An Analysis of the Subject in Developing New Quality Productive Forces

“New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces driven by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the qualitative change of laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor and their optimized combination, and their core indicator is the increase in total factor productivity.” Developing new quality productive forces is a social practical activity of human beings. In practical activity, the subject refers to those who have the capacity to understand and transform the object and who engage in real social practical activity; they are the autonomous and active factor in practical activity, bearing the tasks of setting practical purposes, operating the intermediary of practice, and transforming the object of practice. Human subjectivity is the capacity and role that humans manifest in the process of practice. The capacity of the practical subject includes natural capacity and spiritual capacity. Spiritual capacity in turn includes knowledge-based factors and non-knowledge-based factors. Knowledge-based factors are primary, encompassing both the mastery of theoretical knowledge and the mastery of empirical knowledge. Non-knowledge-based factors mainly refer to emotional and volitional factors. From the perspective of the practical subject, developing new quality productive forces mainly emphasizes the group subject, specifically covering the scientific research and development personnel and production application personnel who facilitate the realization of technological conditions, the consumers, employees, and business entities in various industries who facilitate the realization of industrial conditions, and the government institutions that facilitate the realization of institutional conditions.

“新质生产力是由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生的先进生产力，它以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的质变为基本内涵，以全要素生产率提升为核心标志。”发展新质生产力是人们的社会实践活动。在实践活动中，主体是指对客体有认识和实践能力、从事现实社会实践活动的人，是实践活动中自主性和能动性的因素，担负着设定实践目的、操作实践中介、改造实践客体的任务。人的主体性是人在实践过程中表现出来的能力和作用。实践主体的能力包括自然能力和精神能力。精神能力又包括知识性因素和非知识性因素。知识性因素是首要的，既包括对理论知识的掌握，也包括对经验知识的掌握。非知识性因素主要是指情感和意志因素。从实践主体来看，发展新质生产力主要强调的是群体主体，具体涵盖促进科技条件得以实现的科技研发和生产应用人员、促进产业条件得以实现的各个产业的消费者与从业人员及经营主体、促进制度条件得以实现的政府机构。

I. The Logic and Subject of Developing New Quality Productive Forces

一、发展新质生产力的逻辑和主体

Productive forces are the material forces formed by human beings in the process of production practice to transform and influence nature so that it meets social needs. They possess objective reality and social historicity, and their basic elements include the means of labor, the subjects of labor, and the laborers. Among these, the means of labor and the subjects of labor are the material factors in the system of productive forces, while the laborers are the human factor. In the social practical activity of developing new quality productive forces, the subject of practice is the people who promote the development of new quality productive forces, while the productive forces themselves are the object of practice. The relationship between the subject of practice and the object of practice is one of transformation and being transformed. So, which people are the subjects who promote the development of new quality productive forces? Does the subject promoting the development of new quality productive forces only include the laborers in the system of productive forces? The answers to these questions depend on the understanding of the logic of the development of new quality productive forces.

生产力是人类在生产实践中形成的改造和影响自然以使其适合社会需要的物质力量，具有客观现实性和社会历史性，其基本要素包括劳动资料、劳动对象和劳动者。其中，劳动资料和劳动对象是生产力系统中的物的因素，劳动者是生产力系统中的人的因素。在发展新质生产力这一社会实践活动中，实践的主体是推动新质生产力发展的人，而生产力本身则是实践的客体。实践主体和实践客体的关系是改造和被改造的关系。那么，哪些人是推动新质生产力发展的主体？推动新质生产力发展的主体是否只包括生产力系统中的劳动者？对这些问题的回答取决于对新质生产力发展逻辑的认识。

(1) The Logic of Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（一）发展新质生产力的逻辑

“New quality productive forces” and “developing new quality productive forces” are two concepts that are interrelated but distinct. Understanding the connotation and characteristics of new quality productive forces is the prerequisite for studying the issue of their development. The development of new quality productive forces emphasizes the laws and dynamics in the process of the dynamic evolution of productive forces. “Development” refers to the process of progressive change in things, the replacement of old things by new things, the continuous renewal of things. From “new quality productive forces” to “developing new quality productive forces,” this reflects the progression of the research perspective from static to dynamic. Logic is the causal law of things. In a narrow sense, logic refers to formal logic or abstract logic, that is, the logic of human abstract thinking; in a broad sense, logic also includes concrete logic, that is, the logic of human holistic thinking. The logic of the development of new quality productive forces refers to the general laws of the development of new quality productive forces, mainly including the internal driving mechanism, the formation path, and other content.

“新质生产力”和“发展新质生产力”是相互联系但有所区别的两个概念。了解新质生产力的内涵和特征是研究新质生产力发展问题的前提，新质生产力发展强调的是生产力动态演进过程中的规律和动力问题。“发展”指的是事物的进步变化过程，是新事物取代旧事物，是事物的不断更新。从“新质生产力”到“发展新质生产力”，体现了研究视角从静态向动态的递进。逻辑就是事情的因果规律。从狭义来看，逻辑就是指形式逻辑或抽象逻辑，是指人的抽象思维逻辑；从广义来看，逻辑还包括具象逻辑，即人的整体思维逻辑。新质生产力发展的逻辑，指的是新质生产力发展的一般性规律，主要包括新质生产力发展的内驱机制、形成路径等内容。

Productive forces are the most revolutionary and active factor. Studying the logic of the development of new quality productive forces based on historical materialism is the foundation for analyzing the internal mechanism of their development and the theoretical prerequisite for exploring the conditions for their development. The internal contradictions within the system of productive forces are the fundamental driving force for the development of new quality productive forces, and science and technology are an important factor within new quality productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces is a process that unifies gradualness and leaps. The development of new quality productive forces both follows the general logic of the development of productive forces and manifests the prominent characteristic of being led by scientific and technological innovation. The contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production is the fundamental driving force promoting the development of social history, and productive forces are regarded as the driving force of social and historical development. Science and technology are an important factor in productive forces. Science and technology can be applied to the production process and combined with factors such as laborers, means of labor, and subjects of labor within productive forces to be transformed into actual production capacity. The development of productive forces has historical dynamism; it continuously develops with the progress of science and technology, and productive forces in different eras have different forms. The development of productive forces promotes the universal interaction of people, and universal interaction in turn promotes the development of productive forces.

生产力是最革命、最活跃的要素。立足唯物史观研究新质生产力发展的逻辑是分析新质生产力发展内在机制的基础，是探讨新质生产力发展条件的理论前提。生产力体系的内部矛盾是新质生产力发展的根本动力，科学技术是新质生产力中的重要因素。新质生产力的发展是一个渐进性与飞跃性相统一的过程。新质生产力的发展既遵循着生产力发展的一般逻辑，又体现出以科技创新为引领的突出特点。生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动是推动社会历史发展的根本动力，生产力被视作社会历史发展的驱动力。科学技术是生产力中的重要因素。科学技术能够应用于生产过程，与生产力中的劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象等因素相结合而转化为实际生产能力。生产力的发展具有历史动态性，是随着科学和技术的进步而不断发展的，不同时代的生产力具有不同的形态。生产力发展促进了人们的普遍交往，而普遍交往又反过来推动了生产力的发展。

From the perspective of the practical necessity for China to develop new quality productive forces, facing the urgent demands of economic transformation and upgrading and the complex and volatile international situation, how to develop new quality productive forces has become a major issue in promoting high-quality development and Chinese-path modernization. Developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and key focus for promoting high-quality development. It is necessary to continue to do a good job in the great article of innovation and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces. Transforming the development model, optimizing the economic structure, and converting the growth impetus are both the main direction and the prominent features of high-quality development, in which new quality productive forces play an important role. From the perspective of the historical necessity of developing new quality productive forces, highly developed productive forces are the material foundation for realizing communism. Entering the New Era, the timely fulfillment of China’s First Centenary Goal [1]1 The First Centenary Goal refers to the goal of building a moderately prosperous society (小康社会) in all respects by the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China in 2021. has provided a solid foundation and a new historical starting point for realizing the grand blueprint drawn up by the 20th National Congress of the CPC. The proposal of “new quality productive forces” provides a new logical starting point and theoretical fulcrum for the new journey.

从中国发展新质生产力的现实必要性来看，面对经济转型升级的迫切要求和复杂多变的国际局势，如何发展新质生产力已经成为推动经济高质量发展和中国式现代化进程的重大课题。发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，必须继续做好创新这篇大文章，推动新质生产力加快发展。转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力，既是高质量发展的主攻方向，也是高质量发展的突出特征，其中新质生产力起着重要作用。从发展新质生产力的历史必要性来看，高度发达的生产力是实现共产主义的物质基础。进入新时代，中国第一个百年奋斗目标的如期完成，为实现党的二十大擘画的宏伟蓝图提供了坚实基础和历史新起点。“新质生产力”的提出为新的征程提供了新的逻辑起点和理论支点。

If we explain social and political changes based on the development of productive forces, then what explains the development of productive forces themselves? Productive forces are the material forces formed by human beings in the process of production practice to transform and influence nature so that it meets social needs. If we understand the concept of “productive forces” according to the two levels of internal factors and external environment, the internal factors of productive forces refer to the examination of productive forces from the perspective of relations within society, such as the role of the technical-material forms and social organizational forms of laborers, means of labor, and subjects of labor on productive forces. The external environment refers to taking society as a whole, exploring its relationship with related external factors, and thereby examining productive forces, such as the impact of the relationship between nature and society, the relationship between space and society, etc., on productive forces. Future research on the external environment of productive forces may expand in a divergent manner toward more dimensions. The interaction of internal factors and the external environment together forms the actual productive forces of human society.

如果我们根据生产力的发展来解释社会和政治的变迁，那么，又根据什么来解释生产力自身的发展呢？生产力是人类在生产实践中形成的改造和影响自然以使其适合社会需要的物质力量。如果按照内部因素与外部环境这两个层次来理解“生产力”这一概念，生产力的内部因素指的是从社会内部的关系出发对生产力进行考察，如劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象的技术物质形式和社会组织形式对生产力的作用。外部环境指的是把社会作为一个整体，探究其与相关外部因素的关系，从而对生产力进行考察，如自然与社会的关系、空间与社会的关系等对生产力的影响。今后对生产力外部环境的研究可能会向着更多的维度发散式拓展。内部因素和外部环境相互作用共同形成了人类社会的现实生产力。

The resolution of internal contradictions among the various elements within productive forces is an important source of the development of productive forces. Among the various elements within productive forces, there exist contradictions between the instruments of production and the laborers, contradictions between the means of labor and the subjects of labor, contradictions between traditional instruments of production and new instruments of production, and so on. The emergence and resolution of these contradictions drive the development of productive forces. For example, in England, there once appeared a contradiction where the spinning industry could not keep up with the needs of the weaving industry. Due to the expansion of the world market, a large demand for cotton cloth arose, which promoted the technological revolution in the English cotton textile industry, leading to the invention of the flying shuttle to increase productivity. However, the spinning industry lagged behind the weaving industry, and cotton yarn was in short supply. To resolve this contradiction, people improved and innovated the spinning machine. Another example: in the early days after the founding of New China, there were cases where some enterprises introduced advanced Soviet technology and equipment, but due to the workers’ lack of operational and application capabilities, these were left idle and wasted. This is a contradiction between the instruments of production and the laborers. Examining the development of productive forces from the perspective of the external environment, the most prominent is the contradiction between humans and nature in production. Productive forces are not only influenced by the social conditions of labor, such as cooperation and the application of science and technology, but are also constrained by the natural conditions of labor, such as soil fertility, water resources, forests and mineral resources, and so on. Human demand for natural resources is constantly increasing, yet natural resources are finite. In the struggle between humans and nature, laborers have enhanced their various capacities for response and innovation, while human production activities in turn affect the natural ecosystem. The deep-seated contradictions between humans and nature are mainly manifested in resource competition, environmental pollution, climate change, and ecological imbalance.

生产力内部诸要素的内在矛盾的解决，是生产力发展的重要源泉。在生产力内部诸要素中，存在着生产工具和劳动者之间的矛盾、劳动资料和劳动对象之间的矛盾、传统生产工具与新型生产工具之间的矛盾等。这些矛盾的产生和解决推动着生产力的发展。例如，英国曾出现纺纱业赶不上织布业需要的矛盾。由于世界市场的扩大，产生了对棉布的大量需求，这推动了英国棉织业的技术革命，发明了飞梭以提高生产力。但纺纱业跟不上织布业，棉纱供不应求，为解决这一矛盾，人们又改进和创新了纺纱机。又如，新中国成立初期，曾出现某些企业引进苏联先进技术设备，但由于职工缺乏操作和应用能力而闲置浪费的情况，这就是生产工具和劳动者之间的矛盾。从外部环境来考察生产力的发展，最为突出的是存在着生产中人与自然的矛盾。生产力不仅受到劳动的社会条件如协作和科学技术的应用等的影响，同时还要受到劳动的自然条件制约，如土壤肥力、水利资源、森林和矿产资源，等等。人类对自然资源的需求不断增加，自然资源却是有限的。在人与自然的斗争中，劳动者提高了自己的多种应对和创新能力，而人类的生产活动又会对自然生态系统产生影响。人与自然之间的深层矛盾主要体现在资源争夺、环境污染、气候变化和生态失衡等方面。

Productive forces are the most fundamental driving factor in the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production, and are the ultimate determining force in the development and progress of human society. The contradictions within the system of productive forces constitute the fundamental driving force behind the development of new quality productive forces. The expansion of the elements of production themselves, and the discovery and application of new forces of nature, are both important preconditions for the generation of new quality productive forces. In the current system of productive forces in China, there still exist contradictions such as those between factor-driven development and the demands of innovation-driven development, between the innovation of advanced technological equipment and the mismatch of workers' skills, and between the development of productive forces and environmental pollution. These contradictions drive the leap of productive forces from the traditional to the new quality, and the new qualitative leap of the three basic elements of productive forces and their optimized combination constitutes the basic connotation of new quality productive forces.

生产力是生产力和生产关系矛盾运动中最基本的动力因素，是人类社会发展和进步的最终决定力量。生产力体系的矛盾是新质生产力发展的根本动力。生产要素本身的拓展、对新的自然力的发现与应用，均是构成新质生产力生成的重要前提。在目前中国的生产力体系中，还存在着要素驱动发展与创新驱动发展要求的矛盾、先进技术设备的创新与劳动者技能不相适应的矛盾、生产力发展与环境污染之间的矛盾，等等。这些矛盾推动了生产力由传统向新质的飞跃，生产力三大基本要素及其优化组合的新质跃升构成了新质生产力的基本内涵。

(II) The Subject Conditions for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（二）发展新质生产力的主体条件

The conditions for the development of new quality productive forces are the externalization of the logic of their development, the analysis and practical application of that logic, and include the operational paradigm, value objectives, constraint boundaries, and other influencing factors of the development of new quality productive forces, as well as the relationships among them. The relationship between the logic and the conditions of the development of new quality productive forces is one of abstraction and concreteness, theory and practice, and internal mechanism and external requirements.

新质生产力发展的条件是新质生产力发展逻辑的外部化，是新质生产力发展逻辑的解析与实际应用，包括了新质生产力发展的运行范式、价值目标、约束边界等影响因素及其相互间的关系。新质生产力发展的逻辑和条件之间的关系是抽象和具体、理论和实践、内在机理和外在要求的关系。

The economization of science and technology and the scientification of the economy proceed in the same direction, and new quality productive forces promote the development of a science-and-technology-based mode of production. Modern science and technology exhibit a trend of deep integration and high unity, which in turn drives the continuous occurrence of industrial revolutions. Scientific revolution is the precursor of technological revolution, and technological revolution is the foundation and prerequisite of industrial revolution. Science and technology can be applied to the production process, combining with the factors of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor in the productive forces to transform into actual productive capacity. Although science and technology are the primary productive forces, technology itself is not equivalent to productive forces; technology can only become an important material factor of the productive forces when it is combined with human labor and mastered by the laborers. Therefore, new quality productive forces cannot be simply equated with new technology. The promotion of industrial structural change by science and technology, as well as the combination of science and technology with human labor, are both influenced and constrained by the social system, that is, by the relations of production. The role of production technology can only be manifested within human relations of production. The development of science, technology, and industry is constrained by the internal contradictions of the social relations of production in which they are embedded. The "science-technology-industry-institution" paradigm presented in the logic of the development of new quality productive forces indicates that scientific and technological conditions, industrial conditions, and institutional conditions are the operational conditions for achieving high-quality economic development.

科技的经济化和经济的科技化同向同行，新质生产力推动了科技型生产方式的发展。现代科学和技术呈现出不断融合发展的高度一体化趋势，进而推动了产业革命的不断发生。科学革命是技术革命的先导，技术革命又是产业革命的基础和前提。科学技术能够应用于生产过程，与生产力中的劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象因素相结合而转化为实际生产能力。虽然科学技术是第一生产力，但技术本身并不等同于生产力，技术只有与人的劳动相结合、为劳动者所掌握，才能成为生产力重要的物的因素。因此，不能把新质生产力简单等同于新技术。科学技术对产业结构变革的推动以及科学技术与人的劳动的结合，都要受到社会制度，即生产关系的影响和制约。生产技术的作用，只有在人的生产关系中才能表现出来。科技和产业的发展要受到它所在社会生产关系的内在矛盾的制约。新质生产力发展逻辑中呈现出来的“科技－产业－制度”范式表明，科技条件、产业条件和制度条件是实现经济高质量发展的运行条件。

The development of new quality productive forces presents an operational paradigm of "science-technology-industry-institution," and all subjects influencing its operation must be incorporated into the subjects of developing new quality productive forces. As a social productive force, from the perspective of the three types of practical subjects, the subject here mainly emphasizes the group subject. The group subject is a collection of individual subjects, and individual subjects exist within the group subject. Specifically, the scientific research and production application personnel who promote the realization of scientific and technological conditions, the consumers, employees, and business entities in various industries who promote the realization of industrial conditions, and the government institutions that promote the realization of institutional conditions, are all subjects in developing new quality productive forces. It needs to be emphasized that consumers also need to be incorporated into the subjects of developing new quality productive forces. It is precisely the consumption demand for use value that gives rise to the need to develop productive forces. The contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development is the principal contradiction in our society, and meeting the people's ever-growing needs for a better life requires the development of new quality productive forces. Consumption creates new production needs; consumption creates the motive force for production. This suggests that we should analyze the necessity and specific paths of China's development of new quality productive forces from the perspective of the needs of the masses. Thus, based on the understanding of group subjects, the subjects of developing new quality productive forces can be summarized into three categories: the first category is producers, including laborers and enterprise entities in various industries developing new quality productive forces; the second category is consumers, who are the demand subjects for developing new quality productive forces; the third category is the government, which is the supply subject of the new relations of production, i.e., the institutions, that adapt to the development of new quality productive forces. Among them, producers and consumers constitute the micro-subjects of the market economy, while the government is the subject of macroeconomic regulation and control over the market economy.

新质生产力的发展呈现出“科技－产业－制度”的运行范式，影响其运行的主体都要被纳入发展新质生产力的主体当中来。新质生产力作为一种社会的生产力，从实践主体的三种类型来看，这里的主体主要强调群体主体。群体主体是个人主体的集合，个人主体存在于群体主体之中。具体来说，促进科技条件得以实现的科技研发和生产应用人员，促进产业条件得以实现的各个产业的消费者、从业人员和经营主体，促进制度条件得以实现的政府机构，都是发展新质生产力的主体。需要强调的是，消费者也需要被纳入发展新质生产力的主体当中来。正是对使用价值的消费需求才引出发展生产力的需要。人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾是我国社会的主要矛盾，满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要要求发展新质生产力。消费创造出新的生产需要，消费创造出生产的动力。这启示我们要从人民群众的需要出发来分析中国新质生产力发展的必要性和具体路径。由此，可以根据对群体主体的理解把发展新质生产力的主体归纳为三大类：第一类是生产者，包括发展新质生产力的各行各业的劳动者和企业主体；第二类是消费者，这是发展新质生产力的需求主体；第三类是政府，这是适应新质生产力发展的新型生产关系即制度的供给主体。其中，生产者和消费者构成了市场经济的微观主体，而政府是对市场经济进行宏观调控的主体。

(III) The Overall Manifestation of the Subjectivity of Producers, Consumers, and the Government in the Process of Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（三）生产者、消费者和政府在发展新质生产力过程中主体性的总体表现

Whether producers, consumers, or the government, their constituents are all people with subjectivity. As people who are producers, in the process of developing new quality productive forces, their subjectivity is mainly manifested in human creativity, the enthusiasm for labor, and the efficiency of organizational management. Producers are the intellectual source driving the development of new quality productive forces, and are the innovation subjects and labor subjects in developing new quality productive forces. "It is necessary to improve the income distribution mechanism based on factors of production, stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data, better reflect the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent, and create a good atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure."

无论是生产者、消费者还是政府，其构成者均是具有主体性的人。作为生产者的人，在发展新质生产力的过程中，其主体性主要体现在人的创造性、劳动的积极性和进行组织经营管理的高效性上。生产者是推动新质生产力发展的智力来源，是发展新质生产力的创新主体和劳动主体。“要健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值，营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围。”

As people who are consumers, in the process of developing new quality productive forces, their subjectivity is mainly manifested in the people-centered nature and in the guidance of the development direction of new quality productive forces. Human needs are the driving force behind the development of productive forces. The people's aspiration for a better life is our goal; promoting reform and development is, in the final analysis, to enable the people to live better lives. Promoting the all-round development of people is an essential requirement of socialism. The development of new quality productive forces creates more material wealth to meet the broad needs of the masses, enabling people to gain more freedom to promote human liberation and development.

作为消费者的人，在发展新质生产力的过程中，其主体性主要体现为人民性，体现在对新质生产力发展方向的引导性上。人的需求是生产力发展的动因。人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标，抓改革、促发展，归根到底就是为了让人民过上更好的日子。推动人的全面发展是社会主义的本质要求。新质生产力的发展创造出更多的物质财富以满足人民群众的广泛需要，使人们能获得更多的自由以推动人的解放与发展。

As people who constitute the government, in the process of developing new quality productive forces, their subjectivity is mainly manifested in the initiative to continue to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and in the guidance of adhering to the correct direction of reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to a people-centered approach to advancing reform, always placing the people's interests in the highest position, and grasping the issues of greatest concern to the people, the most direct and realistic interests, to advance reforms in key areas.

作为政府组成者的人，在发展新质生产力的过程中，其主体性主要体现在继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度的主动性和坚持正确改革方向的引领性。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持以人民为中心推进改革，始终把人民利益摆在至高无上的地位，抓住人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题推进重点领域改革。

Market subjects refer to individuals and organizations that engage in economic activities in the market, enjoy rights, and assume obligations. Any market subject participates in economic activities with a clear purpose, aiming to pursue the maximization of its own interests while meeting social needs. Micro-subjects of the market refer to the interest subjects participating in market exchange, mainly including enterprises and individuals. In a market economy, enterprises and individuals are the most important micro-economic subjects. Enterprises, as productive organizations, complete the entire process from input to output, while individuals are consumers who provide factors of production, such as labor. Thus, producers and consumers constitute the micro-subjects in the market supply-demand structure. Relations of production must adapt to the requirements of the development of productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and form new relations of production that are compatible with them. The government is the supply subject of relations of production and also the subject of macroeconomic regulation and control over the market economy. Producers, consumers, and the government are the three major subject forces driving the development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, developing new quality productive forces can also fully activate the subjectivity of producers, consumers, and the government, allowing the innovative nature of the producer subject to be fully exerted, the needs of the consumer subject for a better life to be fully satisfied, and the government to continuously advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity along the correct direction of reform.

市场主体是指在市场上从事经济活动，享有权利和承担义务的个人和组织体。任何市场主体参与经济活动都带有明确的目的，以在满足社会需要中追求自身利益最大化为目的。市场微观主体是指参与市场交换的利益主体，主要包括企业和个人。在市场经济中，企业和个人是最重要的微观经济主体。企业作为生产性组织，完成从投入到产出的全过程，而个人则是消费者，提供生产要素，如劳动力。由此可见，生产者和消费者构成了市场供需结构中的微观主体。生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。政府是生产关系的供给主体，也是市场经济宏观调控的主体。生产者、消费者和政府是推动新质生产力发展的三大主体力量。与此同时，发展新质生产力也能够充分激活生产者、消费者和政府的主体性，让生产者主体的创新性得以充分发挥，让消费者主体对美好生活的需要得到充分满足，让政府沿着正确的改革方向不断推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

II. Producers: The Labor Subject and Enterprise Subject in Developing New Quality Productive Forces

二、生产者：发展新质生产力的劳动者主体和企业主体

With the continuous transformation and renewal of the instruments of production, a series of changes have taken place in the mode and form of human labour — from hunting and gathering labour relying on natural forces in primitive society to limb-extending labour relying on the making and simple tools in slave society, from the artisan-skill labour of consciously manufacturing complex instruments of production in feudal society to the physical-strength-enhancing labour relying on machine traction in capitalist society, from automated labour driven by electricity in the industrial economy era to intelligent digital labour relying on programs, algorithms and control in the digital economy era. The successive transformations of labour modes and labour forms interpret and present the evolution of the entire human civilisation form and social productive forces. The enterprise is the most basic unit of labour organisation and microeconomic subject under market economy conditions. The development of new quality productive forces has promoted the innovation of production modes and labour organisation forms, and has also driven changes in enterprise organisation forms and management methods. Changes in labour organisation forms and enterprise management methods can be regarded as changes in the relations of production at the micro level, corresponding to the mutual relations among people in the direct production process within the broad relations of production (including the ownership of the means of production, the mutual relations among people in the direct production process, and the relations of exchange and distribution of products), that is, the relations among people in the concrete labour process. Changes in the relations of production at the micro level will in turn react on the development of new quality productive forces through labourers and enterprises.

随着生产工具的不断变革更新，人类的劳动方式和劳动形态发生了一系列变化，如从原始社会的依靠自然力的狩猎和采集劳动到奴隶社会的依靠制作和简单工具的肢体延伸劳动，从封建社会的自觉制造复杂生产工具的工匠技艺劳动到资本主义社会的依靠机器牵引的体能增强劳动，从工业经济时代的利用电力驱动的自动化劳动再到数字经济时代的依靠程序、算法与控制的智能化数字劳动。劳动方式和劳动形态的依次变革诠释和呈现了整个人类文明形态和社会生产力的演进。企业是市场经济条件下最基本的劳动组织单位和微观经济主体。新质生产力的发展推动了生产方式和劳动组织形式的革新，也促进了企业组织形式和管理方式的变革。劳动组织形式和企业管理方式的变革可以被视作微观领域生产关系的变革，对应广义生产关系（包括生产资料所有制关系、人们在直接生产过程中的相互关系以及产品的交换关系和分配关系）中人们在直接生产过程中的相互关系，即具体劳动过程中人与人的关系。微观领域生产关系的变革又会通过劳动者和企业反作用于新质生产力的发展。

(I) Labourers Are the Fundamental Force Driving the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

（一）劳动者是推动新质生产力发展的根本力量

When Marx expounds the concept of "productive forces" in *Capital*, he often uses the formulation "labour productivity" and examines production activities from the perspective of the labour process. The labour process is the process in which labourers purposefully use the means of labour to act on the objects of labour and create new things; its essence embodies human creative capacity. From this perspective, the three simple elements of the labour process — the labourer, the objects of labour and the means of labour — constitute the three basic elements of the productive forces. The creation, dissemination and application of intelligence have become the key to driving economic growth. Talent is the primary resource; without the labourer as subject, there would be no new quality productive forces. Labourers are the fundamental force and determining factor in developing new quality productive forces, and are the most active and decisive active subject in the formation and use of new quality productive forces. With the development of science and technology, although the specialised division of labour required by the labour process itself will continue to exist, and this division of labour may even become increasingly refined and specialised, because highly developed productive forces enable individuals to hand over the entire material production labour to an automated and intelligent system of production instruments, people themselves can transcend the spontaneous social division of labour. Abundant free time enables people to engage in numerous fields of social activity. The emergence of the "prosumer" also opens up new possibilities for the integration of production and consumption, providing conditions for promoting the transformation of labour into autonomous activity. This change in the relations of production at the micro level fully promotes the more complete and comprehensive development of the labourer as subject, thereby further advancing the development of new quality productive forces. "Scientific and technological innovation" and "industrial development" are the two key words in developing new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation is the driving force for developing new quality productive forces, and industry is the main battlefield for developing new quality productive forces. The aim is to let the "flower of science and technology" bear the "fruit of industry". The subject role of labourers in promoting the development of new quality productive forces is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the scientific and technological innovation labour of researchers, and second, the production labour and service labour of industrial workers and agricultural labourers.

马克思在《资本论》中阐释“生产力”的概念时多使用“劳动生产力”的提法，并从劳动过程的角度考察生产活动。劳动过程就是劳动者有目的地运用劳动资料作用于劳动对象创造出新事物的过程，其本质体现的是人的创造性能力。从这个角度来说，劳动过程的三个简单要素———劳动者、劳动对象和劳动资料———构成生产力的三个基本要素。智力的创造、传播和应用成为推动经济增长的关键。人才是第一资源，没有劳动者主体就没有新质生产力。劳动者是发展新质生产力的根本力量和决定因素，是新质生产力的形成和使用过程中最活跃、具有决定性意义的能动主体。随着科技的发展，劳动过程本身所要求的专业性分工虽然会继续存在，这种劳动分工甚至会越来越精细化、专业化，但是由于高度发达的生产力使得个人能将整个物质生产劳动移交给自动化、智能化的生产工具体系去完成，人本身就能够从自发性社会分工中超脱出来，充沛的自由时间使人能够涉猎社会活动的众多领域。“产消合一者”的出现也使得生产和消费的融合出现新的可能，为促进劳动向自主活动的转化提供了条件。微观领域生产关系上的这种变革充分促进了劳动者主体更加充分和全面的发展，从而更进一步推动了新质生产力的发展。“科技创新”和“产业发展”是发展新质生产力的两个关键词，科技创新是发展新质生产力的驱动力，产业是发展新质生产力的主阵地，要让“科技之花”结出“产业之果”。劳动者在推动新质生产力发展过程中的主体作用也主要体现在这两个方面：一是科研工作者的科技创新劳动，二是产业工人和农业劳动者的生产劳动和服务劳动。

Scientific and technological innovation labour is a highly complex creative labour that will play an increasingly large role in social production and value creation. Natural scientists and engineering technicians are typical scientific and technological innovation labourers. Creative labour is the highest manifestation of the full exertion of human beings as subjects — their initiative, autonomy and self-directedness. The predominance of mental labourers is a prominent feature of the labourer subject in developing new quality productive forces, and disruptive innovation-driven is the technological feature of new quality productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces is a process in which, under the effect of science and technology as the determining factor of productive forces, education, management and other influencing factors act on labourers, instruments of labour and means of labour, thereby forming new productive forces. Under the effect of advanced technology, social productive forces undergo two changes: first, incremental revolution, that is, the accelerated formation and expansion of strategic emerging industries; second, structural revolution, that is, the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the formation of a new industrial system. Developing new quality productive forces requires both top-tier talents in basic disciplines, interdisciplinary fields and emerging disciplines that lead source innovation, and engineering and technical personnel, master craftsmen of the nation and skilled artisans who serve the new path of industrialisation; it requires both scientists and first-class scientific and technological leading talents and innovation teams, as well as large numbers of young scientific and technological talent teams. It is necessary to implement the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, cultivate and bring forth more scientists, first-class scientific and technological leading talents and innovation teams, promote the spirit of scientists, highlight the orientation of high-precision and cutting-edge, and cultivate top-tier talents and urgently needed talents who meet the needs of the national strategy and lead economic and social development.

科技创新劳动是一种高度复杂的创造性劳动，它在社会生产和价值创造中将发挥越来越大的作用，自然科学工作者和工程技术人员都是典型的科技创新劳动者。创造性劳动是人作为主体的能动性、自主性和自为性得到充分发挥的最高体现。以脑力劳动者为主是发展新质生产力的劳动者主体的突出特征，颠覆性创新驱动是新质生产力的技术特征。新质生产力的发展是在科学技术这一生产力决定因素作用下，通过将教育、管理等影响因素作用于劳动者、劳动工具和劳动资料，从而形成新的生产力的过程。在先进技术的作用下，社会生产力发生两种变化：一是增量革命，即战略性新兴产业的加速形成和壮大；二是结构革命，即传统产业的转型升级和新的产业体系的形成。发展新质生产力既需要牵引源头创新的基础学科、交叉学科和新兴学科的拔尖人才，也需要服务新型工业化道路的工程技术人才和大国工匠、能工巧匠；既需要科学家，也需要一流科技领军人才和创新团队，以及大批青年科技人才队伍。要实施人才强国战略，培养造就更多科学家、一流科技领军人才和创新团队，弘扬科学家精神，突出高精尖导向，培养适应国家战略需要、引领经济社会发展的拔尖人才和紧缺人才。

The production labour and service labour of industrial workers and agricultural labourers are the concrete means and specific pathways for promoting the development of new quality productive forces. If science and technology cannot be integrated with their production labour and service labour, they cannot be transformed into actual productive forces. Science and technology must be applied to the production process, combined with the labourers, means of labour and objects of labour in the productive forces to be transformed into actual production capacity, and form actual productive forces through the production activities of industrial workers and agricultural labourers. The broad masses of working people are the main force driving the development of new quality productive forces. They always struggle on the front line of production and construction, and with a high sense of ownership, diligent labour creation and a spirit of self-reliance, they have laid a solid foundation for socialist modernisation construction. In their labour, the broad masses of working people have tempered the model worker spirit represented by devotion to work, hard struggle and willingness to contribute; the labour spirit represented by respect for labour, hard work and honest labour; and the craftsman spirit represented by continuous improvement, pursuit of excellence and meticulousness.

产业工人和农业劳动者的生产劳动和服务劳动是推动新质生产力发展的现实手段和具体路径。科学技术如果不能够同他们的生产劳动和服务劳动结合在一起，是无法转化为现实的生产力的。科学技术必须应用于生产过程，与生产力中的劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象因素相结合而转化为实际生产能力，通过产业工人和农业劳动者的生产活动形成现实的生产力。广大劳动群众是推动新质生产力发展的主力，始终奋斗在生产建设的最前线，以高度的主人翁意识、勤恳的劳动创造、自力更生的拼搏精神，筑牢了社会主义现代化建设的基石。广大劳动群众在劳动中淬炼出以爱岗敬业、艰苦奋斗、甘于奉献为代表的劳模精神，以崇尚劳动、辛勤劳动、诚实劳动为代表的劳动精神，以精益求精、追求卓越、一丝不苟为代表的工匠精神。

New quality productive forces are a system of elements that uses science and technology as a penetrating factor to promote the optimal combination of multiple elements, thereby forming a new structure of productive forces and bringing about a qualitative improvement in the function of productive forces. This enhances the social aggregation effect of the division of labour, labour cooperation and labour exchange. Individual labour, as part of the total labour, comes into contact with society. Marx points out, "I produce only for society, and therefore for myself, while each other member of society produces for me in another sphere." [3]3 Karl Marx, "Comments on James Mill, *Élémens d'économie politique*," in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 3 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 217. The development of new quality productive forces aggregates the single data of market micro-subjects in the specific links of production, exchange, consumption and distribution into big data. Human general intelligence is increasingly condensed into intelligent instruments of production, participating in the overall social labour process in the form of constant capital. The resource sharing and collaborative innovation promoted by new quality productive forces prominently manifest a social integration effect, promoting the emergence of new business forms and new forms of labour organisation. Platforms have gained flexibility in employing labour, thereby promoting the employment of labourers in this way, which is a further manifestation of the externalisation of employment. In this process, labour relations become more unstable.

新质生产力是以科技为渗透要素推动多要素优化组合以构成新的生产力结构、促成生产力功能质的提升的要素集合系统。这提升了劳动分工、劳动协作和劳动交换的社会聚合效应。个体劳动作为劳动总体的一部分而与社会发生联系。马克思指出，“我只有为社会生产才是为自己生产，而社会的每个成员又在另一个领域中为我劳动”。新质生产力的发展使市场微观主体在生产、交换、消费和分配各具体环节的单一数据聚合在一起而形成大数据，人类一般智力越来越多地凝结成智能化的生产工具，以不变资本的形式参与到社会总体劳动过程之中。新质生产力所推动的资源共享和协同创新集中表现出一种社会融合效应，促进了新业态和新的劳动组织方式的出现。平台获得了用工的灵活性，以这种方式促进了劳动者的就业，是雇佣外部化的进一步体现。劳动关系在这一过程中变得更加不稳定。

While laborers promote the development of new quality productive forces, the development of new quality productive forces also brings about improvements in working conditions, helps the high-quality reproduction of the labor force itself, and promotes the comprehensive development of laborers. The application of automation and robotics technology reduces the physical burden on laborers, and the auxiliary decision-making of intelligent systems reduces repetition and errors in work, providing laborers with more safety guarantees and career development space, thereby enhancing the people's sense of happiness. If traditional machine-based productive forces surpassed human labor in the sense of human physical limits, then new quality productive forces driven by new-type artificial intelligence have surpassed all previous productive forces in the dual dimensions of both the physical and the thinking. Productive forces begin to move autonomously and self-improve. The development of new quality productive forces makes the bit world and the atom world generated by new quality productive forces coexist, and the enhancement of human labor capacity is mainly manifested in flexibly and autonomously facing various situations created by intelligent thinking. New quality productive forces will inevitably promote a leap in human capabilities and promote the free and comprehensive development of laborers.

劳动者在推动新质生产力发展的同时，新质生产力的发展也带来了劳动条件的改善，有助于劳动力自身的高质量再生产，促进劳动者的全面发展。自动化和机器人技术的应用减轻了劳动者的体力负担，智能系统的辅助决策减少了工作中的重复与错误，为劳动者提供了更多安全保障和职业发展空间，从而提高了人民的幸福感。如果说传统的机器生产力是在人的物理界限意义上超越了人力，那么，由新型人工智能驱动的新质生产力则是在物理与思维的双重维度上实现了对以往所有生产力的超越。生产力开始自主运动和自我提升。新质生产力的发展使得新质生产力生成的比特世界和原子世界共存，人类劳动能力的提升主要表现在灵活自主地面对智能化思维创造的各种情境。新质生产力必将推动人类能力的飞跃，推动劳动者的自由全面发展。

(II) Enterprises Are the Innovation Subjects Driving the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

（二）企业是推动新质生产力发展的创新主体

Enterprises are the subjects of market operations and also the subjects of scientific and technological innovation. Developing new quality productive forces requires fully leveraging the main role of innovative enterprises. Building new production relations compatible with new quality productive forces requires deeply promoting the digital transformation of innovative enterprises and forming a new paradigm of enterprise micro-management. Digital transformation effectively improves labor productivity through multiple mechanisms such as optimizing human capital allocation, improving management efficiency, and strengthening enterprise innovation capabilities. In the process of upgrading the manufacturing value chain to higher ends, digital transformation positively impacts enterprises' total factor productivity by activating R&D innovation and reducing transaction costs. The transformation of enterprise management models from a "profit-guided type" to a "vision-guided type" helps promote the development of new quality productive forces in enterprises by enhancing their innovativeness. Innovative enterprises are not only direct practitioners of technological innovation and industrial upgrading, playing a key role in the transformation from original technological innovation to high-quality industrial application, but also the frontier positions for the innovative allocation of production factors and the deepening application of new technologies, as well as important venues for the rapid emergence of new industries, new business forms, and new models. Innovative enterprises possess the capacity and motivation to support the development of new quality productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to fully leverage the main role of innovative enterprises. Enterprises directly face domestic and international markets, possessing the natural capacity and motivation to connect technology with industry. Important innovation resource factors such as talent, capital, and technology can only be effectively combined through enterprises and entrepreneurs, and then transformed into actual productive forces to promote economic growth.

企业是市场经营的主体，亦是科技创新的主体，发展新质生产力要充分发挥创新型企业的主体作用。构建与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系需要深入推进创新型企业的数字化转型，形成企业微观管理新范式。数字化转型通过优化人力资本配置、提升管理效率、强化企业创新能力等多重机制，有效提高了劳动生产率。在制造业价值链的高端化进程中，数字化转型通过激活研发创新和降低交易成本，对企业全要素生产率产生了积极影响。企业管理模式从“利润引导型”向“愿景引导型”的转变,有助于通过提升企业的创新性来推动企业新质生产力的发展。创新型企业不仅是技术创新和产业升级的直接实践者，在从原创性技术创新到高质量工业应用的转化过程中发挥着关键作用，而且是生产要素的创新性配置、新技术深化应用的前沿阵地和新产业、新业态、新模式快速涌现的重要场所。创新型企业具备支撑新质生产力发展的能力和动力，发展新质生产力必须充分发挥创新型企业的主体作用。企业直接面向国内外市场，具有联结科技与产业的天然能力和动力，人才、资金、技术等创新的重要资源要素只有通过企业和企业家才能有效组合，进而转化为现实生产力以促进经济增长。

For example, Huawei, as a globally renowned innovative enterprise, its innovativeness is mainly manifested in technological innovation, institutional innovation, organizational innovation, and decision-making system innovation. Starting from 1992, Huawei has insisted on investing at least 10% of its annual sales revenue in R&D. In 2023, R&D investment reached 164.7 billion yuan, accounting for 23.4% of annual revenue, with R&D personnel accounting for approximately 55%. The cumulative R&D expenditure over the past decade exceeded 1.11 trillion yuan. Huawei has 16 global R&D centers. In 2011, it also established the 2012 Laboratories [4]4 The 2012 Laboratories is a Huawei research unit established in 2011, named after the film *2012* to signify a sense of crisis and the need for breakthrough innovation; it focuses on fundamental scientific research and future technologies. oriented towards basic scientific research, providing a scientific and technological foundation for Huawei's product innovation. Particularly amidst external "encirclement and suppression," it still demonstrated strong development resilience and potential. Currently, Huawei's Kirin chips continue to evolve and iterate. By 2020, it launched the world's first 5-nanometer process 5G SoC, the Kirin 9000, and is expected to achieve a 3-nanometer process. Furthermore, Huawei launched the HarmonyOS system, achieving independent innovation in operating systems. Beyond technological innovation, whether it is the equity innovation of "workers holding shares" or the decision-making system innovation such as the "rotating COO" [5]5 "Rotating COO" (轮值COO) refers to Huawei's unique management system where senior executives take turns serving as Chief Operating Officer for a set period, a practice that evolved into its rotating chairmanship system., all make Huawei a technology enterprise with great vitality and innovation potential. The essential attribute of new quality productive forces requires innovative enterprises to become the mainstay of development.

例如，华为公司作为全球知名的创新型企业，其创新性主要体现在技术创新、制度创新、组织创新、决策体制创新等方面。从1992年开始，华为就坚持将每年销售额的至少10%投入研发，2023年研发投入达到1647亿元人民币，占全年收入的23.4%，研发人员占比约为55%，十年累计投入的研发费用超过11100亿元人民币。华为设有16个全球研发中心，2011年又成立了面向基础科学研究的2012实验室，为华为产品创新提供了科技基础，特别是在来自外部的“围追堵截”中仍然显示出了较强的发展韧劲和潜力。目前，华为麒麟芯片不断演进迭代，到2020年迎来全球首款5纳米工艺的5GSoC麒麟9000，并有望实现3纳米工艺。此外，华为公司推出了鸿蒙OS系统，实现了在操作系统上的自主创新。除了科技创新，无论是“工者有其股”的股权创新，还是“轮值COO”等决策体制创新，都使得华为成为一家具有很大活力和创新潜力的科技企业。新质生产力的本质属性需要创新型企业成为发展的主体支撑。

New quality productive forces are an advanced form of productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role. Enterprises are the subjects of innovation. It is necessary to unleash the innovation impetus of enterprises and stimulate the innovation vitality of talent, making enterprises an important force in developing new quality productive forces. It is necessary to further improve the market-oriented mechanism for technological innovation and enhance the independent innovation capability of enterprises. It is necessary to improve the market-oriented guidance mechanism and government guidance mechanism for technological innovation, strengthen industry-university-research collaborative innovation, guide various innovation factors to gather in enterprises, and promote enterprises to become the main subjects of technological innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization, and achievement transformation. As market subjects driving the development of new quality productive forces, enterprises need to build new micro-level production relations compatible with the development of new quality productive forces. The micro-level production relations of enterprises involve not only the relationships between people in the production process, including labor-capital relations and relations among laborers, but also the relationships between people and the means of production. The digital-intelligent transformation of the means of production prompts enterprises to rely on technological innovation and optimization to improve efficiency and reduce production costs, rather than increasing profits through traditional labor control methods. This is the product of creative labor. The new micro-level production relations of enterprises compatible with new quality productive forces require enterprises to adopt creative production methods and construct more harmonious labor relations within the enterprise. The new micro-level production relations of enterprises are organizational methods and management models that match the combination of new factors, possessing characteristics such as intelligence, collaboration, and flexibility, which help strengthen the enterprise's position as the main subject of innovation.

新质生产力是创新起主导作用的先进生产力质态。企业是创新的主体，要释放企业创新动力、激发人才创新活力，使企业成为发展新质生产力的重要力量。要进一步完善技术创新的市场导向机制，增强企业的自主创新能力。要健全技术创新的市场导向机制和政府引导机制，加强产学研协同创新，引导各类创新要素向企业集聚，促进企业成为技术创新决策、研发投入、科研组织和成果转化的主体。作为推动新质生产力发展的市场主体，企业需要构建同新质生产力的发展相适应的新型微观生产关系。企业的微观生产关系不仅涉及生产过程中人与人之间的关系，包括劳资关系和劳动者之间的关系，还涉及人与生产工具之间的关系。生产工具的数智化促使企业依靠技术创新和优化来提高效率和降低生产成本，而不是通过传统的劳动控制方式来提高利润，这是创造性劳动的产物。同新质生产力相适应的企业新型微观生产关系要求企业采用具有创造性的生产方式，在企业内部建构起更加和谐的劳动关系。企业的新型微观生产关系是与新要素组合相匹配的组织方式和管理模式，具有智能化、协同化和柔性化等特点，有助于强化企业的创新主体地位。

III. Consumers: The Demand Subjects for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

三、消费者：发展新质生产力的需求主体

"Need" (需要) usually refers to people's basic requirements or desires, the conditions necessary for individual survival and development. It is an internal, spontaneous state, reflecting physiological and psychological deficiencies in people. "Demand" (需求), on the other hand, refers to people's willingness and ability to purchase certain products or services under specific conditions. Demand is based on need, but it is the concrete manifestation of need under specific social and economic conditions. Demand has a clear object, usually pointing to specific goods or services. Demand guides production. Consumers' aspiration for a better life provides the demand foundation, application space, and market impetus for the development of new quality productive forces. Production creates demand. New quality productive forces provide consumption subjects with more products, broader choices, and higher quality. A virtuous cycle of mutual promotion and common development can be formed between new quality productive forces and consumer demand. The continuous upgrading of the consumption structure of demand subjects puts forward requirements for the upgrading of consumer goods. The upgrading of consumer goods towards greater intelligence, personalization, and diversification possesses the main characteristics of new-type consumption, making consumer demand an important lever for optimizing supply and developing new quality productive forces. Digital technology enables enterprises to achieve more efficient operations. At the same time, consumers can obtain higher-quality consumption and better customer experiences. Customized and experiential consumption is becoming more popular, and consumption continues to upgrade.

需要，通常指的是人们基本的要求或欲望，是个体生存和发展所必需的条件。它是一种内在的、自发的状态，反映了人的生理和心理上的不足。需求，则是指在一定条件下，人们对某种产品或服务的购买意愿和购买能力。需求是建立在需要的基础上的，但它是需要在社会环境和经济条件下的具体表现。需求具有明确的对象，通常指向特定的商品或服务。需求引导生产，消费者对美好生活的向往为新质生产力的发展提供需求基础、应用空间和市场动力。生产创造需求，新质生产力为消费主体提供更多产品、更广选择、更优品质。新质生产力与消费需求之间可以形成一种相互促进、共同发展的良性循环。需求主体的消费结构不断升级对消费品升级换代提出了要求，更加智能化、个性化、多样化的消费品升级换代具备了新型消费的主要特征，使消费需求成为优化供给和发展新质生产力的重要抓手。数字化技术使得企业实现更高效的运营，同时，消费者能够获得更高品质的消费、更优质的客户体验，定制化、体验式消费加快流行，消费持续升级。

(I) The Upgrading of Demand by Consumption Subjects Provides Traction for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（一）消费主体的需求升级为发展新质生产力提供牵引动力

For people to be able to make history, they must be able to live, and in order to live, they must engage in material production activities. Human needs are the driving force behind the development of productive forces. To maintain survival and life, humans have needs such as food, drink, shelter, and clothing, and for this reason they must develop the productive forces. The demands of consumers drive the development of new quality productive forces; consumption creates new production needs and production impetus. Entering the New Era, the people’s needs for a better life have become increasingly diverse, raising not only higher requirements for material life but also new demands for spiritual and cultural life. Society needs to produce more multi-layered and multi-dimensional products and services to meet the people’s needs for a better life; the upgrading of consumer demand provides a牵引动力 for the development of new quality productive forces. In recent years, the Engel coefficient of Chinese residents has been declining, while consumption expenditures on education, culture, entertainment, and medical care have increased significantly, showing a clear trend of consumption upgrading. The consumption structure of residents has undergone a fundamental change; the people are no longer satisfied with mere subsistence but are shifting toward development-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and service-oriented consumption. This new consumption trend provides an inexhaustible driving force for the development of new quality productive forces, making products with high technological added value, such as smart devices and services, key supply targets in the process of developing new quality productive forces. Consumption upgrading provides a super-large-scale market demand for product supply under the conditions of new quality productive forces, supporting the development and investment of new quality productive forces. To use new consumption demands to guide the development of new quality productive forces, we should take the upgrading of residents’ consumption and consumer goods as an opportunity to bring high-end, intelligent, and green products and services into consumers’ lives. China is the world’s largest single market, with outstanding advantages of a super-large market and diverse demand levels. This provides both huge market demand and rich application scenarios for the development of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, etc., generating a scale effect for technological innovation. Relying on the vast domestic market, it can quickly reduce costs, improve technological economics, and cultivate and develop emerging industries.

人们为了能够创造历史，就必须能够生活，而为了生活，就必须进行物质生产活动。人的需求是生产力发展的动因。人类为了维持生存和生活，就有吃喝住穿等生活需求，为此就要发展生产力。消费者的需求推动了新质生产力的发展，消费创造出新的生产需要和生产动力。进入新时代，人民对美好生活的需要日益多样化，不仅对物质生活提出了更高水平的要求，对精神生活和文化生活也提出了新要求。社会需要生产出更多层次和更多维度的产品和服务来满足人民群众对美好生活的需要，消费主体的需求升级为新质生产力的发展提供牵引动力。近年来，中国居民的恩格尔系数不断下降，教育、文化、娱乐、医疗等方面的消费支出明显增加，消费升级趋势显著。居民消费结构发生了根本性的改变，人民已经不再满足于温饱，而是向着发展型、享乐型、服务型消费方向转变。这种新的消费趋势为新质生产力发展提供了源源不绝的动力，使智能设备和服务等技术附加值高的产品成为新质生产力发展过程中的重要供给目标。消费升级为新质生产力条件下的产品供给提供超大规模市场需求，支撑新质生产力的发展和投入。以消费新需求牵引新质生产力发展，应以居民消费升级和消费品升级为契机，使高端化智能化绿色化产品和服务进入到消费者的生活中来。中国是全球最大的单一市场，超大规模市场优势突出且需求层次多样，为人工智能、生物技术等的发展既提供了巨大的市场需求，也提供了丰富的应用场景，具有技术创新的规模效应，依托庞大国内市场就能够快速降低成本，提高技术经济性，培育发展新兴产业。

The principal contradiction in Chinese society in the New Era is the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Behind this contradiction still lies the contradiction between supply and demand; meeting the people’s growing consumption needs and consumption quality is the ultimate goal of developing new quality productive forces. Under the traditional consumption model, commodity producers and consumers are connected through various commercial institutions, making it difficult for suppliers to know consumers’ real-time demands. The development and maturity of emerging digital-intelligent technologies such as cloud computing and big data provide the basic technical support for forming a platform-based consumption model. Under the platform-based consumption model, consumers express their genuine real-time demands through digital-intelligent consumption platforms, forcing the market supply side to promptly innovate and optimize goods and services, making them better match the dynamic changes in market demand. We must cultivate new quality productive forces oriented toward new consumption demands. Take automobiles and home appliances as examples. Under traditional consumption, automobiles and home appliances could only satisfy consumers’ preferences and demands for goods. However, with the deep application of technologies such as artificial intelligence and 5G, automobiles and home appliances equipped with intelligence and networking can feed back consumer behavior and preferences to producers, promoting continuous updates of products and services on the production side. Based on the timely extraction of consumer information, they continuously complete the iterative upgrading of products and services, achieving the continuous transformation and leap in the form and quality of productive forces on a larger scale, thereby promoting the cultivation of new quality productive forces and the continuous improvement of innovation capacity.

新时代中国社会的主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，这一矛盾的背后仍旧是供给与需求的矛盾，满足人民不断增长的消费需求和消费品质是新质生产力发展的最终目的。在传统消费模式下，商品生产者与消费者通过各种商业机构联结，供给者难以获知消费者的即时需求。云计算、大数据等新兴数智技术的发展与成熟，为形成平台式消费模式提供了基本的技术支撑。在平台式消费模式下，消费者通过数智化消费平台表达自身的真实即时需求，倒逼市场供给端及时创新优化商品服务，使之能够更加匹配市场需求的动态变化。要面向消费新需求培育新质生产力。以汽车和家电为例，传统消费下汽车和家电仅仅能够满足消费者对商品的偏好和需求，而随着人工智能、5G等技术的深度应用，加载了智能化、网络化的汽车和家电能将消费者行为、偏好反馈给生产者，促进生产端产品与服务持续更新，在及时提取消费者信息的基础上不断完成产品与服务的持续迭代，实现更大范围内生产力形态和质态不断变迁和跃升，从而促进新质生产力培育和创新能力不断提高。

(II) Developing New Quality Productive Forces Can Better Meet the People’s Needs for a Better Life

（二）发展新质生产力能够更好地满足人民群众对美好生活的需要

From the perspective of consumption levels, the development of new quality productive forces promotes the improvement of total factor productivity, enabling the provision of more products and services to consumers with higher efficiency. New quality productive forces are characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, with a significant increase in total factor productivity as their core symbol. New quality productive forces are “new” in terms of new technologies, new factors, and new combinations. New quality productive forces are a system of factor sets that use science and technology as a penetrating element to promote the optimal combination of multiple factors, thereby forming a new structure of productive forces and facilitating a qualitative improvement in the function of productive forces. This greatly enhances production efficiency and product quality, thus enabling the provision of a greater quantity of consumer goods at a given cost. Furthermore, developing new quality productive forces should be combined with improving residents’ consumption capacity, increasing residents’ income through the development of new quality productive forces. It is necessary to improve the income distribution mechanism in which factors participate, stimulating the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data, and better reflecting the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent. Developing productive forces is the material basis for increasing residents’ income. Developing new quality productive forces improves labor efficiency, spawns new job positions such as software engineers, data analysts, and biotechnology experts, raises the income level of high-skilled workers, and also creates more employment opportunities, helping to enhance the consumption level of demand subjects by increasing residents’ income.

从消费水平来看，新质生产力的发展促进了全要素生产率的提升，能够以更高的效率为消费者提供更多的产品和服务。新质生产力具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志。新质生产力“新”在新技术、新要素、新组合。新质生产力是以科技为渗透要素推动多要素优化组合以构成新的生产力结构、促成生产力功能质的提升的要素集合系统，极大地提升了生产效率和产品品质，从而能够在一定成本下提供更多数量的消费品。此外，发展新质生产力还应与提高居民消费力相结合，通过新质生产力的发展来提高居民收入。要健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值。发展生产力是提高居民收入的物质基础。发展新质生产力提高了劳动效率，催生了软件工程师、数据分析师、生物技术专家等新就业岗位，提升高技能劳动者收入水平，也创造了更多的就业岗位，有助于通过提高居民收入来提升需求主体的消费水平。

From the perspective of consumption structure, the development of new quality productive forces gives rise to new industries and promotes the upgrading of traditional industries. Industrial innovation provides consumers with new consumer goods and optimizes the supply structure of consumer goods. The “quality” of new quality productive forces is concentratedly reflected in the essential technological transformation, the qualitative upgrading of factors, and the advanced combination of qualities. The direct result it brings is the overall qualitative improvement of productive forces and the qualitative satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life; it is productive forces of a new quality. The development process of new quality productive forces is also the process of innovatively applying new production methods, which inevitably brings about an expansion of production boundaries, including introducing new products, adopting new production methods, opening up new markets, obtaining new supply sources, and forming new organizations. Industries are the carriers for developing new quality productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces is reflected not only in promoting the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries but also in using revolutionary technologies to transform traditional industries to form new industrial forms, and in promoting integrated industrial development to form new industrial models. The development of the industrial structure determines the development of the consumption structure. Providing new products, new services, and higher-quality consumer goods to consumers as demand subjects can better meet the people’s needs for a better life. Products related to typical new quality productive forces formats, such as smart homes, new energy vehicles, low-altitude aircraft, smart sports equipment, and smart translation machines, bring new experiences to consumers while also stimulating more new types of consumption demands, leading the upgrading and improvement of demand.

从消费结构来看，新质生产力的发展催生了新产业，促进了传统产业的升级，产业创新为消费者提供了新的消费品，优化了消费品的供给结构。新质生产力的“质”集中体现在本质上的技术转型、质量上的要素升级和品质上的组合进阶，其带来的直接结果是整体生产力质的提升和人民群众美好生活需要质的满足，是新质态的生产力。新质生产力的发展过程也是新的生产方法创新运用的过程，必然会带来生产边界的拓展，包括推出新的产品、采用新的生产方法、开辟新的市场、获取新的供应来源、形成新的组织等。产业是发展新质生产力的载体，新质生产力的发展既体现为推动战略性新兴产业和未来产业的发展，又体现为用革命性技术改造传统产业从而形成新的产业形态，还体现为推动产业融合发展形成新的产业模式。产业结构的发展决定了消费结构的发展，为作为需求主体的消费者提供新产品、新服务和更高品质的消费品，能够更好地满足人民群众对美好生活的需要。智能家居、新能源汽车、低空飞行器、智慧运动设备、智能翻译机等一系列新质生产力典型业态相关产品给广大消费者带来全新体验的同时，也激发更多新型消费需求，引领需求的提质升级。

From the perspective of consumption methods, the development of new quality productive forces promotes the emergence of new business forms and new models, such as the sharing economy and the platform economy. These new business forms and models provide consumers with more choices in consumption methods. For example, shared mobility reduces the need for personal car purchases, not only alleviating urban traffic pressure but also reducing household expenditures and improving quality of life. Informatization, networking, and platformization have changed the way people communicate and consume goods, making people’s lives more convenient and colorful. Digital platforms and mobile applications make knowledge, culture, and entertainment content readily accessible. The popularization of services such as online education and telemedicine has greatly improved the quality of life, especially for residents in remote areas or those with limited mobility. New quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces, meeting the people’s needs for environmental protection, energy conservation, and sustainable lifestyles. Smart technologies enable consumers to obtain more personalized and diversified customized goods and services, satisfying consumers’ pursuit of a high-quality life. Using digital-intelligent technology to deeply integrate various e-commerce platforms with commercial business entities and service enterprises, and constructing innovative digital-intelligent technology scenarios, can more accurately capture consumption demands, thereby promoting the transformation and upgrading of consumption structure and consumption patterns.

从消费方式来看，新质生产力的发展促进了新业态、新模式的涌现，如共享经济、平台经济等，这些新业态、新模式的出现为消费者提供了消费方式上的更多选择。例如，共享出行减少了个人购车需求，不仅缓解了城市交通压力，同时也降低了家庭支出，提升了生活质量。信息化、网络化和平台化改变了人们交流沟通和消费商品的方式，使人们的生活更加便捷和丰富多彩。数字平台和移动应用让知识、文化、娱乐内容触手可及，线上教育、远程医疗等服务的普及在很大程度上提高了生活质量，尤其是对偏远地区居民或行动不便者等有很大帮助。新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力，它满足了人民群众对环保节能和可持续生活方式的需要。智能技术使得消费者可以获得更为个性化和多样化的商品定制服务，满足消费者对高品质生活的追求。利用数智技术深度融合各类电商平台与商贸经营主体、服务企业，构建创新性数智化技术场景，能够更加精准地捕捉到消费需求，从而促进消费结构与消费模式转型升级。

IV. Government: The Subject of Institutional Supply for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

四、政府：发展新质生产力的制度供给主体

In the operation of the socialist market economy system, the subjects of production and consumption, as the micro-subjects of the market economy, achieve the continuous improvement of productive forces through mutual promotion. The operation of the socialist market economy system cannot be separated from the government's macroeconomic regulation and control; "scientific macroeconomic regulation and effective government governance are the inherent requirements for giving full play to the advantages of the socialist market economy system." New quality productive forces are both a development proposition and a reform proposition. The theme of Marxist political economy research covers the study of changes in relations of production during the development of productive forces, as well as the study of how changes in relations of production open up pathways for the development of productive forces. The promotion of industrial structural change by science and technology, as well as the combination of science and technology with human labor, are both influenced and constrained by the social system, that is, by relations of production. The development of science, technology, and industry is constrained by the internal contradictions of the relations of production in the society in which they are located. The government is the supply subject of the relations of production and the economic system for developing new quality productive forces: the central government carries out top-level design of the basic principles and overall methods for developing new quality productive forces, and makes an overall deployment for forming new relations of production compatible with new quality productive forces through further comprehensively deepening reform; local governments must proceed from actual conditions, establish the new before abolishing the old, adapt measures to local conditions, and provide classified guidance, selectively promoting the development of new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth based on local resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions.

在社会主义市场经济体制的运行中，生产主体和消费主体作为市场经济的微观主体在相互促进中实现生产力的不断提高。社会主义市场经济体制的运行离不开政府的宏观调控，“科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理，是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求”。新质生产力既是一个发展命题，也是一个改革命题。马克思主义政治经济学研究的主题涵盖对生产力发展过程中生产关系变化的研究，也包括对生产关系变革如何为生产力的发展开辟道路等问题的研究。科学技术对产业结构变革的推动以及科学技术与人的劳动的结合，都要受到社会制度，即生产关系的影响和制约。科技和产业的发展要受到它所在的社会的生产关系的内在矛盾制约。政府是发展新质生产力的生产关系和经济制度的供给主体：中央政府对发展新质生产力的基本原则和总体方法进行顶层设计，对通过进一步全面深化改革以形成与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系进行总体部署；地方政府要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导，根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展。

(I) The Central Government's Top-Level Design of the Institutional Supply for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（一）中央政府对发展新质生产力制度供给的顶层设计

"Relations of production must be compatible with the requirements of the development of productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and form new relations of production compatible with them. We must deepen reforms of the economic system, the science and technology system, etc., focus on removing the blockages and bottlenecks that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, establish a high-standard market system, innovate the allocation methods of production factors, and enable all kinds of advanced and high-quality production factors to flow smoothly towards the development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, we must expand high-standard opening up and create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces." We should focus on the new requirements that the development of new quality productive forces places on relations of production, take economic system reform as the driving force, further deepen reforms of the science and technology system and the talent system, and further deepen reforms of the political system, the cultural system, the social system, the ecological civilization system, and the Party building system. By improving the superstructure to adapt to the development requirements of the economic base, we should explore specific pathways for reform in various fields that promote the development of new quality productive forces. The 2024 "Government Work Report" proposes to "vigorously promote the construction of a modern industrial system and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces. Give full play to the leading role of innovation, promote industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the promotion of new-type industrialization, improve total factor productivity, continuously shape new drivers of growth and new advantages, and promote a new leap in social productive forces." Relevant key tasks for 2024 include promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial and supply chains, actively cultivating emerging industries and future industries, and deeply promoting the innovative development of the digital economy.

“生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。要深化经济体制、科技体制等改革，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，建立高标准市场体系，创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动。同时，要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。”我们应着眼于新质生产力发展对生产关系提出的新要求，以经济体制改革为牵引，进一步深化科技体制和人才体制改革，以及进一步深化政治体制、文化体制、社会体制、生态文明体制和党的建设制度改革，通过完善上层建筑适应经济基础的发展要求，探索促进新质生产力发展的各领域改革的具体路径。2024年《政府工作报告》提出，要“大力推进现代化产业体系建设，加快发展新质生产力。充分发挥创新主导作用，以科技创新推动产业创新，加快推进新型工业化，提高全要素生产率，不断塑造发展新动能新优势，促进社会生产力实现新的跃升”。2024年的相关重点任务包括推动产业链供应链优化升级、积极培育新兴产业和未来产业、深入推进数字经济创新发展等。

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [8]8 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. emphasized taking economic system reform as the driving force and made comprehensive arrangements for reforms in various fields and aspects. Handling the relationship between the government and the market is the core issue of economic system reform. To deepen economic system reform, we must focus on handling this core issue, give prominence to building a high-level socialist market economy system, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better play the role of the government. To deepen economic system reform, we must build a modern industrial system and prospectively cultivate and strengthen strategic emerging industries and future industries. We must accelerate the construction of a unified national market and give play to the innovation advantages of a super-large market. We must improve the income distribution mechanism for factor participation and stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data. We must expand high-standard opening up and create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces. Optimize the layout of major productive forces and improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions. To cultivate new drivers of growth for developing new quality productive forces, the main task of deepening the reform of the science and technology system is to focus on the supply of common basic technologies and the application of technological transformation. Innovation is the engine for developing new quality productive forces. In modern society, a large number of scientific research entities exist in the form of enterprises, but there are still a large number of scientific research institutions that are public institutions, existing not in the form of enterprises but in the form of public affairs organizations. Under socialist conditions, China's national scientific research system can efficiently coordinate the forces of all parties, precisely invest limited resources in key scientific research fields, and lay out core technology breakthroughs such as chips, aerospace, and 5G and the coordinated operations of scientific research teams from the national strategic level. We must deepen the reform of the scientific and technological innovation system and mechanism, improve and perfect the scientific and technological innovation system, and optimize the evaluation system for scientific and technological innovation achievements. Deepen the classified reform of scientific research institutes and the reform of the scientific research system and mechanism of higher education institutions, build a governance structure that conforms to the laws of innovation and has a clear functional positioning, improve the organization of scientific research and the operation and management mechanism, enhance the creation and supply of knowledge, and consolidate the foundation of the national innovation system. "In accordance with the requirements for developing new quality productive forces, we must smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, and improve the working mechanism for talent cultivation, introduction, use, and rational flow." According to the new trends in scientific and technological development, we must optimize the disciplinary settings and talent cultivation models of higher education institutions to cultivate urgently needed talents for developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development.

党的二十届三中全会强调要以经济体制改革为牵引，对各领域各方面的改革进行了全面部署。处理好政府和市场的关系是经济体制改革的核心问题。深化经济体制改革要围绕处理好这个核心问题，把构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制摆在突出位置，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。深化经济体制改革要建设现代产业体系，前瞻性培育壮大战略性新兴产业和未来产业。要加快建设全国统一大市场，发挥超大规模市场的创新优势。要健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力。要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。优化重大生产力布局，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制。为培育发展新质生产力的新动能，深化科技体制改革的主要任务是要重点做好共性基础技术供给和技术转化应用方面的工作。创新是发展新质生产力的引擎。在现代社会中大量科研实体机构以企业形式存在，但仍有大量科研机构是事业单位，并非以企业形式而是以公共事务机构的形式存在。社会主义条件下中国的国家科研体制能够高效统筹各方力量，将有限资源精准投放到关键科研领域，从国家战略层面布局芯片、航天、5G等核心技术攻关和科研团队协同作战。要深化科技创新体制机制改革，健全和完善科技创新体系，优化科技创新成果评价体系。深化科研院所分类改革和高等学校科研体制机制改革，构建符合创新规律、职能定位清晰的治理结构，完善科研组织方式和运行管理机制，增强知识创造和供给，筑牢国家创新体系基础。“要按照发展新质生产力要求，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环，完善人才培养、引进、使用、合理流动的工作机制。”要根据科技发展新趋势，优化高等学校学科设置、人才培养模式，为发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展培养急需人才。

The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, the advantage of adhering to reform and innovation and keeping pace with the times, being good at self-improvement and self-development, and the advantage of relying on the dual forces of the government and the market to promote the development of productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces calls for the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with them, including both reforming the parts of existing relations of production that are incompatible with the development requirements of new quality productive forces and building new relations of production to promote the further development of new quality productive forces in the future. Accelerating the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces requires further improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics through systematic and integrated comprehensive reforms. We must adhere to and develop the basic economic system, improve the construction of the macroeconomic governance system, accelerate the construction of institutional mechanisms for high-quality development, and increase support for institutional mechanisms such as innovation-driven development and integrated urban-rural development, so that social productive forces can be further liberated and developed, and social vitality can be further enhanced, thereby enabling relations of production to better adapt to the development of productive forces and the superstructure to better adapt to the development of the economic base.

中国特色社会主义制度具有集中力量办大事的优势，具有坚持改革创新、与时俱进，善于自我完善、自我发展的优势，具有依靠政府和市场双重力量促进生产力发展的优势。新质生产力的发展呼唤形成与之更相适应的生产关系，既包括变革现有生产关系中不适应新质生产力发展要求的部分，也包括构建新型生产关系以推动未来新质生产力的进一步发展。加快形成同新质生产力更适应的生产关系需要以系统集成的全面改革进一步完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，要坚持和发展基本经济制度，完善宏观经济治理体系建设，加快构建高质量发展的体制机制，加大对创新发展、城乡一体化融合发展等体制机制的支持力度，让社会生产力得到进一步的解放和发展，让社会活力得以进一步增强，从而使生产关系更好地适应生产力的发展，上层建筑更适应经济基础的发展。

(II) Local Governments Cultivate New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions

（二）地方政府因地制宜地培育新质生产力

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Developing new quality productive forces does not mean ignoring or abandoning traditional industries. We must prevent a rush of activity and bubbles, and we must not adopt a single model. All localities must proceed from actual conditions, establish the new before abolishing the old, adapt measures to local conditions, and provide classified guidance. Based on local resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions, they should selectively promote the development of new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, use new technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, and actively promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industries." "Adapting measures to local conditions" means developing new quality productive forces based on the actual conditions of each region, and effectively promoting the rational flow and efficient aggregation of various factors in the process of fully stimulating the comparative advantages of each region. The resource endowments and development levels of different regions vary greatly. Local governments must grasp the key points and difficulties of development, cannot simply apply a single development model, and must prescribe the right remedy for the case.

习近平总书记指出：“发展新质生产力不是要忽视、放弃传统产业，要防止一哄而上、泡沫化，也不要搞一种模式。各地要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导。根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展，用新技术改造提升传统产业，积极促进产业高端化、智能化、绿色化。”“因地制宜”就是要根据各地区的实际情况发展新质生产力，要在充分激发各地区比较优势的过程中，有效促进各类要素合理流动和高效聚集。各地禀赋资源和发展水平千差万别，地方政府要把握住发展的重点难点，不能简单套用单一的发展模式，必须做到对症下药。

The "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, explicitly states the need to "improve the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions" and makes comprehensive arrangements for this. Local governments must, while submitting to the national strategic framework, identify their own advantages, rationally lay out the development fields and specific directions for new quality productive forces, and cultivate advanced industrial clusters with distinctive local characteristics. For example, in the practice of advancing new quality productive forces, Beijing, leveraging its technological innovation advantages such as being an international science and technology innovation center, the Zhongguancun world-leading science and technology park, its abundant talent resources, and its numerous first-class universities and research institutes, uses technology business incubators as a vehicle to promote original scientific and technological innovation, the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and to accelerate hard-tech entrepreneurship. It engages in advanced and deep incubation oriented toward the world's scientific and technological frontiers, creating an open innovation ecosystem with global influence. Shenzhen coordinates the development of its "20+8" industrial clusters [9]9 The "20+8" industrial clusters refer to Shenzhen's plan to develop 20 strategic emerging industry clusters (e.g., networks and communications, semiconductors and integrated circuits) and 8 future industries (e.g., synthetic biology, blockchain)., utilizing its key advantages in developing high technology to form a whole-process innovation ecological chain of "basic research + technological breakthroughs + industrialization of achievements + technology finance + talent support," building strategic emerging industries with advanced manufacturing as the mainstay. Hangzhou, leveraging its advantages as the capital of the internet, focuses on digital empowerment, promoting the "second climb" and development of the digital economy. Closely adhering to the development orientation of "Digital Smart Hangzhou · Livable Paradise," it accelerates the integration of digital and real economies, cultivating six future industries: future networks, future medical care, air-ground integration, the metaverse, brain-like intelligence, and advanced new materials.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》明确提出“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”,并作出全面部署。地方政府要在服从国家战略方针前提下，找准自身优势，合理布局新质生产力的发展领域和具体方向，培育各具特色的先进产业集群。例如，在推进新质生产力的实践中，北京立足国际科技创新中心和中关村世界领先科技园区、雄厚的人才资源、数量众多的一流高校和科研院所等技术创新优势，以科技企业孵化器为载体推动科技原始创新、科技成果转化、加速硬科技创业，面向世界科技前沿超前深度孵化，打造具有全球影响力的开放创新生态。深圳统筹发展“20+8”产业集群，利用其在发展高新技术方面所具备的关键优势，形成了“基础研究+技术攻关+成果产业化+科技金融+人才支撑”全过程创新生态链，以先进制造业为主体打造战略性新兴产业。杭州立足互联网之都的优势，聚焦数字赋能，推动了数字经济的“二次攀升”和发展，紧紧围绕“数智杭州·宜居天堂”的发展导向，加快推动数实融合，培育未来网络、未来医疗、空地一体、元宇宙、类脑智能、前沿新材料六大未来产业。

Local governments must fully leverage their own agency and initiative, cultivating new quality productive forces according to local resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions, avoiding homogenized, duplicative, disorderly competition and low-level development. Regions rich in scientific and technological resources should closely adhere to the core element of scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the construction of a sound innovation ecosystem, promote the rapid emergence of original and disruptive technologies, and build themselves into sources of original innovation. National-level manufacturing clusters and industrial bases should focus on promoting the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, fostering the close integration of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation, and achieving innovation-driven development. Resource-based regions should intensify the refined and high-value development and utilization of resources, transforming resource advantages into economic development advantages and promoting the cultivation of new economic growth points. Border-opening regions should focus on promoting the high-quality development of platforms such as border economic cooperation zones, cross-border economic cooperation zones, and cross-border tourism cooperation zones, vigorously promoting border development and opening up.

地方政府要充分发挥自身的主体性和积极性，根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等因地制宜地培育新质生产力，避免同质化、重复化、无序竞争的低水平发展。科技资源富集地区要紧扣科技创新核心要素，加快构建完善的创新生态，推动原创性、颠覆性技术快速涌现，打造原始创新策源地；国家级制造业集群和产业基地要着力推动制造业转型升级，促进科技创新与产业创新紧密结合，实现创新驱动发展；资源型地区要加大资源的精细化、高值化开发利用，将资源优势转化为经济发展优势，促进经济新增长点培育；沿边开放地区重点促进边境经济合作区、跨境经济合作区、跨境旅游合作区等平台高质量发展，大力推动沿边开发开放。

V. Perfecting the Subject Conditions for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

五、完善发展新质生产力的主体条件

The goal of building a high-level socialist market economy system and further comprehensively deepening reform is to "further liberate and develop the social productive forces, and stimulate and enhance social vitality." New quality productive forces are an advanced state of productive forces where innovation plays the leading role, breaking away from traditional modes of economic growth and paths of productive forces development, characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, and conforming to the new development philosophy. They are engendered by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimized combination. Their core symbol is a substantial increase in total factor productivity. Their characteristic is innovation, the key lies in superior quality, and their essence is advanced productive forces. The goal of building a high-level socialist market economy system is consistent with developing new quality productive forces. A high-level socialist market economy system is a market economy built on the foundation of the socialist system. It stimulates the vitality of laborers' development by strengthening talent incentive mechanisms; fully protects intellectual property rights and supports enterprises in enhancing their independent innovation capabilities; better coordinates consumption and investment to stimulate consumption potential; and improves the basic systems of the market economy and the macroeconomic governance system. By doing so, it leverages the initiative of various subjects, including the laborer subject, enterprise subject, consumer subject, and government subject, providing lasting momentum for the development of new quality productive forces. Perfecting the subject conditions for developing new quality productive forces requires efforts in multiple aspects, including education, innovation, consumption, and the market.

构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制、进一步全面深化改革的目标旨在“进一步解放和发展社会生产力、激发和增强社会活力”。新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。它由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力。构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制与发展新质生产力的目标是一致的。高水平社会主义市场经济体制是建立在社会主义制度基础上的市场经济，它通过强化人才激励机制、充分释放劳动者发展活力，充分保护知识产权、支持企业提升自主创新水平，更好统筹消费和投资、激发消费潜能，完善市场经济基础制度、健全宏观经济治理体系，从而发挥劳动者主体、企业主体、消费者主体和政府主体等各类主体的积极性，为新质生产力发展提供持久动能。完善发展新质生产力的主体条件，需要从教育、创新、消费和市场等多方面着手。

First, promote the deep integration and development of the education chain, talent chain, innovation chain, and industrial chain, smooth the virtuous cycle of education, talent, science and technology, and industry, fully activate the initiative of each subject, and provide intellectual sources and endogenous impetus for developing new quality productive forces. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee proposed the need to thoroughly implement the strategies of rejuvenating the country through science and education, strengthening the nation through talent, and innovation-driven development. It made arrangements for "coordinating and advancing the integrated reform of education, science and technology, and talent systems and mechanisms," raising higher requirements for further promoting the deep integration of the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain. It is necessary to deepen comprehensive reform of education, reform of the science and technology system, and reform of the talent development system and mechanism, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system and achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.

第一，促进教育链、人才链、创新链和产业链深度融合发展，畅通教育、人才、科技和产业的良性循环，充分激活各个主体的积极性，为发展新质生产力提供智力来源和内生动力。党的二十届三中全会提出必须深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，就“统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革”作出安排部署，对进一步促进创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链深度融合提出了更高要求。要深化教育综合改革、科技体制改革、人才发展体制机制改革，进而提升国家创新体系整体效能，实现高水平科技自立自强。

Second, fully stimulate the vitality of various enterprise subjects. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee made arrangements to strengthen the position of enterprises as the main subjects of scientific and technological innovation, in order to further stimulate the vitality of enterprise scientific and technological innovation. It is necessary to strengthen the position of enterprises as the main subjects of scientific and technological innovation, establish a mechanism for cultivating and strengthening leading technology enterprises, strengthen enterprise-led deep integration of industry, academia, and research, establish an enterprise R&D reserve fund system, and support enterprises in taking the lead or participating in national scientific and technological攻关 tasks. Build mechanisms to promote the development and growth of specialized and new "little giant" enterprises [10]10 "Specialized and new 'little giant' enterprises" (专精特新小巨人企业) are small and medium-sized enterprises that are specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative, recognized by the state as key players in niche markets with strong innovation capabilities.. Encourage small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises to increase R&D investment and raise the additional deduction ratio for R&D expenses. Only by achieving equal competition for enterprises of all ownership types, treating them equally in terms of taxation, credit, listing, bond issuance, land use, and project approval, can the innovation vitality of all types of enterprises be stimulated.

第二，要充分激发各类企业主体活力。党的二十届三中全会就强化企业科技创新主体地位作出部署，以进一步激发企业科技创新活力。要强化企业科技创新主体地位，建立培育壮大科技领军企业机制，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，建立企业研发准备金制度，支持企业主动牵头或参与国家科技攻关任务。构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制。鼓励科技型中小企业加大研发投入，提高研发费用加计扣除比例。实现各类所有制企业平等竞争，在税收、信贷、上市、发债、用地、项目审批等方面一视同仁，才能激发各类企业的创新活力。

Third, organically combine the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening supply-side structural reform, better coordinate consumption and investment, promote stable consumption growth, cultivate and expand new types of consumption, optimize the consumption environment, and better meet the people's needs for improving their lives. The Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that one of the key tasks for 2025 is to vigorously boost consumption and expand domestic demand in all aspects. Implement a special action to boost consumption, promote income increase and burden reduction for middle and low-income groups, and enhance their consumption capacity, willingness, and level. Accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, and establish a long-term mechanism for government investment to support the construction of major projects that are foundational, public welfare, and long-term. Improve the long-term mechanism for expanding consumption, reduce restrictive measures, reasonably increase public consumption, and actively promote the "premiere economy" [11]11 "Premiere economy" (首发经济) refers to an economic model centered on the launch of new products, new formats, and new services, often involving first stores, first exhibitions, and first releases, aimed at stimulating consumption through novelty and innovation..

第三，把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，更好统筹消费和投资，促进消费稳定增长，培育壮大新型消费，优化消费环境，更好满足人民群众改善生活需要。中央经济工作会议指出，2025年的重点任务之一是大力提振消费，全方位扩大国内需求。实施提振消费专项行动，推动中低收入群体增收减负，提升消费能力、意愿和层级。加快培育完整内需体系，建立政府投资支持基础性、公益性、长远性重大项目建设长效机制。完善扩大消费长效机制，减少限制性措施，合理增加公共消费，积极推进首发经济。

Fourth, properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, fully activating the initiative of market subjects, including both producers and consumers, while also fully leveraging the initiative of the institutional supply subject, fully combining an "effective market" with a "proactive government." The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee emphasized both "letting go with vitality" and "managing with control," scientifically revealing and dialectically understanding market effectiveness and market failure, market vitality and market order. This helps stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the entire society, accelerating the progress of China's market mechanism reform along the correct direction and path. Achieving efficient resource allocation and effective macro-governance are important goals for building a high-level socialist market economy system, and are also the main means for forming new production relations and advancing the development of new quality productive forces.

第四，处理好政府和市场的关系，既充分激活包括生产者和消费者在内的市场主体的积极性，也充分发挥制度供给主体的积极性，将“有效市场”和“有为政府”充分结合起来。党的二十届三中全会强调既“放得活”又“管得住”，对市场有效和市场失灵、市场活力和市场秩序进行科学揭示和辩证认识，有助于激发全社会内生动力和创新活力，加快推动我国市场机制改革沿着正确方向和道路前进。实现高效率资源配置和高效能宏观治理是构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的重要目标，也是形成新型生产关系、推进新质生产力发展的主要手段。

(The author is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism, Sun Yat-sen University, and a Distinguished Researcher of the Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.)

（作者系中山大学马克思主义学院教授、博士研究生导师，广东省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员）

Online Editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁