Comprehending the New Realm of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Editor’s Note

编者按

Recently, the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* (hereinafter referred to as the *Selected Works*) was published and distributed. This is not only a major event in our country’s political and economic life, but also a major event in our country’s ideological and theoretical circles. The *Selected Works* contains 74 of the most important and fundamental works by General Secretary Xi Jinping on economic construction from November 2012 to December 2024. It systematically reflects the innovative practice of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, elevating practical experience into systematic scientific theory, and the evolutionary process of keeping pace with the times and constantly enriching and developing. It provides an authoritative textbook for the entire Party, the entire military, and people of all ethnic groups across the country to deeply study and implement Xi Jinping’s economic thought. To promote comprehensive and systematic study of the *Selected Works*, this journal has specially invited two scholars to conduct research and reading from different perspectives on the content of the *Selected Works*, grasping the theoretical essence of Xi Jinping’s economic thought through deep study and careful understanding.

近期，《习近平经济文选》第一卷（以下简称《文选》）出版发行，这既是我国政治经济生活中的一件大事，也是我国思想理论界的一件大事。《文选》收入习近平总书记2012年11月至2024年12月期间关于经济建设最重要、最基本的74篇著作，系统反映了以习近平同志为核心的党中央不断推进马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化，把实践经验上升为系统化科学理论的创新实践和与时俱进不断丰富发展的演进历程，为全党全国各族人民深入学习贯彻习近平经济思想提供了权威教材。为推进全面系统学习《文选》，本刊特邀请两位学者从不同角度就《文选》内容展开研读，在深学细悟中把握习近平经济思想的理论精髓。

In Xi Jinping’s economic thought, Marxist political economy occupies a very important position. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Studying and grasping the basic principles and methodology of Marxist political economy helps us master scientific economic analysis methods, understand the process of economic movement, grasp the laws of economic development, improve our ability to manage the socialist market economy, and accurately answer the theoretical and practical questions of our country’s economic development.” In the article “Continuously Opening Up New Realms of Contemporary Chinese Marxist Political Economy,” General Secretary Xi Jinping elaborated on how, since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening up era and a major shift in the Party’s focus to economic development., our Party has further enriched and developed important theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy based on the new practice of reform and opening up. “These theoretical achievements were not discussed by the classical Marxist writers, nor did we have such practice and understanding before reform and opening up. They are a political economy adapted to contemporary Chinese national conditions and the characteristics of the times. They not only effectively guided our country’s economic development practice but also opened up a new realm of Marxist political economy.” A comprehensive and systematic study of the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* allows us to deeply comprehend that Xi Jinping’s economic thought has opened up a new realm for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, made significant original contributions to enriching and developing Marxist political economy, and provided a sharp ideological weapon for promoting high-quality development of our country’s economy, scientifically responding to major risks and challenges, and comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

在习近平经济思想中，马克思主义政治经济学具有十分重要的地位。习近平总书记指出：“学习领会马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和方法论，有利于我们掌握科学的经济分析方法，认识经济运动过程，把握经济发展规律，提高驾驭社会主义市场经济能力，准确回答我国经济发展的理论和实践问题。”在《不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界》一文中，习近平总书记阐述了党的十一届三中全会以来我们党依据改革开放的新实践，进一步丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学的重要理论成果，“这些理论成果，马克思主义经典作家没有讲过，改革开放前我们也没有这方面的实践和认识，是适应当代中国国情和时代特点的政治经济学，不仅有力指导了我国经济发展实践，而且开拓了马克思主义政治经济学新境界”。全面系统学习研究《习近平经济文选》第一卷，可以深刻领悟到习近平经济思想开拓了中国特色社会主义政治经济学新境界，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学作出了重要原创性贡献，为推动我国经济高质量发展、科学应对重大风险挑战、全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了锐利思想武器。

Adhering to the People-Centered Value Pursuit

坚持以人民为中心的价值追求

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must adhere to the people-centered development thought. Development for the people is the fundamental stance of Marxist political economy.” Being people-centered is reflected in all aspects of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. First, it takes achieving the interests of the vast majority of people as its goal, enhancing the well-being of the people and promoting the comprehensive development of individuals. Second, the grand blueprint for achieving socialist modernization fully embodies the people-centered value pursuit: when basic modernization is achieved, the people’s lives should be more comfortable; when comprehensive modernization is achieved, the people’s lives should be happier and more secure. This is a development process aimed at improving the people’s living standards. Finally, common prosperity is an essential feature of socialism and a common aspiration of the people. The long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization requires “achieving more obvious and substantial progress in common prosperity for all the people.”

习近平总书记指出，“要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。发展为了人民，这是马克思主义政治经济学的根本立场”。以人民为中心体现在中国特色社会主义政治经济学的方方面面。首先，以实现最大多数人的利益为目标，增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展。其次，实现社会主义现代化的宏伟蓝图充分体现了以人民为中心的价值追求：基本实现现代化时要使人民生活更为宽裕，全面实现现代化时要使人民生活更加幸福安康，这是以提高人民生活水准为目标的发展进程。最后，共同富裕是社会主义的本质特征，是人民群众的共同期盼，基本实现社会主义现代化远景目标就要求“全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展”。

To open up a new realm for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must adhere to a problem-oriented approach. That is, we must adapt to the needs of advancing Chinese-path modernization, conform to the expectations of the people and social forecasts, go directly to the problems, and answer the questions of the people. In particular, we must focus on new problems encountered in practice, deep-seated problems in reform, development, and stability, and the urgent and difficult problems of the people, continuously proposing new concepts, new ideas, and new methods that truly solve problems. This has become the focal point of research on the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Adhering to the people-centered problem orientation should first take the transformation of the principal contradiction in society in the new development stage as the problem orientation. Currently, the principal contradiction in our society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. This transformation indicates that overcoming unbalanced and inadequate development and meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life have become the core focus of development. Second, it should take advancing Chinese-path modernization as the problem orientation. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all the people, the modernization of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress in harmony, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development. In summary, “the ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and comprehensive development of individuals.”

开辟中国特色社会主义政治经济学新境界，必须坚持问题导向，也就是必须适应推进中国式现代化进程的需要，顺应人民群众期待和社会预期，奔着问题去，回答好人民之问。尤其是聚焦实践中遇到的新问题、改革发展稳定存在的深层次问题、人民群众的急难愁盼问题，不断提出真正解决问题的新理念新思路新办法，这成为中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究的着力点。坚持以人民为中心的问题导向，首先应以新发展阶段社会主要矛盾的转化为问题导向。当前我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，这一矛盾转化表明，克服不平衡不充分的发展，满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，成为发展的核心着力点。其次应以推进中国式现代化为问题导向。中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化、全体人民共同富裕的现代化、物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化，归结起来就是“现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展”。

Perfecting the Ownership Structure with Public Ownership as the Mainstay and Diverse Forms of Ownership Developing Together

完善公有制为主体多种所有制经济共同发展的所有制结构

The study and analysis of economic systems is the core content of Marxist political economy. The basic socialist economic system involves public ownership as the mainstay with diverse forms of ownership developing together, distribution according to work as the mainstay with multiple forms of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system. Perfecting the ownership structure with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together is mainly reflected in adhering to and implementing the “two unswervinglys” [2]2 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refer to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector..

对经济制度的研究和分析是马克思主义政治经济学的核心内容。社会主义基本经济制度涉及公有制为主体多种所有制经济共同发展、按劳分配为主体多种分配方式并存和社会主义市场经济体制等方面。完善公有制为主体多种所有制经济共同发展的所有制结构，主要体现在坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”。

First, unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The dominant position of public ownership cannot be shaken, and the leading role of the state-owned sector cannot be shaken. This is an institutional guarantee for ensuring that people of all ethnic groups in our country share the fruits of development, and it is also an important guarantee for consolidating the Party’s ruling position and adhering to our country’s socialist system.” Public ownership as the mainstay means that public assets occupy an advantageous position in total social assets, and the state-owned sector controls the lifeline of the national economy, thereby institutionally embodying the people-centered development thought, implementing the requirements of socialist fairness and justice, and realizing the sharing of development achievements by all the people.

一是毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济。习近平总书记指出，“公有制主体地位不能动摇，国有经济主导作用不能动摇，这是保证我国各族人民共享发展成果的制度性保证，也是巩固党的执政地位、坚持我国社会主义制度的重要保证”。公有制为主体是指公有资产在社会总资产中占优势，国有经济控制国民经济命脉，从而从制度上体现以人民为中心的发展思想，贯彻社会主义公平正义要求，实现全体人民共享发展成果。

Second, unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Our country’s private sector has become an indispensable force in promoting our country’s development, a main field for entrepreneurship and employment, an important subject of technological innovation, and an important source of national tax revenue.” He requires “optimizing the development environment for private enterprises, protecting the property rights of private enterprises and the rights and interests of entrepreneurs according to law, and promoting the growth and expansion of the private sector.”

二是毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展。习近平总书记指出，“我国民营经济已经成为推动我国发展不可或缺的力量，成为创业就业的主要领域、技术创新的重要主体、国家税收的重要来源”，要求“优化民营企业发展环境，依法保护民营企业产权和企业家权益，促进民营经济发展壮大”。

Extending the study of ownership issues into the field of property rights systems is an innovative development of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Based on the “two unswervinglys,” General Secretary Xi Jinping also proposed the “two inviolabilities” [3]3 The “two inviolabilities” (两个不可侵犯) refer to the principle that property rights in both the public and non-public sectors of the economy are equally inviolable under the law. of property rights in the public sector and property rights in the non-public sector. At the 19th National Congress of the CPC [4]4 The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in October 2017, where Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was enshrined in the Party Constitution., General Secretary Xi Jinping required that “economic system reform must focus on improving the property rights system and the market-based allocation of factors.” Improving the property rights system includes: establishing a modern property rights system with clear property rights and well-defined rights and responsibilities; transforming the management of state-owned assets from managing assets to managing capital; promoting the “separation of three rights” [5]5 The “separation of three rights” (三权分置) is a reform of the rural land system that separates ownership, contract rights, and management rights of agricultural land to facilitate land transfer and agricultural modernization. for agricultural land—ownership, contract rights, and management rights; and making mixed ownership a form of realization of the basic economic system.

把对所有制问题的研究延伸到产权制度领域，这是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的创新发展。习近平总书记基于“两个毫不动摇”，又提出公有制经济财产权和非公有制经济财产权“两个不可侵犯”。在党的十九大上，习近平总书记要求“经济体制改革必须以完善产权制度和要素市场化配置为重点”。完善产权制度包括：建立产权明晰、权责分明的现代产权制度，国有资产的管理由管资产转向管资本为主，推进农地所有权、承包权和经营权“三权分置”，混合所有制成为基本经济制度的实现形式。

How to regulate and guide the healthy development of capital under the socialist system is a major theoretical and practical issue that the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics must study and resolve. Since we are engaged in a socialist market economy, various forms of capital will inevitably emerge, including public capital and private capital. This requires regulating the behavior of capital, seeking benefits and avoiding harms, neither allowing “capital sharks” to act recklessly nor neglecting the function of capital as a factor of production. On the one hand, we must support and guide the standardized and healthy development of capital, promoting the sound and common development of various types of capital, and leveraging their role in developing productive forces, creating social wealth, and enhancing the well-being of the people. On the other hand, we must strengthen effective supervision of capital according to law to prevent the unbridled growth of capital.

在社会主义制度下如何规范和引导资本健康发展，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学必须研究解决的重大理论和实践问题。既然我们是搞社会主义市场经济，就必然会产生各种形态的资本，包括公有资本和私人资本。这就要求规范资本行为，趋利避害，既不让“资本大鳄”恣意妄为，又要发挥资本作为生产要素的功能。一方面，支持和引导资本规范健康发展，促进各类资本良性发展、共同发展，发挥其发展生产力、创造社会财富、增进人民福祉的作用；另一方面，依法加强对资本的有效监管，防止资本野蛮生长。

Perfecting the Distribution System with Distribution According to Work as the Mainstay and Multiple Forms of Distribution Coexisting

完善按劳分配为主体多种分配方式并存的分配制度

The distribution system formed in the course of reform and opening up, which takes distribution according to work as the main body and allows the coexistence of multiple modes of distribution, has fully mobilized and incentivized factor inputs from owners of different factors, allowing all the vitality of labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital to burst forth, and allowing all sources of social wealth to flow fully. On this basis, General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed: “Promote common prosperity in the course of high-quality development, correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, and construct a basic institutional arrangement in which primary distribution, redistribution and tertiary distribution are coordinated and complementary.”

在改革中形成的按劳分配为主体多种分配方式并存的分配制度，充分动员和激励了不同要素所有者的要素投入，让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理和资本的活力竞相迸发，让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流。在此基础上，习近平总书记提出，“在高质量发展中促进共同富裕，正确处理效率和公平的关系，构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的基础性制度安排”。

First, improve the three forms of distribution. At the stage of primary distribution, the relationship between fairness and efficiency must be handled well, the share of labor remuneration in primary distribution must be raised, and labor remuneration growth must be synchronized with labor productivity growth; this is the foundation for handling the relationship between fairness and efficiency. Redistribution led by the government plays a guiding role in common prosperity, and it is necessary to improve redistribution mechanisms such as taxation, social security and transfer payments. Attention must be paid to bringing the role of tertiary distribution into play, developing charitable and other social welfare undertakings, and establishing a mechanism whereby those who get rich first help those who get rich later; this is a beneficial supplement to promoting common prosperity.

一是完善三次分配。在初次分配阶段就要处理好公平和效率的关系，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，实现劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步，这是处理好公平与效率关系的基础。政府主导的再分配对共同富裕起导向作用，需要健全税收、社会保障和转移支付等再分配机制。重视发挥第三次分配的作用，发展慈善等社会公益事业，建立先富帮后富的机制，这是推动共同富裕的有益补充。

Second, in the process of production factors participating in income distribution, enable workers to obtain not only labor income but also more income from other factors. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Explore multiple channels to increase factor income for middle- and low-income masses, and increase urban and rural residents’ property income through multiple channels.” Realistic pathways include: raising the income level of middle- and low-income groups through the ownership and usufruct of factors such as land and capital; increasing investment in human capital, enhancing workers’ knowledge and skills, and giving full play to their expertise in technology and management. In this way, workers obtain not only direct labor income but also income from technology and management.

二是在生产要素参与收入分配的过程中，使劳动者在获得劳动收入的同时，也能够获得更多的其他要素收入。习近平总书记指出，“探索多种渠道增加中低收入群众要素收入，多渠道增加城乡居民财产性收入”。现实途径包括：通过土地、资本等要素的所有权、收益权来提高中低收入群体的收入水平；加大人力资本投资，增加劳动者的知识和技能，充分发挥其技术和管理的专长。这样就使劳动者不仅仅得到直接劳动收入，还能够得到技术和管理的收入。

Third, implement the strategy of giving priority to employment. Employment is the foundation of people’s livelihood; high-quality full employment is the cornerstone for achieving common prosperity. To promote high-quality full employment, first, capital remains the basic condition for employment, and stabilizing employment requires stabilizing capital. Second, in response to the employment and unemployment problems caused by the application of new technologies under the conditions of the digital economy, it is clearly emphasized that the direction of technological progress should be more biased toward industrial upgrading and areas beyond human reach, rather than toward replacing labor positions. At the same time, strengthen education and training for low-skilled labor so that it can meet the skill demands of the digital economy era.

三是实施就业优先战略。就业是民生之本，高质量充分就业是实现共同富裕的基石。促进高质量充分就业，首先，资本仍然是就业的基本条件，稳就业就要稳资本。其次，针对数字经济条件下新技术应用导致的就业和失业问题，突出明确科技进步的方向要更多偏向产业升级和人不能及的领域，而不是偏向于替代劳动力的就业岗位。同时加强对低技能劳动力的教育和培训，使其能满足数字经济时代的技能需求。

Fourth, encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes the need to “open up channels for upward mobility, create more opportunities for people to get rich, and form a development environment in which everyone participates.” On the one hand, improve the labor market to promote the smooth and upward mobility of labor within the market; on the other hand, provide opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship.

四是鼓励创新创业。习近平总书记强调，要“畅通向上流动通道，给更多人创造致富机会，形成人人参与的发展环境”。一方面，完善劳动力市场，促进劳动力在市场中畅通流动、向上流动；另一方面，提供创新创业机会。

Further improve the socialist market economy system

进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制

The relationship between the government and the market is the core content of China’s economic system reform, and also the core content of the study of economic regulation mechanisms in the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The combination of an “effective market” and a “competent government” is a “world-class problem in economics” that needs to be solved in practice. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [n6] put forward the proposition of “letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government,” opening up a new realm for the analysis of economic operations in Marxist political economy.

政府和市场的关系是我国经济体制改革的核心内容，也是中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究经济调节机制的核心内容。“有效的市场”和“有为的政府”的结合是需要在实践中破解的“经济学上的世界性难题”。党的十八届三中全会提出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”的命题，为马克思主义政治经济学的经济运行分析开拓了新境界。

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Both theory and practice prove that market allocation of resources is the most efficient form. The market’s decisive role in resource allocation is a general law of the market economy; the market economy is essentially an economy in which the market determines resource allocation.” The 19th National Congress of the CPC [n7] took “improving the property rights system and market-based allocation of production factors” as the two reform priorities for accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economy system; the 20th National Congress of the CPC [n8] proposed “improving the basic systems of the market economy such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit”; the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [n9] required that a high-level socialist market economy system must be “both ‘able to let go’ and ‘able to manage well’.” The pathway for “letting go” is: strengthen the protection of property rights and intellectual property rights, build a high-standard market system, improve the system of fair competition, stimulate the development vitality of market entities, and enable all forces conducive to the development of social productive forces to fully emerge. “Managing well” requires further improving the macro-control mechanism. Scientific macro-control and effective government governance are inherent requirements for giving play to the advantages of the socialist market economy system. Supply and demand are the two basic aspects of the internal relationship of the market economy. The original contribution of Xi Jinping’s economic thought is to clarify that the supply side and the demand side are the two basic means of managing and regulating the macroeconomy, and to propose that “whether economic policy focuses on the supply side or the demand side should be decided based on a country’s macroeconomic situation.” The idea of deepening demand-side reform in coordination with supply-side reform reflects the combination of long-term and short-term goals in regulation and development.

习近平总书记指出，“理论和实践都证明，市场配置资源是最有效率的形式。市场决定资源配置是市场经济的一般规律，市场经济本质上就是市场决定资源配置的经济”。党的十九大把“完善产权制度和要素市场化配置”作为加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的两个改革重点，党的二十大提出“完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度”，党的二十届三中全会对高水平社会主义市场经济体制的要求是“既‘放得活’又‘管得住’”。“放得活”的途径是：加强产权和知识产权保护，建设高标准市场体系，完善公平竞争制度，激发市场主体发展活力，使一切有利于社会生产力发展的力量源泉充分涌现。“管得住”就是要求进一步完善宏观调控机制。科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。供给和需求是市场经济内在关系的两个基本方面，习近平经济思想的原创性贡献，是明确供给侧和需求侧是管理和调控宏观经济的两个基本手段，提出“经济政策是以供给侧为重点还是以需求侧为重点，要依据一国宏观经济形势作出抉择”。深化需求侧改革与供给侧改革相配合的思路，体现了调控发展的长期目标和短期目标的结合。

Theoretical innovation in economic development to promote high-quality development

推动高质量发展的经济发展理论创新

How to promote economic development is an important part of Marxist political economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Studying Marxist political economy is to better guide China’s economic development practice. It is necessary not only to adhere to its basic principles and methodology, but also to integrate it with China’s actual economic development, continuously forming new theoretical achievements.” The original and iconic contributions of Xi Jinping’s economic thought to the development theory part of Marxist political economy are prominently embodied in four “news”: the new stage of development, the new development philosophy, the new development pattern, and new quality productive forces.

如何推动经济发展是马克思主义政治经济学的重要内容。习近平总书记指出，“学习马克思主义政治经济学，是为了更好指导我国经济发展实践，既要坚持其基本原理和方法论，更要同我国经济发展实际相结合，不断形成新的理论成果”。习近平经济思想对马克思主义政治经济学的发展理论部分的原创性标识性贡献，突出体现为四个“新”，即新发展阶段、新发展理念、新发展格局、新质生产力。

The new stage of development. China has entered a new stage of development, that is, the stage in which economic development shifts from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. Related economic development issues have thus become the problem orientation for the study of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Development must be scientific development that follows economic laws, and must be sustainable development that follows the laws of nature.” In the stage of high-quality development, what we want is development with quality, efficiency and sustainability; development supported by high-quality full employment and increased labor productivity, return on investment, and resource allocation efficiency.

新发展阶段。我国进入新发展阶段，即经济发展由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。相关的经济发展问题就成为中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究的问题导向。习近平总书记指出，“发展必须是遵循经济规律的科学发展，必须是遵循自然规律的可持续发展”。在高质量发展阶段，我们要的是有质量、有效益、可持续的发展，要的是以高质量充分就业和提高劳动生产率、投资回报率、资源配置效率为支撑的发展。

The new development philosophy. Based on the scientific judgment that China has entered a new stage of development, General Secretary Xi Jinping originally proposed the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, answering a series of theoretical and practical questions concerning the purpose, driving force, mode and path of development. Fully, accurately and comprehensively implementing the new development philosophy has become the necessary path to achieving high-quality development. Among them: innovative development focuses on solving the problem of the driving force for development, becoming the primary driving force for high-quality development; coordinated development is the form of high-quality development, focusing on solving the problem of unbalanced development; green development is the inherent requirement and background of high-quality development, focusing on the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature; open development requires building a more dynamic open economic system, focusing on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development; shared development is the fundamental purpose of high-quality development, focusing on solving the problem of social fairness and justice. These five development concepts are an interconnected and mutually reinforcing ensemble, and are the scientific guide for steering China’s economic and social development toward the stage of high-quality development.

新发展理念。基于我国进入新发展阶段的科学判断，习近平总书记原创性地提出创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题。完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念成为实现高质量发展的必由之路。其中：创新发展注重的是解决发展的动力问题，成为高质量发展的第一动力；协调发展是高质量发展的形态，注重解决发展的不平衡问题；绿色发展是高质量发展的内在要求和底色，注重的是人与自然的和谐共生；开放发展要求构建更有活力的开放型经济体系，注重解决发展的内外联动问题；共享发展是高质量发展的根本目的，注重解决社会公平正义问题。这五大发展理念是个相互贯通、相互促进的集合体，是指导我国经济社会发展转向高质量发展阶段的科学遵循。

The new development pattern. Facing the changes unseen in a century in the world, General Secretary Xi Jinping timely proposed “building a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main body and domestic and international dual circulations mutually promoting each other.” “This new development pattern is proposed based on changes in China’s development stage, environment and conditions, and is a strategic choice to reshape China’s new advantages in international cooperation and competition.” Taking domestic circulation as the main body means making production, distribution, circulation and consumption rely more on the super-large domestic market, enhancing the adaptability of the supply system to domestic demand, and reflecting the endogenous nature of growth. Under the new development pattern, China’s opening up has also entered a new era. It is necessary to fully utilize the advantages of the super-large domestic market, raise the level of the open economy in a wider scope, broader fields and deeper layers, and implement high-level trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policies.

新发展格局。面临世界百年未有之大变局，习近平总书记适时提出“构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”，“这个新发展格局是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化提出来的，是重塑我国国际合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择”。以国内大循环为主体，是要使生产、分配、流通、消费更多依托超大规模的国内市场，提升供给体系对国内需求的适配性，体现增长的内生性。在新发展格局下，我国的对外开放也进入新时代，要充分利用超大规模的国内市场优势，在更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次上提高开放型经济水平，实行高水平的贸易和投资自由化便利化政策。

New quality productive forces. New quality productive forces, as an original concept proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, are matched with the new drivers of productive forces development. New quality productive forces are an advanced state of productive forces that are led by innovation, break away from traditional modes of economic growth and paths of productive forces development, possess the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency and high quality, and conform to the new development philosophy. The concept of new quality productive forces and its theory represent a major breakthrough in the Marxist theory of productive forces. First, new quality productive forces are mainly engendered by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology. Scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models and new drivers, and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. Second, new quality productive forces take the leap in workers, means of labor, subjects of labor and their optimized combination as their basic connotation. Third, new quality productive forces rely on new science and technology, and their point of application is in new industries, embodying the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to promptly apply the achievements of scientific and technological innovation to specific industries and industrial chains, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, plan and build future industries, and improve the modern industrial system. Finally, establish new-type relations of production. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and form new-type relations of production that are compatible with them. The main directions of reform are: first, build institutions and mechanisms that comprehensively support scientific, technological and industrial innovation. Second, education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic supports for forming new quality productive forces, and the focus of building new-type relations of production lies in advancing the integrated reform of the institutions and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent in a coordinated manner, and building a highland for talent and innovation. Third, improve the factor distribution mechanism to better reflect the market value of knowledge, technology and talent, and stimulate the vitality and creativity of various innovation factors.

新质生产力。新质生产力作为习近平总书记提出的原创性概念，是与生产力发展的新动能相匹配的。新质生产力就是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高技术、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。新质生产力概念及其理论是对马克思主义生产力理论的重大突破。首先，新质生产力主要由技术革命性突破催生而成。科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。其次，新质生产力是以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵。再次，新质生产力依托新科技，落脚点在新产业，体现科技创新和产业创新深度融合。发展新质生产力要及时将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系。最后，建立新型生产关系。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。改革的主要方向：一是构建全面支持科技和产业创新的体制机制。二是教育、科技、人才是形成新质生产力的基础性、战略性支撑，建设新型生产关系的着力点在统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，建设人才和创新高地。三是完善要素分配机制，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值，激发各种创新要素的活力和创造力。

(Author: Hong Yinxing, member of the Academic Committee of the Jiangsu Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, former Party Secretary of Nanjing University)

（作者：洪银兴，系江苏省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心学术委员会委员、南京大学原党委书记）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心