村振兴战略的实施。党的二十大对全面推进乡村振兴作出重要部署，党的二十届三中全会《决定》强调“必须统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴”。从政策角度看，脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利后，我国“三农”工作的重心已经转移到全面推进乡村振兴上来。同时，党中央在脱贫攻坚目标任务完成后，对摆脱贫困的县，从脱贫之日起设立5年过渡期。过渡期内要保持主要帮扶政策总体稳定。2021年至2023年连续三个中央一号文件都围绕全面推进乡村振兴这一主线展开。2024年是我国打赢脱贫攻坚战、进入过渡期的第四个年头，2024年中央一号文件提出有力有效推进乡村全面振兴“路线图”，开始把推进乡村全面振兴作为实施乡村振兴战略的主线。2025年中央一号文件聚焦进一步深化农村改革、扎实推进乡村全面振兴作出部署。从“全面推进乡村振兴”到“推进乡村全面振兴”，既反映了我国“三农”工作重心的转移，也体现了乡村振兴内涵的拓展，前者强调的是全面推进，后者更加注重全面振兴。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “On Constructing the New Development Pattern”: “Realizing agricultural and rural modernization is a major task in comprehensively building a modern socialist country and an inevitable requirement for solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development.” The overall goal of implementing the rural revitalization strategy is agricultural and rural modernization, and one of its basic principles is adhering to comprehensive rural revitalization. Comprehensive rural revitalization has a rich connotation, which can be understood and analyzed from different perspectives. From the perspective of fields, comprehensive rural revitalization involves all aspects of rural economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, and Party building. This requires overall planning and coordinated advancement of construction in various fields to promote the all-round upgrading of agriculture, all-round progress of rural areas, and all-round development of farmers. From the perspective of pathways, comprehensive rural revitalization includes the comprehensive revitalization of industries, talents, culture, ecology, and organizations. These “five revitalizations” are both the key tasks and the realization pathways of comprehensive rural revitalization. Advancing comprehensive rural revitalization means coordinating the deployment and coordinated advancement of the “five revitalizations” to achieve thriving industries, livable ecosystems, civilized rural customs, effective governance, and prosperous lives. From the perspective of process, comprehensive rural revitalization involves the entire process of rural industrial development, rural construction, and rural governance. Among these, rural industrial development is the core, which can drive the overall improvement of rural construction and rural governance levels and achieve high-quality development of agriculture and rural areas. From the perspective of building a strong country, the process of comprehensive rural revitalization is also the process of fully realizing strong agriculture, beautiful rural areas, and prosperous farmers. From a spatial perspective, comprehensive rural revitalization is a common task for all regions. Whether in developed or underdeveloped areas, the focus of work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers must be shifted to advancing comprehensive rural revitalization, and comprehensive rural revitalization should be advanced according to local conditions.

习近平总书记在《关于构建新发展格局》中指出：“实现农业农村现代化是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重大任务，是解决发展不平衡不充分问题的必然要求。”实施乡村振兴战略的总目标是农业农村现代化，基本原则之一是坚持乡村全面振兴。乡村全面振兴具有丰富的内涵，可以从不同的视角进行理解和分析。从领域来看，乡村全面振兴涉及农村经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和党的建设等各个方面，这就要求统筹规划，协同推进各个领域建设，促进农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展。从路径来看，乡村全面振兴是包括产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴、组织振兴的全面振兴，这“五个振兴”既是乡村全面振兴的重点任务，也是其实现路径。推进乡村全面振兴，就是要统筹部署、协同推进“五个振兴”，实现产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕。从过程来看，乡村全面振兴涉及乡村产业发展、乡村建设、乡村治理全过程，其中乡村产业发展是核心，能够带动全面提升乡村建设和乡村治理水平，实现农业农村高质量发展。从强国建设来看，乡村全面振兴的过程也就是农业强、农村美、农民富全面实现的过程。从空间视角来看，乡村全面振兴是各地区的共同任务，无论是发达地区还是欠发达地区，都要把“三农”工作重心转移到推进乡村全面振兴上来，因地制宜推进乡村全面振兴。

Holding the Two Bottom Lines of Comprehensive Rural Revitalization

守牢乡村全面振兴的两条底线

Ensuring national food security and preventing large-scale relapse into poverty are the two bottom lines for advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. These two bottom lines are, in fact, the tasks of “consolidating the foundation” for rural revitalization.

确保国家粮食安全和不发生规模性返贫致贫是推进乡村全面振兴的两条底线。这两条底线，实际上也是乡村振兴的“固底板”任务。

Adopting a Two-Pronged Approach to Hold the Bottom Line of National Food Security. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “On Constructing the New Development Pattern”: “We must never be complacent about the issue of food security.” In recent years, China has fully and strictly implemented the responsibility system for food security, exerting efforts from both the supply and demand sides, insisting on stabilizing the area and increasing per-unit yield simultaneously, taking ensuring national food security as the primary task of rural revitalization. The total grain output has remained stable at over 1.3 trillion jin for consecutive years, and in 2024, it reached a new level of 1.4 trillion jin, holding the strategic bottom line of “basic self-sufficiency in grains and absolute security of rations.” At the same time, it must also be recognized that currently, grain purchase prices are low, production costs continue to rise, and it is becoming more difficult for grain farmers to increase their income. Facing the new situation, it is necessary to coordinate ensuring food security and promoting farmers’ income growth. Support for agricultural infrastructure, high-standard farmland construction, the breeding and promotion of improved varieties, agricultural machinery and equipment, agricultural products, the distribution network of agricultural materials, and farmers’ skills training, as well as for major grain-producing areas and major grain-producing counties, should continue to be increased. The “three-in-one” mechanism for ensuring grain farmers’ income, consisting of prices, subsidies, and insurance, and the mechanism for compensating major grain-producing areas, combining vertical and horizontal approaches, should be further improved. An inter-provincial horizontal compensation mechanism for grain production and marketing areas under the overall planning of the central government should be established as soon as possible, so that farmers have reasonable guarantees for their income from grain production and major grain-producing areas have the incentive to focus on grain production. At the same time, the transformation of grain production methods should be accelerated, promoting the deep integration, full-chain upgrading, and layout optimization of the grain industry, effectively building the grain industry into a modern large-scale industry, and enabling farmers to share more of the value-added benefits from the entire grain industry chain.

双管齐下守牢国家粮食安全底线。习近平总书记在《关于构建新发展格局》中指出：“在粮食安全问题上千万不可掉以轻心。”近年来，我国全面严格落实粮食安全责任制，从供给和需求两端发力，坚持稳面积、增单产两手抓，把保障国家粮食安全作为乡村振兴的首要任务，粮食总产量连年稳定在1.3万亿斤以上，2024年又迈上1.4万亿斤的新台阶，守住了“谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全”的战略底线。同时也要看到，当前，粮食收购价格低迷，生产成本持续攀升，种粮农民增收难度加大。面对新的形势，必须统筹好保障粮食安全和促进农民增收。要继续加大对农业基础设施、高标准农田建设、良种培育推广、农机装备、农产品、农资流通网络、农民技能培训等以及粮食主产区和产粮大县的支持力度，进一步完善价格、补贴、保险“三位一体”的种粮农民收益保障机制和纵向、横向相结合的粮食主产区利益补偿机制，尽快建立中央统筹下的粮食产销区省际横向利益补偿机制，让农民种粮收益有合理保障，让主产区抓粮有积极性。同时，要加快推进粮食生产方式转变，推动粮食产业深度融合、全链条升级和布局优化，切实把粮食产业建成现代化大产业，让广大农民更多分享粮食全产业链增值收益。

We must coordinate the transformation of the assistance policy system and hold the bottom line of preventing a large-scale return to poverty or new cases of poverty. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in *Steadily Promoting Common Prosperity*: "We must consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, strengthen monitoring and early intervention for populations prone to returning to poverty, and continue to support counties that have been lifted out of poverty to ensure they do not relapse into large-scale poverty or new cases of poverty." [1]1 Xi Jinping, *Steadily Promoting Common Prosperity*, a speech delivered on August 17, 2021, included in *Selected Readings from Xi Jinping's Works*, Volume II. The 2025 Central Document No. 1 combines short-term goals with long-term objectives, coordinating the establishment of a rural mechanism to prevent a return to poverty and new cases of poverty, along with a tiered and categorized assistance system for low-income populations and underdeveloped regions, thereby driving the transformation of the assistance policy system toward comprehensive rural revitalization. Specifically, it is necessary both to ensure that major assistance policies remain generally stable during the transition period, improving the normalized mechanism for preventing a return to poverty and new cases of poverty that covers the entire rural population, and to hold the bottom line of preventing a large-scale return to poverty or new cases of poverty; at the same time, looking ahead to the post-transition period, a tiered and categorized assistance system for rural low-income populations and underdeveloped regions must be established. For low-income populations, differentiated normalized assistance should be implemented based on factors such as their capacity for labor and sources of livelihood. For those with labor capacity, developmental assistance measures such as industrial and employment support should be adopted, implementing developmental social aid; for those lacking labor capacity and unable to obtain stable income through industry or employment, the focus should be on improving social assistance policies and implementing security-oriented social relief. For underdeveloped regions, a tiered and categorized assistance system should be established based on their degree of underdevelopment and different types, achieving differentiated assistance policies.

统筹推进帮扶政策体系转换，守牢不发生规模性返贫致贫的底线。习近平总书记在《扎实推动共同富裕》中指出：“要巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，对易返贫致贫人口要加强监测、及早干预，对脱贫县要扶上马送一程，确保不发生规模性返贫和新的致贫。”2025年中央一号文件把短期目标与长期目标结合起来，统筹建立农村防止返贫致贫机制和低收入人口、欠发达地区分层分类帮扶制度，推动帮扶政策体系向推进乡村全面振兴转换。具体来看，既要确保在过渡期内保持主要帮扶政策总体稳定，完善覆盖农村人口的常态化防止返贫致贫机制，守住不发生规模性返贫致贫的底线；又要面向过渡期之后，建立农村低收入人口和欠发达地区分层分类帮扶制度。对于低收入人口，主要是针对其有无劳动能力、生活来源等情况，实现差别化常态化帮扶。对那些具有劳动能力的人口，采取产业就业等开发式帮扶措施，实行发展型社会援助；对那些缺乏劳动能力、无法通过产业就业获得稳定收入的人口，着重完善社会救助政策，实行保障型社会救助。对于欠发达地区，主要是针对其欠发达程度和不同类型，建立分层分类帮扶制度，实现差别化帮扶政策。

We must raise the levels of rural industrial development, rural construction, and rural governance.

提升乡村产业发展、乡村建设、乡村治理水平

Since the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes. However, compared with urban areas, rural industrial development, rural construction, and rural governance remain in a significantly lagging state. In terms of rural industrial development, problems such as small scale, scattered layout, weak entities, short chains, and homogenization remain prominent; in terms of rural construction, issues such as insufficient infrastructure, lagging basic public services, idle resources, and inadequate cultural protection have not yet been fundamentally resolved; in terms of rural governance, problems persist including an incomplete governance system, weak governance capacity, insufficient farmer participation, a weak talent team, and a heavy grassroots burden. In response to these issues, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must raise the levels of rural industrial development, rural construction, and rural governance." Raising the levels of rural industrial development, rural construction, and rural governance is an important task in advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. Only by completing this important task can we promptly make up for the shortcomings in agriculture and rural areas in the construction of Chinese-path modernization.

实施乡村振兴战略以来，我国乡村面貌发生了巨大变化。但与城市相比，乡村产业发展、乡村建设和乡村治理仍处于明显滞后状态。在乡村产业发展方面，规模小、布局散、主体弱、链条短、同质化等问题仍然较为突出；在乡村建设方面，基础设施不足、基本公共服务滞后、资源闲置较多、文化保护不力等问题尚未根本解决；在乡村治理方面，还存在治理体系不健全、治理能力不强、农民参与不足、人才队伍薄弱、基层负担较重等问题。针对这些问题，习近平总书记指出：“要提升乡村产业发展水平、乡村建设水平、乡村治理水平”。提升乡村产业发展水平、乡村建设水平、乡村治理水平，是推进乡村全面振兴的重要任务。完成好这个重要任务，才能尽快补齐中国式现代化建设的农业农村短板。

We must raise the level of rural industrial development. Currently, rural industrial development is showing trends of diversification, integration, clustering, ecologization, and digitalization. Adapting to these trends in rural industrial development, fully tapping into the multi-functional value of agriculture and the diverse value of rural areas, clarifying the functional positioning and development direction of rural areas, developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, and actively cultivating new rural industries and new business forms are conducive to promoting the deep integration and optimization and upgrading of rural industries, and accelerating the construction of a modern rural industrial system with distinct characteristics and competitiveness. Rural industrial development must conform to the functional positioning of rural areas, focus on enhancing industrial resilience and risk resistance capabilities, continuously optimize the industrial layout, further improve the mechanism linking agriculture with farmers, stimulate rural vitality through industrial revitalization, and drive farmers' employment and income growth.

提升乡村产业发展水平。当前，乡村产业发展出现了多样化、融合化、集群化、生态化、数字化的趋势。顺应乡村产业发展趋势，充分挖掘农业多维功能和乡村多元价值，明确乡村功能定位和发展导向，因地制宜发展新质生产力，积极培育乡村新产业新业态，有利于推动乡村产业深度融合和优化升级，加快构建各具特色、具有竞争力的现代乡村产业体系。乡村产业发展要符合乡村功能定位，注重增强产业韧劲和抗风险能力，不断优化产业布局，进一步完善联农带农机制，以产业振兴激发乡村活力，带动农民就业增收。

We must raise the level of rural construction. Through the construction of a new countryside and rural construction actions, China's rural infrastructure and basic public services have achieved a transition "from nothing to something," and are now moving toward "from something to excellence." Currently, rural construction has entered a new stage of upgrading and improvement. In the next step, it is necessary both to start from local realities and farmers' needs, prioritizing the weak links and shortcomings that farmers urgently need, such as road access to villages and households, sewage treatment, preschool education, convenient medical care, elderly care services, and housing safety, and to promote the filling of gaps in infrastructure and basic public services; at the same time, aiming for the goal of rural areas basically possessing modern living conditions, we must promote the comprehensive upgrading and improvement of rural infrastructure, the human settlement environment, and public services.

提升乡村建设水平。经过新农村建设和乡村建设行动，我国农村基础设施和基本公共服务实现了“从无到有”，正在向“从有到优”转变，当前乡村建设已进入提档升级的新阶段。下一步，既要从各地实际和农民需求出发，优先抓好农民急需的短板弱项，如公路进村入户、污水治理、学前教育、看病便利、养老服务、房屋安全等，推进基础设施和基本公共服务补短板；又要瞄准农村基本具备现代生活条件目标，推动农村基础设施、人居环境、公共服务等全面提档升级。

We must raise the level of rural governance. The level of rural governance is a comprehensive manifestation of the rural governance system, governance capacity, governance performance, and public participation, and an important criterion for its measurement is effective governance. Aiming for the goal of modernizing rural governance, we must fully leverage the main role of farmers, stimulate the endogenous momentum of rural governance, focus on improving the rural governance system that combines self-governance, rule of law, and rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations, strengthen the construction of rural culture and civilized rural customs, accelerate the digital transformation of rural governance, continuously improve the efficiency of rural governance, and take the path of good rural governance with Chinese characteristics. We must encourage bold innovation in various localities and explore diversified models of rural governance.

提升乡村治理水平。乡村治理水平是乡村治理体系、治理能力、治理绩效、公众参与等方面的综合呈现，其衡量的重要标准是治理有效。要瞄准乡村治理现代化目标，充分发挥农民主体作用，激发乡村治理内生动力，着力健全党组织领导的自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系，加强乡村文化和文明乡风建设，加快乡村治理数字化转型，不断提高乡村治理效能，走中国特色的乡村善治之路。要鼓励各地进行大胆创新，探索多元化的乡村治理模式。

We must scientifically and effectively advance comprehensive rural revitalization.

科学有效推进乡村全面振兴

As early as 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his *Speech at the National Conference on Summarizing and Commending the Fight against Poverty*: "The depth, breadth, and difficulty of fully implementing the rural revitalization strategy are no less than those of the fight against poverty. We must improve the policy system, work system, and institutional system, adopt more forceful measures, and gather stronger forces to accelerate the pace of agricultural and rural modernization, promoting high-quality and efficient agriculture, livable and business-friendly rural areas, and prosperous and well-off farmers." [2]2 Xi Jinping, *Speech at the National Conference on Summarizing and Commending the Fight against Poverty*, delivered on February 25, 2021. Advancing comprehensive rural revitalization is a systematic project; we must be prepared for a protracted struggle, achieving the "eight adherences" (adhering to and strengthening the Party's overall leadership over work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers; adhering to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas; adhering to integrated urban-rural development; adhering to the principal role of farmers; adhering to adapting measures to local conditions and implementing policies by category; adhering to harmonious coexistence between humans and nature; adhering to deepening reform and innovation; adhering to gradual progress and persistent effort), and grasping the "three coordinations" (coordinating different regions; coordinating new industrialization, new urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization; coordinating the advancement of rural economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, and Party building); at the same time, based on long-term goals, through legalized, standardized, and routinized institutional arrangements, we must establish and improve a mechanism system that can operate normally over the long term and effectively play its role. The 2025 Central Document No. 1 proposes "improving the long-term mechanism for advancing comprehensive rural revitalization." To this end, it is necessary to draw on and promote some effective experiences and practices from the fight against poverty and rural revitalization practices in various localities, especially to learn from and apply the promotion mechanism embedded in the "Thousand Village Demonstration, Ten Thousand Village Renovation" project, [3]3 The "Thousand Village Demonstration, Ten Thousand Village Renovation" project (千万工程) is a rural environmental improvement initiative launched in Zhejiang Province in 2003, later promoted nationwide as a model for rural revitalization. improve the diversified investment guarantee mechanism for rural revitalization, improve the operation and maintenance mechanism for rural public infrastructure, improve the mechanism for distributing land value-added income, and at the same time, improve the long-term management mechanism for assets formed by national investment in the fight against poverty, and improve the long-term mechanism for reducing burdens at the grassroots level. At the current stage, we must grasp the characteristics of the stage, highlight regional features, and advance comprehensive rural revitalization in a categorized and orderly manner.

早在2021年，习近平总书记就在《在全国脱贫攻坚总结表彰大会上的讲话》中指出：“全面实施乡村振兴战略的深度、广度、难度都不亚于脱贫攻坚，要完善政策体系、工作体系、制度体系，以更有力的举措、汇聚更强大的力量，加快农业农村现代化步伐，促进农业高质高效、乡村宜居宜业、农民富裕富足。”推进乡村全面振兴是一项系统工程，必须做好打持久战的准备，做到“八个坚持”（坚持和加强党对“三农”工作的全面领导，坚持农业农村优先发展，坚持城乡融合发展，坚持农民主体地位，坚持因地制宜、分类施策，坚持人与自然和谐共生，坚持深化改革创新，坚持循序渐进、久久为功），抓好“三个统筹”（统筹不同区域，统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，统筹推进农村经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和党的建设）；同时，立足长远目标，通过法治化、规范化、常规化的制度安排，建立完善能够长期正常运行并有效发挥作用的机制体系。2025年中央一号文件提出“健全推进乡村全面振兴长效机制”。为此，需要借鉴推广脱贫攻坚和各地乡村振兴实践中一些行之有效的经验做法，尤其是学习运用“千万工程”蕴含的推进机制，健全多元化乡村振兴投入保障机制、健全农村公共基础设施运行管护机制、健全土地增值收益分配机制等，同时要健全脱贫攻坚国家投入形成资产的长效管理机制、健全为基层减负长效机制等。现阶段，要把握阶段特征、突出地区特色、分类有序推进乡村全面振兴。

We must grasp the characteristics of the stage. China's regional development differences are large; there are both relatively economically developed regions like the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, and some underdeveloped regions with relatively low development levels. The process of agricultural and rural modernization in various regions is at different stages of development, showing obvious step-like characteristics. At the provincial level, the process of agricultural and rural modernization in various regions can be roughly divided into three echelons; at the municipal and county levels, this difference in development levels is even greater. In the process of advancing comprehensive rural revitalization, we must face up to this difference in development stages. It is necessary both to encourage developed eastern regions and suburban rural areas of large and medium-sized cities in the central and western regions that meet the conditions to take the lead in basically realizing agricultural and rural modernization, and to increase support for underdeveloped regions, ensuring that these regions can basically realize agricultural and rural modernization simultaneously by 2035. In advancing this work, various regions must respect objective laws, grasp the characteristics of their stages, reasonably determine the revitalization goals and key tasks for each stage, properly handle the relationship between ultimate goals and stage-specific goals, and prevent unrealistic and reckless advances that exceed the development stage.

把握阶段特征。我国区域发展差异较大，既有长三角、珠三角等经济较发达地区，也有一些发展水平相对落后的欠发达地区，各地区农业农村现代化进程处于不同发展阶段，呈现出明显的阶梯式特征。从省域层面看，各地区农业农村现代化进程大体可分为三个梯队；从市域县域层面看，这种发展水平差异更大。在推进乡村全面振兴过程中，必须正视这种发展阶段差异性，既要鼓励东部发达地区、中西部具备条件的大中城市郊区乡村率先基本实现农业农村现代化，又要加大对欠发达地区的支持力度，确保这些地区到2035年能够同步基本实现农业农村现代化。各地区在推进中要尊重客观规律，把握其阶段特征，合理确定各阶段的振兴目标和重点任务，处理好最终目标与阶段性目标的关系，防止超越发展阶段、不切实际的冒进。

Highlight regional characteristics. Because different regions have different regional conditions and agricultural situations, whether it is the development of rural industries or rural construction and rural governance, it is necessary to actively explore paths to rural revitalization that fit their own realities and have regional characteristics, and under no circumstances should they simply copy the practices of other regions regardless of their own conditions. At present, a number of excellent cases of advancing comprehensive rural revitalization have been formed across the country. Relevant departments have organized the creation of national rural revitalization demonstration counties and national rural governance demonstration villages and towns, and various localities have also successively carried out the creation of rural revitalization demonstration villages. Overall, in these excellent cases, most villages focus on integrating regional characteristics into the practice of rural revitalization, exploring methods and practices that conform to their own realities. This kind of characteristic is the key to demonstrating the vitality of rural revitalization.

突出地区特色。各地区因区情农情不同，无论是乡村产业发展还是乡村建设和乡村治理，都需要积极探索切合自身实际、具有地区特色的乡村振兴路子，切不可不顾自身条件、简单照搬其他地区的做法。目前，全国各地已经形成了一批推进乡村全面振兴的优秀案例，相关部门组织开展了国家乡村振兴示范县、全国乡村治理示范村镇创建工作，各地也相继开展了乡村振兴示范村创建活动。总体上看，这些优秀案例中的乡村，大都注重把地区特色融入乡村振兴实践中，探索符合自身实际的方式和做法。这种特色是展现乡村振兴活力的关键所在。

Advance in a classified and orderly manner. China’s rural areas are vast, and village types are rich and diverse. They can be divided into four types: agglomeration and upgrading type, suburban integration type, special protection type, and relocation and merger type. [8]8 The four village types are a standard classification used in China’s rural planning policy, first formally proposed in the 2019 document "Opinions on Establishing a Mechanism for the Long-term Consolidation and Improvement of the Results of Poverty Alleviation." It is necessary to further refine the classification of villages, implement different functional positioning and development orientations for different types of villages, scientifically determine their development goals, and implement differentiated advancement strategies. It should be recognized that China’s urbanization process has not yet been completed, and new-type urbanization with county towns as important carriers will become an important force leading comprehensive rural revitalization. Under the general trend of urbanization, the development pattern of urban and rural populations and villages will be in a state of change. It is necessary to adapt to the trend of urban and rural population changes, optimize village layout, allocate public resources according to the permanent resident population, promote the optimization of the layout of rural infrastructure and public services, and guard against investment waste in rural construction. At the same time, it is necessary to balance the goals of efficiency and fairness. It is necessary to both allow pioneering and create demonstrations, and also increase support and assistance for economically weak villages, combining pioneering demonstrations with increased assistance to promote the common prosperity and development of villages.

分类有序推进。我国乡村地域辽阔，村庄类型丰富多样，可分为集聚提升类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、搬迁撤并类四种类型。要进一步细化村庄分类，对不同类型村庄实行不同的功能定位和发展导向，科学确定其发展目标，实行差异化的推进策略。应该看到，我国的城镇化进程尚未完成，以县城为重要载体的新型城镇化将成为引领乡村全面振兴的重要力量。在城镇化大趋势下，城乡人口和村庄发展格局将处于变化之中。要适应城乡人口变化趋势，优化村庄布局，按常住人口配置公共资源，促进乡村基础设施和公共服务布局优化，谨防乡村建设中的投资浪费。同时，要兼顾效率和公平目标，既要允许先行、创建示范，又要加大对经济薄弱村的支持和帮扶力度，把先行示范与加大帮扶结合起来，促进村庄共同繁荣发展。

(The author is a specially appointed researcher at the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者为中国社会科学院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心