The Generative Logic, Theoretical Connotation, and Guiding Significance of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, successive leaders of the Communist Party of China attached great importance to the construction and development of state-owned enterprises. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has visited state-owned enterprises many times for investigation and research, issued instructions and directives on the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, and delivered many important speeches on the reform and development of the state-owned economy and state-owned enterprises. These important discourses form new reflections and answers on major theoretical and practical issues such as the existence of state-owned enterprises, the operation of state-owned enterprises, and the successful management of state-owned enterprises under new historical conditions. They constitute the essence and connotation of Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises. These important discourses are an important component of Xi Jinping’s economic thought and an important theoretical achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. At the same time, these important discourses provide guiding principles and ideological guidance that can be followed for the in-depth advancement of the reform of state-owned enterprises, and are of strategic and guiding significance for currently deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and achieving the goal of making state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger.

中华人民共和国成立后，历任中国共产党领导都对国有企业的建设和发展给予高度重视。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记多次到国有企业考察调研，对国有企业改革发展做出指示、批示，并多次对国有经济和国有企业改革发展发表了重要讲话。这些重要论述就新的历史条件下，国有企业的存在、国有企业的运行、办好国有企业等重大理论和实践问题形成新思考与回答，是习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的精髓与内涵。这些重要论述是习近平经济思想的重要内容，是马克思主义中国化时代化的重要理论成果。同时，这些重要论述为国有企业改革的深入推进提供了可以遵循的指导原则和思想指南，对当前深化国有企业改革、实现做强做优做大国有企业的目标具有战略意义与指导意义。

I. The Generative Logic of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

一、习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的生成逻辑

State-owned enterprises are the basic guarantee and fundamental embodiment of the socialist economic system. Article 7 of China’s Constitution stipulates: “The state-owned economy, that is, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The state ensures the consolidation and development of the state-owned economy.” Clearly, state-owned enterprises are the main embodiment and implementer of the national economy, and their basic positioning and main functions are also evident. In a socialist country, ownership by the whole people is the decisive factor in the systemic attribute, so the long-term existence of state-owned enterprises is

国有企业是社会主义经济制度的基本保障和根本体现。我国宪法第七条规定，“国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量，国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展”。很显然，国有企业是国民经济的主要体现者与实施者，其基本定位和主要功能也是显而易见的，社会主义国家中全民所有制是制度属性的决定性因素，因而国有企业长期存在是必然的。习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述，首先源于马克思恩格斯等马克思主义经典作家关于所有制问题的探讨；其次，中国社会主义建设实践与社会主义改革实践过程中，形成了关于国有企业建设与改革的相关理论与实践探索，为习近平总书记关于国有企业改革的重要论述提供了实践基础；再次，习近平总书记在不同时期的理论与实践探索，亦提供了源源不断的思想动力与实践积累。

(I) The Marxist Discussion of the Question of Ownership

（一）马克思主义关于所有制问题的探讨

Marx and Engels’ discussion of the question of ownership in their classic works is a critique of capitalist private ownership and also provides theoretical guidance for exploring the ownership dimension of future economic and social construction. Marx pointed out: “Capital is not a thing, but rather a definite, social production relation, belonging to a definite historical social formation.” What is concealed behind the appearance of capital is the social relation between people; among social relations, economic relations or relations of production are the most fundamental and basic relations, and ownership is the foundation of the relations of production. In capitalist society, the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production is concretely manifested as the contradiction between socialized production and capitalist private ownership, and evolves into periodic economic crises that the capitalist system itself cannot overcome. Therefore, the fate of capitalism heading toward extinction is hidden in the capitalist ownership of the means of production with capital at its core. “The positive transcendence of private property, as the appropriation of human life, is the positive transcendence of all estrangement, and hence the return of man from religion, family, state, etc., to his human, i.e., social existence.” Marx believed that the new society must necessarily transcend capitalist private ownership, thereby realizing the true freedom and liberation of human beings. In the *Communist Manifesto*, Marx and Engels put forward the principle of the conception of the future ideal society: “the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all,” as well as the means and fundamental characteristics for realizing the ideal society, emphasizing that “the distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property.” Engels pointed out that, unlike the capitalist system, “socialist society” organizes production on the basis of public ownership of the means of production. Of course, due to practical limitations, this public ownership of the means of production could first be implemented on the basis of public ownership at the state level. Marx and Engels’ conception of the ideal society was based on developed capitalist countries. Regarding the relations of production in backward countries, Marx once pointed out that they “suffer not only from the development of capitalist production, but also from the incompleteness of that development,” and that “no social order is ever destroyed before all the productive forces for which it is sufficient have been developed, and new superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.” The existence and development of relations of production depend on whether they can adapt to and promote the development of productive forces. Therefore, there is no single standard answer to the question of establishing public ownership of the means of production in economically relatively backward countries.

马克思恩格斯在经典著作中对所有制问题的探讨，是对资本主义私有制的批判，也为未来经济社会建设的所有制层面的探索提供了理论指导。马克思指出：“资本不是物，而是一定的、社会的、属于一定历史社会形态的生产关系。”透过资本的表象隐含的是人与人之间的社会关系，社会关系中经济关系或生产关系是最基础、最根本的关系，所有制则是生产关系的基础。在资本主义社会，生产力与生产关系的矛盾具体体现为生产社会化与资本主义私有制之间的矛盾，并演化为资本主义制度自身无法克服的周期性经济危机。因此，资本主义走向灭亡的命运隐藏于以资本为核心的生产资料资本主义所有制中。“对私有财产的积极的扬弃，作为对人的生命的占有，是对一切异化的积极的扬弃，从而是人从宗教、家庭、国家等等向自己的人的存在即社会的存在的复归。”马克思认为，新的社会必然是扬弃资本主义私有制，从而实现人的真正自由和解放。在《共产党宣言》中，马克思恩格斯提出了未来理想社会的构想原则“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”，以及实现理想社会的手段和根本特征，强调“共产主义的特征并不是要废除一般的所有制，而是要废除资产阶级的所有制”。恩格斯指出，不同于资本主义制度的是，“社会主义社会”在生产资料公有制的基础上组织生产。当然，由于现实的局限，这种生产资料公有制可以先在国家层面的公有制的基础上实行。马克思恩格斯关于理想社会的设想是基于发达资本主义国家的，马克思曾针对落后国家的生产关系指出，“不仅苦于资本主义生产的发展，而且苦于资本主义生产的不发展”，“无论哪一个社会形态，在它所能容纳的全部生产力发挥出来以前，是决不会灭亡的；而新的更高的生产关系，在它的物质存在条件在旧社会的胎胞里成熟以前，是决不会出现的”。生产关系的存在与发展取决于它能否适应并促进生产力的发展。因此，在经济相对落后国家建立生产资料公有制这一问题并没有统一的标准答案。

As the core theory of Marxist political economy, the Marxist theory of ownership provides the theoretical basis and ideological foundation for the establishment of public ownership of the means of production, while the practice of establishing public ownership of the means of production in socialist countries was completed by Lenin. On the basis of exploring the practice of socialist construction, Lenin further developed Marxist thought on ownership. First, Lenin believed that socialist ownership should first “expropriate the expropriators.” Second, according to Marx and Engels’ theory of ownership and the practice of socialist construction in the Soviet Union, Lenin discovered that commodity exchange could not be abolished under the then insufficiently mature economic conditions, and that the superiority of productive forces was the main content capable of demonstrating the superiority of socialism. Therefore, in *On the Tax in Kind*, Lenin proposed the prerequisites for socialism: “large-scale capitalist technology,” “the dictatorship of the proletariat,” and “a planned economy.” Lenin believed: “Socialism is inconceivable without large-scale capitalist technology based on the latest achievements of modern science, and without a planned state organization that makes tens of millions of people strictly observe a single standard in the production and distribution of products.” “At the same time, socialism is inconceivable unless the proletariat holds a dominant position in the state.” Third, Lenin clarified the special significance of the attributes of state power in relation to the ownership of the means of production, which is another important manifestation of inheriting and developing the Marxist theory of ownership.

作为马克思主义政治经济学的核心理论，马克思恩格斯所有制理论为生产资料公有制的建立提供了理论依据和思想基础，而建立社会主义国家生产资料公有制的实践是由列宁完成的。在社会主义建设实践探索的基础上，列宁进一步发展了马克思主义的所有制思想。第一，列宁认为社会主义所有制首先应当“剥夺剥夺者”。第二，根据马克思恩格斯的所有制理论，以及苏联社会主义建设实践，列宁发现，商品交换在当时经济条件不够成熟的情况下不可能取消，而生产力优势则是能够体现社会主义优越性的主要内容。因此，在《论粮食税》中列宁提出社会主义的前提条件：“大资本主义技术”“无产阶级专政”与“计划经济”。列宁认为：“没有建筑在现代科学最新成就基础上的大资本主义技术，没有一个使千百万人在产品的生产和分配中严格遵守统一标准的有计划的国家组织，社会主义就无从设想。”“同时，无产阶级若不在国家内占统治地位，社会主义也是无从设想的。”第三，列宁明确了国家政权的属性与生产资料所有制方面具有的特殊意义，这也是继承和发展马克思主义所有制理论的另一个重要表现。

(II) The Exploration of the Question of Ownership and the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises in China’s Socialist Construction

（二）中国社会主义建设中对于所有制问题与国有企业改革的探索

In the process of building socialist countries worldwide, including the practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the question of ownership is the primary and key question that needs to be clearly resolved. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, public ownership of the means of production was established through socialist transformation. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC [n1], Deng Xiaoping repeatedly emphasized two principles: the dominance of the socialist public ownership economy and common prosperity. In 1992, the long-term common development of multiple economic sectors with the public ownership economy as the mainstay and individual and other forms of economy as supplements was proposed. In 1997, the basic economic system for the primary stage of socialism, with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, was clearly proposed. And in 2002, the “Two Unswerving Principles” were put forward, namely, unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. In 2007, the “Two Unswerving Principles” were reaffirmed and the adherence to the dominant position of the public ownership economy was clarified.

在世界社会主义国家的建设过程中，包括中国特色社会主义的建设实践，所有制问题都是需要明确解决的首要问题与关键问题。中华人民共和国成立后，通过社会主义改造，建立起社会主义生产资料公有制。在党的十一届三中全会后，邓小平反复强调两个原则：社会主义的公有制经济为主体与共同富裕。1992年提出了以公有制经济为主体，个体经济等为补充的多种经济成分的长期共同发展。1997年明确提出以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度。并在2002年提出了“两个毫不动摇”，即必须毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，必须毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展。2007年重申“两个毫不动摇”并明确对公有制经济主体地位的坚守。

While exploring the question of ownership suitable for the primary stage of socialism, China’s socialist construction has also been continuously exploring the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. At the time of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, it was clarified that a socialist state of people’s democratic dictatorship, led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, would be established, and that the state-owned economy would be the leading force of the entire national economy. In the early days of the founding of New China, the three northeastern provinces [n2] took the lead in implementing the “factory manager responsibility system.” In addition, another distinctive feature of state-owned enterprises was the clarification of the leading position of Party organizations within state-owned enterprises, that is, the implementation of the factory manager responsibility system under the leadership of the Party committee, and the supervisory and leading role of the Party’s grassroots organizations was clarified in the *Constitution of the Communist Party of China*.

中国社会主义建设在探索适应社会主义初级阶段所有制问题的同时，也在不断地探索国有企业的改革与发展。中华人民共和国成立之时，就明确了建设工人阶级领导的以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家，国有经济是整个国民经济的领导力量。新中国成立初期，东北三省率先实行“厂长负责制”。除此之外，国有企业另一鲜明特征就是明确了党组织在国有企业中的领导地位，即实行党委领导下的厂长负责制，并在《中国共产党章程》中明确了党的基层组织的监督和领导地位。

Since reform and opening up, state-owned enterprises have continuously improved and developed the modern enterprise system through reform. Under the fundamental principles of public ownership as the mainstay and common prosperity, significant changes have taken place in their operational mechanisms. Most state-owned enterprises have completed joint-stock reform, adopted modern enterprise systems such as the corporate system, and gradually advanced reforms to make state-owned enterprises independent market entities operating autonomously. The state has successively conducted pilot programs in some state-owned enterprises, clarifying the production rights, sales rights, distribution rights, and employment rights that enterprises possess as operational entities, thereby granting enterprises greater autonomy. After the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC was held in 1993 and marked a key moment in advancing market-oriented reforms, including the establishment of a modern enterprise system for state-owned enterprises., the reform of state-owned enterprises implemented reforms centered on establishing a modern enterprise system. [4]4 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC was held in 1993 and marked a key moment in advancing market-oriented reforms, including the establishment of a modern enterprise system for state-owned enterprises. The state launched a series of pilot enterprises, promoted corporate joint-stock transformation, implemented measures such as “increasing efficiency by reducing staff” and “three reforms and one strengthening,” [5]5 “Three reforms and one strengthening” (三改一加强) refers to the reform of property rights, reform of the labor and personnel system, and reform of the distribution system, combined with strengthening enterprise management. supplemented by deepening the social security system to address the reemployment of laid-off workers. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized that the corporate governance structure is the core of the corporate system, and that the corporate system is an effective organizational form of the modern enterprise system. The 16th National Congress of the CPC pointed out the need to reform the state-owned assets management system, adhere to “state ownership, tiered representation,” and separate government functions from enterprise functions, as well as ownership from management rights. The 17th National Congress of the CPC, starting from optimizing the layout of the state-owned economy, deepened the reform of state-owned monopoly enterprises. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC further clearly stated: “Deepen the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, improve the management and supervision system and mechanism, enhance the strategic coordination of relevant management departments, promote the optimization and structural adjustment of the state-owned economic layout, make state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger, enhance core functions, and improve core competitiveness.” After more than forty years of reform, traditional state-run enterprises have transformed into independent market entities operating under market economy conditions, and most state-owned enterprises have undergone significant changes in their operational mechanisms.

改革开放以来，国有企业通过改革不断完善和发展现代企业制度。在公有制占主体、共同富裕根本原则下，经营机制发生了重大的变化，大部分国有企业完成了股份制改革，实行公司制等现代企业制度，并逐步推进国有企业作为自主经营市场主体的改革。国家先后在一些国有企业进行试点，明确企业作为经营主体所具有的生产权、销售权、分配权、用工权等，使企业具有更大的自主权。党的十四届三中全会以后，国有企业改革推行以建立现代企业制度为主要内容的改革。(1)国家启动一系列的试点企业，推进公司股份制改造，实施“减员增效”“三改一加强”(2)等，辅之以社会保障制度的深化解决职工下岗再就业的问题。党的十五届四中全会强调公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心，而公司制是现代企业制度的一种有效组织形式。党的十六大指出对国有资产管理体制进行改革，坚持“国家所有、分级代表”，使得政企、所有权与经营权分离。党的十七大则是从优化国有经济布局出发，深化国有垄断性企业改革。党的二十届三中全会进一步明确指出：“深化国资国企改革，完善管理监督体制机制，增强各有关管理部门战略协同，推进国有经济布局优化和结构调整，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，增强核心功能，提升核心竞争力。”经过四十多年的国有企业改革，传统国营企业转变为市场经济条件下独立经营的市场主体，大部分国有企业都在经营机制上发生了重大变化。

(III) The Practical Exploration of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

（三）习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的实践探索

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises began with his early exploration of the collective economy model during his work in local areas. During his work in Fujian, he focused on the reform of the collective forest rights system and Party building in enterprises, emphasized the workers’ sense of ownership, and promoted the joint-stock reform of state-owned enterprises. Xi Jinping has always adhered to the principle of “two unswerving” [6]6 “Two unswerving” (两个毫不动摇) refers to the principle of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public economy. to deepen the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises. During his work in Zhejiang, he implemented the “Eight-Eight Strategy” [7]7 The “Eight-Eight Strategy” (八八战略) is a development strategy for Zhejiang Province proposed by Xi Jinping in 2003, focusing on eight advantages and eight major measures.; during his work in Shanghai, based on research on multiple state-owned enterprises, he proposed that Shanghai take the lead in exploring the path of reform and development of the state-owned economy, thereby giving play to the leading role of the state-owned economy.

习近平总书记关于国有企业改革的重要论述开始于他在地方工作期间对集体经济模式的早期探索。在福建工作期间，他关注集体林权制度改革、企业的党建工作，强调工人主人翁意识，推进国有企业股份制改革。习近平总书记一直以“两个毫不动摇”的原则深化国资国企改革。在浙江工作期间，实施“八八战略”的部署；在上海工作期间，他在调研了多家国有企业基础上，提出了上海率先探索国有经济改革发展之路，进而发挥国有经济主导作用。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has successively expounded his thoughts and views on major issues concerning the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, such as the public and non-public economies, the future direction of state-owned enterprises, how state-owned enterprises should develop, and the corporate governance structure of state-owned enterprises, and has continued to explore the path of development and reform of state-owned enterprises in practice. At the Wuhan symposium in July 2013, Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must uphold and improve the basic economic system, enhance the development vitality of the public economy, especially the state-owned economy, guide the development of the non-public economy, improve the fiscal and tax system, develop a high-level open economic system, and continuously enhance the vitality of the micro-foundation of economic development.” At the Second Session of the 12th National People’s Congress, he further clarified issues such as the future direction and development of state-owned enterprises, stating that “state-owned enterprises must not only be weakened but must be strengthened,” emphasizing the social responsibilities of state-owned enterprises while intensifying reform measures. Subsequently, he proposed that “promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises should target problems, focus on enhancing enterprise vitality and improving efficiency, improve the core competitiveness of state-owned enterprises, and establish a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, well-defined rights and responsibilities, separation of government and enterprise functions, and scientific management.” In 2015, he further clarified the “three favorable” [8]8 “Three favorable” (三个有利于) standards for state-owned enterprise reform refer to whether it is conducive to the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets, whether it is conducive to improving the core competitiveness of state-owned enterprises, and whether it is conducive to giving full play to the leading role of the state-owned economy. standards for state-owned enterprise reform. The important thesis of “two consistent” [9]9 “Two consistent” (两个一以贯之) refers to the principle that upholding the leadership of the Party over state-owned enterprises must be consistent, and establishing a modern enterprise system must be consistent. in 2016 creatively answered the direction of development and reform for state-owned enterprises in the New Era, namely “upholding the leadership of the Party,” etc.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记先后就公有制经济与非公经济、国有企业何去何从、国有企业如何发展、国有企业公司法人治理结构等国有企业改革和发展的重大问题阐述了相应的思想与观点，并在实践中继续探索关于国有企业发展和改革的道路。2013年7月在武汉座谈会上，习近平总书记强调，“要坚持和完善基本经济制度，增强公有制经济特别是国有经济发展活力，引导非公有制经济发展，完善财税体系、发展高水平的开放型经济体系，不断增强经济发展微观基础活力”。十二届全国人大二次会议上针对国有企业何去何从、如何发展等问题进一步阐明，“国企不仅不能削弱，而且要加强”，强调了国有企业的社会责任，同时加大改革措施的力度，随后提出“推进国企改革要奔着问题去，以增强企业活力、提高效率为中心，提高国企核心竞争力，建立产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学的现代企业制度”。2015年则进一步明确了国有企业改革的“三个有利于”标准。2016年的“两个一以贯之”重要论断，创造性地回答了新时代国有企业发展的道路走向和改革方向，即“坚持党的领导”等。

At the 19th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping further made new important deployments for the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, proposing: “We must improve the management system for various types of state-owned assets, reform the authorized operation system for state-owned capital, accelerate the optimization of the state-owned economic layout, structural adjustment, and strategic reorganization, promote the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets, make state-owned capital stronger, better, and larger, and effectively prevent the loss of state-owned assets.” In 2017, in Jiangsu, he emphasized the social functions and important status of state-owned enterprises, and clarified the important function of state-owned enterprises as the political foundation and material guarantee of socialism with Chinese characteristics. During an inspection tour in Northeast China in 2018, he emphasized using the “two consistent” to promote higher, better, and more optimal development of state-owned enterprises in terms of efficiency, quality, and structure. At the Central Economic Work Conference in 2018, he pointed out the principles and direction of state-owned enterprise reform: “We must accelerate the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, adhere to the principles of separating government functions from enterprise functions, separating government functions from capital functions, and fair competition, make state-owned capital stronger, better, and larger, and accelerate the transformation from managing enterprises to managing capital.” The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC further clarified that state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises should be made stronger, better, and larger, and proposed the goal of enhancing the core competitiveness of state-owned enterprises.

在党的十九大上，习近平总书记进一步对国有企业改革发展做出新的重要部署，提出：“要完善各类国有资产管理体制，改革国有资本授权经营体制，加快国有经济布局优化、结构调整、战略性重组，促进国有资产保值增值，推动国有资本做强做优做大，有效防止国有资产流失。” 2017年在江苏着重指出国有企业的社会功能与重要地位，并明确国有企业作为中国特色社会主义的政治基础与物质保障的重要功能。2018年在东北考察调研时强调以“两个一以贯之”促进国有企业在效益、质量、结构等方面实现更高、更优、更好的发展。2018年在中央经济工作会议上指明了国有企业改革的原则及方向，“要加快国资国企改革，坚持政企分开、政资分开和公平竞争原则，做强做优做大国有资本，加快实现从管企业向管资本转变”。党的二十大报告中更是明确了国有资本和国有企业要做强做优做大，并且提出了提升国有企业的核心竞争力的目标。

II. The Theoretical Connotation of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

二、习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的理论内涵

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises are based on the ideological foundation of Marxist classical writers such as Marx and Engels on the issue of ownership, and on the practical foundation of the construction and reform of ownership and state-owned enterprises in China’s socialist construction and socialist reform practices. Through theoretical and practical exploration in different periods, the theoretical connotation of Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises has been formed. At the same time, Xi Jinping emphasizes that the reform and development of state-owned enterprises must follow a path of reform and development that suits national conditions, in order to ensure the public ownership nature of state-owned enterprises and enhance their development vitality through reform.

习近平总书记关于国有企业改革的重要论述是以马克思恩格斯等马克思主义经典作家关于所有制问题的探讨为思想基础，以中国社会主义建设实践与社会主义改革实践中关于所有制与国有企业建设与改革为实践基础，通过在不同时期的理论与实践探索，形成了习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的理论内涵。与此同时，习近平总书记强调国有企业改革发展走符合国情的改革发展道路，才能保证国有企业的公有制性质，并通过改革增强国有企业的发展活力。

(I) The Important Status of State-Owned Enterprises

（一）国有企业的重要地位

Regarding the important role and status of state-owned enterprises, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized: “State-owned enterprises are an important material and political foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics… they are related to our socialist system.” From the perspectives of consolidating the economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the political and material foundation, and the Party’s governing capacity and ruling status, Xi Jinping emphasizes the important status of state-owned enterprises. Xi Jinping emphasizes that state-owned enterprises are “an important pillar of the national economy, and also play a pillar role in the economic foundation of our Party’s governance and the state power of our socialist country,” further emphasizing the dominant role of state-owned enterprises in economic development and the consolidation of state power.

对于国有企业的重要作用和地位，习近平总书记多次予以强调：“国有企业是中国特色社会主义的重要物质基础和政治基础……关系我国社会主义制度。”从中国特色社会主义的经济制度的巩固、政治与物质基础、党的执政能力与执政地位等方面，习近平总书记强调国有企业的重要地位。习近平总书记强调，国有企业是“国民经济的重要支柱，在我们党执政和我国社会主义国家政权的经济基础中也是起支柱作用的”，进一步强调了国有企业在经济发展、政权巩固方面的支配作用。

In addition, the important status of state-owned enterprises is also reflected in their significant contributions to China’s socialist construction. Xi Jinping emphasizes that in the history of China’s socialist development, “China’s state-owned enterprises have made historic contributions to China’s economic and social development, scientific and technological progress, national defense construction, and the improvement of people’s livelihoods.” Taking the 13th Five-Year Plan period as an example, in terms of the industries they undertake, state-owned enterprises bear the vast majority of basic energy supply, basic network operations, and infrastructure, livelihood projects, and projects related to the lifeline of the national economy that require huge investment but yield low returns. These projects are essential for economic and social development. In terms of revenue, state-owned enterprises have provided strong support for China’s economic growth. The value added realized by enterprises supervised by the national state-owned assets system accounts for about one-eighth of the national GDP in the same period; total assets, operating revenue, and total profits are all higher than the growth rates of the national GDP and industrial enterprises above a designated size in the same period. In terms of tax contributions, state-owned enterprises contribute about one-quarter of the national tax revenue in the same period. In terms of enterprise development quality and efficiency, 49 central state-owned enterprises have entered the Fortune Global 500, becoming an important force reflecting China’s comprehensive national strength.

另外，国有企业的重要地位也体现在其对我国社会主义建设中所作出的重要贡献。习近平总书记强调，在我国社会主义发展的历史中，“我国国有企业为我国经济社会发展、科技进步、国防建设、民生改善作出了历史性贡献。”以“十三五”时期为例，就承担的行业而言，国有企业承担着绝大部分的基础能源供给、基础网络运营，以及基础设施、民生工程、关系国民经济命脉等投资巨大但是收益少的工程项目，这些项目都是经济社会发展必须的工程。就收益而言，国有企业为我国经济增长提供了坚强支撑，全国国资系统监管企业实现的增加值约占同期全国GDP的1/8；资产总额、营业收入、利润总额均高于同期全国GDP和规模以上工业企业有关指标增速。就税收贡献而言，国有企业贡献税收约占同期全国税收收入的1/4。就企业发展质量与效益而言，49家中央企业进入世界500强，成为体现我国综合国力的重要力量。

In response to the words and deeds of some Western countries that wilfully distort and obliterate China’s state-owned enterprises,

习近平总书记针对一些西方国家肆意歪曲抹杀我国国有企业的言论进行拨乱反正，他认为：“西方一些人把矛头对准我们的国企，抹黑国企……我们不能上当！”从国家的政治稳定与经济安全的视角，“国有企业……一定要办好”，并且“要坚定不移把国企做强做优做大，不断增加国有经济活力、控制力、影响力、抗风险能力”。在技术创新和企业发展过程中，“国有企业要勇挑重担、敢打头阵，勇当原创技术的‘策源地’、现代产业链的‘链长’。”

(II) The Fundamental Guidelines for the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

（二）国有企业改革的根本遵循

Deepening the reform and development of state-owned enterprises requires following a reform and development path suited to national conditions, adhering to the direction of reform and development of the socialist market economy, upholding the “Two Unswervinglys,”[n10] upholding the “Two Consistent Principles,”[n11] implementing the new development philosophy, adhering to the “Three Conductivenesses”[n12] as the judgment criteria, and anchoring the goals and tasks of the “Three Significant Results”[n13] as the fundamental guidelines.

深化国有企业改革发展，需要沿着符合国情的改革发展道路，坚持社会主义市场经济改革发展方向，坚持“两个毫不动摇”，坚持“两个一以贯之”，贯彻新发展理念，坚持“三个有利于”判断标准以及锚定“三个明显成效”的目标任务为根本遵循。

1. Upholding the “Two Unswervinglys”

1. 坚持“两个毫不动摇”

In handling the roles of the public sector and the non-public sector, as well as the market and the government, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, adhering to the “Two Unswervinglys,” while properly handling the roles of the market and the government in resource allocation. While affirming the decisive role of the market, it is necessary to better play the role of the government. Clearly, the three basic principles that must be adhered to in the reform of state-owned enterprises are: first, upholding China’s basic economic system; second, giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation; and third, giving full play to the role of the government. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes the direction of the socialist market economy in the reform of state-owned enterprises, requiring compliance with the laws of the market economy, improving resource use efficiency, operational capacity, and innovation capability in market competition, and enhancing vitality, influence, and risk resistance. It is also necessary to avoid the blindness of the market, circumvent market failures, and give play to the due role of the government.

在处理公有制经济与非公有制经济以及市场与政府的作用时，习近平总书记强调，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，并坚持“两个毫不动摇”，同时处理好市场与政府在资源配置中的作用，肯定市场决定性作用的同时，需要更好地发挥政府作用。很显然，国有企业改革必须坚持的三个基本原则分别为：一是坚持我国基本经济制度；二是要发挥市场在资源配置方面的决定作用；三是要发挥好政府的作用。习近平总书记强调国有企业改革的社会主义市场经济方向，要遵循市场经济规律，在市场竞争中提高资源使用效率、经营能力和创新能力，增强活力、影响力、抗风险能力，也要避免市场的盲目性，规避市场失灵，发挥政府应有的作用。

2. Upholding the “Two Consistent Principles”

2. 坚持“两个一以贯之”

The “Two Consistent Principles” are used to solidify the path and direction of the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. In the New Era, to strengthen, improve, and enlarge state-owned enterprises, their reform and development must first uphold the leadership of the Party. Upholding the leadership of the Party is the “root” and “soul” of state-owned enterprises. The advantage of China’s state-owned enterprises lies precisely in the leadership of the Party and Party building. This is a fine tradition that China’s state-owned enterprises have consistently upheld since the Eighth National Congress of the CPC established the status of Party organizations within enterprises. The leadership of the Party is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The greatest advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC. The CPC is the highest political leadership force. The construction of Party organizations in state-owned enterprises is an important way to consolidate the dominant position of public ownership and an important manifestation of the superiority of China’s socialist system. Secondly, General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed a series of targeted reform measures to complete the establishment of the state-owned enterprise system. These measures have improved the modern enterprise system of state-owned enterprises, enhanced operational efficiency, reasonably assumed social responsibilities, and better brought into play the important functions and roles of state-owned enterprises.

以“两个一以贯之”坚定国有企业改革和发展的道路与方向。新时代做强做优做大国有企业，其改革和发展首先要坚持党的领导。坚持党的领导是国有企业的“根”和“魂”，中国的国有企业优势就在于党的领导与党的建设。这是从中共八大确立了党组织在企业中的地位以来，我国国有企业始终坚持的优良传统。党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，中国特色社会主义的最大优势是中国共产党的领导，中国共产党是最高政治领导力量。国有企业党组织的建设，是公有制主体地位巩固的重要途径，是我国社会主义制度优越性的重要体现。其次，习近平总书记提出了一系列有针对性的改革举措，完成国有企业制度的建立。这些举措完善了国有企业的现代企业制度，提高了经营效率，合理承担了社会责任，更好发挥国有企业的重要功能和作用。

3. Implementing the New Development Philosophy

3. 贯彻新发展理念

The new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing is the fundamental guideline for China’s current reforms and economic and social development. State-owned enterprises must also adjust their structure, innovate development, and optimize their layout in accordance with the requirements of the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. Within the new development philosophy, innovation-driven development occupies a core position. State-owned enterprises, through scientific and technological innovation, improve outdated production capacity and adjust industrial and product structures. Coordinated development requires state-owned enterprises to expand development space, coordinate regional development, achieve strong alliances between enterprises, and complete the construction of soft power such as enterprise systems and culture. Green development requires state-owned enterprises to follow a path of sustainable development, promoting the development of green and low-carbon industries while pursuing production, and avoiding ecological and environmental problems. Open development requires state-owned enterprises to improve the business environment on the basis of mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, and actively participate in global economic cooperation and competition. Shared development emphasizes that the fruits of development are shared by the people, effectively solving problems related to people’s livelihoods. The nature and scope of business of state-owned enterprises are precisely one of the important ways to implement the concept of shared development.

创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念是当前我国各项改革与经济社会发展的根本遵循。国有企业也要按照创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念的要求，调整结构，创新发展，优化布局。新发展理念中，创新发展处于核心地位。国有企业通过科技创新，改善落后的产能，调整产业结构和产品结构；协调发展则要求国有企业拓展发展空间，协调区域发展，实现企业之间的强强联合，并完成企业制度、文化等软实力的建设；绿色发展则需要国有企业走可持续发展的道路，生产发展的同时，要推动绿色低碳产业的发展，避免生态环境问题；开放发展要求国有企业在互利共赢的基础上，完善营商环境，积极参与全球的经济合作与竞争；共享发展强调发展成果由人民共享，切实地解决关系到民生的问题，国有企业的企业性质和经营范围恰恰是实施共享发展理念的重要途径之一。

4. Upholding the “Three Conductivenesses” as Judgment Criteria

4. 坚持“三个有利于”判断标准

The reform of state-owned enterprises requires judgment criteria for testing, and these judgment criteria should be used as guidance to advance the reform of state-owned enterprises. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed the “Three Conductivenesses” criteria. This is consistent with the ultimate goal of state-owned enterprises, namely, to strengthen, improve, and enlarge state-owned enterprises, and to consolidate the status and function of state-owned enterprises as the material foundation and political foundation. Therefore, the “Three Conductivenesses” criteria are the embodiment of the ultimate goal in the judgment criteria. These criteria are conducive to fundamentally eliminating some erroneous understandings of state-owned enterprises, stopping some unnecessary debates, forming a consensus on the reform of state-owned enterprises, and ensuring the effectiveness of the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. Therefore, the reform and development of state-owned enterprises must adhere to the “Three Conductivenesses” judgment criteria.

国有企业改革需要判断标准加以检验，并将判断标准作为指导来推进国有企业改革。对此，习近平总书记提出“三个有利于”的标准。这与国有企业的最终目标是一致的，即做强做优做大国有企业，巩固国有企业物质基础和政治根基的地位与功能。因此，“三个有利于”标准是最终目标在判断标准上的体现，并有利于这些标准有助于从根本上消除一些对国有企业的错误认识，停止一些无谓争论，形成国有企业改革的共识，保证国有企业改革发展的成效，因此，国有企业改革发展必须坚持“三个有利于”判断标准。

5. Anchoring the Goals and Tasks of the “Three Significant Results”

5. 锚定“三个明显成效”的目标任务

Deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises with the “Three Significant Results” as the goal. In the New Era, the reform of state-owned enterprises has been endowed with new tasks and new missions. The Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, starting from enhancing the core functions of state-owned enterprises and improving their core competitiveness, has proposed the realization goals of the “Three Significant Results.” The “Three Significant Results” focus on the functions and roles of state-owned enterprises in terms of market operation mechanisms, the function of serving national strategies, and the cultivation of first-class enterprises. These three aspects possess the characteristics of unity and wholeness. The three aspects interact, support, and are interrelated with each other, reflecting the organic unity of the political, social, and economic attributes of state-owned enterprises. They are the integration of mission orientation, result orientation, and efficiency orientation, and the fusion of external demands and internal requirements. They must be grasped as a whole, fully implemented, and advanced as an integrated whole.

以“三个明显成效”为目标深化国有企业改革。新时代国有企业改革被赋予新的任务与新的使命，国务院国资委党委从增强国有企业的核心功能与提高核心竞争力出发，提出了“三个明显成效”的实现目标。“三个明显成效”关注国有企业在市场运营机制、服务国家战略功能以及对于一流企业培育等方面的功能与作用，而这三个方面具有统一性与整体性的特征，三个方面之间是相互作用、相互支撑、相互关联的，体现了国有企业的政治属性、社会属性与经济属性的有机统一，是使命导向、结果导向、效率导向的融合，是外在需求与内在要求的融会贯通，必须统筹把握、全面落实、一体推进。

(III) The Basic Connotation of the Important Expositions on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

（三）国有企业改革重要论述的基本内涵

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s expositions on the “Two Unswervinglys” and the “Two Consistent Principles” indicate that the economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era must adhere to the dominance of public ownership and must uphold the leadership of the Party in state-owned enterprises. “The Party’s leadership over state-owned enterprises is an organic unity of political leadership, ideological leadership, and organizational leadership.” Therefore, the reform of state-owned enterprises must adhere to the economic nature of state-owned enterprises as the mainstay of the socialist market economy, and even more so, must uphold the leadership of the Party in state-owned enterprises, as well as the social responsibilities and commitments of state-owned enterprises. These missions and commitments play a significant role in the “Chinese-path modernization,” the realization of the Chinese Dream, and the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative.

习近平总书记关于“两个毫不动摇”“两个一以贯之”的论述表明，新时代中国特色社会主义经济制度要坚持以公有制为主体，必须要坚持国有企业中党的领导。“党对国有企业的领导是政治领导、思想领导、组织领导的有机统一。”因此，国有企业的改革必须坚持国有企业作为社会主义市场经济主体的经济性，更要坚持国有企业中党的领导，以及国有企业的社会责任与担当，这些使命担当在“中国式现代化建设”、中国梦的实现、“一带一路”建设等凸显重要的作用。

State-owned enterprises must, through sustained, high-quality development, consolidate their material foundation and political guarantee functions, and allow all the people to share the fruits of development, enhancing the people’s sense of gain. On September 7, 2023, in his speech at the symposium on promoting the comprehensive revitalization of Northeast China in the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Continue to deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises… improve the core competitiveness of state-owned enterprises… strengthen the role of strategic support.” On the basis of pursuing social benefits, state-owned enterprises, as market entities, should enhance efficiency, stimulate vitality through reform, achieve the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets, and thereby realize economic benefits. Regarding how to build state-owned enterprises, the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC put forward the goals and tasks of clarifying the property rights of state-owned enterprises and becoming world-class enterprises. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC put forward the long-term goal of further strengthening, improving, and enlarging state-owned enterprises through the adjustment of the layout and structure of the state-owned economy, and enhancing the core competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, building a modern state-owned enterprise management system and achieving core competitiveness of enterprises are important contents of the reform of state-owned enterprises.

国有企业要通过持续、高质量的发展，夯实其发展的物质基础和政治保障功能，并且让全体人民共享发展成果，增强人民的获得感。2023年9月7日，习近平总书记在主持召开新时代推动东北全面振兴座谈会时的讲话时指出：“继续深化国有企业改革……提高国有企业核心竞争力，……强化战略支撑作用。”国有企业在追求社会效益的基础上，将其作为市场主体，通过改革提升效率、激发活力，实现国有资产的保值增值，进而实现经济效益。如何建设国有企业，党的十九大报告中提出了明确国有企业产权、成为世界一流企业的目标和任务，党的二十大报告提出了通过国有经济布局和结构的调整，进一步做强做优做大国有企业，并提升企业的核心竞争力的远景目标，因此，建设现代化国有企业管理制度，实现企业核心竞争力是国有企业改革的重要内容。

In summary, the theoretical connotation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on the reform of state-owned enterprises is shown in Figure 1.

综上，习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述的理论内涵如图1所示。

III. The Guiding Significance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Expositions on the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises in Practice

三、习近平总书记关于国有企业改革重要论述在实践上的指导意义

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises possess a rich theoretical connotation and have important guiding significance for the reform practice of China’s state-owned enterprises, for further adhering to the innovation of governance systems and mechanisms under the leadership of the Party, and for perfecting the modern state-owned enterprise system.

习近平总书记关于国有企业改革的重要论述，具有丰富的理论内涵，对于我国国有企业的改革实践，进一步坚持党领导下治理体制机制创新、完善现代国有企业制度等方面具有重要的指导意义。

(I) Adhering to Party Building Leadership

（一）坚持党建引领

The leadership of the Party is the political guarantee for the reform of state-owned enterprises; Party leadership must run through the entire process of reform and development. In terms of governance structure, Party organizations must be embedded into the corporate governance structure of the company. In terms of organizational structure, Party organizations provide organizational guarantees for enterprise development, and the role of Party organizations must be fully manifested at all levels. In realizing the leadership role of Party organizations, the statutory status of Party organizations in the corporate governance structure of the company must be clarified. In terms of enterprise business objectives, ensuring the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets must be taken as the starting point. In addition, Party organizations in state-owned enterprises must closely combine the fulfillment of their main responsibilities with strengthening their own management and implementing effective supervision.

党的领导是国有企业改革的政治保证，要将党的领导贯穿改革发展的全部过程；在治理结构上，要把党的组织嵌入公司法人治理结构；在组织结构上，党组织为企业发展提供组织保证，将党组织作用充分体现出来体现在各个层面；在实现党组织的领导作用上，明确党组织在公司法人治理结构中的法定地位；在企业经营目标上，确保国有资产的保值增值的目标作为出发点。另外，国有企业的党组织要将履行主体责任与加强自身管理、实施有效监督紧密结合起来。

1. Clarifying the Status of Party Organizations

1. 明确党组织地位

Article 33 of the *Constitution of the Communist Party of China*, newly revised at the 19th National Congress of the CPC [n14], further points out that enterprise Party organizations “discuss and decide on major matters of the enterprise in accordance with regulations.” Xi Jinping pointed out: “The leadership core and political core role of Party organizations in state-owned enterprises can be summed up in one point: setting the direction, managing the overall situation, and ensuring implementation.” [n15] This is specifically manifested as “the primary-level Party organizations carry out work around the production and operation of the enterprise” and “participate in the decision-making on major issues of the enterprise,” etc. For example, the gatekeeping role of Party organizations in adjusting structure and optimizing the layout of state-owned enterprises, and their guiding role in business operations, can enable state-owned enterprises to integrate their main business, focus on their main business, base themselves on their main business, and strengthen their main business, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise within the industry. Regarding how Party organizations integrate into corporate governance, Xi Jinping pointed out: “The ‘special’ feature of the modern state-owned enterprise system with Chinese characteristics lies in integrating Party leadership into every aspect of corporate governance.” [n16] It is necessary to ensure the status of Party organizations in the corporate governance structure; in governance, responsibilities must be clear, supervision strict, cadres in place, and organization implemented; Party organizations must strengthen their own construction, leading ideological and political work, cultural-ethical progress, and mass organizations, etc.; on the issue of selecting talent and appointing cadres, the Party manages cadres and the Party manages talent, and Party organizations play a role in the process of selecting and employing people; the specific implementation of Party organization work requires combining scientific enterprise decision-making with the Party’s democratic centralism, promoting intra-Party democracy and the democratization and scientization of decision-making.

党的十九大新修订的《中国共产党章程》第三十三条进一步指出，企业党组织“依照规定讨论和决定企业重大事项”。习近平总书记指出：“国有企业党组织发挥领导核心和政治核心作用，归结到一点，就是把方向、管大局、保落实。”具体表现为“党的基层组织，围绕企业生产经营开展工作”，并“参与企业重大问题的决策”等。例如，党组织在调整结构、优化国有企业布局上的把关作用，在经营工作中的引导作用，可以使国有企业集成主业、聚焦主业、立足主业、壮大主业，提升企业在行业内的竞争力。对于党组织如何融入企业治理，习近平总书记指出：“中国特色现代国有企业制度，‘特’就特在把党的领导融入公司治理各环节。”要确保党组织在企业治理结构中的地位；在治理中，要做到职责明确、监督严格、干部到位、组织落实；党组织要加强自身建设，领导思想政治工作、精神文明建设以及社团组织等；在选择人才、任用干部问题上，党管干部、党管人才，党组织在选人用人过程中发挥作用；党组织工作的具体实施，则需要将企业科学决策与党的民主集中制结合在一起，发扬党内民主以及决策民主化科学化。

2. Strengthening Party Organization Building

2. 加强党组织建设

Party organizations in state-owned enterprises must effectively undertake and implement the responsibility for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Adhere to strict Party governance, ideological Party building, and institutional Party governance, and strengthen the governance of the Party. In response to the prominent problems existing in the Party building of state-owned enterprises and the key issues in the development of state-owned enterprises, Xi Jinping clearly put forward the general requirements for Party building in state-owned enterprises in the New Era from the aspects of basic organizations, basic teams, and basic systems. It is necessary to realize the basic functions of Party organizations in state-owned enterprises in terms of “managing the overall situation, setting the direction, and ensuring implementation,” and to ensure the core role of Party organizations through self-building. Unlike the requirements for other Party organizations, Party organizations in state-owned enterprises take the achievement of enterprise production and operation goals as the test standard. In the management of the talent team in state-owned enterprises, adhere to the principle of the Party managing cadres, and cultivate a high-quality enterprise leadership team; in the selection and appointment of talent, Party organizations cannot be ambiguous on the issue of selecting and employing people; strong and powerful Party organizations need high-quality talent teams to realize; in addition, it is necessary to strengthen the education of leading personnel, strengthen Party spirit, clarify the purpose, and strictly enforce discipline, and nip some mistakes and problems in the bud; in the assessment of Party building work, improve basic guarantee objectives, and deploy and promote the Party building assessment and business assessment of state-owned enterprises. Making state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger requires the organization and leadership of Party organizations; Party organizations must strengthen their own construction to provide organizational guarantees for the strength of state-owned enterprises.

国有企业党组织要切实承担好、落实好从严管党治党责任。坚持从严治党、思想建党、制度治党，增强管党治党。习近平总书记针对国有企业党的建设中存在的突出问题和国有企业发展的关键问题，从基本组织、基本队伍、基本制度等方面明确提出新时代国有企业党的建设的总要求。要实现国有企业中党组织在“管大局、把方向、保落实”方面的基本功能，并通过自身建设保证党组织核心作用的发挥。与其他党组织的要求不同，国有企业党组织是以能否实现企业生产经营的目标为检验标准。国有企业人才队伍的管理上，坚持党管干部原则，培养出一支高素质的企业领导队伍；在人才的选拔任用上，党组织在选人用人的问题上不能含糊，坚强有力的党组织需要高素质人才队伍来实现；另外，要加强领导人员教育，加强党性、明确宗旨，严明纪律，对于一些错误和问题要防微杜渐；在党建工作考核上，完善基础性的保障目标，并部署与推进国有企业的党建考核和经营考核。做强做优做大国有企业需要党组织的组织和领导，党组织要加强自身建设为国企的强大提供组织保证。

3. Implementing Effective Supervision

3. 实施有效监督

The Party committee of a state-owned enterprise must implement the main responsibility and the supervision responsibility of the discipline inspection commission. The supervision of Party organizations includes two main aspects: First, ensuring the normal operation of the state-owned enterprise. Ensure the implementation of the Party’s and the state’s policies and guidelines within the enterprise, also support the management institutions, departments, and management personnel of the enterprise in exercising their powers according to law, and ensure the rights and interests of enterprise employees, support the work of the workers’ congress, etc. Second, through the establishment of institutional and other safeguard measures, prevent the loss of state-owned assets. The supervision of state-owned enterprise assets is also the material foundation for safeguarding the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. “State-owned assets and resources are the common wealth of the people of the whole country.” “We must improve the supervision system for state-owned assets and resources.” “We must strengthen internal supervision of state-owned enterprises, supervision by investors, and audit, disciplinary inspection and inspection supervision, as well as social supervision, and accelerate the formation of a state-owned asset supervision system that is comprehensive in coverage, clear in division of labor, coordinated in cooperation, and powerful in checks and balances,” [n17] combining intra-Party supervision, legal supervision, and supervision by the masses of workers and staff to ensure the safe development of state-owned enterprises.

国有企业党委要落实主体责任和纪委监督责任。党组织的监督包括两个主要方面：一是保证国有企业的正常运行。保证党和国家方针政策在企业中的执行，也支持企业中的管理机构、部门和管理人员依照法律行使职权，并且保证企业职工权益，支持职工代表大会的工作等；二是通过制度等保障措施的建立，防止国有资产的流失。国有企业资产的监管也是保障中国特色社会主义事业的物质基础，“国有资产资源是全国人民的共同财富”，“要完善国有资产资源监管制度”。“要强化国有企业内部监督、出资人监督和审计、纪检巡视监督以及社会监督，加快形成全面覆盖、分工明确、协同配合、制约有力的国有资产监督体系”，把党内监督、法律监督与职工群众监督结合起来，保障国有企业安全发展。

(II) Implementing a Modern Enterprise Management System

（二）实施现代化企业管理制度

As the material foundation and political guarantee of the socialist system, the social benefits of state-owned enterprises are an important goal they pursue. As market entities, state-owned enterprises also need to pay special attention to their own economic benefits. As market entities, they need to stimulate vitality and improve efficiency through reform to realize the tasks and goals of state-owned enterprises. Therefore, these all need to be achieved through the improvement and implementation of modern enterprise management systems such as optimizing industrial structure, perfecting the operation and management system of state-owned enterprises, strengthening the construction of the talent team in state-owned enterprises, and building corporate culture.

作为社会主义制度的物质基础和政治保障，国有企业的社会效益是其追求的重要目标。国有企业作为市场主体，也需要特别关注自身经济效益。作为市场主体，需要通过改革激发活力、提升效率实现国有企业的任务和目标。因此，这些都需要通过优化产业结构、完善国有企业的经营管理制度、加强国有企业人才队伍建设、建设企业文化等现代企业管理制度的完善和实施得以实现。

1. Strengthening Position through Industrial Structure Optimization

1. 通过产业结构优化强化地位

The reform of state-owned enterprises must first optimize the layout of the industrial structure. The optimization and adjustment of the industrial layout and structure of state-owned enterprises should be guided by the new development concept; one of its purposes is to stimulate the endogenous power of the enterprise, create an external environment, and improve the supply quality of state-owned enterprises. Second, clarify the direction of state-owned enterprise investment. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out: “Further clarify the functional positioning of different types of state-owned enterprises, improve the management of main responsibilities and main businesses, and clarify the key investment areas and directions of state-owned capital. Promote the concentration of state-owned capital in important industries and key fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, in public services, emergency response capabilities, and public welfare fields related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, and in forward-looking strategic emerging industries.” [n18] Based on their history and their own advantages, state-owned enterprises gradually concentrate on important industries, fields, and infrastructure related to national security, the lifeline of the national economy, and the national economy and people’s livelihood, such as telecommunications, electric power, petroleum, and military industry. In addition, concentrate on forward-looking strategic industries, such as new energy, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, etc., ultimately forming advantageous industries with core competitiveness. The vast majority of these key fields and forward-looking industries are state-owned enterprises. These enterprises are related to the national economy and people’s livelihood and have problems such as long research and development times and high input costs. State-owned enterprises can use their own advantages to turn them into industries with core competitiveness. In short, through the optimization and adjustment of the industrial structure of state-owned enterprises, the ultimate goal is to achieve an improvement in the strength of state-owned assets, the perfection of the layout and structure of state-owned capital, and the continuous enhancement of the control, vitality, influence, risk resistance, and international competitiveness of the state-owned economy.

国有企业改革，首先要优化产业结构布局。国有企业产业布局结构的优化调整要以新发展理念为指导，其目的之一就是激发企业的内生动力，营造外部环境，提高国有企业的供给质量。其次，明确国有企业投资的方向。党的二十届三中全会指出：“进一步明晰不同类型国有企业功能定位，完善主责主业管理，明确国有资本重点投资领域和方向。推动国有资本向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域集中，向关系国计民生的公共服务、应急能力、公益性领域等集中，向前瞻性战略性新兴产业集中。”国有企业根据历史与本身的优势，逐步向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉、国计民生的重要行业、领域以及基础设施集中，例如，电信、电力、石油、军工等。另外，向前瞻性战略产业集中，例如，新能源、人工智能、生物科技等，最终形成具有核心竞争力的优势产业。这些关键领域和前瞻性产业绝大部分都是国有企业，这些企业关系国计民生且存在研发时间较长、投入成本较高等问题，国有企业利用自身的优势可以将其变成具有核心竞争力的产业。总之，通过国有企业产业结构的优化和调整，最终实现国有资产实力提升、国有资本布局结构的完善，国有经济的控制力、活力、影响力、抗风险能力、国际竞争力的不断增强。

2. Perfecting the Operation and Management System of State-Owned Enterprises

2. 完善国有企业的经营管理制度

The improvement of the management system of state-owned enterprises is the concrete path for achieving the goals of state-owned enterprise reform. The reform of the management system proceeds from both micro and macro aspects. In specific micro-level management, it adheres to the separation of government functions from enterprise functions, the separation of government functions from asset management functions, and the separation of ownership from management rights. First, further promote the reform of property rights in state-owned enterprises, increase state capital investment in public welfare enterprises, and enhance enterprise operational efficiency by implementing diversified reforms that form a modern corporate system for state-owned enterprises; second, emphasize the role of the Party committee leadership in state-owned enterprises and promote the transformation of the operational mechanism; third, standardize the job-related consumption, treatment, business consumption, and salary levels of enterprise management personnel; fourth, improve the corporate governance structure, establish a professional manager system, promote the tenure system and management contractualization of members of the management layer, establish a long-term incentive and restraint mechanism, and explore the disclosure of major information such as enterprise financial budgets, etc. In terms of the macro supervision system, realize the regulatory functions of supervisory bodies and improve regulatory efficiency to prevent asset loss; make state-owned enterprises market entities that are legally responsible for their own profits and losses, operate independently, bear their own risks, develop themselves, and exercise self-restraint, enabling state-owned enterprises to participate fairly in market competition with non-public enterprises. “Establish a system for evaluating the performance of state-owned enterprises in fulfilling their strategic missions, improve the classified assessment and evaluation system for state-owned enterprises, and carry out the calculation of value added from the state-owned economy.”

国有企业经营管理制度的完善是完成国有企业改革目标的具体路径。经营管理制度的改革从微观和宏观两个方面入手。在具体的微观经营管理中，坚持政企分开、政资分开、所有权与经营权分离。第一，进一步推动国有企业产权改革，加大国有资本对公益性企业的投入，通过实行国有企业形成现代企业公司制的多元化改革，提升企业经营效率；第二，重视国有企业党委领导作用的发挥，推动转变经营机制；第三，规范企业管理人员的职务消费、待遇以及业务消费与薪酬水平；第四，健全公司法人治理结构，建立职业经理人制度，推进经理层成员的任期制和管理契约化，建立长效激励约束机制，探索企业财务预算等重大信息的公开，等等。在宏观监督体制方面，实现监管机构的监管职能并提高监管效率，防止资产流失；使国有企业成为依法自负盈亏、自主经营、自担风险、自我发展、自我约束的市场主体，实现国有企业公平地与非公企业参与市场竞争。“建立国有企业履行战略使命评价制度，完善国有企业分类考核评价体系，开展国有经济增加值核算。”

3. Strengthen the Construction of the Talent Team in State-Owned Enterprises

3. 加强国有企业人才队伍建设

Regarding the construction of the enterprise talent team, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Market vitality comes from people, especially from entrepreneurs, and from the entrepreneurial spirit.” This particularly emphasizes the importance of the entrepreneurial spirit for the socialist market economy and enterprise construction. Therefore, it is necessary to mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of talents in enterprises, especially cadres at all levels and innovative talents in state-owned enterprises, “strive to cultivate and bring up outstanding engineers, master craftsmen of the nation, and highly skilled talents, and improve the quality of all types of talents; build a first-class team of industrial technical workers,” and “allow more qualified state-owned enterprises to adopt an innovation- and creation-oriented approach and carry out various forms of medium- and long-term incentives among scientific research personnel.” Leaders of state-owned enterprises also play an important role in the reform and development of state-owned enterprises. Leaders of state-owned enterprises are first and foremost the backbone of the Party in carrying out specific tasks in the economic field, and they are also important composite talents for the Party and the state in economic and social construction. They have important functional roles in supervising state-owned assets and achieving their preservation and appreciation. Therefore, the construction of the talent team in state-owned enterprises is particularly important. The talent team in state-owned enterprises must first be loyal to the Party; second, they must achieve results in innovation, enterprise governance, and other areas; finally, requirements for the integrity and honesty of cadres in state-owned enterprises are also necessary. In the selection process of the enterprise talent team, efforts should be made to cultivate a high-quality team of enterprise leading cadres, and the leadership and gatekeeping role of enterprise Party organizations such as the Party committee in the selection and appointment of the talent team in state-owned enterprises must be upheld.

对于企业人队伍建设，习近平总书记指出：“市场活力来自于人，特别是来自于企业家，来自于企业家精神。”这里特别强调了企业家精神对于社会主义市场经济、企业建设的重要意义，因此，调动企业中人才的积极性、主动性、创造性，特别是国有企业中的各级干部、创新人才等，“着力培养造就卓越工程师、大国工匠、高技能人才，提高各类人才素质；建设一流产业技术工人队伍”，“允许更多符合条件的国有企业以创新创造为导向，在科研人员中开展多种形式中长期激励”。国有企业领导人在国有企业的改革发展中同样具有重要作用，国有企业的领导人首先是党在经济领域中执行具体任务的骨干，同时也是党和国家经济社会建设的重要复合型人才，对于国有资产的监管、实现其增值保值等方面具有重要的职能作用。因此，国有企业人才队伍建设尤为重要，国有企业人才队伍首先必须要对党忠诚，其次在创新、治理企业等方面必须要有所作为，最后对于国有企业干部清正廉洁方面的要求也是必需的。在企业人才队伍的选拔过程中，要着力培养一支高素质的企业领导干部队伍，要坚持党委等企业党组织对于国有企业人才队伍选人用人过程中的领导和把关作用。

4. Build Enterprise Culture

4. 建设企业文化

Enterprise culture plays a role in enhancing enterprise cohesion, coordinating collective and individual relationships, and forming value orientations and goal orientations for enterprise development. The cultural construction of state-owned enterprises, in addition to possessing the cultural soft power that enterprises need, must also reflect their status as the economic foundation and political guarantee of a socialist country. On the one hand, the culture of state-owned enterprises should have the characteristics of the times and enterprise features, fully leverage the tradition of ideological and political work by Party organizations, give play to the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members and the fortress role of grassroots Party organizations, adhere to the value concepts of dedication to one’s post, love of work, unity, and contribution, and closely link the fate of the enterprise with the development of the employees. On the other hand, the culture of state-owned enterprises must adhere to the value orientation of serving the people, rely wholeheartedly on the working class, promote the spirit of model workers, give play to the master status of the working class, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the working class, improve the system of workers’ congresses, and ensure the full realization of the working class’s rights to participation, information, supervision, and expression.

企业文化在企业中具有提高企业凝聚力、协调集体与个人关系、形成企业发展的价值导向与目标导向等作用。国有企业的文化建设除了具备企业需要具有的文化软实力外，更要体现其作为社会主义国家经济基础与政治保证的地位。一方面，国有企业文化要具有时代特征与企业特色，充分发挥党组织思想政治工作的传统，发挥党员先锋模范作用以及基层党组织的堡垒作用，坚持爱岗、敬业、团结、奉献的价值理念，把企业的命运与职工的发展紧密联系在一起。另一方面，国有企业文化要坚持为人民服务的价值取向，全心全意依靠工人阶级，弘扬劳模精神，发挥工人阶级的主人翁地位，维护工人阶级的合法权益，健全职工代表大会制度，保证工人阶级的参与权、知情权、监督权和表达权等充分实现。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the reform of state-owned enterprises are an important component of the economic thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on Party building in state-owned enterprises are new achievements in the development of the Sinicized Marxist theory of Party building. This indicates that in the process of state-owned enterprise reform, consolidating state-owned enterprises as the political guarantee and economic foundation of China’s socialist system through high-quality development, in which upholding the Party’s leadership is the key. One of the ways to achieve this is to adhere to the Party’s leadership over state-owned enterprises during the reform process, ensure the direction of the socialist economic system, preserve and increase the value of state-owned assets and state capital, make state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger, fully realize the superiority of the socialist economic system, and enhance the social benefits of state-owned enterprises; at the same time, strive to build state-owned enterprises into world-class enterprises, improve economic efficiency, and strengthen their dominant position in the socialist market economy.

习近平总书记关于国有企业改革的重要论述，是新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想的重要组成部分。习近平总书记关于国有企业中党的建设的重要论述，是中国化马克思主义党建理论发展的新成果，这说明在国有企业改革过程中，以高质量发展夯实国有企业作为我国社会主义制度的政治保障和经济基础，其中坚持党的领导是关键。实现方式之一就是在国有企业改革过程中，坚持党对于国有企业的领导，保证社会主义经济制度的方向，保值增值国有资产与国有资本，做强做优做大国有企业，充分实现社会主义经济制度优越性，增强国有企业的社会效益；同时，力争将国有企业建设成为世界一流企业，提升经济效益，增强其在社会主义市场经济中的主体地位。

(Funds: 2024 Fujian Province Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Base Special Project “Research on the Integrated Development of Education, Science and Technology, and Talent under New Quality Productive Forces”; National Social Science Fund Project “Original Research on Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought” (Project No. 22FJLB016); Fujian Province Universities Major Project on Basic Theoretical Research in Philosophy and Social Science Disciplines Guided by Marxism “Research on the Scientific Connotation, Contemporary Value, and Contemporary Implications of the Great Founding Spirit of the Party” (Project No. FJ2023MGCZ002))

（基金：2024年度福建省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究基地专项项目“新质生产力下教育科技人才一体化发展研究”; 国家社会科学基金项目“习近平经济思想的原创性研究”（项目编号：22FJLB016）；福建省高校以马克思主义为指导的哲学社会科学学科基础理论研究重大项目“伟大建党精神的科学内涵、时代价值与当代启示研究”（项目编号：FJ2023MGCZ002））

(Author Biographies: Li Linan, Ph.D., Professor at Xiamen Institute of Technology, main research directions: political economy, Marxist theory; Ren Li, Ph.D., Professor and Doctoral Supervisor at the School of Economics, Xiamen University, main research directions: political economy, cultural economics, corporate finance)

（作者简介：李立男，博士，厦门工学院教授，主要研究方向为政治经济学、马克思主义理论；任力，博士，厦门大学经济学院教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为政治经济学、文化经济学、公司金融学）

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