Leading the Development of New Quality Productive Forces with Scientific and Technological Innovation and Building a Modern Industrial System

The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference proposed “leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system” and made it a key task for the year. This key task deepens our Party’s understanding of the laws governing economic work and anchors the direction for high-quality development. We must deeply grasp the practical background and internal logic of this key task, accurately understand its scientific connotation and core essence, improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, promote revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries, and accelerate the building of a modern industrial system.

2024年中央经济工作会议提出，“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系”，并作为年度重点任务。这一重点任务深化了我们党对经济工作的规律性认识，为经济高质量发展锚定方向。我们要深刻认识这一重点任务的现实背景和内在逻辑，准确把握其科学内涵和核心要义，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，推动技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级，加快建设现代化产业体系。

I. Leading the Development of New Quality Productive Forces with Scientific and Technological Innovation and Advancing Innovation-Driven Development into a New Stage

一、以科技创新引领新质生产力发展、推动创新驱动发展进入新阶段

At present, global scientific and technological innovation has entered a period of intensive activity and accelerated expansion. Disruptive technologies in fields such as digital technology, biotechnology, new energy technology, and new materials are constantly emerging. We should align with the trends of the global technological revolution and industrial transformation, maximize the use of the windows of opportunity opened by the technological revolution, seize the momentum, focus on the frontiers and commanding heights of science and technology, integrate and optimize innovation resources, strengthen technological breakthroughs and their transformation in forward-looking and strategic fields, and seize commanding heights and gather new momentum for building a modern industrial system.

当前，全球科技创新进入密集活跃和加速拓展时期，数字技术、生物技术、新能源技术、新材料等领域的颠覆性技术不断涌现，我们应顺应全球科技革命和产业变革趋势，最大限度利用科技革命打开的机会窗口，乘势而上，聚焦科技前沿和制高点，整合和优化创新资源，在前瞻性、战略性领域强化技术突破和转化，为构建现代化产业体系抢占制高点、集聚新动能。

Strengthen basic research and the tackling of key core technologies. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China’s scientific and technological innovation capabilities have been significantly enhanced. In the 2024 Global Innovation Index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, China ranked 11th, the only developing country among the top 30. At the same time, China’s scientific and technological innovation still faces some difficulties and challenges, such as insufficient investment in basic research, weak original innovation capabilities, and a high degree of dependence on foreign countries for key core technologies. Currently, China’s expenditure on basic research accounts for less than 7% of total R&D spending, far lower than the proportion of over 15% in developed countries such as the United States and Europe. As technological competition between countries increasingly shifts toward underlying technologies and original innovation, and as the United States and the West continuously intensify their suppression and blockade of China’s scientific and technological innovation, enhancing original innovation capabilities, ensuring the independent and controllable nature of key core technologies, and achieving scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening have become key tasks for China’s scientific and technological innovation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the need to strengthen basic research and promote the tackling of key core technologies. The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference, in deploying economic work for 2025, stressed “strengthening basic research and the tackling of key core technologies.” All this has pointed the way for strengthening basic research and tackling key core technologies. We must, in light of the characteristics of basic research as a public good, its uncertainty, and its long-term nature, strengthen government investment in basic research; improve the policy system supporting investment in basic research, encourage enterprises, especially leading enterprises, to increase investment in basic research; fully leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources [1]1 The new nationwide system for mobilizing resources (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mechanism that concentrates resources to achieve breakthroughs in strategic technologies, updated from the earlier planned-economy model to incorporate market forces., build a graded and classified system for tackling key core technologies, and enhance the effectiveness of tackling key core technologies.

加强基础研究和关键核心技术攻关。党的十八大以来，我国科技创新能力显著增强，世界知识产权组织公布的2024年全球创新指数中，我国排名第11位，是排名前30位中唯一的发展中国家。同时，我国科技创新仍面临一些困难和挑战，如基础研究投入不足、原始创新能力薄弱、关键核心技术对外依赖程度高等。当前，我国基础研究支出占总研发经费的比重不足7%，远低于美欧等发达国家15%以上的比重。随着国家间科技竞争不断向底层技术、原始创新领域转变，以及美西方不断强化对我国科技创新打压封锁，提升原始创新能力、保障关键核心技术自主可控、实现科技自立自强成为我国科技创新的关键任务。习近平总书记多次强调，要加强基础研究、推动关键核心技术攻关。2024年中央经济工作会议在部署2025年经济工作时强调“加强基础研究和关键核心技术攻关”。这都为加强基础研究和关键核心技术攻关指明了方向。必须结合基础研究公共物品属性、不确定性和长期性等特征，强化政府在基础研究中的投入；完善支持基础研究投入的政策体系，鼓励企业尤其是龙头企业加大基础研究投入；充分发挥新型举国体制优势，构建分级分类的关键核心技术攻关体制，提升关键核心技术攻关效能。

Make forward-looking arrangements for major science and technology projects. National major science and technology projects are an important path for the government to drive the enhancement of scientific and technological innovation capabilities. China’s national major science and technology projects, including national major science and technology programs and key R&D projects, have played a huge role in promoting the catch-up of industries such as mobile communications, high-speed rail, and high-end equipment. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the forward-looking arrangement and research of national major science and technology projects and has given important instructions on many occasions. The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference once again made strategic arrangements for “making forward-looking arrangements for major science and technology projects.” On the one hand, we must adhere to the strategic principles of facing the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, facing the main economic battlefield, facing the nation’s major needs, and facing the people’s life and health [2]2 The “four fronts” (四个面向) is a policy guideline for science and technology work, first articulated by Xi Jinping in 2020, directing efforts toward world scientific frontiers, the main economic battlefield, national major needs, and people’s life and health., scientifically screen and make forward-looking arrangements for a batch of major science and technology projects in key fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, biomedicine, and integrated circuits, and enhance the forward-looking nature and precision of major science and technology projects; on the other hand, accelerate the reform of the organization and management system of major science and technology projects, and promote a better combination of an effective market and a capable government. Reform the methods of initiating and organizing major science and technology projects, improve the evaluation mechanism for major science and technology projects, and enhance the overall effectiveness of major science and technology projects in promoting the construction of a modern industrial system.

超前布局重大科技项目。国家重大科技项目是政府牵引科技创新能力提升的重要路径。包括国家重大科技专项、重点研发项目等在内的我国国家重大科技项目，在促进我国移动通信、高铁、高端装备等产业赶超中发挥了巨大作用。习近平总书记高度重视国家重大科技项目的超前布局和研究，多次作出重要指示。2024年中央经济工作会议再次对“超前布局重大科技项目”作出战略部署。一方面，坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康的战略原则，在人工智能、量子科技、生物医药、集成电路等重点领域科学筛选、超前布局一批重大科技项目，提升重大科技项目前瞻性、精准性；另一方面，加快推动重大科技项目组织管理体制改革，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合。改革重大科技项目立项和组织管理方式，健全重大科技项目评价机制，提升重大科技项目对促进现代化产业体系建设的整体效能。

Strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces. National strategic scientific and technological forces are the backbone for promoting scientific and technological innovation and achieving scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. The 14th Five-Year Plan, in a dedicated chapter, proposed “strengthening national strategic scientific and technological forces.” General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces and emphasizes strengthening the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces. We must clarify the strategic positioning of the four types of entities: national laboratories, national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises. In accordance with the requirements of the “four fronts,” we must keep pace with the global trends in scientific and technological development and clarify the functions and roles of each type of entity. At the same time, strengthen cooperation among different innovation entities. Scientific and technological innovation is a complex systematic project that requires promoting mutual support, relay, and collaboration among various entities. Further stimulate the innovation vitality and release the innovation potential of all types of innovation entities, promote resource sharing, interactive exchange, and vigorous collaboration among them, and comprehensively enhance the effectiveness of building national strategic scientific and technological forces.

加强国家战略科技力量建设。国家战略科技力量是推动科技创新、实现科技自立自强的中坚力量，“十四五”规划以专章的形式提出要“强化国家战略科技力量”。习近平总书记高度重视国家战略科技力量的建设，强调加强国家战略科技力量建设。必须明确国家实验室、国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业四类主体的战略定位，按照“四个面向”的要求，紧跟世界科技发展大势，明确各类主体的功能和作用。同时，强化不同创新主体的合作。科技创新是一项复杂的系统工程，需要推动各类主体的互相支持、接力协作。进一步激发各类创新主体创新活力、释放创新潜能，推动各类创新主体实现资源共享、互动交流、鼎力协作，全面提升国家战略科技力量建设效能。

II. Vigorously Transform and Upgrade Traditional Industries, Develop Emerging Industries, and Cultivate Future Industries

二、大力改造提升传统产业、发展新兴产业、培育未来产业

The construction of the industrial system is an important lever for the government to promote high-quality economic development and also a strategic focus of competition among major powers, playing a connecting role in the economic system. On the one hand, the level of industrial development reflects the vitality and innovation capacity of micro-level business entities; on the other hand, the level of industrial development determines the overall quality of economic development. Since reform and opening up, China’s industrial scale has expanded rapidly, and the industrial system has been continuously improved, effectively supporting high-speed economic growth. At the same time, problems such as high resource consumption, great environmental pressure, and low industrial added value have also emerged. As China’s economy transitions from high-speed growth to a new stage of high-quality development, there is an urgent need to promote a systemic transformation of the industrial development model and driving forces. The 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed “building a modern industrial system,” opening a new chapter in industrial transformation. The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference made building a modern industrial system a key task for the year’s economic work, accurately grasped the situation of industrial development, made strategic arrangements for building a modern industrial system, and stressed “carrying out the ‘artificial intelligence +’ action and cultivating future industries.” The year 2025 is a critical year for global industrial transformation. New technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous driving, and 6G will enter a critical period of large-scale industrialization, and industrial competition among major powers will further accelerate the reshaping of global industrial chains.

产业体系建设是政府推动经济高质量发展的重要抓手，也是大国竞争的战略焦点，在经济体系中起到承上启下的作用。一方面，产业发展水平反映微观经营主体的活力和创新能力；另一方面，产业发展水平决定经济发展的整体质量。改革开放以来，我国产业规模快速扩张，产业体系不断完善，有力支撑了经济高速增长。与此同时，也出现了资源消耗高、环保压力大、产业附加值低等问题。随着我国经济从高速增长进入高质量发展新阶段，迫切需要推动产业发展模式、发展动力系统性变革。党的二十大提出“建设现代化产业体系”，开启了产业变革的新篇章。2024年中央经济工作会议将建设现代化产业体系作为年度经济工作的重点任务，准确把握产业发展形势，对建设现代化产业体系进行了战略部署，强调“开展‘人工智能’行动，培育未来产业”。2025年是全球产业变革的关键之年，人工智能、自动驾驶、6G等新技术将进入大规模产业化的关键时期，大国产业竞争将进一步加速全球产业链的重塑。

Actively utilize digital technology and green technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries. Traditional industries are the cornerstone of the modern industrial system, accounting for over 80% of China’s manufacturing sector. Whether it is building a modern industrial system or developing new quality productive forces, traditional industries cannot be overlooked. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The transformation and upgrading of traditional industries can also develop new quality productive forces.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, quoted from a speech on the development of new quality productive forces. The transformation and upgrading of traditional industries should target the development directions of digitalization, intelligentization, and greening, achieving an ascent to the high end of the industrial value chain. First, transform and upgrade traditional industries with digital technology. Utilize emerging digital technologies such as 6G and artificial intelligence to accelerate the digital and intelligent transformation of industries. At the same time, promote the synergistic transformation of the technological paradigm of productive forces development and the digital economy paradigm, establish a new model of industrial development featuring mutual integration and symbiosis, division of labor and cooperation, and shared benefits between upstream and downstream, extend the industrial chain to upstream and downstream, promote the accelerated integration and sharing of resources among various business entities, and accelerate the reconstruction of the industrial system. Second, transform traditional industries using new energy and energy-saving and environmental protection technologies. Implement major energy-saving and carbon-reduction projects and major initiatives, reduce the energy consumption and pollution of traditional industries, and create a number of green factories, green parks, and green supply chains. At the same time, guide enterprises, financial institutions, system integrators, and other forces to focus on key manufacturing industries, take green technology as the main direction of attack, and create a number of green factories and green supply chains. Third, encourage various localities and types of enterprises to promote the digital and intelligent transformation of traditional industrial clusters, encourage leading enterprises in the industry and digital service enterprises to build industrial internet and intelligent manufacturing service platforms, and provide services for the digital and green transformation and upgrading of enterprises within the industry.

积极利用数字技术、绿色技术改造提升传统产业。传统产业是现代化产业体系的基石，在我国制造业中的占比超过80%。不管是现代化产业体系的建设，还是发展新质生产力，都不能忽略传统产业。习近平总书记指出，“传统产业改造升级，也能发展新质生产力”。传统产业改造升级要瞄准数字化、智能化、绿色化的发展方向，实现向产业价值链高端攀升。一是以数字技术改造提升传统产业。利用6G、人工智能等新兴数字技术，加快推动产业数字化、智能化转型。同时，推动生产力发展的技术范式与数字经济范式的协同转换，建立上下游互融共生、分工合作、利益共享的产业发展新模式，推动产业链向上下游延伸，促进各类经营主体加速资源整合和共享，加快推动产业体系再造；二是利用新能源、节能环保技术改造传统产业。实施节能减碳重大工程、重大项目，降低传统产业的能耗和污染，打造一批绿色工厂、绿色园区、绿色供应链。同时，引导企业、金融机构、系统集成商等多方力量，聚焦制造业重点产业，以绿色技术为主攻方向，打造一批绿色工厂、绿色供应链；三是鼓励各地、各类企业推进传统产业集群数字化、智能化改造，鼓励行业龙头企业和数字化服务企业打造工业互联网和智能制造服务平台，为行业内企业数字化绿色化转型升级提供服务。

Carry out large-scale application demonstration actions for new technologies, new products, and new scenarios, and accelerate the development of emerging industries. Accelerate the application demonstration of new technologies, new products, and new scenarios with high technological maturity, sufficient market readiness, and strong industrial correlation, enhance the confidence and expectations of the whole society, accelerate the development of emerging industries, and make them an engine for leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system as soon as possible. Currently, China has taken the lead globally in achieving large-scale industrialization, focusing on carrying out large-scale application demonstration actions in strategic digital fields such as intelligent connected vehicles and transportation systems in the consumption field, and intelligent manufacturing in the investment field. In the short term, this drives investment and boosts consumption; in the long term, it leads to breakthroughs in key core technologies of the industrial chain, forming new leading technologies over advanced Western countries after 5G technology, leading the development of new quality productive forces on a broader scale, and building a modern industrial system. At the same time, actively cultivate strategic emerging industries such as new energy, new materials, advanced manufacturing, and electronic information. By improving the government’s reform of long-term mechanisms for policy support, factor input, incentive guarantees, and service supervision for strategic emerging industries, better leverage the market’s guiding role in the direction of technological R&D, route selection, and the allocation of various scientific and technological innovation factors, promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization, and achievement transformation, and become leading digital innovation enterprises with outstanding core technological capabilities and strong integrated innovation capabilities. Accelerate the transformation and application of scientific and technological innovation achievements, completely break through various barriers, accelerate the realization of a “one-stop” leap in strategic emerging industries in terms of technological breakthroughs, product manufacturing, and market models, and form a new situation where new technologies, new products, and new business forms representing new quality productive forces flourish.

开展新技术新产品新场景大规模应用示范行动，推动新兴产业加快发展。加快推动技术成熟度高、市场准备充分、产业关联度强的新技术新产品新场景的应用示范，增强全社会信心和期待，加快新兴产业发展，使之尽快成为以科技创新引领新质生产力发展、建设现代化产业体系的引擎。当前，我国在全球率先实现大规模产业化，重点开展促进消费领域的智能网联以及交通系统、投资领域的智能制造等战略性数字领域大规模应用示范行动，短期带动投资、提振消费，长期牵引产业链关键核心技术突破，在5G技术之后形成对西方先进国家新的领先技术，引领更大范围内的新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系。同时，要积极培育新能源、新材料、先进制造、电子信息等战略性新兴产业。通过完善政府对战略性新兴产业在政策支持、要素投入、激励保障、服务监管等长效机制的改革，更好地发挥市场对技术研发方向、路线选择、各类科技创新要素配置的导向作用，推动企业成为技术创新决策、研发投入、科研组织和成果转化的主体，成为核心技术能力突出、集成创新能力强的数字创新领军企业。加快科技创新成果转化应用，彻底打通各种关卡，加快实现战略性新兴产业在技术突破、产品制造、市场模式等方面的“一条龙”跃升，形成代表新质生产力新技术、新产品、新业态蓬勃发展的新局面。

Seize the opportunities of the technological revolution and industrial transformation, carry out the “Artificial Intelligence+” action, and accelerate the cultivation of future industries. Future industries are industries that have not yet achieved large-scale commercial application but have considerable prospects, are still in the early stages of technological incubation and industrial incubation, and have high growth, strategic, and pioneering characteristics. In recent years, with the continuous emergence of disruptive achievements, future industries have become a new driving force for economic growth and a new field of national competition. By tracking development trends such as “future intelligence,” “future production,” “future computing power,” and “future commerce,” focus on developing future industries that lead and drive strong growth in the real economy as the key direction for industrial layout. Align with global industrial innovation frontiers such as artificial intelligence, high-end robotics, quantum computing, and the metaverse, select tracks with greater potential among them for key development, and gradually pilot application scenarios for artificial intelligence, quantum computing, the metaverse, and blockchain, strengthen content creation matching future industries, accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces industrial chains and industrial clusters, and strive to win the initiative in development. It should be noted that the industrialization development of future industries has the characteristics of uncertainty and long-term large-scale development, which determines that the development of future industries requires maintaining strategic focus, both strengthening top-level design and adhering to a blueprint drawn to the end, promoting development with the attitude of “biting the green mountain and not letting go.” [4]4 “Biting the green mountain and not letting go” (咬定青山不放松) is a classical Chinese idiom from a poem by Zheng Xie (Zheng Banqiao) of the Qing dynasty, originally describing bamboo’s resilience; here it is used metaphorically to mean persevering steadfastly in a policy or plan. At the same time, the technological and economic paradigms of future industries differ significantly from those of traditional industries, making it difficult to directly apply existing industrial development ideas and policies to the development of future industries. Therefore, on the basis of deeply grasping the technological and economic paradigms and development laws of future industries, clarify the environmental needs for industrial development, identify the key points for the development of future industries, adapt measures to local conditions and specific industries, and study safeguard measures suitable for the development of future industries.

把握科技革命和产业变革先机，开展“人工智能+”行动，加快培育未来产业。未来产业是当前尚未实现大规模商用，但具有较大前景，尚处于技术孕育和产业孵化初期阶段，具有高成长性、战略性、先导性的产业。近年来，随着颠覆性成果不断涌现，未来产业已经成为拉动经济增长的新动力和国家竞争的新领域。通过跟踪“未来智力”、“未来生产”、“未来算力”、“未来商业”等发展趋势，着力发展引领、带动实体经济强劲增长的未来产业作为产业重点布局方向。对标人工智能、高端机器人、量子计算、元宇宙等全球产业创新前沿，选择其中潜力较大的赛道重点发展，并逐步试点人工智能、量子计算、元宇宙、区块链等应用场景，强化匹配未来产业的内容创造，加快形成新质生产力产业链和产业集群，努力赢得发展的主动权。应当注意的是，未来产业产业化发展具有不确定性、规模化发展长期性特征，这就决定了未来产业发展需要保持战略定力，既强化顶层设计，又要坚持一张蓝图绘到底，以咬定青山不放松的态度推动发展。同时，未来产业与传统产业的技术经济范式存在显著差异，现有产业发展思路和政策很难照搬到未来产业发展上。因此，要在深刻把握未来产业技术经济范式以及发展规律的基础上，明确产业发展的环境需求，找准未来产业发展的着力点，因地制宜、因业施策，研究适合未来产业发展的保障措施。

III. Improve the institutional and policy system for leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system

三、完善以科技创新引领新质生产力发展、建设现代化产业体系的制度和政策体系

Due to factors such as technological and market uncertainty, leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system have no established routes or tracks. It is necessary to strengthen the reform of the institutional system and the improvement of the policy system to optimize the environment and activate the endogenous driving forces and vitality of the market and enterprises. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further deepening reform comprehensively. outlined a blueprint for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization; the 2024 Central Economic Work Conference [6]6 The Central Economic Work Conference is an annual high-level meeting convened by the CPC Central Committee to set economic policy priorities for the following year; the 2024 conference was held in December 2024. studied the economic situation, promoted the implementation of reforms in key areas, and consolidated the institutional support for leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system from aspects such as the financial service support system, innovation and entrepreneurship investment, and benign competition models.

由于技术和市场不确定性等因素影响，以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系，没有既定的路线和轨道，需要强化制度体系改革和政策体系完善来优化环境，激活市场和企业内生动力和活力。党的二十届三中全会擘画了进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的蓝图；2024年中央经济工作会议研究经济形势，推动重点领域的改革落地实施，从金融服务支持体系、创新创业投资，以及良性竞争模式等方面，夯实了科技创新引领新质生产力发展、建设现代化产业体系的制度支撑。

Improve the multi-level financial service system. The significant uncertainty and risk inherent in scientific and technological innovation determine that building an external investment and financing environment conducive to innovation is key to promoting scientific and technological innovation to lead the development of new quality productive forces. Looking at global science and technology innovation centers such as Silicon Valley, Boston, and Tokyo, all are regions with complete financial systems and highly developed venture capital. In recent years, China has vigorously promoted the reform of the financial system, launching the Science and Technology Innovation Board in 2019 [7]7 The Science and Technology Innovation Board (STAR Market) is a Shanghai Stock Exchange board launched in 2019 to facilitate financing for technology and innovation enterprises. and the pilot registration system for the ChiNext board reform in 2020, [8]8 The ChiNext board is a Shenzhen Stock Exchange board for growth enterprises; the registration system reform in 2020 streamlined IPO approval processes. initially building a diversified, full-life-cycle financial service system. Facing the requirements of scientific and technological innovation for the financial system, the 2024 Central Economic Work Conference further made deployments. First, build a science and technology financial system that adapts to scientific and technological innovation, strengthen financial support for major national scientific and technological tasks and technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, and improve support policies for long-term capital to invest early, invest small, invest long-term, and invest in hard technology. Second, improve the differentiated management mechanism for different types of funds to prevent crowding out social capital. Third, optimize the management of venture capital funds funded by the government, reform and improve fund assessment and fault-tolerant and accountability exemption mechanisms, give state-owned venture capital a fault-tolerant rate and a longer recovery period, and support and guide state-owned capital to become true “patient capital.”

健全多层次金融服务体系。科技创新具有的较大不确定性和风险，决定了构建有利于创新的外部投融资环境，是推动科技创新引领新质生产力发展的关键。纵观硅谷、波士顿、东京等全球科技创新中心，无一不是金融体系完善、风险投资高度发达的地区。近年来，我国大力推动金融体系改革，2019年推出科创板，2020年创业板改革试点注册制，初步构建了多元化、全生命周期的金融服务体系。面向科技创新对金融体系的要求，2024年中央经济工作会议进一步作出部署。一是构建同科技创新相适应的科技金融体制，加强对国家重大科技任务和科技型中小企业的金融支持，完善长期资本投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技的支持政策；二是完善不同类型基金差异化管理机制，防止对社会资本产生挤出效应；三是优化政府出资的创业投资基金管理，改革完善基金考核、容错免责机制，给予国资创投容错率和更长回收期限，支持引导国有资本成为真正的“耐心资本”。

Stimulate the vitality of business entities. Competition is an important mechanism for promoting economic development, but competition also has two sides. Healthy competition can fully stimulate the vitality of business entities and improve market performance, but vicious competition and “involution-style” competition [9]9 “Involution-style” competition (内卷式竞争) refers to a form of excessive, zero-sum competition where participants expend increasing effort for diminishing returns, often leading to irrational behaviors such as price wars and redundant investment, a term widely used in contemporary Chinese economic discourse. are detrimental to the healthy development of the market. For this reason, regulating market competition has always been an important part of improving the market economy system. At present, the “involution-style” competition emerging in China involves both the subjective motivation of business entities to pursue profits through improper competition and the external pressure on enterprises to survive under the downward pressure on the economy. It involves not only improper corporate behaviors such as “suicidal” price cuts and “disparaging” marketing, but also improper local government behaviors such as “comparative” investment attraction and “follow-the-trend” development. In response to the multiple causes and diverse forms of “involution-style” competition, comprehensive rectification should be carried out using various means such as laws and regulations, industry self-discipline, and behavioral guidance. First, intensify enforcement against monopolies and unfair competition, and improve the legal system and enforcement system for market competition. Second, expand the scope of implementation of the “Regulations on Fair Competition Review,” accelerate the issuance of implementation rules, and regulate government investment attraction activities. Third, strengthen the role of industry associations and alliances, reinforce industry self-discipline, and guide enterprises toward a track of healthy competition.

激发经营主体活力。竞争是促进经济发展的重要机制，但竞争也具有两面性，良性竞争可以充分激发经营主体活力、提升市场绩效，但恶性竞争、“内卷式”竞争则不利于市场良性发展。正因为如此，规范市场竞争一直是完善市场经济体制的重要内容。当前，我国出现的“内卷式”竞争既有经营主体为追逐利润而实施不当竞争的主观动机，也有经济下行压力下企业求生存的外在压力，既涉及“自杀式”降价、“拉踩式”营销等企业不当行为，也涉及“攀比式”招商、“跟风式”发展等地方政府不当行为。针对原因多种、形式多样的“内卷式”竞争，要采用法律法规、行业自律、行为引导等多种手段进行综合整治。一是加大反垄断、反不正当竞争的执法力度，完善市场竞争的法律体系和执法体系；二是加大《公平竞争审查条例》实施范围，加快出台实施细则，规范政府招商引资行为；三是加强发挥行业协会、联盟的作用，强化行业自律，引导企业走向良性竞争轨道。

Implement a policy of opening up to the outside world on a larger scale, in more fields, and at a deeper level. Due to the complexity and concentrated emergence of cutting-edge technologies, it is difficult for us to achieve breakthroughs independently in all key technologies along new technological pathways. To lead the development of new quality productive forces through technological innovation and build a modern industrial system, it is necessary to better utilize global technological resources and factor markets by deepening opening up. On the one hand, it is necessary to continue deepening cooperation with developed countries in areas such as technological innovation, investment in emerging industries, import and export of high-tech products and services, and formulation of technical standards, accelerating breakthroughs in cutting-edge technologies and the research and development of disruptive technologies. On the other hand, it is necessary to unite the broad participation of emerging market countries and developing countries to jointly build the industrial chain system of emerging industries, develop markets, and construct international governance rules for emerging industries, thereby promoting the rapid maturation of technological systems and industrial systems based on new technological pathways, leading the development of new quality productive forces, and building a modern industrial system.

实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的对外开放政策。由于前沿技术的复杂性和集中涌现，我们很难在新技术路线的所有关键技术独自取得突破。以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系，必须通过深化对外开放，更好地利用全球科技资源和要素市场。一方面，需要继续深化与发达国家在科技创新、新兴产业投资、高技术产品和服务进出口、技术标准制定等方面的合作，加快前沿技术突破和颠覆性技术的研发；另一方面，需要团结广大新兴市场国家和发展中国家参与，共同构建新兴产业产业链体系、开发市场和构建新兴产业国际治理规则，从而推动基于新技术路线的技术体系和产业体系尽快走向成熟，引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系。

(The author is a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Secretary of the Party Committee of the Institute of Industrial Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a researcher at the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.)

(作者系全国政协委员，中国社会科学院工业经济研究所党委书记，中国社会科学院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁