The Theoretical Implications, Practical Pathways, and Developmental Direction of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

Since the advent of the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has set the direction,

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把方向、抓大事、谋全局，深刻总结我国改革的历史成就和新鲜经验，推动全面深化改革向广度和深度进军，回答了新时代为什么要全面深化改革、全面深化改革改什么、怎样推进全面深化改革等重大理论和实践问题，形成了关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，深化了中国共产党对社会主义改革的规律性认识，彰显了马克思主义与时俱进的理论品格。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）提出，要“深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断”,并从中凝练出进一步全面深化改革的指导思想、总目标和原则，明确了进一步全面深化改革的基本遵循。迈入以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期，必须深刻领会全面深化改革的理论意涵、实践进路与发展旨向，不断增强贯彻落实的政治自觉、思想自觉、行动自觉，把进一步全面深化改革的战略部署转化为推进中国式现代化的强大力量。

I. The Theoretical Implications of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

一、全面深化改革的理论意涵

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on comprehensively deepening reform have elevated the theory of socialist reform with Chinese characteristics to a new height, constituting a magnificent chapter in the theoretical innovation achievements of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. Among these, upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, forming the theory of the reform core; adhering to the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform as the yardstick constitutes the theory of the reform yardstick; and upholding the dynamic generation mechanism of Chinese-path modernization and the dynamic transmission mechanism of comprehensively deepening reform constitutes the theory of reform dynamics.

习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，把中国特色社会主义改革理论推进到新的高度，是新时代全面深化改革理论创新成果的壮丽篇章。其中，坚持党的全面领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证，构成了改革核心论；坚持以进一步全面深化改革的总目标为衡量尺度，构成了改革尺度论；坚持中国式现代化的动力生成机制和全面深化改革的动力传导机制，构成了改革动力论。

(1) Clarifying the Leadership Core to Provide the Fundamental Political Guarantee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（一）明确领导核心，为全面深化改革提供根本政治保证

Upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership is the fundamental guarantee for doing a good job in all work of the Party and the state, a valuable experience from the successful advancement of China’s reform and opening up, and the political theme running through comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. The *Decision* systematically elaborates the six principles that must be adhered to in further comprehensively deepening reform, among which upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership occupies a leading position, emphasizing the need to “integrate Party leadership into all aspects and the entire process of reform, ensuring that reform always advances along the correct political direction.” [n1] The Communist Party of China, as the highest political leadership force in the country, is the guiding subject, authoritative source, and dynamic hub for further comprehensively deepening reform, always undertaking the core functions of setting the reform agenda, leading and coordinating all parties, and implementing decisions.

坚持党的全面领导是做好党和国家各项工作的根本保证，是我国改革开放成功推进的宝贵经验，也是贯穿新时代全面深化改革的政治主题。《决定》系统阐述了进一步全面深化改革必须坚持的六个原则，其中居于统领地位的就是坚持党的全面领导，强调要“把党的领导贯穿改革各方面全过程，确保改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进”。作为我国最高政治领导力量的中国共产党，是进一步全面深化改革的先导性主体、权威性来源、能动性枢纽，始终承担着设置改革议程、领导协调各方、贯彻落实决策的核心职能。

Upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership provides scientific theoretical guidance for further comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Marxism is an open theoretical system that continuously develops with the progress of the times, practice, and science. It does not end truth but opens the path to truth.” Reform originated from the Party’s theoretical awakening and ideological emancipation. In the New Era, comprehensively deepening reform cannot be separated from observing, grasping, and leading the times with the Party’s innovative theory. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on comprehensively deepening reform profoundly manifest our Party’s confidence in the theory and pursuit of truth, and centrally embody our Party’s deepening understanding of the laws of socialist reform. Its theoretical construction is rooted in the basic Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method on reform and development, draws on the philosophical essence of discarding the old and establishing the new, and reform and openness from the excellent traditional Chinese culture, achieving another leap of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. It is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, expanding a new theoretical schema for further comprehensively deepening reform.

坚持党的全面领导为进一步全面深化改革提供科学的理论指引。习近平指出：“马克思主义是随着时代、实践、科学发展而不断发展的开放的理论体系，它并没有结束真理，而是开辟了通向真理的道路。”改革肇始于党的理论觉醒与思想解放，新时代全面深化改革离不开用党的创新理论观察、把握、引领时代。习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，深刻彰显了我们党的理论自信与真理追求，集中体现了我们党对社会主义改革不断深化的规律性认识。其理论建构植根马克思主义关于改革与发展的基本立场观点方法，汲取了中华优秀传统文化中革故鼎新、变革开放的哲理要义，实现了中国特色社会主义理论在新时代的又一次跃迁，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，为进一步全面深化改革拓展了崭新的理论图式。

Upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership injects conscious historical initiative into further comprehensively deepening reform

坚持党的全面领导为进一步全面深化改革注入自觉的历史主动。习近平强调：“历史只会眷顾坚定者、奋进者、搏击者，而不会等待犹豫者、懈怠者、畏难者。”历史主动精神是中国共产党的鲜明品格，体现为尊重历史演进规律、顺应时代发展大势、把握历史重大机遇。40多年来，中国共产党以强烈的忧患意识和风险意识，开启了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，使中国彻底摆脱被开除球籍的危险；以高度的使命自觉和时代担当，号召将改革进行到底，开创了我国改革开放的全新局面；以深沉的时代洞察和创新胆魄，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革，持续推动改革开放走向深入。历史和实践雄辩地证明，只有掌握历史主动的政党才能拥有历史自信与历史担当，才能在危机中育先机、于变局中开新局、从优势中积胜势，才能为深刻而伟大的社会变革注入坚强的确定性。

Adhering to the Party’s comprehensive leadership provides a solid organizational guarantee for further comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping pointed out: “No country or political party has been able to promote reform of such a wide scope, such a large scale, and such great intensity in such a short period of time; this is a distinctive feature and a significant advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.” The Communist Party of China is the initiator, leader, and promoter of China’s socialist reform. The Party’s leadership system is China’s fundamental leadership system; Party leadership concerns the fundamental nature, path direction, and future destiny of reform. Further comprehensively deepening reform involves consolidating reform consensus and synergy, breaking through institutional and mechanistic obstacles, restructuring the mechanism of interest reproduction, and handling clustered contradictions and problems; its complexity, sensitivity, and arduousness are no less than those of the initial period of reform and opening up. Only by relying on a more mature and finalized Party leadership system, a highly rigorous organizational system, an iron discipline, and the organizational principle of democratic centralism, and by fully unleashing the Party’s leadership, mobilization, organizational, and executive capabilities, can we continuously overcome the risks, challenges, and difficulties on the path forward.

坚持党的全面领导为进一步全面深化改革提供稳固的组织保证。习近平指出：“没有哪个国家和政党，能在这么短时间内推动这么大范围、这么大规模、这么大力度的改革，这是中国特色社会主义制度的鲜明特征和显著优势。”中国共产党是我国社会主义改革的开创者、领导者、推动者。党的领导制度是我国的根本领导制度，党的领导关乎改革的根本性质、道路方向、前途命运。进一步全面深化改革涉及凝聚改革共识与合力、突破体制机制障碍、重构利益再生产机制和处理矛盾问题丛集，其复杂程度、敏感程度和艰巨程度不亚于改革开放初期。唯有依靠更加成熟定型的党的领导制度、高度严密的组织体系、铁一般的纪律和民主集中制的组织原则，充分发挥党的领导力、动员力、组织力和执行力，方能不断克服前进道路上的风险挑战和艰难险阻。

(2) Delineating the yardstick of reform, unswervingly following the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics

（二）谱划改革尺度，坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路

The goal is the direction; the goal is the driving force. Improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and providing a more complete, more stable, and more effective institutional system for the development of the Party and the state’s undertakings, is precisely the objective requirement of the “second half” of reform. Scientifically defining the structural coordinates and functional modalities of comprehensively deepening reform within the overall situation of the Party and the state’s undertakings, systematically answering the questions of what the ultimate purpose of advancing reforms in various fields is and what overall effect is to be achieved, and better grasping the strategic priorities, order of precedence, and main direction of attack for further comprehensively deepening reform—this is where the political steadfastness and strategic sobriety of the Chinese Communists lie.

目标就是方向，目标就是动力。完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，为党和国家事业发展提供一整套更完备、更稳定、更管用的制度体系，正是改革“后半程”的目标要求。在党和国家事业全局中科学标定全面深化改革的结构坐标和功能模态，系统回答推进各领域改革最终是为了什么、要取得什么样的整体效果的问题，更好把握进一步全面深化改革的战略重点、优先顺序、主攻方向，是中国共产党人的政治坚定和战略清醒所在。

Further comprehensively deepening reform has a direction, a stance, and principles. The overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform constitutes the normative expression of the reform yardstick. Xi Jinping pointed out: “What to reform and how to reform must take as the fundamental yardstick whether it conforms to the overall goal of improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” Viewed from the long arc of history, reform will inevitably encounter the structural resistance of institutional evolution and the multiple tensions of interest restructuring. But precisely because the direction is correct and the handling is appropriate, it can activate feedback mechanisms and error-correction systems, continuously achieving historic accomplishments. The political principles and bottom line of reform are consistent throughout, fundamentally determined by the Party’s nature, purpose, ideals, beliefs, and goals. From comprehensively deepening reform to further comprehensively deepening reform, “it is not to cater to the applause and cheers of certain people, still less can Western theories and viewpoints be applied to oneself.” Reform agendas such as top-level design, target anchoring, content configuration, path selection, and practical implementation must all be advanced around the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform.

进一步全面深化改革是有方向、有立场、有原则的。进一步全面深化改革的总目标构成了改革尺度的规范性表达。习近平指出：“改什么、怎么改必须以是否符合完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的总目标为根本尺度。”以历史长线观照，改革不可避免地会遭遇制度演进的结构性阻力与利益重构的多重张力，但正是因为方向正确、驾驭得当，才能激活反馈机制与纠错系统，不断取得历史性成就。改革的政治原则和底线一以贯之，根本上取决于党的性质宗旨、理想信念和奋斗目标。从全面深化改革到进一步全面深化改革，“不是为了迎合某些人的掌声和喝彩，更不能拿西方的理论、观点来套在自己身上”。顶层设计、目标锚定、内容配置、路径选择、实践贯彻等改革议程，都必须围绕进一步全面深化改革的总目标展开推进。

To further comprehensively deepen reform, one must avoid taking the closed and rigid old path, and insist that what should be changed and can be changed must be resolutely changed. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The purpose of advancing reform is to continuously promote the self-improvement and self-development of our socialist system, and to endow socialism with new vitality and dynamism.” On the one hand, China’s socialist reform is a great undertaking without precedent. Our fundamental system has been continuously consolidated through reform and opening up, our basic systems have been continuously improved through reform and opening up, and our important systems have been continuously innovated through reform and opening up. Without the political courage to venture into uncharted waters, to tackle tough problems, and to brave dangerous shoals, there would be no more mature and more定型 national system. On the other hand, reform cannot be accomplished overnight, nor can it be achieved once and for all. The deeper reform advances, the more pronounced the cumulative effect of diachronic contradictions and the superimposed effect of synchronic challenges become; the institutional inertia of the development field, the practical tension of emerging governance needs, and the theoretical boundaries of institutional innovation become more intricate and complex. This makes it all the more necessary to use reform thinking and methods to solve new situations and problems arising in reform, so that society can always remain full of vitality and become more fair and just.

进一步全面深化改革要避免走封闭僵化的老路，坚持该改的、能改的坚决要改。习近平指出：“推进改革的目的是要不断推进我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展，赋予社会主义新的生机活力。”一方面，我国的社会主义改革是前无古人的伟大事业。我国的根本制度是在改革开放中不断筑牢的，我国的基本制度是在改革开放中不断完善的，我国的重要制度是在改革开放中不断创新的。没有敢进深水区、敢啃硬骨头、敢于涉险滩的政治魄力，就不会有更加成熟、更加定型的国家制度。另一方面，改革不可能一蹴而就，也不可能一劳永逸。改革越往纵深发展，历时性矛盾的累积效应与共时性挑战的叠加效应就越明显，发展场域的制度惯性、新兴治理需求的现实张力以及制度创新的理论边界就越错综复杂，就越需要以改革的思维和办法解决改革中出现的新情况新问题，如此才能使社会始终充满生机活力和更加公平正义。

To further comprehensively deepen reform, one must also avoid taking the evil path of changing the banner and the system, and insist that what should not be changed and cannot be changed must be resolutely left unchanged. Xi Jinping pointed out: “On the issue of direction, our minds must be extremely clear.” What banner reform holds and what path it takes is a fundamental question, and no catastrophic mistakes can be made on such an issue. Reform that negates the socialist direction is a dead end. The unique institutional advantages and vibrant institutional vitality of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute the rational foundation for institutional confidence and are the source of confidence and drive for further comprehensively deepening reform. “Upholding the Party’s overall leadership, upholding Marxism, upholding socialism with Chinese characteristics, and upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship, with the promotion of social fairness and justice and the enhancement of people’s well-being as the starting point and ultimate goal—these are the things that govern the fundamentals, the direction, and the long term,” and they are important experiences gained by the Party and the people at great cost. One must always maintain the strong resolve that the path will not change and the will will not waver, and there must be no wavering at any time or under any circumstances.

进一步全面深化改革还要避免走改旗易帜的邪路，坚持不该改的、不能改的坚决不改。习近平指出：“在方向问题上，我们头脑必须十分清醒。”改革举什么旗、走什么路，这是一个带有根本性的问题，决不能在这样的问题上出现颠覆性错误。搞否定社会主义方向的改革是死路一条。中国特色社会主义的独特制度优势与蓬勃制度活力，构筑了制度自信的理性基础，是进一步全面深化改革的底气与干劲所系。“坚持党的全面领导、坚持马克思主义、坚持中国特色社会主义、坚持人民民主专政，以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点，这些都是管根本、管方向、管长远的”,是党和人民付出巨大代价取得的重要经验。要始终坚持道不变、志不改的强大定力，任何时候任何情况下都不能有丝毫动摇。

(III) Unleashing the driving force of reform, providing inexhaustible impetus for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization

（三）释放改革动能，为推进和拓展中国式现代化提供不竭动力

Chinese-path modernization has been continuously advanced through socialist reform, and it will surely open up broad prospects through socialist reform. Further comprehensively deepening reform focuses on stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovative vitality of the whole society, intervening in and shaping the movement of society’s basic contradictions, and drawing up clearer and more definite strategic goals and visions for Chinese-path modernization by field and by stage, thereby theoretically answering the question of what constitutes the fundamental driving force of Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化是在社会主义改革中不断推进的，也必将在社会主义改革中开辟广阔前景。进一步全面深化改革着眼于激发全社会内生动力和创新活力，介入并型塑社会基本矛盾运动，分领域、分阶段擘画更加明确清晰的中国式现代化战略目标愿景，从理论上回答了什么是中国式现代化的根本动力问题。

Reform has no end; it is the inevitable result of adapting to the movement of society’s basic contradictions. Xi Jinping pointed out, “Reform is the key to liberating and developing the social productive forces,” and “Society’s basic contradictions are always developing, so adjusting the relations of production and perfecting the superstructure must correspondingly continue without end.” Historical materialism holds that human society develops forward in the process of continuously resolving contradictions, and the evolution and replacement of social formations are determined by the movement of society’s basic contradictions and their laws. The world is a collection of processes; the process of reform is a logical advance in responding to changes and solving problems, and a practical necessity for promoting social progress and development. One of the superiorities of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics lies in its ability to actively, comprehensively, and orderly advance grand and complex reform projects. Specifically, the self-improvement and self-development of China’s socialist system are embedded in the process of movement and adjustment between the relations of production and the productive forces, the superstructure and the economic base, and national governance and social development, promoting their better mutual adaptation. This profoundly reveals the theoretical implications and philosophical basis for why reform must be comprehensive.

改革永无止境，是适应社会基本矛盾运动的必然结果。习近平指出，“改革是解放和发展社会生产力的关键”,“社会基本矛盾总是不断发展的，所以调整生产关系、完善上层建筑需要相应地不断进行下去”。历史唯物主义认为，人类社会是在不断解决矛盾的过程中向前发展的，社会形态的演进和更替决定于社会基本矛盾运动及其规律。世界是过程的集合体，改革的过程是应对变化、解决问题的逻辑前进，是推动社会进步和发展的实践必然。中国特色社会主义制度的优越性之一，就在于能够积极主动、全面有序地推进宏大复杂的改革工程。具体而言，我国社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展，寓于生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展的运动调适过程中，推动它们更好相适应。这深刻揭示了改革何以必须全面的理论意涵和哲学依据。

Reform is the distinctive background color of contemporary China and the key move for successfully advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up is the source of vitality for contemporary China’s development and progress, the crucial magic weapon for our Party and people to catch up with the pace of the times, and the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.” Looking back at history, reform has unleashed the vitality of the socialist system, greatly changing the face of China, the face of the Chinese nation, the face of the Chinese people, and the face of the Communist Party of China. Examining the present, comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era is one of the most magnificent chapters in the historical process of China’s reform and opening up, providing powerful driving force and solid institutional guarantees for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and then advancing toward the Second Centenary Goal. Looking to the future, opening up a new situation in building a great modern socialist country still requires further comprehensively deepening reform.

改革是当代中国的鲜明底色，是胜利推进和拓展中国式现代化的关键一招。习近平指出：“改革开放是当代中国发展进步的活力之源，是我们党和人民大踏步赶上时代前进步伐的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路。”回望历史，改革释放了社会主义制度的生机活力，极大改变了中国的面貌、中华民族的面貌、中国人民的面貌、中国共产党的面貌。审视当下，新时代全面深化改革是我国改革开放历史进程中最壮丽的篇章之一，为全面建成小康社会、进而向第二个百年奋斗目标进军提供了强大动力支持和坚实制度保障。放眼未来，开创建设社会主义现代化强国的新局面，仍然需要进一步全面深化改革。

Further comprehensively deepening reform is the fundamental driving force for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization, and an important lever for stabilizing the overall situation, responding to changes in the situation, and opening up new prospects. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Comprehensively advancing the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization is the central task of the Party and the state on the new journey of the New Era, and the biggest politics of the New Era.” Further comprehensively deepening reform is the historical necessity and summary of experience for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization, as well as its inherent requirement and powerful guarantee. On the one hand, further comprehensively deepening reform uses the new development philosophy to guide the construction of a new development pattern, forming relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces, and fully unleashing their strong driving and supporting force for high-quality development. On the other hand, further comprehensively deepening reform will resolve risks in clearing obstacles and eliminating malpractices, solve difficulties in discarding the old and introducing the new, and eliminate all outdated institutional and mechanistic constraints for effectively advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization.

进一步全面深化改革是推进和拓展中国式现代化的根本动力，是稳大局、应变局、开新局的重要抓手。习近平指出：“以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业，是新时代新征程党和国家的中心任务，是新时代最大的政治。”进一步全面深化改革是推进和拓展中国式现代化的历史必然和经验总结，也是其内在要求和有力保障。一方面，进一步全面深化改革以新发展理念引领构建新发展格局，形成与新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，充分发挥其对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力。另一方面，进一步全面深化改革将在清障除弊中化解风险，在除旧布新中破解难题，为有效推进和拓展中国式现代化消除一切不合时宜的体制机制束缚。

II. The Practical Pathway of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

二、全面深化改革的实践进路

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, with their rich connotations, rigorous logic, scientific methods, and unique value, have made major original contributions to upholding and applying the basic Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods on reform and development. They have been continuously updated and developed on the basis of further systematically summarizing the historical achievements and practical experience of China’s comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, providing scientific guidance and a practical guide for further comprehensively deepening reform.

习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，以其丰富内涵、严密逻辑、科学方法和独特价值，为坚持和运用好马克思主义关于改革与发展的基本立场观点方法作出重大原创性贡献，并在进一步系统总结我国新时代全面深化改革的历史成就和实践经验的基础上接续迭新，为进一步全面深化改革提供科学指导和行动指南。

(I) Continuously emancipating the mind, advancing theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation

（一）不断解放思想，推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Without emancipating the mind, our Party would not be able to continuously advance theoretical and practical innovation in practice, effectively resolve various risks and challenges on the road ahead, push reform and opening up forward, and always stay at the forefront of the times.” Continuously emancipating the mind marks the innovative dimension of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, and contains the inevitable logic of grasping historical initiative and striving to build a strong country.

习近平指出：“没有解放思想，我们党就不可能在实践中不断推进理论创新和实践创新，有效化解前进道路上的各种风险挑战，把改革开放不断推向前进，始终走在时代前列。”不断解放思想标示着习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断的创新之维，蕴含着把握历史主动、矢志强国建设的必然逻辑。

This is the requirement for continuously promoting Marxism to take root in Chinese soil, respond to the issues of the times, and radiate new vigorous vitality. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and keeping pace with the times are the living soul of Marxism.” Combining theory with concrete reality to carry out theoretical innovation is the key to unlocking the vitality of theory. To advance the Two Integrations, to ensure that the times call, the people respond, and reform answers, it is necessary to forge theoretical weapons and raise high the banner of thought. In the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, the fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain has been formally established and continuously consolidated; theoretical innovation achievements represented by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era have been continuously developed and perfected; our Party’s understanding of the laws of governance by the Communist Party, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development has been continuously deepened; from “crossing the river by feeling the stones” to summarizing and applying the laws of socialist reform, the understanding of the importance of institutional construction has been continuously deepened. All these have consolidated the practical accumulation of the basic Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods on reform and development, and have injected the great spirit and rich wisdom of the Chinese nation into Marxism at a deeper level.

这是不断推进马克思主义扎根中国大地、回应时代问题、焕发新的蓬勃生机的要求。习近平指出：“解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进，是马克思主义活的灵魂。”结合具体实际进行理论创新，是激发理论生命活力的密钥。推进“两个结合”，实现时代有所呼、人民有所唤、改革有所应，必须铸牢理论武器、高扬思想旗帜。在马克思主义中国化时代化的进程中，马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度正式确立并不断巩固，以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为代表的理论创新成果不断发展完善，我们党对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识不断深化，从“摸着石头过河”到总结运用社会主义改革规律，不断加深对制度建设重要性的认识，这些都夯实了马克思主义关于改革与发展的基本立场观点方法的实践积淀，将中华民族的伟大精神和丰富智慧更深层次地注入马克思主义。

This is a requirement for exploring the pathway for developing new quality productive forces, promoting high-quality development, and continuously meeting the people’s needs for a better life. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Emancipating the mind is the prerequisite, the master switch for liberating and developing the social productive forces and for unleashing and enhancing social vitality.” Once a great idea emerges, it will in turn propel the progress of the times. This reveals the logical chain through which the power of thought inspires the power of endeavor. Facing the practical demands of achieving common prosperity for all the people and meeting the people’s new expectations and new aspirations for a better life, the most fundamental and urgent task before us remains the further liberation and development of the social productive forces through emancipating the mind. In the New Era, in the process of comprehensively deepening reform and achieving high-quality development to better meet the people’s needs for a better life, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has united and led the people in exploring a correct path that uses innovation to stimulate vitality and reform to promote development. A new type of relations of production, characterized by broader channels and smoother pathways for transforming scientific and technological innovation achievements into new quality productive forces, has been constructed and continues to burst with vitality. A modernized industrial system, led by the deep coupling of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation, has taken shape and been transformed into tangible productive forces, becoming a new way to enhance the people’s sense of gain.

这是探索新质生产力发展进路、推动高质量发展以不断满足人民群众美好生活需要的要求。习近平指出：“解放思想是前提，是解放和发展社会生产力、解放和增强社会活力的总开关。”伟大的思想一旦产生，必将反过来推动时代的进步。这揭示了以思想之力激励奋进之力的逻辑链路。面对实现全体人民共同富裕、满足人民群众对美好生活新期待和新向往的现实要求，我们眼前最根本、最紧迫的任务依然是通过解放思想来推动社会生产力的进一步解放和发展。在新时代以全面深化改革、实现高质量发展更好满足人民群众美好生活需要的过程中，以习近平同志为核心的党中央团结带领人民探索出一条以创新激发活力、以改革促进发展的正确道路。以科技创新成果转化为新质生产力的渠道更加广泛、进路更加畅通为特征的新的生产关系业已构建并持续迸发活力，以科技创新与产业创新深度耦合为引领的现代化产业体系形成并转化为实实在在的生产力，成为提升人民群众获得感的新的方式。

This is a requirement for the Communist Party of China to lead the great social revolution through its great self-revolution, shaping the image of a major party that is resolutely innovative and courageous in taking responsibility. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Upholding the Party’s leadership and practicing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party are the keys and foundations for the success of reform and opening up.” In the historical process of uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country to achieve great victories in revolution, construction, and reform, the fine tradition of emancipating the mind has been continuously carried forward, and the distinctive characteristics of an innovative party forged on the basis of the spirit of self-revolution have become increasingly prominent. In the deeply unfolding practice of socialist reform, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has led comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to achieve historic and groundbreaking achievements, promoting the continuous development of theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation. This has enabled the Party to win the genuine support of the people, and the authority of its leadership core has been continuously consolidated. Our Party has undergone a revolutionary tempering, its appearance has been completely renewed, and it will continue to play a stabilizing role like a “sea anchor” [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, marked the launch of a new round of comprehensive and deepening reforms under Xi Jinping’s leadership. in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform.

这是中国共产党以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命，塑造锐意创新、勇于担当的大党形象的要求。习近平指出：“坚持党的领导，全面从严治党，是改革开放取得成功的关键和根本。”中国共产党在团结带领全国各族人民取得革命、建设、改革伟大胜利的历史进程中，解放思想的优良传统不断赓续，以自我革命精神为基础锻造的创新型政党的鲜明特征日益凸显。在深入开展的社会主义改革实践中，以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导全面从严治党取得历史性、开创性成就，促进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新不断发展，使党赢得人民群众真心拥戴，领导核心权威不断巩固。我们党经历了革命性锻造，面貌焕然一新，并将继续在进一步全面深化改革的过程中发挥定海神针作用。

(II) Grasp the Main Line of Reform, Advance the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity

（二）把握改革主线，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化

Xi Jinping pointed out: “To further comprehensively deepen reform, we must anchor the overall goal of improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” To penetrate the internal logic of comprehensively deepening reform, with the overall goal of advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, from “paper” to “ground,” it is necessary to focus on opening up a practical pathway that takes institutional building as the main line and effectively transforms institutional advantages in various aspects and fields into governance effectiveness.

习近平指出：“进一步全面深化改革，要锚定完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化这个总目标。”贯通全面深化改革以推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为总目标由“纸面”到“地面”的内在逻辑，需要着力开辟以制度建设为主线，切实将各方面、诸领域的制度优势转化为治理效能的实践进路。

A series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments by General Secretary Xi Jinping on comprehensively deepening reform have led to major theoretical and practical achievements in the modernization of China’s national governance system and governance capacity in the New Era. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The purpose of systematically summarizing the development achievements and significant advantages of China’s national system and national governance system is to guide the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to strengthen confidence in the system, so that the multiple significant advantages of China’s national system and national governance system

习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，引领新时代我国国家治理体系和治理能力现代化取得重大理论与实践成果。习近平指出：“系统总结我国国家制度和国家治理体系的发展成就和显著优势，目的就是推动全党全国各族人民坚定制度自信，使我国国家制度和国家治理体系多方面的显著优势更加充分地发挥出来。”自党的十八届三中全会擘画全面深化改革蓝图以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央锚定改革总目标，对中国式现代化本质要求的理解进一步深化，内涵丰富、特征鲜明、路径清晰、意蕴深厚的中国式现代化理论体系发轫构建；对国家治理体系和治理能力的辩证关系进行深入探索，二者互促共进机制业已建立；对制度管根本、管全局、管长远的关键作用的认识提升至新高度，制度建设被置于更突出位置；对坚持党的领导这一根本原则的认识和把握进一步加强，党总揽全局、协调各方的制度体系日臻完善。

Comprehensive and deepening reform, which takes modernization as an important orientation of national governance, has propelled a historic and holistic leap in China’s comprehensive national strength, continuing the new chapter of the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. Xi Jinping pointed out that the series of reform achievements since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC[n] “have opened up a new situation in which reform and opening up have driven historic achievements and historic transformations in the undertakings of the Party and the state.” This new situation is concentratedly reflected in the remarkable achievements made in advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization is a modernization in which material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization are deeply coupled in the “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan.” Correspondingly, the construction of a modern national governance system and the enhancement of modern governance capacity are also a systemic integration of reform measures and achievements in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological fields—in economic construction, high-quality development led by new quality productive forces and driven by innovation has achieved notable results; in political construction, a socialist system that is systematic, well-conceived, standardized, and effective has been established and is continuously being improved; in cultural construction, the great spirit of reform and opening up has been used to refine the most distinctive spiritual symbol of contemporary Chinese people, aiding the construction of a socialist cultural power; in social construction, the improvement of the social governance system has been taken as the starting point to open up a new pattern of grassroots social governance; in ecological civilization construction, it has been regarded as a fundamental plan concerning the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, vigorously promoting the construction of a beautiful China.

以现代化为国家治理重要取向的全面深化改革，推动我国综合实力实现历史性、整体性跃升，续写了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹的崭新篇章。习近平指出，党的十八届三中全会以来取得的一系列改革成就，“开创了以改革开放推动党和国家各项事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的新局面”。这一新局面集中体现在推进和拓展中国式现代化取得的举世瞩目的成就中。中国式现代化是物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明“五位一体”深度耦合的现代化。与之相对应，国家现代治理体系的构建、现代治理能力的提升，也是经济、政治、文化、社会、生态领域各项改革举措和成就的系统集成—在经济建设中，新质生产力引领和创新驱动的高质量发展成效显著；在政治建设中，系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的社会主义制度体系业已建立并不断完善；在文化建设中，以伟大改革开放精神凝练当代中国人民最鲜明的精神标识，助力社会主义文化强国建设；在社会建设中，以健全社会治理体系为抓手，开拓基层社会治理新格局；在生态文明建设中，将其视为关涉中华民族永续发展的根本大计，有力推动美丽中国建设。

Comprehensive and deepening reform, with institutional building as its main thread, advances the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, achieving a better transformation of the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics into national governance effectiveness. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up in the New Era has many new connotations and characteristics, among which a very important point is that the weight of institutional building has increased.” Since the New Era, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity through comprehensive and deepening reform has anchored on the institutional core, steadily advancing institutional building, and achieving a series of major results. First, the scientific understanding that takes institutional building as the focal point, breakthrough point, and key point of reform has been deeply ingrained in people’s minds. Confidence in the theory on the journey of reform has become increasingly firm, and institutional consciousness has been continuously enhanced. The “Decision”[n] summarizes “adhering to taking institutional building as the main thread” as one of the major principles that must be earnestly implemented in further comprehensively deepening reform, marking that our Party has a further understanding, comprehension, and grasp of the importance of institutional building. Second, the various systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics have become more complete, mature, and finalized. “Making institutions more mature and more finalized is a dynamic process.” Entering the New Era, the Party and the state have focused on institutional building to plan the overall layout, unwaveringly consolidated fundamental institutions, adhered to and improved basic institutions, and on this basis promoted the advancement of important institutions with the times, and a scientific institutional system has been formed. Third, valuable experience has been accumulated in the practice of institutional building, providing reliable theoretical reference for properly handling major relationships in further comprehensively deepening reform, such as change and constancy in institutional building, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, and top-level design and practical exploration.

以制度建设为主线的全面深化改革，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，实现了中国特色社会主义制度优势向国家治理效能的更好转化。习近平指出：“新时代改革开放具有许多新的内涵和特点，其中很重要的一点就是制度建设分量更重。”新时代以来，以全面深化改革推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化锚定制度核心，稳步推进制度建设，取得一系列重大成果。一是以制度建设为改革着力点、突破点和关键点的科学认识深入人心。改革征程上的制度自信日益坚定、制度自觉不断增强。《决定》将“坚持以制度建设为主线”归纳为进一步全面深化改革务必贯彻落实的重大原则之一,标示着我们党对制度建设的重要性有了更进一步的认识、理解和把握。二是中国特色社会主义各项制度更加健全、成熟和定型。“制度更加成熟更加定型是一个动态过程。”进入新时代，党和国家聚焦制度建设谋篇布局，毫不动摇筑牢根本制度，坚持和完善基本制度，在此基础上推动重要制度与时俱进，科学制度体系业已形成。三是在制度建设实践中积累了宝贵经验，为在进一步全面深化改革中妥善处理制度建设的变与不变、守正与创新、顶层设计与实践探索等重大关系，提供了可靠的理论参考。

(III) Adhere to Expanding Opening Up, Coordinately Advance Deep-Level Reform and High-Level Opening Up

（三）坚持扩大开放，统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Promote deeper-level reform, implement higher-level opening up, and provide strong impetus for building a new development pattern.” On the new journey of the New Era, our Party, in coordinating the advancement of deep-level reform and high-level opening up, has continuously moved from victory to new victories, adding luster to achieving reform and opening up on a larger scale, in a wider field, and at a deeper level.

习近平指出：“推动更深层次改革，实行更高水平开放，为构建新发展格局提供强大动力。”新时代新征程上，我们党在统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放中不断从胜利走向新的胜利，为实现更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的改革开放踵事增华。

With a broad global vision, China has implemented a more proactive and open policy toward the outside world, creating a new pattern of high-level opening up. The emphasis in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC on “maintaining a global vision” is a high-level summary and vivid presentation of the positions, viewpoints, and methods that run through China’s opening-up policy. On the one hand, theoretical innovations concerning opening up have been elevated into the policies of the Party and the state, serving from a strategic and overall perspective to advance high-standard, more vigorous high-level opening up. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC fully affirmed the great significance of promoting reform through opening up, and on the basis of adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, it continued to sound the clarion call for further expanding high-level opening up. On the other hand, inspired by the ideas and spirit shaped and forged through the practice of opening up, China’s high-level opening up has continuously reached new heights. From the reform and opening-up spirit of “emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, blazing new trails, daring to take responsibility, being open and inclusive, and embracing diversity,” to the Silk Road spirit of “peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit,” these all signify the Party’s increasingly deepened understanding, recognition, and grasp of high-level opening up, demonstrating a stronger historical consciousness and historical initiative.

以宽广的世界视野实施更加积极主动的对外开放，打造了高水平开放新格局。党的二十大报告强调的“坚持胸怀天下”,是对贯穿我国对外开放政策的立场观点方法的高度概括、生动呈现。一方面，关于对外开放的理论创新成果升华为党和国家政策，从战略和全局高度服务于更高标准、更大力度推进高水平对外开放。党的二十届三中全会充分肯定以开放促改革的重大意义，在坚持对外开放基本国策的基础上，持续吹响进一步扩大高水平对外开放的号角。另一方面，在对外开放实践型塑和锻造的理念与精神的感召下，我国高水平对外开放不断迈上新台阶。从“解放思想、实事求是，开拓创新、勇于担当，开放包容、兼容并蓄”的改革开放精神，到“和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢”的丝路精神，都表征着我们党对高水平开放的认识、理解和把握日益增强，展现出更为强烈的历史自觉和历史主动。

High-level opening up, centered on advancing institutional opening up and engaging in positive interaction with deep-level reform, has enhanced China’s international competitiveness and influence. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Institutional integration and innovation must be placed in a prominent position.” Driven by institutional opening up to stimulate vitality and pool synergy, the coordination and alignment between China’s opening-up institutional mechanisms and high-standard international economic and trade rules have gradually improved, institutional costs have continuously decreased, and a breakthrough has been achieved from the original model of opening up based on the flow of goods and factors. At the same time, led by institutional opening up, China’s open economy has achieved historic accomplishments. First, trade in goods and trade in services have advanced in a coordinated manner. The scale of trade in goods has steadily expanded, with the product structure optimized, led by an increased share of high-value-added products, boosting business entities and trading entities to actively compete in emerging markets; trade in services has also grown in both volume and quality, with its engine role becoming increasingly prominent. Second, the utilization of foreign capital and outward investment have developed in a coordinated way. The scale of attracting foreign capital has continued to expand due to policy support, environmental optimization, and the broadening of fields, with corresponding improvements in the capacity and level of utilizing foreign capital; the scale of outward investment has achieved a historic leap, ranking among the top in the world, with its structure increasingly optimized and improved. Third, the enthusiasm and initiative for foreign economic cooperation have significantly increased. Multilateral, bilateral, and regional cooperation has deepened, the construction of international cooperation platforms represented by the Belt and Road Initiative has progressed steadily and efficiently, and the pace of optimizing the layout of regional opening up, represented by the construction of pilot free trade zones and free trade ports, has accelerated, creating a favorable external environment for deep-level reform.

高水平开放以推进制度型开放为核心、与深层次改革良性互动，提升了我国国际竞争力和影响力。习近平指出：“要把制度集成创新摆在突出位置。”以制度型开放为牵引激发活力、汇聚合力，我国对外开放体制机制与国际高标准经贸规则的协调性、契合度逐步提高，制度成本不断降低，实现了对原有商品和要素流动型开放模式的突破。同时，以制度型开放为引领，我国开放型经济发展取得历史性成就。一是商品贸易和服务贸易统筹推进。商品贸易规模稳步扩大，以高附加值产品占比提升为先导的商品结构日趋优化，助推经营主体、贸易主体积极逐鹿新兴市场；服务贸易同样量质齐升，引擎作用愈发突出。二是利用外资和对外投资协调发展。吸引外资规模因政策支持、环境优化、领域拓宽而持续扩大，利用外资能力和水平相应提升；对外投资规模实现历史性跃升，跻身世界前列，结构也日益优化、更趋完善。三是对外经济合作的积极性和主动性显著增强。多双边和区域合作不断深化，以“一带一路”为代表的国际合作平台建设稳进增效，以建设自贸试验区、自由贸易港为代表的区域开放布局优化步伐加快，为深层次改革营造了良好的外部环境。

Guided by the concepts of peaceful development and win-win cooperation, China has contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese strength to global economic governance and world prosperity and stability. Xi Jinping pointed out: “China’s continuous expansion of opening up has not only developed itself but also benefited the world.” On the one hand, China’s high-level opening up has injected vitality into building an open world economy. The internal and external linkages of economic development have significantly strengthened. China’s achievements and experience in technological innovation, industrial renewal, and kinetic energy upgrading have radiated through the bond of opening up to the entire domain of world economic development, truly ensuring that while pursuing its own economic development, the opportunities and fruits of development benefit the world. From 2013 to 2023, China’s economy contributed an average of over 30% to global economic growth, making it the largest engine of world economic growth. The design and implementation of China’s high-level trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policies have effectively safeguarded the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organization. Under the open economy, the optimization and upgrading of China’s industrial and supply chains have contributed to restructuring global industrial and supply chains that balance efficiency and fairness and coordinate development and security. On the other hand, China’s high-level opening up has contributed to improving the global governance system. Amid the overlapping and surging trends of world multipolarity, economic globalization, and cultural diversity, China has advocated for and improved the institutional mechanisms for high-level opening up, exploring a new path to strengthen global governance to prevent and resolve various risks and challenges, thereby adding more valuable stability to world economic growth. Opening up has not only become a distinctive hallmark of Chinese-path modernization but also an important channel through which China influences the world.

以和平发展、合作共赢理念为全球经济治理、世界繁荣稳定贡献了中国智慧和中国力量。习近平指出：“中国不断扩大对外开放，不仅发展了自己，也造福了世界。”一方面，中国高水平开放为建设开放型世界经济注入活力。经济发展的内外联动性显著增强，中国科技创新、产业焕新、动能更新的成就及经验以对外开放为纽带辐射至世界经济发展全域，真正做到了在谋求自身经济发展的同时，使发展的机会和成果惠及世界。2013年至2023年，中国经济对世界经济增长的平均贡献率超过30%,是世界经济增长的最大动力源。中国高水平贸易和投资自由化便利化政策的设计实施，有效地维护了以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制。开放型经济之下，中国产业链供应链优化升级，为重构兼顾效率和公平、统筹发展和安全的全球产业链供应链贡献力量。另一方面，中国高水平开放为完善全球治理体系贡献力量。在世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多元化等潮流的叠加激荡之下，中国倡导并完善高水平对外开放体制机制，探索出一条加强全球治理以防范化解各类风险挑战，进而为世界经济增长增添更多宝贵稳定性的崭新道路。开放不仅成为中国式现代化的鲜明标识，更成为中国影响世界的重要途径。

III. The Developmental Direction of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

三、全面深化改革的发展旨向

Marxism is a practical theory. The innovative achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times consistently adhere to the principle that theory originates from practice and guides practice. Since the New Era, Xi Jinping’s series of reflections on the goals and directions, strategies and methods, and driving forces and principles of comprehensively deepening reform have guided China’s reform undertaking toward a profound transformation into systematic integration and comprehensive deepening. This provides scientific ideological guidance for further comprehensively deepening reform centered on advancing Chinese-path modernization on the new journey, marking a clear developmental direction.

马克思主义是实践的理论，马克思主义中国化时代化创新成果始终坚持理论源于实践、理论指导实践。新时代以来，习近平关于全面深化改革的目标和方向、策略和方法、动力和原则的一系列思考，指导我国改革事业实现向系统集成、全面深化的深刻转变，为新征程上围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革提供了科学思想引领，标示了鲜明发展旨向。

(I) Clarifying the Direction of Reform, Adhering to the People-Centered Value Orientation

（一）明确改革所趋，坚持以人民为中心的价值取向

Since the New Era, facing the realistic situation where reform has entered a deep-water zone and a critical period, with greater difficulty, heavier tasks, and more complex circumstances, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has clarified the direction of reform, adhered to the people-centered value orientation, and advanced reform with a focus on solving the issues of greatest concern and reality to the people. When deploying further comprehensively deepening reform, Xi Jinping, regarding firmly grasping the value orientation, pointed out: “The ultimate purpose of pursuing reform and promoting development is to enable the people to live better lives,” and that attention should be paid to “identifying the focal points and breakthroughs for reform from the urgent and difficult concerns of the common people.”

新时代以来，面对改革进入深水区、攻坚期，难度更大、任务更重、形势更复杂的现实局面，以习近平同志为核心的党中央明确改革所趋，坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，以解决人民最关心、最现实的问题为重点推进改革。在部署进一步全面深化改革时，习近平围绕把牢价值取向问题指出：“抓改革、促发展，归根到底就是为了让人民过上更好的日子”，要注重从“老百姓急难愁盼中找准改革的发力点和突破口”。

Adhering to the people-centered value orientation theoretically clarifies the fundamental stance, central purpose, main force, and evaluation criteria for further comprehensively deepening reform. First, firmly stand on the people’s side, focusing on safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people. The people are the creators of history, the true heroes, and the people’s stance is the fundamental stance that our Party has consistently upheld. Looking at today’s China and the world, the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century interact with each other, and the changes of the times are unfolding in unprecedented ways, with reform attracting attention and exploration from more and more countries and political parties. Under multiple comparisons, adhering to the supremacy of the people and consciously safeguarding the fundamental interests of the people is the winning strategy for the CPC to lead reform. Second, firmly grasp the purpose of benefiting the people, ensuring that the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly. Under the guidance of the worldview and methodology that must adhere to the supremacy of the people, the central purpose of further comprehensively deepening reform is to realize the happiness of the people; “making people’s lives better” is “the fundamental purpose of our promotion of reform.” Third, respect the principal position of the people, allowing the creative wisdom and vitality of the masses to surge forth. “Our Party comes from the people, takes root among the people, and serves the people; the Party’s foundation is in the people, its bloodline is in the people, and its strength is in the people.” This means that in the great practice of socialist reform, the masses are genuine explorers, participants, and promoters, contributing their enthusiasm and sweat, as well as fresh experiences and effective practices, thereby endowing further comprehensively deepening reform with the most profound and enduring strength.

坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，从理论上明确了进一步全面深化改革的根本立场、中心目的、主体力量、评判标准。第一，站稳人民立场，着眼于维护和发展最广大人民根本利益。人民是历史的创造者，是真正的英雄，人民立场是我们党一以贯之的根本立场。放眼当今中国和世界，中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局相互激荡，时代之变以前所未有的方式展开，改革得到越来越多国家和政党的关注与探索。多方对比之下，坚持人民至上、自觉维护人民群众根本利益，是中国共产党引领改革的制胜之道。第二，把准为民造福的目的，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。在必须坚持人民至上的世界观和方法论指导下，进一步全面深化改革的中心目的就是实现人民幸福，“让人民生活得更加美好”是“我们推进改革的根本目的”。第三，尊重人民主体地位，让人民群众的创造智慧与活力竞相涌流。“我们党来自人民、植根人民、服务人民，党的根基在人民、血脉在人民、力量在人民。”这就意味着，在社会主义改革的伟大实践中，人民群众是切切实实的探索者、参与者、推动者，为之贡献热情和汗水，为之贡献新鲜经验和有效做法，从而使进一步全面深化改革具有最为深厚持久的力量。

Fourth, take whether the people are satisfied and whether they have a sense of gain and happiness as the evaluation criteria. “He who knows a leaky roof dwells under it; he who knows a failed government lives among the people.” (Lunheng) [5]5 A quotation from the Lunheng (Balanced Discourses) by the Eastern Han dynasty philosopher Wang Chong (27 – c. 97 CE). The phrase means that those in power cannot see the true state of affairs; only those at the grassroots level know the real situation. The establishment of evaluation criteria provides a concrete and observable method for measuring whether the direction of reform is accurate and whether the effects are good. This not only helps to more precisely grasp the breakthroughs of reform and more keenly adjust the entry points of reform but also helps to improve the mechanism for expressing the interests of the people and solve their urgent and difficult problems. Therefore, the “Decision” [6]6 The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. proposes to “test reform by actual performance, effectiveness, and the satisfaction of the people.”

第四，把人民群众是否满意、是否拥有获得感和幸福感作为评价标准。“知屋漏者在宇下，知政失者在草野。”（《论衡》）评价标准的确立使改革的方向准不准、效果好不好有了具体可见的衡量方法，不仅有利于更精准地把握改革的突破口、更敏锐地调整改革的切入点，而且有利于健全人民利益表达机制、解决人民急难愁盼问题。因此，《决定》提出，要“以实绩实效和人民群众满意度检验改革”。

Adhering to a people-centered value orientation, from a practical standpoint, anchors the focus and starting points of further comprehensively deepening reform in various fields. In the economic sphere, the focus is on meeting the people’s needs for a better life, concentrating on building a high-level socialist market economy system, liberating and developing the productive forces, forming relations of production that are more compatible with them, and achieving high-quality development. In the political sphere, the focus is on ensuring the people are the masters of the country, concentrating on developing whole-process people’s democracy, and improving the systems for democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic oversight. In the cultural sphere, the focus is on enriching the people’s spiritual and cultural life, concentrating on building a socialist cultural power, and improving the systems and mechanisms for cultural undertakings and cultural industries. In the social sphere, the focus is on advancing common prosperity for all the people, concentrating on improving the quality of life, perfecting the income distribution system, implementing the employment-first policy, and improving the social security system. In the ecological sphere, the focus is on promoting harmony between humanity and nature, concentrating on building a beautiful China, and achieving a green transformation. In the security sphere, the focus is on safeguarding the people’s security and fundamental interests, concentrating on building a higher-level平安中国 [7]7 A classical allusion from the Buddhist scripture *The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment*, describing something illusory and unattainable.. In the sphere of Party building, the focus is on achieving the unity of Party spirit and people’s character, concentrating on improving the Party’s leadership level and long-term governance capacity, and perfecting the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，从实践上为进一步全面深化改革锚定了改革在各领域的着眼点和发力点。在经济领域，要着眼于满足人民对美好生活的需要，聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，解放和发展生产力，形成与之更相适应的生产关系，实现高质量发展。在政治领域，要着眼于保障人民当家作主，聚焦发展全过程人民民主，健全民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督制度。在文化领域，要着眼于丰富人民精神文化生活，聚焦建设社会主义文化强国，健全文化事业、文化产业发展体制机制。在社会领域，要着眼于推进全体人民共同富裕，聚焦提高人民生活品质，完善收入分配制度，落实就业优先政策，健全社会保障体系。在生态领域，要着眼于促进人与自然和谐共生，聚焦建设美丽中国，实现绿色转型。在安全领域，要着眼于维护人民安全和根本利益，聚焦建设更高水平平安中国。在党的建设领域，要着眼于实现党性和人民性相统一，聚焦提高党的领导水平和长期执政能力，健全全面从严治党体系。

(II) Adhering to Scientific Methodology, Enhancing the Systemic, Holistic, and Coordinated Nature of Reform

（二）坚持科学方法论，增强改革的系统性整体性协同性

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has gradually explored a set of scientific methods suited to the development of China’s reform cause in the great practice of leading comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform is a systemic project that requires scientific methods,” which includes “upholding the unity of reform and law-based governance,” “upholding the dialectical unity of breaking and establishing,” “upholding the unity of reform and opening up,” and “properly handling the relationship between deployment and implementation.” It can be said that these scientific reform methodologies are not only the crystallization of the existing experience of reform and opening up but also the key to enhancing the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform and promoting the steady and long-term progress of further comprehensively deepening reform.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在领导全面深化改革的伟大实践中逐渐探索出一套与中国改革事业发展相适应的科学方法。习近平指出：“改革是一项系统工程，需要讲求科学方法”，这就包括“坚持改革和法治相统一”“坚持破和立的辩证统一”“坚持改革和开放相统一”“处理好部署和落实的关系”。可以说，这些科学的改革方法论不仅是改革开放既有经验的结晶，更是增强改革的系统性整体性协同性，推动进一步全面深化改革行稳致远的关键。

Upholding the unity of reform and law-based governance means using the power of reform to perfect the rule of law and using the capacity of the rule of law to promote reform, achieving mutual promotion and progress between the two. On the one hand, further comprehensively deepening reform takes institutional improvement as its main line, and socialist rule of law is “the most basic, most stable, and most reliable guarantee of institutional governance.” Therefore, it is necessary to better leverage the important role of the rule of law as the basic method of governing the country, be adept at relying on the rule of law to build consensus, remove obstacles, and consolidate achievements, use legal thinking and methods to advance reform, and promptly elevate reform achievements into legal systems, with the focus being on “deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization within the framework of the rule of law.” On the other hand, perfecting the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics is an important part of further comprehensively deepening reform. It is necessary to accurately grasp the key role of reform in relation to the rule of law, advancing it by deepening reforms in the legislative field, deeply promoting law-based administration, and improving mechanisms for fair and impartial law enforcement and judicial administration.

坚持改革和法治相统一，就是要以改革之力完善法治，以法治之能推动改革，实现二者互促共进。一方面，进一步全面深化改革坚持以制度建设为主线，而社会主义法治是“制度之治最基本最稳定最可靠的保障”。因此，必须更好发挥法治作为治国理政基本方式的重要作用，善于依靠法治凝聚共识、排除阻力、巩固成果，运用法治思维和方式推进改革，及时把改革成果上升为法律制度，重点是“在法治轨道上深化改革、推进中国式现代化”。另一方面，完善中国特色社会主义法治体系是进一步全面深化改革的重要内容。要准确把握改革之于法治的关键作用，以深化立法领域改革、深入推进依法行政、健全公正执法司法体制机制为抓手加以推进。

Upholding the dialectical unity of breaking and establishing means dialectically recognizing the differences and connections between the two, breaking where necessary and establishing first, then breaking, achieving reform that is both swift and steady. Dialectical unity means recognizing that “all phenomena and processes have contradictory, mutually exclusive, opposing tendencies,” while also recognizing that these opposites are interconnected at a higher level or broader scope, clarifying that “development is the unity of opposites.” Applied to the practical domain, further comprehensively deepening reform should, on the one hand, emphasize establishing before breaking, proactively establishing what should be established. For example, developing new quality productive forces should first focus on cultivating emerging industries, rather than first focusing on abandoning traditional industries. On the other hand, it should emphasize breaking and establishing simultaneously; on the basis of establishing, what should be broken must be broken in a timely manner, such as resolutely breaking free from ideological constraints that do not conform to the spirit of the times and institutional obstacles that hinder the development of the productive forces. In general, it is necessary to grasp the rhythm and control risks well, so that further comprehensively deepening reform is both “swift” and “steady.” As Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform involves breaking and establishing; if

坚持破和立的辩证统一，就是要辩证认识二者的区别和联系，有破有立、先立后破，实现改革蹄疾步稳。辩证统一是指既要认识到“一切现象和过程具有矛盾着的、相互排斥的、对立的倾向”，又要认识到这些对立面在更高层次或更广范围存在相互联系，明确“发展是对立面的统一”。具体到实践领域，进一步全面深化改革一方面应突出先立后破，把该立的积极主动地立起来，比如发展新质生产力要先着眼于培育新兴产业，而不是先着眼于放弃传统产业；另一方面应突出破立并举，在立的基础上，该破的要及时破，比如坚决破除不符合时代精神的思想观念束缚和不利于生产力发展的体制机制障碍。总的来说，就是要把握好节奏、把控好风险，使进一步全面深化改革既“蹄疾”又“步稳”。正如习近平指出的：“改革有破有立，得其法则事半功倍，不得法则事倍功半甚至产生负作用。”

Adhering to the unity of reform and opening up means expanding institutional opening up through reform and promoting deeper reform through opening up, so that the two complement each other. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "Opening up is also part of the content of reform; generally speaking, it is all called reform." Looking back at history, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee and the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee both made a series of important decisions concerning domestic reform and opening up to the outside world, persistently advancing the cause of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. From this perspective, one basic experience of our Party in leading reform is to unswervingly deepen reform and unswervingly expand opening up, so that the two reinforce and integrate with each other. Looking ahead, on the one hand, reform should promote opening up by deepening the reform of the management systems for foreign trade, foreign investment, and outbound investment, optimizing the layout of regional opening up, and creating a better environment for opening up; on the other hand, opening up should promote reform by actively aligning with high-standard international economic and trade rules and building a new system for a higher-standard open economy.

坚持改革和开放相统一，就是要以改革扩大制度型开放，以开放促进深层次改革，实现二者相得益彰。邓小平指出：“对外开放也是改革的内容之一，总的来说，都叫改革。”回顾历史，党的十一届三中全会、党的十八届三中全会都围绕对内改革和对外开放作出一系列重要决策，持之以恒把中国特色社会主义现代化事业不断推向前进。由此而言，我们党领导改革的一条基本经验，就是要坚定不移深化改革、坚定不移扩大开放，使二者相辅相成、互融共进。展望前路，一方面要以改革促开放，通过深化外贸、外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，优化区域开放布局，营造更好开放环境；另一方面要以开放促改革，主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。

Handling the relationship between deployment and implementation means both attaching importance to the scientific design of reform plans and focusing on effectively improving working mechanisms so that reform measures are implemented properly. As reform enters a new stage of further comprehensive deepening, increasing attention is paid to coordinating reform tasks and planning reform schemes through top-level design, which is epitomized by the strategic, forward-looking, and overall deployment made at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee. To study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, one must deeply comprehend its scientific methods of discerning world trends, responding to the people's calls, grasping objective laws, and emphasizing coordination and matching, and combine these with the specific conditions of one's own region or department to form a set of practical implementation measures. At the same time, "we must be solid, be solid again; if we are not solid, no matter how good the blueprint is, it will only be a scrap of paper, and no matter how close the goal is, it will only be a flower in a mirror or the moon's reflection on water." [7]7 A classical allusion from the Buddhist scripture *The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment*, describing something illusory and unattainable. To this end, it is necessary to establish and improve a working mechanism with clear responsibilities, a complete chain, and interlocking links, and to test the results of reform with actual performance and effectiveness.

处理好部署和落实的关系，就是要既重视科学设计改革方案，又注重切实完善工作机制，使改革举措落实到位。随着改革进入进一步全面深化的新阶段，通过顶层设计对改革任务进行统筹、对改革方案展开规划愈发受到重视，这集中体现为党的二十届三中全会作出的战略性、前瞻性、全局性部署。学习贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神，就要深刻领悟其中洞察世界大势、回应人民呼唤、把握客观规律、注重协调配套的科学方法，并结合本地区、本部门具体情况，形成一套切实可行的实施办法。同时，“要抓实、再抓实，不抓实，再好的蓝图只能是一纸空文，再近的目标只能是镜花水月”。为此，必须建立健全责任明晰、链条完整、环环相扣的工作机制，以实绩实效检验改革成果。

(3) Governing the Party strictly and comprehensively, and leading the great social revolution through the Party's self-revolution

（三）从严管党治党，以党的自我革命引领伟大社会革命

The "Decision" proposes that to further comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to "maintain a high degree of consciousness in leading the social revolution through the Party's self-revolution, persist in governing the Party with the spirit of reform and strict standards, and improve the institutional system for the Party's self-revolution," and "ensure that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics." [8]8 The "Decision" refers to the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. Based on the new historical orientation, the Party's self-revolution is the second answer for our Party to break out of the historical cycle of rise and fall, order and chaos, and is concretely manifested as comprehensive and strict governance of the Party; the social revolution is the historic change led by our Party among the people at the social level, and is concretely manifested as upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. At present, to lead the social revolution through the Party's self-revolution means unswervingly practicing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, improving the Party's leadership level in further comprehensively deepening reform, and guiding the reform cause to forge ahead through the waves.

《决定》提出，进一步全面深化改革要“保持以党的自我革命引领社会革命的高度自觉，坚持用改革精神和严的标准管党治党，完善党的自我革命制度规范体系”，“确保党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心”。立足新的时代方位，党的自我革命是我们党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案，具体表现为全面从严治党；社会革命是我们党领导人民在社会层面推动的历史性变革，具体表现为坚持和发展中国特色社会主义。当下，以党的自我革命引领社会革命，就是要坚定不移全面从严治党，提高党对进一步全面深化改革的领导水平，引领改革事业破浪前行。

It is made clear that the Party’s self-revolution is the powerful driving force of social revolution, and we must continuously advance the Party’s self-purification, self-improvement, self-renewal, and self-enhancement, forging a strong leading force for comprehensively deepening reform. The more comprehensively deepening reform advances in depth, the more it will encounter difficulties and challenges involving multiple aspects such as ideas and concepts, patterns of interests, and systems and mechanisms, and the more it will require our Party to improve its leadership level and long-term governance capacity through continuous self-revolution. On the path forward, we must deeply understand the decisive significance of the Two Establishments [9]9 The Two Establishments (两个确立) refers to establishing Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era., make clear that “upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the highest political principle,” ensure that the entire Party remains in high alignment with the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core on the stance, direction, and principles of reform, and adhere to “improving the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee to ensure that the Party Central Committee’s orders and prohibitions are carried out.” Relying on the Party’s self-revolution, we must continuously enhance the Party’s learning ability, political leadership ability, and reform and innovation ability, ensuring that the Party forever retains vigorous vitality and strong combat effectiveness. We must carry forward the thoroughgoing spirit of self-revolution, forging the confidence and determination to carry reform through to the end without wavering. We must neither become arrogant because of victories nor shrink back because of difficulties; instead, inspired by the spirit of self-revolution, we must advance deeper into reform with greater political courage and political wisdom.

明确党的自我革命是社会革命的强大动力，不断推进党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高，为进一步全面深化改革锻造坚强领导力量。全面深化改革越向纵深推进，越会遇到涉及思想观念、利益格局、体制机制等多方面的困难和挑战，也就越需要我们党通过不断进行自我革命提高领导水平和长期执政能力。前行路上，必须深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义，明确“坚持党中央集中统一领导是最高政治原则”,确保全党在改革立场、改革方向、改革原则上始终同以习近平同志为核心的党中央保持高度一致，坚持“完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，确保党中央令行禁止”。要以党的自我革命为依托，不断增强党的学习本领、政治领导本领、改革创新本领，确保党永葆旺盛生命力和强大战斗力。要发扬彻底的自我革命精神，铸就坚定不移将改革进行到底的信心和决心，既不能因胜利而骄傲，也不能因困难而退缩，而是要在自我革命精神的激励下，以更大的政治勇气和政治智慧向改革纵深挺进。

It is made clear that leading the social revolution is the fundamental purpose of the Party’s self-revolution, and we must closely focus on comprehensively deepening reform to advance the Party’s self-revolution, ensuring that all deployments of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [10]10 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee (二十届三中全会) refers to the third plenary meeting of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, held in July 2024, which focused on comprehensively deepening reform. are implemented. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must plan the Party’s self-revolution in response to the new demands of the great social revolution’s practice, and use the new achievements of the great social revolution’s development to test the actual effectiveness of the Party’s self-revolution.” The Party’s self-revolution must better serve and obey the overall situation of comprehensively deepening reform. First, we must deepen the reform of the Party building system, “taking mobilizing the entire Party’s initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity in pursuing reform and promoting development as the focal point.” For example, deepening the reform of the cadre and personnel system must clearly establish the correct orientation for selecting and appointing personnel, selecting cadres who have excellent political quality, dare to advance reform, and adhere to integrity and pragmatism, solving the problems of cadres acting arbitrarily, failing to act, daring not to act, and acting incompetently. Second, we must deeply advance the construction of Party conduct, clean governance, and the fight against corruption, preventing and combating formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and unhealthy practices. We must focus on improving the Party and state supervision systems, creating a clean and upright political ecosystem in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, and urging the vast number of Party members and cadres to continuously raise their awareness and ability to advance the great social revolution. Third, we must grasp reform with the spirit of driving a nail. The upper and lower levels must coordinate to formulate a reform task book, timetable, and priority sequence, clarify the implementation subjects and responsibilities of various reforms, incorporate the implementation of major reforms into supervision and inspection and inspection tours, and promote the implementation and landing of various reform measures.

明确引领社会革命是党的自我革命的根本目的，紧紧围绕进一步全面深化改革来推进党的自我革命，确保党的二十届三中全会各项部署落到实处。习近平指出：“要针对伟大社会革命实践的新要求来谋划党的自我革命，用伟大社会革命发展的新成果来检验党的自我革命的实际成效。”要使党的自我革命更好服从和服务于进一步全面深化改革的大局。一是要深化党的建设制度改革，“以调动全党抓改革、促发展的积极性、主动性、创造性为着力点”。比如，深化干部人事制度改革要鲜明树立选人用人正确导向，把那些政治素质过硬、敢于推进改革、坚持清廉务实的干部选拔出来，解决干部乱作为、不作为、不敢为、不善为问题。二是要深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，防治形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和不正之风。要着力完善党和国家监督体系，在进一步全面深化改革中营造风清气正的政治生态，督促广大党员干部不断提高推进伟大社会革命的意识和能力。三是要以钉钉子精神抓好改革。要上下协同一致制定改革任务书、时间表、优先序，明确各项改革实施主体和责任，把重大改革落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视巡察内容，推动各项改革举措落实落地。

(The author is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism Studies and the School of Discipline Inspection and Supervision at Renmin University of China, and a researcher at the Contemporary Political Parties Research Platform of Renmin University of China.)

（作者系中国人民大学马克思主义学院、纪检监察学院教授、博士生导师，中国人民大学当代政党研究平台研究员）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁