Correctly Grasping the “Four Pairs of Relations” to Forge a Strong Sense of Community for the Chinese Nation

Forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is a long-term strategy and a fundamental measure proposed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, aimed at realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The *Study Reader on General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Thoughts on Strengthening and Improving Ethnic Work*, published in December 2024, points out that forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation must be taken as the main line of the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era and the main line of all work in ethnic regions. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between commonality and difference, the relationship between the sense of community for the Chinese nation and the consciousness of individual ethnic groups, the relationship between Chinese culture and the cultures of each ethnic group, and the relationship between the material and the spiritual. Correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations” is both a very important theoretical issue and a very urgent practical work issue. It helps Party members and cadres correct and clarify certain erroneous concepts and vague understandings, forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation with firmer historical confidence and historical initiative, and promote high-quality development of the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era.

铸牢中华民族共同体意识，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央着眼实现中华民族伟大复兴提出的长远之策、固本之举。2024年12月出版的《习近平总书记关于加强和改进民族工作的重要思想学习读本》指出，必须以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为新时代党的民族工作主线、民族地区各项工作的主线。习近平总书记强调，铸牢中华民族共同体意识，要正确把握共同性和差异性的关系、中华民族共同体意识和各民族意识的关系、中华文化和各民族文化的关系、物质和精神的关系。正确把握“四对关系”，既是非常重要的理论问题，也是十分迫切的现实工作问题，有助于党员、干部纠正和厘清一些错误观念和模糊认识，以更加坚定的历史自信和历史主动性，铸牢中华民族共同体意识，推进新时代党的民族工作高质量发展。

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General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Over the past one hundred years and more, we have adhered to integrating the Marxist theory on ethnic groups with the concrete realities of China’s ethnic issues and with the fine traditional Chinese culture, creatively blazing a correct path for solving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics.” The proposal of the “four pairs of relations” has pointed the direction for advancing the building of a community for the Chinese nation and provided epistemology and methodology for strengthening and improving the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era.

习近平总书记指出，“一百多年来，我们坚持把马克思主义民族理论同中国民族问题具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，创造性地走出了一条中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路”。“四对关系”的提出，为推进中华民族共同体建设指明了方向，为新时代加强和改进党的民族工作提供了认识论和方法论。

Valuable experience in grasping ethnic issues and doing ethnic work well. Ethnic issues are part of the overall issues of social development. Based on the increasingly prominent ethnic oppression and exploitation caused by colonialism, and based on the needs of the proletarian revolutionary struggle, Marx and Engels put forward the basic principles of ethnic equality and ethnic unity. Since its founding, our Party has attached great importance to ethnic issues and ethnic work, correctly handling ethnic relations. After the founding of New China, the Party established ethnic theory and ethnic work policies and guidelines with ethnic equality, ethnic unity, regional ethnic autonomy, and common prosperity for all ethnic groups as the main content. Under the socialist system, all ethnic groups achieved genuine equality, unity, and progress. During the period of reform and opening up, our Party adhered to the common unity and struggle and common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups, adopting a series of major measures to support the economic and social development of ethnic regions, achieving remarkable results. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has emphasized concepts such as the big family of the Chinese nation, the community for the Chinese nation, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, and advancing the building of a community for the Chinese nation. These concepts both carry forward the tradition and keep pace with the times in implementing the Party’s ethnic theory and policies, accumulating valuable experience in grasping ethnic issues and doing ethnic work well, further expanding the correct path for solving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics, and forming General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on strengthening and improving ethnic work. In his important speech at the 2021 Central Conference on Ethnic Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the innovative development of the Party’s ethnic work means adhering to what is correct, adjusting what is outdated, and better safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of all ethnic groups. The proposal of the “four pairs of relations” scientifically and systematically elucidates how to handle ethnic relations in work practice and how to comprehensively enhance the level of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, possessing strong guidance and pertinence.

把握民族问题、做好民族工作的宝贵经验。民族问题是社会发展总问题的一部分。基于殖民主义导致民族压迫和民族剥削越来越突出，基于无产阶级革命斗争的需要，马克思、恩格斯提出了民族平等、民族团结的基本原则。我们党自成立之日起，就高度重视民族问题、民族工作，正确处理民族关系。新中国成立后，党确立了以民族平等、民族团结、民族区域自治、各民族共同繁荣为主要内容的民族理论和民族工作方针政策，各民族在社会主义制度下实现了真正意义上的平等团结进步。改革开放新时期，我们党坚持各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，采取一系列重大措施支持民族地区经济社会发展，取得显著成就。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央强调中华民族大家庭、中华民族共同体、铸牢中华民族共同体意识、推进中华民族共同体建设等理念，既一脉相承又与时俱进贯彻党的民族理论和民族政策，积累了把握民族问题、做好民族工作的宝贵经验，进一步拓展中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路，形成了习近平总书记关于加强和改进民族工作的重要思想。在2021年中央民族工作会议上发表重要讲话时，习近平总书记指出，党的民族工作创新发展，就是要坚持正确的，调整过时的，更好保障各民族群众合法权益。“四对关系”的提出，科学系统阐明了如何在工作实践中处理好民族关系、如何全面提升铸牢中华民族共同体意识的水平，具有很强的指导性和针对性。

Theoretical innovation in building the community for the Chinese nation. All ethnic groups in our country are a community of shared destiny, sharing weal and woe. Together, they have opened up the vast territory of the motherland, jointly created a unified multi-ethnic country, jointly written the brilliant history of China, jointly created the splendid Chinese culture, and jointly cultivated the great national spirit. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The formation and development of the community for the Chinese nation is the will of the people, the trend of the times, and a historical necessity.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, examining the changes of the past and present and observing the trends of the times, has profoundly summarized and grasped the historical orientation of the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era and the new situations and new characteristics it faces. On the basis of inheriting our Party’s ethnic theory and policies, he creatively put forward the major original thesis of “forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation,” marking that our Party’s understanding and grasp of ethnic issues have reached a new realm. The proposal of the “four pairs of relations” accurately grasps our country’s basic national conditions and historical traditions, profoundly reveals the laws of unity and progress among the Chinese nation’s ethnic groups, and represents a major exploration and innovation in ethnic theory and ethnic work. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the “four pairs of relations” addresses both epistemology and methodology, both the “theory of two points” and the “theory of emphasis,” and both the universality and particularity of contradictions, dialectically and uniformly solving the problems of “how to view” and “how to do” in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

中华民族共同体建设的理论创新。我国各民族是休戚与共的命运共同体，各民族共同开拓了祖国的辽阔疆域，共同缔造了统一的多民族国家，共同书写了辉煌的中国历史，共同创造了灿烂的中华文化，共同培育了伟大的民族精神。习近平总书记指出，“中华民族共同体的形成和发展是人心所向、大势所趋、历史必然”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记审古今之变、察时代之势，深刻总结和把握新时代党的民族工作的历史方位以及面临的新形势新特点，在继承我们党民族理论政策的基础上，创造性提出“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”的重大原创性论断，标志着我们党对民族问题的认识和把握达到了一个新的境界。“四对关系”的提出，准确把握了我国基本国情和历史传统，深刻揭示中华民族团结进步规律，是关于民族理论与民族工作的重大探索和创新。习近平总书记关于“四对关系”的重要论述，既讲认识论又讲方法论，既讲“两点论”又讲“重点论”，既讲矛盾的普遍性又讲矛盾的特殊性，辩证统一地解决了铸牢中华民族共同体意识“怎么看”、“怎么做”的问题。

The practical need to prevent and defuse risks and hidden dangers in the ethnic field. Forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is an inevitable requirement for safeguarding the fundamental interests of all ethnic groups, an inevitable requirement for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, an inevitable requirement for consolidating and developing socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony, and an inevitable requirement for the Party’s ethnic work to open up new prospects. However, economic and social development does not automatically bring about ethnic unity, nor does it automatically bring about a sense of community for the Chinese nation. At the same time, it must be recognized that some Western countries are strengthening ideological penetration through channels such as the internet, intensifying various containment, suppression, infiltration, subversion, and sabotage activities against our country. The risk of international anti-China forces interfering with and undermining our country’s ethnic unity cannot be underestimated. To comprehensively grasp the changes unseen in a century in the world and the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is necessary to make the correct views of the nation, history, ethnicity, culture, and religion more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, continuously enhance the national consciousness, citizenship consciousness, and rule-of-law consciousness of people of all ethnic groups, and continuously consolidate the ideological foundation of the sense of community for the Chinese nation. Correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations,” adhering to bottom-line thinking, strengthening risk awareness, promptly resolving various problems and hidden dangers, and continuously consolidating and developing the great unity of all ethnic groups, the great unity of the people of the whole country, and the great unity of all Chinese sons and daughters will make the community for the Chinese nation unbreakable.

防范化解民族领域风险隐患的现实需要。铸牢中华民族共同体意识，是维护各民族根本利益的必然要求，是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求，是巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐社会主义民族关系的必然要求，是党的民族工作开创新局面的必然要求。但是，经济社会发展并不自然而然带来民族团结，并不自然而然带来中华民族共同体意识。同时也要看到，一些西方国家通过互联网等渠道强化意识形态渗透，加紧对我国进行各种遏制打压和渗透颠覆破坏活动，国际反华势力干扰破坏我国民族团结的风险不容小觑。全面把握世界百年未有之大变局和中华民族伟大复兴战略全局，必须让正确的国家观、历史观、民族观、文化观、宗教观更加深入人心，不断增强各民族群众的国家意识、公民意识、法治意识，不断巩固中华民族共同体意识的思想基础。正确把握“四对关系”，坚持底线思维，强化风险意识，及时化解各种问题隐患，不断巩固和发展各民族大团结、全国人民大团结、全体中华儿女大团结，让中华民族共同体牢不可破。

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Correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations” is a concrete manifestation of Marxist epistemology and materialist dialectics in the aspect of ethnic unity and progress. Accurately understanding the rich connotations of the “four pairs of relations” is the key to forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

正确把握“四对关系”，是马克思主义认识论、唯物辩证法在民族团结进步方面的具体体现。准确理解“四对关系”的丰富内涵，是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的关键所在。

Correctly grasp the relationship between commonality and difference, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in the process of advancing the building of a community for the Chinese nation. Through long-term interaction, communication, and integration, all ethnic groups in our country have accumulated common historical memory, interests, and destiny, shared cultural customs, spiritual concepts, and shared political values and social systems. At the same time, diverse geographical and human environments have shaped the diverse characteristics of each ethnic group in terms of customs, culture, and art. Enhancing commonality means strengthening the identification of people of all ethnic groups with the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as their national consciousness, citizenship consciousness, and rule-of-law consciousness; respecting differences means paying attention to the protection and inheritance of each ethnic group’s dietary habits, clothing, customs, culture, art, and architectural styles. In the process of advancing the building of a community for the Chinese nation and forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to clearly oppose and resist weakening and harming commonality under the guise of respecting differences and embracing diversity. Differences should be respected and tolerated on the basis of enhancing commonality, and factors that are backward and affect ethnic progress must never be solidified or strengthened. Actively promote extensive interaction, comprehensive exchange, and deep integration among all ethnic groups, promote unity and solidarity among all ethnic groups in ideals, beliefs, emotions, and culture, help each other and share deep fraternal bonds, and continuously consolidate, develop, and strengthen the community for the Chinese nation.

正确把握共同性和差异性的关系，在推进中华民族共同体建设中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。我国各民族在长期的交往交流交融中，积淀了共同的历史记忆和利益命运、共有的文化习俗和精神观念、共享的政治价值和社会制度。同时，多样的地理人文环境塑造了各民族在风俗习惯、文化艺术等方面的多元特性。增进共同性是要增强各族人民对伟大祖国、中华民族、中华文化、中国共产党、中国特色社会主义的认同和国家意识、公民意识、法治意识；尊重差异性是要注意对各民族在饮食服饰、风俗习惯、文化艺术、建筑风格等方面的保护和传承。在推进中华民族共同体建设进程中铸牢中华民族共同体意识，必须旗帜鲜明地反对和抵制以尊重差异、包容多元的名义削弱和危害共同性。要在增进共同性的基础上尊重和包容差异性，绝不能固化强化其中落后的、影响民族进步的因素。积极促进各民族广泛交往、全面交流、深度交融，促进各民族在理想、信念、情感、文化上的团结统一，守望相助、手足情深，推动中华民族共同体不断巩固和发展壮大。

Correctly grasp the relationship between the sense of community for the Chinese nation and the consciousness of each ethnic group, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in cultivating a correct view of Chinese history. Ethnic consciousness mainly refers to the identification with and sense of belonging to one’s own ethnic group. The sense of community for the Chinese nation is the product of the long-term historical interaction, exchange, and integration of all ethnic groups, their united struggle, and common prosperity and development; it is the product of the process in modern times whereby the people of all ethnic groups, in jointly resisting foreign aggression and sharing the nation’s hardships, have shared honor and disgrace, shared adversity, and treated each other with all sincerity. Especially under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese nation, through a century of struggle, has seen its sense of community strengthened as never before, and the Chinese nation has achieved a great transformation from a state of being-in-itself to being-for-itself. In cultivating a correct view of Chinese history to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to always clearly recognize that the interests of the Chinese nation and the interests of each ethnic group are in essence completely identical, a relationship of “when one prospers, all prosper; when one suffers loss, all suffer loss.” No ethnic group can stand outside the Chinese nation and Chinese culture. It is necessary to guide all ethnic groups to always place the interests of the Chinese nation first, to regard the maintenance of national unity and ethnic solidarity as the prerequisite and foundation for realizing their own interests, and to realize the concrete interests of each ethnic group in the process of realizing the overall interests of the Chinese nation community.

正确把握中华民族共同体意识和各民族意识的关系，在培育正确的中华民族历史观中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。民族意识主要指对本民族身份的认同和归属。中华民族共同体意识是各民族在历史上长期交往交流交融、共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的产物，是近代以来各族人民在共御外侮、同赴国难的过程中荣辱与共、患难与共、肝胆相照的产物。特别是在中国共产党领导下，中华民族历经百年奋斗史，共同体意识空前增强，中华民族实现了从自在到自觉的伟大转变。在培育正确的中华民族历史观中铸牢中华民族共同体意识，必须始终清醒认识到中华民族利益和各民族利益本质上是完全一致的，是一荣俱荣、一损俱损的关系，没有哪个民族能够自外于中华民族、中华文化。要引导各民族始终把中华民族利益放在首位，把维护国家统一和民族团结作为实现自身利益的前提和基础，在实现好中华民族共同体整体利益进程中实现好各民族具体利益。

Correctly grasp the relationship between Chinese culture and the cultures of each ethnic group, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in building the shared spiritual home of the Chinese nation. Chinese culture is jointly created, inherited, and promoted by all ethnic groups; it is formed through the continuous mutual learning and integration of the cultures of each ethnic group, and is the culmination of the excellent cultures of all ethnic groups. At the same time, the cultures of each ethnic group, while maintaining their respective regional and ethnic characteristics, complement and illuminate each other, constituting the differentiated part of Chinese culture. Chinese culture is the trunk, and the cultures of each ethnic group are the branches and leaves; only when the roots are deep and the trunk strong can the branches be lush and the leaves abundant. In building the shared spiritual home of the Chinese nation to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to insist on carrying out the inheritance, protection, and innovation of the cultures of each ethnic group on the premise of strengthening identification with Chinese culture, to establish and highlight the Chinese cultural symbols and images of the Chinese nation that are shared and enjoyed by all ethnic groups, to promote the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, to prosper and develop advanced socialist culture, and to guide the masses of all ethnic groups to advance towards modernization in their ideas, concepts, spiritual tastes, and lifestyles.

正确把握中华文化和各民族文化的关系，在构筑中华民族共有精神家园中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。中华文化是由各民族共同创造、传承和弘扬的，是各民族文化在不断的互鉴融通中形成的，是各民族优秀文化的集大成。同时，各民族文化在保持各自地域性、民族性特质的基础上交相辉映，构成了中华文化的差异性部分。中华文化是主干，各民族文化是枝叶，根深干壮才能枝繁叶茂。在构筑中华民族共有精神家园中铸牢中华民族共同体意识，必须坚持把各民族文化的传承、保护、创新放在增强对中华文化认同的前提下来进行，树立和突出各民族共有共享的中华文化符号和中华民族形象，推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展，繁荣发展社会主义先进文化，引导各族群众在思想观念、精神情趣、生活方式上向现代化迈进。

Correctly grasp the relationship between the material and the spiritual, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in advancing Chinese-path modernization. Material force “manages the stomach,” while spiritual force “manages the mind.” Material force and spiritual force cannot substitute for each other; material progress can promote spiritual elevation, and spiritual elevation can be transformed into material force. The common modernization of all ethnic groups is not a simple issue of economic development, nor is forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation a purely spiritual issue. It is necessary to deeply understand that development is the master key to solving various problems in ethnic regions, while at the same time strengthening cultural-ethical progress. To forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to see that Chinese-path modernization is a modernization in which material civilization and cultural-ethical progress are coordinated. It is necessary to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, continuously thicken the material foundation of modernization, and continuously consolidate the material conditions for the people’s happy life. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously develop advanced socialist culture, strengthen education in ideals and convictions, inherit Chinese civilization, and promote the comprehensive enrichment of things and the comprehensive development of people. It is necessary to endow all reform and development with the significance of manifesting the sense of community for the Chinese nation, the significance of upholding unity and opposing分裂, and the significance of improving people’s livelihoods and rallying popular support.

正确把握物质和精神的关系，在推进中国式现代化进程中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。物质力量“管肚子”，精神力量“管脑子”。物质力量和精神力量不可互相替代，物质进步可以促进精神提升，精神提升可以转化为物质力量。各民族共同现代化不是单一的经济发展问题，铸牢中华民族共同体意识也不是纯粹精神层面的问题。要深刻认识发展是解决民族地区各种问题的总钥匙，同时又要加强精神文明建设。铸牢中华民族共同体意识，必须看到中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化。要解决发展不平衡不充分的问题，不断厚植现代化的物质基础，不断夯实人民幸福生活的物质条件。同时，要大力发展社会主义先进文化，加强理想信念教育，传承中华文明，促进物的全面丰富和人的全面发展。要赋予所有改革发展以彰显中华民族共同体意识的意义，以维护统一、反对分裂的意义，以改善民生、凝聚人心的意义。

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General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is the “guiding principle” of the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era, and all work must focus on this. Correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations” provides the guidelines and direction for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, and implementation must be carried out in light of actual conditions.

习近平总书记强调，铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代党的民族工作的“纲”，所有工作要向此聚焦。正确把握“四对关系”，为铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供了遵循和指导，必须结合实际抓好落实。

Strengthen the guidance of mainstream values. The guidance of mainstream values is the basic principle for correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations” in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in practice. The “four pairs of relations” form a whole and cannot be neglected. Among them, the relationship between commonality and difference plays a guiding role in the other relations. It is necessary to correctly grasp that among all ethnic groups, commonality is primary and difference is secondary. “Sameness” has a dominant character; it is the direction, the prerequisite, and the foundation. “Difference” has a subordinate character; it is the basis, the element, and the driving force, and its existence must be premised on not weakening or harming commonality. It is necessary to take the core socialist values as the guide, to run the correct handling of the “four pairs of relations” through the entire process of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, and to construct an expression system for the characteristics of Chinese culture, the spirit of the Chinese nation, and the image of the Chinese state. Improve the systems and mechanisms to enhance the guiding power of the core socialist values in the “four pairs of relations” for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Use new concepts, new categories, and new expressions that are open and integrated to spread the story of the Chinese nation community, vigorously publicize and introduce the sense of community for the Chinese nation, and firmly grasp the leadership, initiative, and discursive power in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

强化主流价值引领。主流价值引领，是在实践中正确把握铸牢中华民族共同体意识“四对关系”的基本遵循。“四对关系”是一个整体，不可偏废。其中，共同性和差异性的关系对其他关系起着引领作用。要正确把握各民族之间共同性是主要的，差异性是次要的。“同”具有主导性，是方向、是前提、是根本；“异”具有从属性，是基础、是要素、是动力，其存在必须以不削弱、不危害共同性为前提。必须以社会主义核心价值观为引领，将正确处理“四对关系”贯穿于铸牢中华民族共同体意识的全过程，构建中华文化特征、中华民族精神、中国国家形象的表达体系。完善体制机制，提升社会主义核心价值观在铸牢中华民族共同体意识“四对关系”中的引领力。以开放融通的新概念、新范畴、新表述传播中华民族共同体故事，大力宣介中华民族共同体意识，牢牢掌握铸牢中华民族共同体意识的领导权、主动权和话语权。

Always adhere to putting the people first. The people-centered character is the essential attribute of Marxism. Our Party comes from the people, takes root among the people, and serves the people. Adhering to putting the people first has always been a red line running through the Party’s century-long history of struggle. The people of all ethnic groups have always been the source of wisdom, the source of thought, and the source of spirit for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Only by adhering to putting the people first can we ensure the role of the people as the subject of power, the subject of value, and the subject of practice, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in advancing socialist ethnic relations of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony. The essence of socialist democratic politics lies in the people being the masters of the country; it is necessary to uphold and guarantee the legal authority of the rights of the people of all ethnic groups, advance the construction of whole-process people’s democracy, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in ensuring that the people of all ethnic groups enjoy extensive rights. It is necessary to pay attention to the economic development of all ethnic groups, place the acceleration of the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic regions in a more prominent position in the overall national reform and development, use higher-quality modernization achievements to better meet the people’s new expectations for a better life, and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in common prosperity and development. Earnestly safeguard the immediate and long-term interests of the masses, frequently use the yardstick of whether the people are satisfied to measure oneself, and take whether the people support, approve, are happy, and agree as the fundamental criterion for measuring the success or failure of all work, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in enhancing the sense of gain, happiness, and security of the masses of all ethnic groups.

始终坚持人民至上。人民性是马克思主义的本质属性。我们党来自人民、植根人民、服务人民。坚持人民至上始终是贯穿我们党百年奋斗历史的一条红线。各族人民始终是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的智慧之源、思想之源和精神之源。坚持人民至上，才能确保人民作为权力主体、价值主体和实践主体的作用，在推进平等团结互助和谐社会主义民族关系中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。社会主义民主政治的本质在于人民当家作主，必须维护保障各族人民权利的法律权威、推进全过程人民民主建设，在保障各族人民享有广泛权利中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。必须注重各民族经济发展，把加快少数民族和民族地区发展摆在全国改革发展全局中更加突出的位置，以更高质量的现代化成果更好满足人民群众对美好生活的新期待，在共同繁荣发展中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。切实维护群众切身利益和长远利益，经常用人民群众满意不满意这把尺子量一量自己，把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准，在增强各民族群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感中铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

Continuously promote integration and inter-embedding. All ethnic groups are fused in blood, share the same convictions, are connected in culture, depend on each other economically, and are close in sentiment. The people of all ethnic groups share one homeland, one identity, one name, and one dream. This is an important foundation for the integration and inter-embedding of the people of all ethnic groups on the new journey of the New Era. Promoting the integration and inter-embedding of all ethnic groups is an important pathway for correctly grasping the “four pairs of relations” in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in practice, and is also an inevitable trend in socio-historical development. It is necessary to deeply excavate and effectively utilize the historical facts, archaeological objects, and cultural relics of the interaction, exchange, and integration of all ethnic groups, as well as the advanced deeds and typical examples of the masses of all ethnic groups, to provide vivid and lively interpretations of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. For example, the Silk Road and the Ancient Tea Horse Road, which originated in China and connected the world, were not only bridges for cultural exchange and mutual learning between East and West, but also served as media for the interaction, exchange, and integration of China’s various ethnic groups; they are both the best testimony to thousands of years of ethnic exchange and integration and important channels for the germination, formation, and development of the sense of community for the Chinese nation. It is necessary to improve policy measures and systems and mechanisms, and actively create a social structure and social conditions where all ethnic groups live together, study together, build together, share together, work together, and enjoy together. Improve the level of ethnic work in cities and rural areas, orderly promote the flow and integrated settlement of the population of all ethnic groups, promote the gradual realization of all-round embedding of all ethnic groups in terms of space, culture, economy, society, and psychology, and build an inter-embedded social structure and community environment. Unswervingly promote the national common language and script, consolidate the foundation for interaction, exchange, and integration, and promote the Chinese nation towards a community with a shared future that is more inclusive and cohesive.

持续推进交融互嵌。各民族血脉相融、信念相同、文化相通、经济相依、情感相亲，各族人民都有一个共同家园、一个共同身份、一个共同名字、一个共同梦想，这是新时代新征程各族人民交融互嵌的重要基础。促进各民族交融互嵌，是在实践中正确把握铸牢中华民族共同体意识“四对关系”的重要途径，也是社会历史发展的必然趋势。必须深入挖掘和有效运用各民族交往交流交融的历史事实、考古实物、文化遗存以及各族群众先进事迹、典型事例，对铸牢中华民族共同体意识作出生动鲜活阐释。譬如，源于中国而连通世界的丝绸之路、茶马古道等，不仅是东西方文化交流和文明互鉴的桥梁，同时也成为中国各民族交往交流交融的媒介；既是数千年民族交流融合历史的最好见证，也是中华民族共同体意识萌芽、形成和发展的重要渠道。要完善政策举措和体制机制，积极创造各民族共居共学、共建共享、共事共乐的社会结构和社会条件。提升城市和农村民族工作水平，有序推动各民族人口流动融居，推动各民族逐步实现在空间、文化、经济、社会、心理等方面全方位嵌入，构建互嵌式社会结构和社区环境。坚定不移地推广国家通用语言文字，夯实交往交流交融的基础，推动中华民族走向包容性更强、凝聚力更大的命运共同体。

(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, South-Central Minzu University, and deputy director of the “Research Center for Ideological Education of Ethnic Minority College Students,” a key research base for humanities and social sciences in Hubei Province’s institutions of higher learning.)

（作者系中南民族大学马克思主义学院教授，湖北省高等学校人文社科重点研究基地“少数民族大学生思想教育研究中心”副主任）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁