Fully and Accurately Understanding the Theoretical Contributions and Practical Value of the New Development Philosophy

Philosophy is the guide to action; a given development practice is always led by a given development philosophy. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping, with the profound insight, keen judgment, and theoretical creativity of a Marxist statesman, thinker, and strategist, creatively put forward the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. During the 2025 Two Sessions [1]1 The “Two Sessions” refers to the annual plenary meetings of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), held concurrently in early spring., General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “we must implement the new development philosophy fully, accurately, and comprehensively, coordinate domestic and international factors, focus on urban-rural integration and regional coordination, optimize the distribution of productive forces, and strive to promote high-quality development.” As the most important and primary content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, the new development philosophy was formed on the basis of a profound summary of domestic and international development experience and lessons, and a deep analysis of the overall development trends at home and abroad. It was also proposed in response to the prominent contradictions and problems in China’s development, on the basis of a scientific summary of the practical experience of economic development under socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, and thus possesses strong originality and distinctiveness.

理念是行动的先导，一定的发展实践都是由一定的发展理念来引领的。在党的十八届五中全会上，习近平总书记以马克思主义政治家、思想家、战略家的深刻洞察力、敏锐判断力、理论创造力，创造性提出创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念。在2025年全国两会期间，习近平总书记强调“要完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，统筹国内国际，抓好城乡融合、区域联动，优化生产力布局，着力推动高质量发展”。作为习近平经济思想中最重要、最主要的内容，新发展理念是在深刻总结国内外发展经验教训、深刻分析国内外发展大势的基础上形成的，也是针对我国发展中的突出矛盾和问题、在对新时代中国特色社会主义经济发展实践经验进行科学总结的基础上提出来的，具有很强的原创性标识性。

Engels pointed out: “Every new insight into a science implies a revolution in the terms of that science.” [2]2 This quotation is from Engels’s preface to the second edition of *Capital*, Volume I, where he discusses how new scientific insights necessitate new terminology. The new development philosophy profoundly embodies the “revolution in terms” of the original and distinctive concepts in Xi Jinping’s economic thought, marking that our Party’s understanding of the laws of socialist construction has reached a new height. Fully and accurately understanding the theoretical contributions and practical value of the new development philosophy is of great significance for promoting development that is of higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and more secure.

恩格斯指出：“一门科学提出的每一种新见解都包含这门科学的术语的革命。”新发展理念深刻体现了习近平经济思想中原创性标识性概念的“术语的革命”，标志着我们党对社会主义建设规律的认识达到了新的高度。全面准确认识新发展理念的理论贡献和实践价值，对于推动实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全发展，具有重要意义。

The new development philosophy is the most important and primary content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought

新发展理念是习近平经济思想的最重要、最主要的内容

Lenin pointed out: “To truly know an object, we must grasp and study all its aspects, all its connections, and ‘mediations’.” [3]3 This quotation is from Lenin’s essay “Once Again on the Trade Unions, the Current Situation and the Mistakes of Trotsky and Bukharin” (1921), emphasizing the dialectical method of comprehensive analysis. To study the Party’s innovative theory, one must be thoroughly familiar with all its aspects, all its connections, and the key points within them; only then can one truly achieve comprehensive, systematic, accurate, and in-depth understanding, and subsequently use it to guide work and solve problems.

列宁指出：“要真正地认识事物，就必须把握住、研究清楚它的一切方面、一切联系和‘中介’。”学习党的创新理论，必须熟知它的一切方面、一切联系和其中的重点，这样才能真正做到全面系统、准确深入、融会贯通，继而用以指导做好工作、解决问题。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, facing the severe and complex international environment and the arduous and heavy tasks of domestic reform, development, and maintaining stability, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to observing the general trend, planning the overall situation, and doing practical work. It has comprehensively strengthened the Party’s strategic planning and unified leadership over economic work, continuously deepened the understanding of the laws of economic work, and put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, leading China’s economic development to achieve historic achievements and undergo historic transformations, thus forming Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is systematic in structure, rich in connotation, broad and profound, and continues to develop in practice. Among it, the new development philosophy is the most important and primary content.

党的十八大以来，面对严峻复杂的国际环境和艰巨繁重的国内改革发展稳定任务，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持观大势、谋全局、干实事，全面加强党对经济工作的战略谋划和统一领导，不断深化对经济工作的规律性认识，提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，引领我国经济发展取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，形成了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想体系完整、内涵丰富、博大精深，并在实践中不断发展。其中，新发展理念是最重要、最主要的内容。

The attributes of the new development philosophy and its important role in practice determine its significant position within Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems, and the development philosophy possesses strong strategic, programmatic, and guiding significance, fundamentally determining the effectiveness or even success or failure of development. As early as 2015, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that, facing new trends, new opportunities, new contradictions, and new challenges in economic and social development, “we must establish a new development philosophy and use the new development philosophy to guide development actions.” In 2016, when presiding over the 30th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping vividly elucidated the important role of the new development philosophy, stating that “the new development philosophy is the baton and the traffic light.” The “baton” means clarifying the future direction of China’s economic and social development, scientifically allocating social resources, and guiding coordinated development across various fields; the “traffic light” means clearly defining what is permissible and impermissible in economic and social development, safeguarding high-quality development, and ensuring that the development process is steady, rapid, and does not deviate from the correct direction. The 2017 Central Economic Work Conference proposed: “Over the past five years, we have adhered to observing the general trend, planning the overall situation, and doing practical work, successfully steering the overall situation of China’s economic development, and in practice forming Xi Jinping’s economic thought for socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, with the new development philosophy as its main content,” further clarifying the important position of the new development philosophy in Xi Jinping’s economic thought. In 2021, at a special seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have put forward many major theories and concepts regarding economic and social development, among which the new development philosophy is the most important and primary.”

新发展理念的属性及其在实践中的重要作用，决定了其在习近平经济思想中的重要地位。发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键，发展理念具有很强的战略性、纲领性、引领性，从根本上决定着发展成效乃至成败。早在2015年，习近平总书记就深刻指出，面对经济社会发展新趋势新机遇和新矛盾新挑战，“必须确立新的发展理念，用新的发展理念引领发展行动”。2016年，习近平总书记在主持十八届中共中央政治局第三十次集体学习时，形象阐明了新发展理念的重要作用，指出“新发展理念就是指挥棒、红绿灯”。“指挥棒”，就是明确中国经济社会未来发展方向，科学调配社会资源，引导各领域协同发展；“红绿灯”，就是清晰界定经济社会发展中的可为与不可为，为高质量发展保驾护航，确保发展进程蹄疾步稳、方向不偏。2017年的中央经济工作会议提出：“5年来，我们坚持观大势、谋全局、干实事，成功驾驭了我国经济发展大局，在实践中形成了以新发展理念为主要内容的习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想”，进一步明确了新发展理念在习近平经济思想中的重要地位。2021年，习近平总书记在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十九届五中全会精神专题研讨班上明确指出：“党的十八大以来我们对经济社会发展提出了许多重大理论和理念，其中新发展理念是最重要、最主要的。”

The new development philosophy clarifies the guiding principles for China’s economic development in the New Era and centrally embodies the spiritual essence of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The new development philosophy is a systematic theoretical system that answers a series of theoretical and practical questions concerning the purpose, driving force, methods, and pathways of development, and elucidates major political issues such as our Party’s political stance, value orientation, development model, and development path. The entire Party must implement the new development philosophy fully, accurately, and comprehensively.” Specifically, the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing is a concentrated expression of our development thinking, development direction, and development focus. Among them, innovation-driven development focuses on solving the issue of development momentum, can stimulate economic vitality, and lay a solid material foundation for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization; coordinated development focuses on solving the issue of unbalanced development, can make up for shortcomings, narrow the urban-rural and regional development gaps, and promote a situation where all regions and fields thrive and develop comprehensively; green development focuses on solving the issue of harmony between humans and nature, can protect our beautiful homeland, and achieve the sustainable development of the Chinese nation; open development focuses on solving the issue of internal and external linkage in development, can broaden global vision, and expand development space through win-win cooperation; shared development focuses on solving the issue of social fairness and justice, can continuously meet the people’s needs for a better life, and promote the realization of common prosperity for all people. These five development concepts guide economic and social development practices from different aspects, solve problems in economic and social development, and scientifically answer the major epochal question of “for whom to develop, how to develop, and what kind of development to achieve” in China. They are a full manifestation of the spiritual essence of Xi Jinping’s economic thought.

新发展理念明确了新时代我国经济发展的指导原则，集中体现了习近平经济思想的精神实质。习近平总书记指出：“新发展理念是一个系统的理论体系，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题，阐明了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向、发展模式、发展道路等重大政治问题。全党必须完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念。”具体来看，创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，是我们发展思路、发展方向、发展着力点的集中体现。其中，创新发展注重的是解决发展动力问题，能够激发经济活力，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业奠定坚实物质基础；协调发展注重的是解决发展不平衡问题，能够补齐短板、缩小城乡区域发展差距等，推动形成各区域各领域欣欣向荣、全面发展的局面；绿色发展注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，能够守护美丽家园，实现中华民族永续发展；开放发展注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，能够拓宽全球视野，在合作共赢中拓展发展空间；共享发展注重的是解决社会公平正义问题，能够不断满足人民对美好生活的需要，推动实现全体人民共同富裕。这五大发展理念从不同侧面指引经济社会发展实践，解决经济社会发展问题，科学回答了我国“为谁发展、怎样发展、实现什么样的发展”的重大时代课题，是习近平经济思想的精神实质的充分体现。

The new development philosophy is a major innovation in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times

新发展理念是马克思主义中国化时代化的重大创新

Marx pointed out: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” [4]4 This quotation is from Marx’s *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (1852), discussing the constraints of historical conditions on human agency. Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for the founding of our Party and the establishment of our country. The new development philosophy not only inherits the core viewpoints of relevant Marxist thought but also carries out creative transformation and innovative development of the relevant ideological essences in fine traditional Chinese culture, and critically draws on Western economics, achieving a major innovation in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

马克思指出：“人们自己创造自己的历史，但是他们并不是随心所欲地创造，并不是在他们自己选定的条件下创造，而是在直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件下创造。”马克思主义是我们立党立国的根本指导思想。新发展理念既继承了马克思主义相关思想的核心观点，又对中华优秀传统文化中的相关思想精髓进行创造性转化、创新性发展，并对西方经济学进行了批判性借鉴，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化的重大创新。

The new development philosophy is a concrete application of the basic principles of Marxism in China, demonstrating the theoretical quality of Marxism to keep pace with the times, and opening up new growth points for Marxism through practical exploration. At the same time, the new development philosophy is proposed in response to the new development situation facing China and to solve the prominent problems existing in China’s economic and social development, pushing Marxism to a new level of development in contemporary China.

新发展理念是马克思主义基本原理在中国的具体运用，彰显了马克思主义与时俱进的理论品质，在实践探索中开辟了马克思主义新的生长点。同时，新发展理念是针对我国面临的新发展形势、为解决我国经济社会发展存在的突出问题而提出的，推动马克思主义在当代中国发展跃上新台阶。

Specifically, the concept of innovative development emphasizes that grasping innovation means grasping development, and planning innovation means planning the future; it insists on placing innovation at the core of the overall modernization drive, shifting the development impetus from factor-driven to innovation-driven. This important concept represents an innovative development of the Marxist view that science and technology are a revolutionary force that plays a driving role; it not only enriches the systematic elements of Marxist thought on the driving forces of social development, but also achieves a leap from summarizing historical experience to planning future strategy, vividly demonstrating the epochal vitality and practical creativity of Marxist thought on the driving forces of social development. The concept of coordinated development advocates correctly handling the relationships between urban and rural areas and regions, between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, and between economic construction and national defense construction, promoting benign interaction and coordinated development across all social spheres, and proposing an important methodology for solving the problem of unbalanced development. This important concept enriches and develops the Marxist theory of social organism, breaks the path dependence on a single development driver, emphasizes cultivating multiple growth poles for economic and social development through systematic thinking, and solves the problem of unbalanced development from the dimensions of wholeness, balance, and synergy, pushing social coordinated development to a new height. The concept of green development contains a series of scientific connotations, such as "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" and "green development is the defining feature of high-quality development"; it finds a balance between economic development and ecological environmental protection, mobilizes the forces of the whole society to advance ecological progress, and jointly builds a Beautiful China. This important concept enriches and develops Marxist thought on the relationship between man and nature; through exploration from theoretical innovation to practical pathways, it guides us onto a path of civilized development featuring production growth, affluent living, and a sound ecosystem, allowing the people to share the beauty of nature, the beauty of life, and the beauty of living amidst lucid waters and lush mountains. The concept of open development emphasizes the important position of opening up to the outside world, requiring active integration into the world economic system and participation in global economic governance, continuously expanding cooperation with countries around the world, implementing opening up on a larger scale, in more fields, and at deeper levels, building a higher-standard open economy, working with people of all countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind, and making the world a better place. This important concept enriches and develops Marxist thought on world history, transcends existing views of the state, deepens the understanding of a community with a shared future for mankind, and contributes wisdom and strength to promoting human peace and common prosperity. The concept of shared development advocates taking the improvement of people's wellbeing as the fundamental purpose of development, taking shared enjoyment by all, comprehensive sharing, co-construction and sharing, and gradual sharing as important measures for achieving social fairness and justice, responding comprehensively to the people's new needs for a better life, and transforming the free and comprehensive development of the individual from a theoretical vision into a perceptible reality. This important concept enriches and develops Marxist thought on social construction, and transforms it from the "critical weapon" of revolutionary theory into the "practical tool" of construction theory through actionable justice, participatory development, and a shareable future, continuously pushing forward the common prosperity of all the people.

具体来看，创新发展理念强调抓创新就是抓发展、谋创新就是谋未来，坚持将创新置于现代化建设全局中的核心地位，推动发展动能从要素驱动转向创新驱动。这一重要理念是对马克思主义关于科学技术是起推动作用的、革命的力量的观点的创新发展，不仅丰富了马克思主义关于社会发展动力的思想的系统要素，而且实现了从历史经验总结到未来战略布局的跨越，生动彰显了马克思主义关于社会发展动力的思想的时代生命力与实践创造力。协调发展理念主张正确处理好城乡区域之间、物质文明和精神文明之间、经济建设和国防建设之间等的关系，推动社会各领域良性互动与协同发展，并提出破解发展不平衡问题的重要方法论。这一重要理念丰富发展了马克思主义社会有机体理论，打破了对单一发展动力的路径依赖，强调以系统思维培育经济社会发展多元增长极，从整体性、平衡性、协同性等维度破解发展不平衡问题，推动社会协同发展迈向新高度。绿色发展理念包含绿水青山就是金山银山、绿色发展是高质量发展的底色等一系列科学内涵，在经济发展与生态环境保护之间找到平衡点，动员全社会力量推进生态文明建设，共建美丽中国。这一重要理念丰富发展了马克思主义关于人与自然关系的思想，通过从理论创新到实践路径的探索，指引我们走出一条生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，让人民群众在绿水青山中共享自然之美、生命之美、生活之美。开放发展理念强调对外开放的重要地位，要求积极融入世界经济体系、参与全球经济治理，不断拓展同世界各国的合作，实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的对外开放，建设更高水平开放型经济，同各国人民一道努力构建人类命运共同体，把世界建设得更加美好。这一重要理念丰富发展了马克思主义关于世界历史的思想，超越了既有的国家观，深化了对人类命运共同体的认识，为促进人类和平、共同繁荣贡献智慧与力量。共享发展理念主张把增进民生福祉作为发展的根本目的，把全民共享、全面共享、共建共享、渐进共享作为实现社会公平正义的重要举措，全方位回应人民对美好生活的新需求，让人的自由全面发展从理论设想走向可感知的现实。这一重要理念丰富发展了马克思主义关于社会建设的思想，并以可操作的正义、可参与的发展、可共享的未来，将其从革命理论的“批判武器”转化为建设理论的“实践工具”，推动实现全体人民共同富裕不断向前迈进。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: "The extensive and profound fine traditional Chinese culture is the foundation on which we stand firm in the turbulent currents of world culture." [5]5 Xi Jinping, "Speech at a Symposium on Cultural Heritage," *Qiushi*, 2023/14. The New Development Philosophy, with a profound historical perspective, creatively transforms and innovatively develops the essential ideas of fine traditional Chinese culture, such as "abolishing the old and establishing the new," "valuing harmony and the golden mean," "unity of heaven and man," "harmony among all nations," and "great harmony under heaven," injecting cultural strength into the New Development Philosophy.

习近平总书记强调：“博大精深的中华优秀传统文化是我们在世界文化激荡中站稳脚跟的根基。”新发展理念以深邃的历史眼光，创造性转化、创新性发展了中华优秀传统文化中的“革故鼎新”“贵和尚中”“天人合一”“协和万邦”“天下大同”等思想精华，为新发展理念注入了文化力量。

Specifically, the concept of innovative development inherits and develops the innovative thinking of fine traditional Chinese culture, such as "although Zhou was an ancient state, its mandate was renewed" and "abolishing the old and establishing the new," constructing comprehensive innovation with scientific and technological innovation at its core, covering theory, practice, institutions, and culture. At the practical level, it requires continuing to do a good job in the great task of innovation, which includes innovation at the level of technology and business models, as well as innovation at the level of management and institutions, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, improving total factor productivity, and driving changes in the quality, efficiency, and impetus of economic development. The concept of coordinated development inherits and develops the philosophical wisdom of fine traditional Chinese culture, such as "when equilibrium and harmony are achieved, heaven and earth are in their proper positions, and all things are nurtured," constructing a pattern of comprehensive harmony with high efficiency, all factors, and multiple fields through systematic thinking, establishing coordination mechanisms for balancing urban and rural areas, regions, economy and society, material and spiritual aspects, and so on, promoting an overall leap forward in all links and fields of economic and social development within dynamic balance. The concept of green development transforms the ecological ideas of "unity of heaven and man" and "following the way of nature" from fine traditional Chinese culture into the scientific thesis that "protecting the ecological environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces." It not only inherits the value core of Chinese civilization respecting and conforming to nature, but also endows ecological protection with economic value and development momentum, achieving an organic unity of ecological ethics and modern development concepts. The concept of open development elevates the spirit of openness and inclusiveness from fine traditional Chinese culture, such as "harmony among all nations" and "the sea admits hundreds of rivers," using the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative as a bond to transform the open experience of the ancient Silk Road into a practical plan for building a community with a shared future for mankind. It actively breaks down geographical barriers and development bottlenecks, promotes different civilizations to eliminate misunderstandings and achieve common prosperity through exchange and mutual learning, breaks through development bottlenecks through collaborative innovation, injects new momentum into world economic recovery, and provides Chinese solutions for solving global governance challenges. The concept of shared development inherits and develops important values from fine traditional Chinese culture, such as "great harmony under heaven," discarding both the historical limitations of egalitarianism and breaking through the binary opposition between efficiency and fairness. By improving income distribution mechanisms and weaving a dense network of livelihood guarantees, it transforms the ideal of "great harmony," where "the old are provided for, the able-bodied are employed, the young are nurtured, and the widowed, orphaned, childless, disabled, and sick are all cared for," into a tangible and perceptible reality, effectively improving people's wellbeing and injecting lasting impetus and providing reliable guarantees for realizing the comprehensive development of the individual and the overall progress of society.

具体来看，创新发展理念继承发展了中华优秀传统文化中“周虽旧邦，其命维新”“革故鼎新”的创新思维，构建起以科技创新为核心的全面创新，涵盖理论、实践、制度、文化等。在实践层面，要求继续做好创新这篇大文章，这既包括技术和业态模式层面的创新，也包括管理和制度层面的创新，推动新质生产力加快发展，提高全要素生产率，推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革。协调发展理念继承发展了中华优秀传统文化中“致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉”等哲学智慧，以系统思维构建起高效益、全要素、多领域的全面和谐的发展格局，构建起统筹城乡、区域、经济与社会、物质与精神等的协调机制，推动经济社会发展各环节、各领域在动态平衡中实现整体跃升。绿色发展理念将中华优秀传统文化中“天人合一”“道法自然”的生态理念转化为“保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力”的科学论断，既传承了中华文明尊重自然、顺应自然的价值内核，又赋予生态保护以经济价值与发展动能，实现了生态伦理观与现代发展观的有机统一。开放发展理念升华了中华优秀传统文化中“协和万邦”“海纳百川”的开放包容精神，以共建“一带一路”为纽带，将古代丝绸之路的开放经验转化为构建人类命运共同体的实践方案，积极打破地域隔阂与发展壁垒，推动不同文明在交流互鉴中消弭误解、共同繁荣，在协同创新中突破发展瓶颈，为世界经济复苏注入新动能，为破解全球治理难题提供中国方案。共享发展理念继承发展了中华优秀传统文化中“天下大同”等重要价值观，既摒弃平均主义的历史局限，又突破效率与公平的二元对立，通过完善收入分配机制、织密民生保障网络等方式，将“老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、寡、孤、独、废疾者皆有所养”的“大同”理想变为可触可感的现实图景，切实增进民生福祉，为实现人的全面发展与社会全面进步注入持久动力、提供可靠保障。

The New Development Philosophy provides conceptual guidance for promoting high-quality development

新发展理念为推动高质量发展提供了理念遵循

The New Development Philosophy reflects our Party's scientific grasp of the laws of economic and social development in the New Era, fundamentally transcends the Western development logic centered on capital, breaks the myth that "modernization equals Westernization," provides conceptual guidance for promoting high-quality development in our country, and contributes Chinese solutions to solving world development challenges.

新发展理念体现了我们党对新时代经济社会发展规律的科学把握，从根本上超越了西方以资本为中心的发展逻辑，打破了“现代化=西方化”的迷思，为推动我国高质量发展提供了理念遵循，为解决世界发展难题贡献了中国方案。

The system of Western development theory formed after World War II packaged a single path of modernization as a "universal plan" and exported it globally. However, after many developing countries transplanted this theoretical system, they not only failed to open the door to prosperity and development but instead fell into a predicament intertwined with economic dependence, social polarization, and ecological crisis. Especially in the financial field, a series of problems emerged, such as the economy shifting from real to virtual, a widening gap between rich and poor, and increased financial risks. Analyzing the internal logic behind Western development theory reveals that its essential pursuit is capital accumulation. This development theory simplistically reduces modernization to a process of capital accumulation, tolerates the continuous widening of the gap between rich and poor and the persistent overdrawing of the ecosystem, and even creates geopolitical conflicts for capital expansion, exposing the fundamental contradiction between the profit-seeking nature of capital and the long-term wellbeing of humanity.

二战后形成的西方发展理论体系，将单一现代化路径包装成“普世方案”并向全球输出。然而，众多发展中国家移植这套理论体系后，不但未能叩开繁荣发展之门，反而陷入经济依附、社会分化、生态危机交织的困局。尤其是在金融领域，产生了脱实向虚、贫富悬殊、金融风险加剧等一系列问题。分析西方发展理论背后的内在逻辑可以发现，其本质追求是资本增殖。这一发展理论将现代化片面简化为资本积累过程，纵容贫富差距不断扩大、生态系统持续透支，甚至为资本扩张制造地缘冲突，暴露出资本逐利本性与人类长远福祉的根本矛盾。

Unlike Western development theories, which unilaterally pursue capital accumulation, neglect social equity, and disregard ecological costs, the New Development Philosophy, with its unique value core and practical path, achieves a transcendence of Western development theories. Rooted in the fertile soil of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the New Development Philosophy anchors the development goal in improving people's well-being and achieving common prosperity for all people. It employs systematic thinking to coordinate relationships such as development and security, efficiency and equity, and humanity and nature, promoting high-quality development while advancing people's all-round development, comprehensive social progress, and sustainable ecological development. For example, in the financial sector, the New Development Philosophy emphasizes serving the real economy, preventing the risk of the economy turning from real to virtual, and building an inclusive financial system, forming a sharp contrast with Western theories that allow the unbridled expansion of capital and exacerbate the gap between rich and poor. Another example: compared with the hegemonic logic of the Western capitalist export of a single modernization path, the New Development Philosophy advocates full respect for the historical and cultural traditions, actual development stages, and unique development aspirations of all countries in the world, emphasizing that every country has the right to choose a development path suited to its own national conditions. For these reasons, the New Development Philosophy not only resolves the inherent dilemmas of Western development theories, opening up a new path to modernization that possesses both Chinese characteristics and global significance, and providing a Chinese solution for the reconstruction of global development theory; it also, through its advocacy of diverse and autonomous explorations of modernization, breaks the long-standing discursive monopoly of Western development theories, injecting new vitality into global development theory, and opening up broader prospects for the diverse development of human civilization and global sustainable development.

与西方发展理论片面追求资本积累、忽视社会公平、罔顾生态代价不同，新发展理念以其独特的价值内核与实践路径，实现了对西方发展理论的超越。新发展理念扎根中国特色社会主义实践沃土，将发展目标锚定在增进民生福祉、实现全体人民共同富裕上，以系统思维统筹发展与安全、效率与公平、人与自然等的关系，在推动高质量发展的同时促进人的全面发展、社会全面进步与生态永续发展。比如，在金融领域，新发展理念强调服务实体经济，防范脱实向虚风险，构建普惠金融体系，与西方放任资本无序扩张、加剧贫富分化的理论形成鲜明对比；又如，相较于西方资本主义输出单一现代化路径的霸权逻辑，新发展理念主张充分尊重世界各国的历史文化传统、现实发展阶段和独特发展诉求，强调每个国家都有权根据自身国情选择适合的发展道路；等等。正因如此，新发展理念既破解了西方发展理论的固有困境，开辟出一条兼具中国特色与世界意义的现代化新路，为全球发展理论重构提供了中国方案；也通过对多元自主现代化探索的倡导，打破了西方发展理论长期的话语垄断，为全球发展理论注入新的活力，为人类文明多样性发展和全球可持续发展开辟更加广阔的前景。

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: "Adhering to the New Development Philosophy is a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of China's development." Under the guidance of the New Development Philosophy, China's high-quality development has been solidly advanced. The economic aggregate exceeded 110 trillion yuan and 120 trillion yuan in 2021 and 2022 respectively, and surpassed 130 trillion yuan in 2024, firmly maintaining its position as the world's second-largest economy. China actively implements the innovation-driven development strategy. By strengthening basic research, overcoming key core technologies, promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and cultivating and expanding emerging industries, it makes innovation the primary driving force, accelerating the economy's transition from a "follower" to a "leader," and continuously shaping new drivers of development and new advantages in global competition. To solve the problem of unbalanced development, it coordinates the promotion of coordinated regional and urban-rural development, steadily implementing major regional strategies such as the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Relying on the orderly transfer of industries, the connectivity of infrastructure, and the co-construction and sharing of basic public services, it makes coordination an inherent characteristic, promoting the cross-regional optimal allocation of production factors and forming a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development. Adhering to the policy of prioritizing conservation, protection, and natural restoration, it unswervingly follows a civilized development path of production development, affluent living, and sound ecology. It continuously exerts efforts in green and low-carbon fields such as the photovoltaic industry and new energy vehicles, and accelerates the ultra-low emission transformation of high-energy-consuming industries like steel and chemicals, making green a universal form, and striving to achieve a virtuous cycle of ecological environment improvement and economic growth. Adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, it implements a more proactive opening-up strategy. By promoting high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, advancing trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, building a globally oriented high-standard free trade area network, constructing pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port, and steadily expanding institutional opening-up, it makes openness the only way. While firmly safeguarding world peace and development, it seeks its own development, and in turn, better safeguards world peace and development through its own development, committing to building a community with a shared future for mankind. It thoroughly implements the people-centered development philosophy, insisting on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development outcomes shared by the people. It continuously exerts efforts in ensuring people's access to childcare, education, employment, medical services, elderly care, housing, and social assistance, making sharing the fundamental purpose, and comprehensively improving people's lives. These five development concepts are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, forming an organic whole with internal linkages, collaboratively promoting the steady and long-term progress of China's high-quality development.

习近平总书记指出：“坚持新发展理念是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。”在新发展理念引领下，我国高质量发展扎实推进，经济总量在2021年、2022年分别突破110万亿元、120万亿元，2024年又突破130万亿元，稳居世界第二大经济体。我国积极实施创新驱动发展战略，通过加强基础研究、攻克关键核心技术、推动传统产业改造升级、培育壮大新兴产业，使创新成为第一动力，推动经济由“跟跑者”加速迈向“领跑者”，在全球竞争中不断塑造发展新动能新优势；围绕破解发展不平衡难题，统筹推进区域城乡协调发展，推动京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、粤港澳大湾区建设、长三角一体化发展、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等区域重大战略稳步实施，依托产业有序转移、基础设施互联互通、基本公共服务共建共享等，使协调成为内生特点，促进生产要素实现跨区域优化配置，推动形成优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局；坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针，坚定不移走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，在光伏产业、新能源汽车等绿色低碳领域持续发力，加速推进钢铁、化工等高耗能行业的超低排放改造，使绿色成为普遍形态，努力实现生态环境改善与经济增长的良性循环；坚持对外开放的基本国策，实行更加积极主动的开放战略，通过推动高质量共建“一带一路”、推动贸易和投资自由化便利化、构建面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络、建设自由贸易试验区和海南自由贸易港、稳步扩大制度型开放等，使开放成为必由之路，在坚定维护世界和平与发展中谋求自身发展，又以自身发展更好维护世界和平与发展，致力于推动构建人类命运共同体；深入贯彻以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，在幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶上持续用力，使共享成为根本目的，人民生活全方位改善。这五大发展理念相互贯通、互促共进，形成一个具有内在联系的有机整体，协同推动中国高质量发展行稳致远。

(The author is a Distinguished Researcher at the Shandong Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

（作者为山东省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员）

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