Adhering to the People-Centered Value Orientation of Reform

Value orientation refers to the basic stance and value attitude that a value subject follows in the practical process of pursuing value goals, and it plays a normative role in activities such as the value selection, value creation, and value evaluation of social subjects. Reform, as an important driving force for advancing history, involves a value-orientation question of for whom it is carried out, whom it relies on, and by whom it is evaluated. Comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era has been planned and advanced against the backdrop of China’s reform entering a critical period and uncharted waters, exhibiting prominent characteristics such as a wide scope of coverage, deep-seated interests touched, great difficulty in tackling tough issues, and strong interconnectedness and synergy. Xi Jinping has

价值取向指价值主体在追求价值目标的实践过程中所遵循的基本立场以及持有的价值态度，在社会主体的价值选择、价值创造、价值评价等活动中发挥着规范作用。改革作为推动历史前进的重要动力，存在一个为了谁、依靠谁、由谁来评价的价值取向问题。新时代全面深化改革是在我国改革进入攻坚期和深水区的背景下谋划并推进的，呈现出涉及范围广、触及利益深、攻坚难度大、关联性联动性强的突出特点。习近平精准洞察改革面临的时势与危机，随着改革的推进及时提炼新鲜经验，持续深化对改革规律的认识，原创性提出“改革必须坚持以人民为中心”的新思想。党的二十届三中全会将“坚持以人民为中心” 确立为进一步全面深化改革的重大原则，强调“坚持以人民为中心，尊重人民主体地位和首创精神，人民有所呼、改革有所应，做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享”，这既充分彰显中国共产党的根本政治立场，也是新时代党对全面深化改革价值取向的深刻思考与鲜明作答。

I. The People-Centered Approach Inherits and Develops the Marxist View of the People

一、以人民为中心继承和发展了马克思主义的人民观

The fundamental mission of Marxism is to change the historical destiny of the people and achieve human emancipation. The historical materialism founded by Marx and Engels scientifically resolved the major question in social historical views of "who is the creator of history," clearly proposing that the masses of the people are the subject and creator of history. The Communist Party of China, as a Marxist political party, has always adhered to the Marxist view of the masses, insisting that the masses of the people are the decisive force driving social development, creatively put forward the idea of adhering to a people-centered approach, and in the great practical struggle of leading the people, has continuously inherited and developed the Marxist view of the people.

马克思主义的根本使命是为了改变人民历史命运、实现人的解放。马克思、恩格斯创立的唯物史观，科学解答了社会历史观中“谁是历史的创造者”这一重大难题，鲜明提出人民群众是历史的主体和历史的创造者。中国共产党作为马克思主义政党，始终坚持马克思主义的群众史观，坚持人民群众是推动社会发展的决定性力量，创造性提出坚持以人民为中心的思想，在领导人民的伟大奋斗实践中不断继承和发展了马克思主义的人民观。

(1) Affinity with the People Is the Essential Attribute of Marxism

（一）人民性是马克思主义的本质属性

Affinity with the people is the most distinctive character of Marxism; achieving the liberation of the people was Marx's lifelong pursuit. Marx pointed out: "Historical activity is the activity of the masses, and with the deepening of historical activity, the ranks of the masses will inevitably expand." [1]1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Holy Family*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 4 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 130. Philosophers before Marx adhered to the heroic view of history, belittling and despising the historical role of the people. In class society, the people created wealth but could hardly enjoy the fruits of their labor; although they were the main force creating history, they did not obtain the corresponding status as historical subjects. This contradiction was particularly prominent in capitalist society, where, under the dominance of the logic of capital, wealth distribution was severely unequal, and laborers fell into the plight of poverty and exploitation. The historical materialism founded by Marx and Engels fundamentally changed this cognitive paradigm, proposing that "real individuals" are the starting point for understanding social history. These individuals are not abstract existences but are people engaged in dynamic material productive labor under specific social and historical conditions. It is precisely on the basis of this thesis that Marx and Engels broke through the limitations of the heroic view of history, which held that history is driven by the ideological motives of individual heroic figures, and keenly perceived the material driving forces hidden behind people's historical activities that play a fundamental role, namely that historical activity is, in the final analysis, the practical activity of real people. On this basis, Marx and Engels indicated that the mode of production is the real foundation of social life, constraining the entire process of social life, and corrected the abstract discussion of the people from the perspective of "political man" divorced from material productive labor and social relations of production, thereby establishing the working masses as the main body of the people and the decisive force of history.

人民性是马克思主义最鲜明的品格，让人民获得解放是马克思毕生的追求。马克思指出：“历史活动是群众的活动，随着历史活动的深入，必将是群众队伍的扩大”。马克思以前的哲学家坚持英雄史观，贬低、蔑视人民的历史作用。在阶级社会中，人民创造了财富，却难以享受劳动成果，虽然作为历史创造的主体力量，却没有获得相应的历史主体地位。这种矛盾在资本主义社会尤为突出，资本逻辑主导下，财富分配严重不均，劳动者陷入贫困与被剥削的困境。马克思和恩格斯创立的唯物史观，从根本上改变了这一认知范式，提出“现实的个人”是理解社会历史的起点，这些个人并非抽象存在，而是在特定社会历史条件下，从事着能动的物质生产劳动的人。正是基于这一论断，马克思、恩格斯突破了历史由个别英雄人物思想动机主宰的英雄史观局限，敏锐洞察到隐匿在人们历史活动背后、起着根本性驱动作用的物质动因，即历史的活动归根到底是现实的人的实践活动。在此基础上，马克思、恩格斯指明生产方式是社会生活的现实根基，制约着社会生活全程，纠正了脱离物质生产劳动与社会生产关系、抽象探讨 “政治人”视角下人民的观点，从而把劳动群众作为人民的主体和历史的决定性力量。

Throughout their long theoretical and practical careers, Marx and Engels gradually established a scientific view of the masses guided by historical materialism, systematically demonstrating the great role of the masses of the people in historical development. They believed that if one seeks to find the truly ultimate driving force of history, the key to this question lies not in individual, even extremely outstanding, figures, but in the broad masses, in the entire nation, "and within each nation, again, the motives which set the whole class in motion." [2]2 Friedrich Engels, *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 26 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990), p. 388. From this, they concluded that the masses of the people are not only the creators of society's material and spiritual wealth but also the decisive force driving social and historical change. This scientific thesis, like a key, released people from the shackles of idealism, lighting the way of scientific guidance for insight into the true nature of human history and precise grasp of the laws of social development. At the same time, taking the practical activity of "real individuals" pursuing interests as their logical starting point, Marx and Engels recognized that the people are the subject of value and the enjoyers of society's material and spiritual wealth, continuously forming and enriching the idea of the people's interests. "All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority." [3]3 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *Manifesto of the Communist Party*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 6 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), p. 495. With historical materialism as their foundation, Marx and Engels clarified the value orientation that takes the people as the main force and the all-round development of the individual as the core essence, while simultaneously adhering to the protection of the people's interests as the fundamental value pursuit. This contains the internal logic of the generation of a people-centered theory of value. The reason Marxism has influence across time and space is that it is deeply rooted in the people, "pointing out the right path of relying on the people to push history forward." [4]4 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Karl Marx," *Qiushi Journal*, no. 10 (2018).

在长期的理论和实践生涯中，马克思恩格斯逐渐树立起以唯物史观为指引的科学的人民群众观，系统论证了人民群众在历史发展中的伟大作用。他们认为，倘若要探寻构成历史的真正终极动力，那么此问题的关键，并非个别哪怕极其卓越的人物，而在于广大民众，在于整个民族，“并且在每一民族中间又是使整个阶级行动起来的动机”，由此得出，人民群众既是社会物质财富与精神财富的创造者，更是推动社会历史变革的决定性力量。这一科学论断宛如一把钥匙，将人们从唯心主义的禁锢中释放，为洞察人类历史本真、精准把握社会发展规律，点亮了科学的指引之光。与此同时，马克思、恩格斯以“现实的人”追求利益的实践活动为逻辑起点，认识到人民是价值的主体，是社会物质财富和精神财富的享有者，不断形成并丰富发展人民利益思想，“过去的一切运动都是少数人的，或者为少数人谋利益的运动。无产阶级的运动是绝大多数人的，为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动。”马克思、恩格斯以唯物史观为基石，明确了以人民作为主体力量、将人的全面发展当作核心要义的价值导向，同时坚持把维护人民利益作为根本价值追求，这其中蕴含着以人民为中心价值论生成的内在逻辑。马克思主义之所以有跨时空的影响力，就在于它深深扎根人民，“指明了依靠人民推动历史前进的人间正道。”

(2) Putting the People First Is the Fundamental Political Stance of the Communist Party of China

（二）人民至上是中国共产党的根本政治立场

The question of stance has always been a fundamental issue for a political party or organization, relating to its fundamental nature and basic attributes. The people's stance is the fundamental stance of Marxist historical materialism. The Communist Party of China, as a proletarian political party guided by Marxism, has always adhered to the people's stance, won the heartfelt support and endorsement of the people, united and led the people in continuous struggle throughout the various historical periods of revolution, construction, and reform, and established immortal achievements for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

立场问题向来是一个政党、一个组织的根本问题，关系到政党、组织的根本性质和基本属性。人民立场是马克思主义唯物史观的根本立场，中国共产党作为以马克思主义为指导的无产阶级政党，始终坚守人民立场，赢得人民衷心拥护和支持，团结带领人民在革命、建设、改革各个历史时期持续奋斗，为实现中华民族伟大复兴建立了不朽功业。

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong pointed out: "The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history." [5]5 Mao Zedong, "On Coalition Government," in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung*, vol. 3 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), p. 257. In his "Manifesto of the Founding of the Xiangxi Review," he proposed: "What force is the strongest? The force of the united masses is the strongest," [6]6 Mao Zedong, "Manifesto of the Founding of the Xiangxi Review," in *Mao Zedong's Early Works* (Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 1990), p. 292. emphasizing that the masses of the people are the fundamental force in revolutionary war: "Revolutionary war is a war of the masses; it can be waged only by mobilizing the masses and relying on them." [7]7 Mao Zedong, "Be Concerned with the Well-Being of the Masses, Pay Attention to Methods of Work," in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung*, vol. 1 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), p. 147. At the Seventh National Congress of the CPC, Mao Zedong proposed serving the people wholeheartedly, never being divorced from the masses, and proceeding from the interests of the people in all matters, not from the interests of individuals or small groups: "The unity of being responsible to the people and being responsible to the leading organs of the Party; these are our starting points." [8]8 Mao Zedong, "On Coalition Government," p. 315. From a political height, serving the people wholeheartedly was thus established as the Party's purpose. In 1949, at the preparatory meeting for the new Political Consultative Conference, Mao Zedong pointed out: once China's destiny is in the hands of the people, China will be like the sun rising in the east, "shining brightly over the earth with its brilliant radiance." [9]9 Mao Zedong, "Address to the Preparatory Meeting of the New Political Consultative Conference," in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung*, vol. 4 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1961), p. 408. After the founding of New China, the Party led the people in establishing a new type of political system where the people are the masters of the country, established the fundamental political principle that all power in the country belongs to the people, and at the institutional level, determined the supremacy of the people's status.

在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东指出“人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。”他在《〈湘西评论〉创刊宣言》中提出：“什么力量最强？民众联合的力量最强”，强调人民群众是革命战争的根本力量，“革命战争是群众的战争，只有动员群众才能进行战争，只有依靠群众才能进行战争”。在党的七大上，毛泽东提出要全心全意为人民服务，时刻不脱离群众，凡事从人民利益出发，而非个人或小团体利益，“向人民负责和向党的领导机关负责的一致性；这些就是我们的出发点”，进而从政治高度把全心全意为人民服务确立为党的宗旨。1949年，在新政治协商会议筹备会上，毛泽东指出：中国的命运一旦掌握在人民手中，中国就会像太阳从东方升起，“以自己的辉煌的光焰普照大地”。新中国成立后，党领导人民建立了人民当家作主的新型政治制度，确立了国家一切权力属于人民的根本政治原则，在制度层面上确定了人民地位的至高无上性。

After reform and opening up, our Party has always taken the interests of the people as the highest criterion to grasp the direction and process of reform, tirelessly seeking to enhance the people’s welfare and promote common prosperity. Deng Xiaoping repeatedly stated: “Poverty is not socialism; socialism must eliminate poverty. Not developing productive forces, not raising the people’s standard of living, cannot be said to meet the requirements of socialism.” Our Party has highly valued the status and role of the masses, insisting on drawing ideological nourishment and forward-moving strength from the activities through which the people create history, and closely relying on the masses to advance the cause of reform and opening up. During the period of reform and opening up, many new things were first proposed by the broad masses in practice; “it is absolutely not that one person’s brain can drill out something new”; it was “the wisdom of the masses, the wisdom of the collective.” It was precisely the immense wisdom and fighting spirit latent in the masses that enabled China’s reform to break out of its cocoon and form a prairie fire, pushing the reform process from the countryside to the cities, from the economy to other fields, and opening up a new path and creating a new cause through the exploration of “crossing the river by feeling the stones.” [10]10 “Crossing the river by feeling the stones” (摸着石头过河) is a metaphor for pragmatic, incremental reform, famously used by Deng Xiaoping to describe China’s experimental approach to economic reform without a predetermined blueprint. For this reason, Comrade Deng Xiaoping profoundly pointed out that the masses are the source of our strength; if a Party organization seriously separates itself from the masses and cannot make a firm resolve to correct this, “then it will lose its source of strength, will certainly fail, and will be abandoned by the people.” The history of reform and opening up tells us that it was precisely the wisdom and sweat of the masses that propelled the historical process of the great practice of reform and opening up.

改革开放以后，我们党始终以人民利益为最高准则来把握改革的方向和进程，孜孜以求的是增进人民福祉，推动共同富裕。邓小平多次讲：“贫穷不是社会主义，社会主义要消灭贫穷。不发展生产力，不提高人民的生活水平，不能说是符合社会主义要求的。”我们党高度重视人民群众的地位和作用，坚持从人民创造历史的活动中汲取思想营养和前进力量，紧紧依靠人民群众推动改革开放事业。改革开放期间，很多新事物都是广大群众在实践中率先提出的，“绝不是一个人脑筋就可以钻出什么新东西来”，“是群众的智慧，集体的智慧”。正是蕴藏在人民群众中的巨大智慧和拼闯精神，才让中国改革破茧而出并形成燎原之势，推动改革进程从农村延伸到城市、从经济延伸到其他各领域，在“摸着石头过河”的探索中开辟出一条新路、干出一番新事业。正因如此，邓小平同志深刻指出，群众是我们力量的源泉，一个党组织若严重脱离群众而不能痛下决心坚决改正，“那就丧失了力量的源泉，就一定要失败，就会被人民抛弃。”改革开放的历史告诉我们，正是人民群众用智慧和汗水推动了改革开放伟大实践的历史进程。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has established “upholding the people’s supremacy” as the fundamental stance and principle of governance, emphasizing that the masses are the fundamental force creating history, that “we Communists must never forget this most basic truth of historical materialism at any time,” and that the people are “the fundamental force determining the future and destiny of the Party and the state.” In the practice of leading the people to promote great changes, he has precisely summarized the distinctive feature that “the Party’s roots are in the people, its bloodline is in the people, and its strength is in the people,” clearly elucidated the internal logic that “Chinese-path modernization is the cause of hundreds of millions of people, and the people are the subject of Chinese-path modernization,” profoundly interpreted the essential connotation that “the country is the people, and the people are the country,” organically integrated the ideological essence of “the world is for the common good, and the people are the foundation of the state” from fine traditional Chinese culture, and thus clearly put forward the practical requirement of respecting the principal status and pioneering spirit of the masses, systematically elevating our Party’s understanding that “people-centeredness is the essential attribute of Marxism” to a new realm. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, established in the practice of great changes as the Marxism of contemporary China and the Marxism of the 21st century, upholds people-centeredness as the fundamental stance, viewpoint, and method running through it, providing a scientific guide for us to deeply understand and grasp the people-centered value orientation from the height of worldview and methodology.

党的十八大以来，习近平将“坚持人民至上”确立为治国理政的根本立场与原则，强调人民群众是创造历史的根本动力，“我们共产党人任何时候都不要忘记这个历史唯物主义最基本的道理”，人民是“决定党和国家前途命运的根本力量”。在领导人民推动伟大变革的实践中精准概括了“党的根基在人民、血脉在人民、力量在人民”的鲜明特征，清晰阐明了“中国式现代化是亿万人民自己的事业，人民是中国式现代化的主体”的内在逻辑，深刻诠释了“江山就是人民、人民就是江山”的本质内涵，有机贯通了中华优秀传统文化中“天下为公、民为邦本”的思想精华，从而鲜明提出了尊重人民群众主体地位和首创精神的实践要求，系统性地将我们党关于“人民性是马克思主义的本质属性”的认识提升到新的境界。在伟大变革实践中创立的习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为当代中国马克思主义、二十一世纪马克思主义，坚持人民至上是贯穿始终的根本立场观点方法，为我们从世界观方法论的高度深刻认识和把握以人民为中心的价值取向提供了科学指南。

II. Promoting Social Fairness and Justice and Enhancing the People’s Welfare Is the Value Purpose of Reform

二、促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉是改革的价值旨归

The subjectivity of value determines the need to “understand the problem of value from the perspective of the subject”; the liberation of “real people” is the highest value measure and the most fundamental principle of Marxism. The reform led by the Communist Party of China has direction, principles, and a stance; reform for the people is meaningful. In the New Era, comprehensively deepening reform takes promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing the people’s welfare as its starting point and destination, focuses on what the masses think, hope, worry about, and urgently need, continuously launches a series of major reform measures, achieves a series of major reform results, promotes solid steps toward common prosperity for all the people, continuously improves the quality of the people’s lives, and continuously strengthens the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security, vividly demonstrating the people-centered value orientation of reform.

价值的主体性决定了需要“从主体方面去理解”价值问题，“现实的人” 的解放是马克思主义的最高价值尺度与最根本的原则。中国共产党领导的改革是有方向、有原则、有立场的，为了人民而改革，改革才有意义。新时代全面深化改革，将促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉作为起点与归宿，聚焦人民群众所思所盼所忧所急，持续推出一系列重大改革举措，取得一系列重大改革成果，推动全体人民共同富裕迈出坚实步伐，人民生活品质不断提高，人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断增强，生动彰显了以人民为中心的改革价值取向。

(I) The People-Centered Development Thought Provides Value Guidance for Reform

（一）以人民为中心的发展思想为改革提供价值遵循

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has unequivocally put forward the people-centered development thought, emphasizing that the masses are the fundamental force driving development, that we must “take enhancing the people’s welfare and promoting the comprehensive development of people as the starting point and end point of development,” while also advocating for the development of people’s democracy, defending social fairness and justice, ensuring that the people have equal rights to participate and develop, and comprehensively stimulating the people’s initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity.

党的十八大以来，习近平旗帜鲜明地提出以人民为中心的发展思想，强调人民群众是推动发展的根本力量，要“把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点”，同时倡导发展人民民主，捍卫社会公平正义，确保人民拥有平等参与、平等发展的权利，全方位激发人民的积极性、主动性与创造性。

On the one hand, adhering to the people-centered development thought is an inevitable requirement of the transformation of China’s principal social contradiction. With new changes in the domestic and international situation and new developments in practice, China’s reform has entered a deep-water zone and a critical period. The transformation of the principal social contradiction indicates that there are many problems in reality that do not adapt to the people’s new expectations, such as unbalanced and inadequate economic development, large gaps in urban-rural and regional development, and insufficient improvement in people’s livelihood. These new contradictions and new problems all pose new requirements for reform and development. In the New Era, the Party must take the people’s aspiration for a better life as its goal, firmly grasp the main aspect of the principal social contradiction to determine the development strategy, and “taking economic construction as the central task is the key to rejuvenating the country, and development is still the key to solving all of China’s problems.” However, development must start from solving the common and prominent issues of concern to the masses, and while maintaining economic growth, insist on focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of development, achieving development with higher quality, better efficiency, greater fairness, and more sustainability, and making continuous progress in meeting the people’s new expectations for a better life.

一方面，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想是我国社会主要矛盾转化的必然要求。随着国内外形势新变化和实践新发展，我国改革步入深水区与攻坚期，社会主要矛盾的转化表明，现实中存在着不少与人民群众新期待不相适应的问题，如经济发展不平衡不充分、城乡区域发展差距较大、民生保障不够完善等，这些新矛盾新问题都对改革发展提出了新要求。新时代党要把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标，紧紧抓住社会主要矛盾的主要方面确定发展战略，“以经济建设为中心是兴国之要，发展仍是解决我国所有问题的关键”，但发展要从解决人民群众普遍关心的突出问题出发，在保持经济增长的同时，坚持以提高发展质量和效益为中心，实现质量更高、效率更佳、公平更显、更具持续性的发展，在满足人民群众对美好生活的新期待上不断有进展。

On the other hand, adhering to the people-centered development thought clarifies the forward direction of continuously advancing toward achieving common prosperity for all the people. Within the development context of modernization, achieving common prosperity for all the people constitutes the essential core of Chinese-path modernization and is also a significant distinguishing marker compared to the Western modernization model. The Western modernization process presents a narrow orientation with capital as the absolute dominant force, deviating from the essential meaning of people-centered development, placing the pursuit of capital interests first, ignoring the vital interests of the vast majority of the people, and thus giving rise to severe difficulties such as a continuously widening gap between rich and poor and intensified social polarization. At the same time, some developing countries, on the path of modernization exploration, although once touching the boundary of developed countries, fell into the “middle-income trap” due to their failure to effectively resolve deep-seated structural problems such as polarization and class solidification, with economic development long mired in a quagmire, stagnating or even seriously regressing, casting a shadow over the road to modernization. The development pursued by Chinese-path modernization has its destination in benefiting the people, and the prosperity it aspires to is the common prosperity of all the people; “the final criterion for judging whether reform and development are successful is whether the people have jointly enjoyed the fruits of reform and development.”

另一方面，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想明确了朝着实现全体人民共同富裕不断迈进的前进方向。在现代化的发展脉络之中，实现全体人民共同富裕构成了中国式现代化的本质内核，亦是其相较于西方现代化模式的显著分野标识。西方现代化进程呈现出以资本为绝对主导的偏狭导向，背离了以人民为中心的发展要义，将资本利益的追逐置于首位，漠视绝大多数民众的切身利益诉求，进而催生出贫富差距持续拉大、社会两极分化加剧的严峻困境。与此同时，部分发展中国家在现代化探索的道路上，虽曾一度触碰到发达国家的边界，却因未能有效破解两极分化、阶层固化等深层次结构性问题，失足陷入 “中等收入陷阱”，经济发展长期陷入泥沼，出现停滞乃至严重倒退，为现代化建设之路蒙上阴霾。中国式现代化所追寻的发展，其归宿是造福人民，所向往的富裕，是全体人民的共同富裕，“改革发展搞得成功不成功，最终的判断标准是人民是不是共同享受到了改革发展成果。”

On the new journey of the New Era, our Party takes advancing Chinese-path modernization as the biggest political task, focuses on economic construction and high-quality development, both strives to make the “cake” bigger and carefully divides the “cake,” concentrates on solving a series of livelihood issues such as employment, education, and medical care, and especially builds a three-tier distribution system, [11]11 The three-tier distribution system (三次分配制度体系) refers to China’s framework combining primary market distribution, government redistribution through taxation and social security, and voluntary charitable donations as a third channel. regulates the distribution order and wealth accumulation mechanism, “guides and regulates the healthy development of capital according to law, gradually expands the middle-income group, and narrows the income distribution gap,” so that the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly, resolutely preventing and avoiding polarization.

新时代新征程，我们党以推进中国式现代化为最大政治，聚焦经济建设与高质量发展，既全力做大“蛋糕”，又精心分好“蛋糕”，着力解决就业、教育、医疗等系列民生问题，特别是构建三次分配制度体系，规范分配秩序与财富积累机制，“依法引导和规范资本健康发展，逐步扩大中等收入群体、缩小收入分配差距”，让改革发展的成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，坚决防止和避免两极分化。

(II) Promoting Social Fairness and Justice Is the Fundamental Purpose of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（二）促进社会公平正义是全面深化改革的根本目的

“Fairness and justice are the inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” and are also an important principle that must be adhered to in further comprehensively deepening reform while advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly determines that we must pursue fairness and justice,” and “the fundamental purpose of our Party in promoting comprehensively deepening reform is to promote social fairness and justice, so that the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC frequently mentioned fairness and equality, emphatically stressing that in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform, promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing the people’s welfare must be taken as the starting point and end point, which profoundly demonstrates the Party’s unwavering respect for and pursuit of the value of fairness and justice.

“公平正义是中国特色社会主义的内在要求”，也是在推进中国式现代化中进一步全面深化改革必须坚持的重要原则。习近平指出，“全心全意为人民服务的宗旨决定了我们必须追求公平正义”，“我们党推进全面深化改革的根本目的，就是要促进社会公平正义，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民”。党的二十届三中全会高频提及公平和平等，着重强调在进一步全面深化改革进程中，须以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉作为起始点与落脚点，这深切彰显出党对公平正义价值矢志不渝的尊崇与追求。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics advances into the New Era, the people’s aspirations for a better life have grown stronger, and their perceptions of fairness and justice have deepened. Chinese-path modernization aims to provide everyone with the opportunity to develop themselves and contribute to society, ensuring equal participation and equal development for all, and enabling everyone to share in the fulfillment of life and the realization of dreams, thereby upholding social fairness and justice. Fairness and justice, as the intrinsic value support of Chinese-path modernization, are a prominent marker of the progress of social civilization and embody the people’s yearning for a better life. Entering the New Era, our Party, based on the common struggle of all the people and the fruits of economic and social development, has accelerated the construction of an institutional system that plays a key supporting role in ensuring social fairness and justice, gradually establishing a social fairness guarantee framework with rights fairness, opportunity fairness, and rule fairness as core elements, making every effort to create a fair and just social ecology, and effectively safeguarding the people’s right to equal participation in social affairs and equal pursuit of development. At the same time, the concept of fairness and justice has been deeply integrated into the entire process of the integrated construction of a law-based state, law-based government, and law-based society, running through all key links of legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law-abiding. Through a series of solid measures and notable achievements, a solid barrier has been built for social fairness and justice, strong momentum has been injected, and society has been effectively propelled forward steadily in a direction of greater fairness and justice.

中国特色社会主义迈进新时代，人民对美好生活的期盼愈加强烈，对公平正义的感悟更为深刻。中国式现代化旨在赋予每个人发展自我、奉献社会的机遇，保障人人平等参与、平等发展，共享人生出彩、梦想成真，以此维护社会公平正义。公平正义作为中国式现代化的内在价值支撑，是社会文明进阶的显著标识，凝聚着人民群众对美好生活的向往。进入新时代，我们党基于全体人民的共同奋斗以及经济社会发展成果，加速构建对保障社会公平正义起关键支撑作用的制度体系，逐步搭建起以权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为核心要素的社会公平保障架构，全力营造公平公正的社会生态，切实捍卫人民平等参与社会事务、平等谋求发展的权利。与此同时，将公平正义理念深度融入法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体化建设全流程，贯穿立法、执法、司法、守法各个关键环节，凭借一系列扎实举措与显著成效，为社会公平正义筑牢坚实屏障、注入强劲动力，有力推动社会朝着更加公平正义的方向稳健前行。

As comprehensive deepening of reform enters a new stage, the focus should be on perfecting and expanding those institutional systems that play a key supporting role in ensuring social fairness and justice, striving to better uphold and enhance social fairness and justice. The promotion of social fairness and justice and the enhancement of the people’s well-being should be taken as the yardstick for measurement, thereby reflecting on the systems, mechanisms, and policy provisions in all areas. “Whichever area or link has prominent problems, that area or link is the focus of reform.” First, grasp the main line of making the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly, adhere to the coordination of the whole and the key points, use systematic thinking to oversee all aspects, levels, elements, and groups, and plan reform strategies and determine reform measures based on the fundamental interests of the people. Second, create a fairer and more vibrant market environment in reform, provide a level playing field for all types of business entities, and continuously stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society. Third, use a strong rule-of-law system to guarantee the realization of the value of social fairness and justice. In the process of deepening legislative reform, it is necessary to actively respond to new challenges related to social fairness and justice arising from emerging fields, new business forms, new quality elements, and new rights claims. Efforts to improve the system for fair and impartial law enforcement and judicial institutions must be sustained to ensure that the people feel fairness and justice in every judicial case.

全面深化改革迈向新阶段，当聚焦于完善、拓展那些对保障社会公平正义起着关键支撑作用的制度体系，力求于更好维护并增进社会公平正义。要把促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉当作审视标尺，以此映照各方面体制机制与政策规定，“哪个领域哪个环节问题突出，哪个领域哪个环节就是改革的重点”。一是抓住让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民这条主线，坚持整体与重点协同，运用系统思维统揽各方面、各层次、各要素及各类群体，立足人民根本利益谋划改革方略、敲定改革举措。二是在改革中创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，为各类经营主体创造公平竞争的环境，不断激发全社会的内生动力和创新活力。三是以强而有力的法治体系保障社会公平正义价值的实现。深化立法改革进程中，需积极应对新兴领域、新业态、新质要素涌现以及新型权利诉求所衍生的、关乎社会公平正义的全新挑战，健全公正执法司法体制机制要持续发力，确保人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义。

(III) The people-centered approach is ultimately embodied in continuously enhancing the people’s well-being

（三）以人民为中心最终体现在不断增进人民福祉上

Enhancing the people’s well-being is an inherent requirement of the Communist Party of China’s adherence to building the Party for the public good and exercising governance for the people. Ensuring that all the people live a good life is the starting point and ultimate goal of all the Party’s reform and development efforts. Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. If development deviates from the people’s expectations and fails to bring tangible benefits to the masses, it will lose its meaning and become unsustainable. The fundamental purpose of reform is to enable the people to live a good life. The voices of the common people are the “weather vane” of reform; the matters they are deeply concerned about and the things they eagerly look forward to are precisely the key points that reform should accurately target, make every effort to tackle, and continuously promote. In the New Era, the Party has led the people, starting from solving the most immediate and direct practical interests of the masses, to spare no effort in winning the battle against poverty, overcoming the problem of absolute poverty in one fell swoop; building the world’s largest education, social security, and medical and health systems, paving a solid path for all the people towards common prosperity. The quality of life of the people has continuously improved, and their sense of gain, happiness, and security has been continuously enhanced, fully demonstrating our Party’s solemn commitment to continuously enhancing the people’s well-being in reform.

增进民生福祉，是中国共产党坚持立党为公、执政为民的内在要求，让人民群众都过上好日子是党推动一切改革发展的出发点和落脚点。发展是党执政兴国的第一要务，若发展背离人民期待、无法让群众收获实际利益，便会失去意义、难以为继。改革的根本目的就是为了让人民过上好日子，老百姓的心声就是改革的“风向标”，他们心心念念所牵挂之事、翘首以盼所渴望之物，正是改革应当精准锚定、全力攻坚并持续推动的关键着力点。新时代党带领人民从解决群众最关心最直接最现实的利益入手，全力打赢脱贫攻坚战，一举攻克绝对贫困难题；建成全球规模最大的教育、社会保障与医疗卫生体系，为全体人民迈向共同富裕铺就坚实道路，民众生活品质持续跃升，获得感、幸福感、安全感持续增强，充分彰显了我们党在改革中不断增进人民福祉的庄严承诺。

To further comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to firmly grasp the fundamental mission of seeking happiness for the people. In planning and advancing reform, we must always proceed from the overall interests, fundamental interests, and long-term interests of the people, take enhancing the people’s well-being as the ultimate manifestation of reform achievements, and actively respond to the new expectations of the people. On the one hand, when formulating reform policies and plans, adhere to asking the people about their needs, use “small cuts” to position the “big direction,” integrate the people’s concerns and expectations about people’s livelihood into the top-level design of national reform, and persist in identifying institutional and mechanism shortcomings from the problems that the people generally pay attention to, strongly reflect, and repeatedly appear, to find the focus and breakthrough points for deepening reform. On the other hand, plan and formulate implementation measures in light of China’s economic and social development reality and the people’s interest demands, focus on the people’s interest concerns, target key groups requiring care, and promote the implementation of people’s livelihood guarantees such as childcare and education at a higher level, comprehensively enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security, making the people’s well-being more direct and tangible.

进一步全面深化改革必须牢牢把握为人民谋幸福这个根本使命，在谋划和推进改革中始终坚持从人民的整体利益、根本利益、长远利益出发，以增进人民福祉作为改革成果的最终体现，积极回应人民群众新期待。一方面，在制定改革政策和方案时，坚持问需于民，以“小切口”定位“大方向”，将人民群众关心期盼的民生小事融入国家改革的顶层设计，坚持从人民群众普遍关注、反映强烈、反复出现的问题背后查找体制机制弊端，找准深化改革的重点和突破口。另一方面，结合我国经济社会发展实际与人民群众的利益诉求谋划制定落地举措，聚焦人民的利益关切，瞄准重点关怀人群，在更高层次推动幼有所育、学有所教等民生保障落地，全方位提升人民获得感、幸福感、安全感，让民生福祉更直接、更实在。

At the same time, enhancing the people’s well-being in reform requires both doing one’s utmost and acting within one’s capabilities, and reasonably guiding reform expectations. It must be recognized that reform is a process of adjusting the pattern of interests, and it is impossible to satisfy all people’s interest demands simultaneously. In the process of reform, it is necessary to guide cadres and the masses to establish a broad perspective, rationally view the reshaping of the interest pattern and personal gains and losses caused by reform, and fully recognize that reform, as a complex and long-term systematic project, has a gradual nature and cannot solve all problems overnight. “We must not be impatient for success or aim too high, nor should we set the tone too high or raise expectations too much.” Instead, we must seek truth from facts, proceed from reality, be steady and sure, accumulate small victories into big ones, persistently do a good job in all work to enhance the people’s well-being, and let the people continuously see new changes and gain new benefits.

同时，在改革中增进人民福祉既要尽力而为，又要量力而行，合理引导改革预期。要看到，改革是利益格局调整的过程，不可能同时满足所有人的利益诉求，在改革进程中，需引导干部群众树立大局观，理性看待改革引发的利益格局重塑和个人得失，充分认识到改革作为一项复杂且长期的系统工程，具有渐进性特质，难以一蹴而就解决所有问题，“不能急于求成、好高骛远，不要把调子起高、胃口吊高”，而是要实事求是，一切从实际出发，稳扎稳打，积小胜为大胜，持之以恒抓好增进民生福祉的各项工作，让人民群众不断看到新变化、得到新实惠。

III. Respecting the People’s Principal Position and Pioneering Spirit Is the Fundamental Driving Force for Promoting Reform

三、尊重人民主体地位和首创精神是推动改革的根本动力

The people are the real driving force and eternal subject of social development, playing the dual roles of both “characters in the play” and “playwrights” of history. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform is the people’s own cause, requiring the participation of all the people and unity in overcoming difficulties.” On the new journey, we must firmly rely on the people’s strength to promote reform, fully stimulate the people’s historical initiative and historical creativity, gather the wisdom and strength of all the people, and continuously advance Chinese-path modernization. This is an inevitability of history and a responsibility and mission entrusted by the times.

人民是社会发展的真实动力和永恒主体，身兼历史 “剧中人” 与 “剧作者” 双重角色。习近平指出：“改革是人民群众自己的事业，要全体人民共同参与，团结一致攻坚克难。”新征程上必须紧紧依靠人民力量推动改革，充分激发人民的历史主动精神和历史创造精神，将全体人民的智慧和力量汇集起来，不断推动中国式现代化向前发展，这是历史的必然，也是时代赋予的责任和使命。

(I) The People Are the Principal Force Driving Reform and Opening Up

（一）人民群众是推动改革开放的主体力量

The people’s historical initiative and historical creativity are the concentrated expression of the people’s wisdom and the vivid embodiment of the people’s principal strength in the creative practice of reform and opening up. “The great historical drama of reform and opening up was performed by hundreds of millions of people as the leading actors.” It was the people who released immense power to create the brilliant achievements of China’s reform and opening up. The fundamental reason why the broad masses of the people sincerely support and actively participate in the great historical undertaking of reform and opening up is that “from the very beginning, we deeply rooted the cause of reform and opening up among the people,” thus enabling reform and opening up to “have an unwavering value goal to guide and a continuous main driving force to propel,” always full of vigorous vitality and exuberant energy.

人民的历史主动精神和历史创造精神，是人民群众智慧的集中表达，是人民主体力量在改革开放中的创造性实践的生动体现。“改革开放的历史伟剧是亿万人民群众主演的”，是人民释放出磅礴伟力创造了我国改革开放的辉煌成就。广大人民群众之所以衷心拥护和积极参与改革开放的历史伟业，“最根本的原因在于我们一开始就使改革开放事业深深扎根于人民群众之中”，从而使改革开放“具有坚定不移的价值目标牵引和源源不断的主体动力驱动”，始终充满着蓬勃生机与旺盛活力。

The major practical, institutional, and theoretical achievements in the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era all originate from the wisdom, exploration, and creation of the people. Practice shows that only by fully respecting the will expressed by the people, the experience they have created, the rights they hold, and the role they play can the masses actively support and enthusiastically participate in reform, and the great cause of reform and opening up have a solid foundation. For example, in the overall framework of improving the social governance system, the "Fengqiao Experience," created by cadres and the masses in Fengqiao Town, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province in grassroots social governance practice—"mobilizing and relying on the masses, insisting on resolving contradictions locally without passing them upward"—has been continuously deepened and expanded in practice, gradually forming a distinctive New Era "Fengqiao Experience." Under the leadership of the Party, grassroots organizations adhere to and implement the Party's mass line, fully mobilizing, organizing, and relying on the masses, allowing them to resolve their own affairs independently, achieving good governance results such as "small matters not leaving the village, major matters not leaving the town, and contradictions not being passed upward." The New Era "Fengqiao Experience" provides a practice exploration with important symbolic significance for improving the urban-rural grassroots governance system led by Party organizations, combining self-governance, rule of law, and rule of virtue, and perfecting the social governance system of joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits. It has become a banner for grassroots social governance and a calling card of "Chinese governance." Born in rural areas, the "Fengqiao Experience" takes strengthening the grassroots foundation and resolving problems locally as its core concept. This concept transcends geographical limitations and is universally applicable, having important guiding significance for grassroots governance in both rural and urban areas. We must actively adapt to changes in the grassroots governance context, gradually achieving a governance leap from rural to urban-rural, from society to multiple domains, and from offline to online-offline synergy, creating a safe and stable social environment for advancing Chinese-path modernization. To further comprehensively deepen reform, we must systematically grasp the reform motivation theory that "reform relies on the people; only then does reform have momentum." Whether it is top-level design or grassroots innovation, economic reform or reform in other fields, we must firmly rely on the main force of the people, guide public opinion on reform around stabilizing expectations and strengthening confidence, broadly consolidate reform consensus, fully mobilize all positive factors in reform practice, and give full play to the driving role of the people.

新时代全面深化改革进程中取得的重大实践成果、制度成果和理论成果，无不源自于人民的智慧、人民的探索、人民的创造。实践表明，只有充分尊重人民所表达的意愿、所创造的经验、所拥有的权利、所发挥的作用，人民群众才会积极支持和踊跃投身改革，改革开放伟大事业才能拥有强大根基。比如，在健全社会治理体系的大格局中，浙江省诸暨市枫桥镇的干部群众在基层社会治理实践中创造出的“发动和依靠群众，坚持矛盾不上交，就地解决”的“枫桥经验”在实践中不断深化拓展，逐步形成了特色鲜明的新时代“枫桥经验”。在党的引领下，基层组织坚持和贯彻党的群众路线，充分发动群众、组织群众、依靠群众，让群众自主解决自身之事，取得“小事不出村、大事不出镇、矛盾不上交”的良好治理成效。新时代“枫桥经验”为我们健全党组织领导的自治、法治、德治相结合的城乡基层治理体系，完善共建共治共享的社会治理制度提供了具有重要标识意义的实践探索，成为基层社会治理的一面旗帜和“中国之治”的一张名片。诞生于农村的“枫桥经验”，以强化基层基础、就地化解问题为核心理念，这一理念突破地域局限，兼具普适性，对农村、城市的基层治理均具有重要指导意义。我们要主动顺应基层治理情境变化，逐步实现从乡村到城乡、从社会到多域、从线下到线上线下协同的治理跨越，为推进中国式现代化创造安全稳定的社会环境。进一步全面深化改革要系统把握“依靠人民而改革，改革才有动力”的改革动力论，无论是顶层设计还是基层创新、无论是经济改革还是其他领域改革，都要紧紧依靠人民群众这个主体的力量，围绕稳预期、强信心做好改革舆论引导，广泛凝聚改革共识，在改革实践中充分调动一切积极因素，充分发挥人民群众的动力作用。

(II) Upholding the Principal Position of the People, Giving Play to the People's Pioneering Spirit, and Firmly Relying on the People to Drive Reform

（二）坚持人民主体地位，发挥群众首创精神，紧紧依靠人民推动改革

The masses of the people contain rich wisdom and immense creative power. Looking back on the magnificent journey of reform and opening up, every breakthrough and deepening at the cognitive level or in the practical field, every germination and growth of new things, and every gestation and gathering of experience in various fields and links, all have their sources deeply rooted in the hands-on practice and extraordinary wisdom of hundreds of millions of people. The masses of the people have always been the mighty force propelling the great ship of reform and opening up to break waves and forge ahead. Xi Jinping pointed out: "In front of the people, we are forever primary school students; we must consciously learn from the people as our teachers, seek advice from the capable, and ask for strategies from the wise." [14]14 Xi Jinping, "Speech at a Symposium Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China" (July 1, 2021), in Xi Jinping, *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping's Works*, vol. 2 The masses of the people are at the forefront of practice, keenly perceptive of changes in practice, deeply feeling them, and rich in wisdom. The first-hand experience they accumulate and the real problems they report are precisely the key to unlocking reform dilemmas, breaking through thinking limitations, and finding solutions. Currently, the major policies and principles of the Party Central Committee on further comprehensively deepening reform have been set, and the goals, tasks, and requirements are very clear. How to find the correct direction and approach to solving problems in implementation still requires fully unleashing the creative vitality of the masses and seeking breakthroughs in reform and focal points for solving problems from the practice of the masses and grassroots exploration.

人民群众中蕴含着丰富的智慧与巨大的创造力。回溯改革开放的壮阔征程，无论是认识层面还是实践领域的每一次突破与深化，无论是新生事物的萌芽、成长，还是各领域、各环节经验的孕育、汇聚，其源头无不深植于亿万人民的躬身实践与非凡智慧之中，人民群众始终是推动改革开放巨轮破浪前行的磅礴力量。习近平指出：“在人民面前，我们永远是小学生，必须自觉拜人民为师，向能者求教，向智者问策。”人民群众处于实践前沿，对实践变化感知敏锐、体会深切且富有智慧，他们所积累的一手经验、反馈的真实问题，恰是打开改革困境、突破思维局限、找到解决思路的关键钥匙。当前，党中央关于进一步全面深化改革的大政方针已定，目标、任务和要求十分明确，如何在贯彻落实中找到正确的破题方向和解题思路，仍然需要充分释放人民群众的创造活力，从群众实践和基层探索中寻找改革的突破口、破题的发力点。

In giving play to the people's pioneering spirit in reform, it is essential to extract fresh experience from the creative practical activities of the masses, elevate it to the level of rational cognition, and condense it into new theoretical crystallization. We must strive to deeply root the Party's reform theory in the soil of reality, fully gather the wisdom of the people, comply with the will of the people, win the hearts of the people, and ultimately use it to guide the new round of reform practice exploration, forming a virtuous cycle from practice to theory and then back to practice. For example, people's democracy is the lifeblood of socialism. What kind of democratic system to implement and what path of democratic development to take are major tasks in comprehensively deepening reform. Based on the extensive democratic exploration and practical experience of China's grassroots masses, our Party has continuously and deeply explored the essential characteristics of democracy and the laws of democratic political development. Xi Jinping creatively summarized the democratic elements of democratic elections, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision as "whole-process people's democracy." On November 2, 2019, during an inspection of the grassroots legislative contact point in Hongqiao Subdistrict, Changning District, Shanghai, Xi Jinping for the first time explicitly put forward the important thesis that people's democracy is a whole-process democracy. [15]15 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC further stated that "whole-process people's democracy is the essential attribute of socialist democratic politics, the most extensive, most genuine, and most effective form of democracy." [16]16 Xi Jinping’s remark, often cited in Party discourse, frames The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC made comprehensive arrangements for improving the institutional system of whole-process people's democracy. [17]17 “Fuel, rice, cooking oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar, and tea” (柴米油盐酱醋茶) is a traditional Chinese idiom listing the seven daily necessities of life, used here to symbolize the most basic and concrete concerns of ordinary people. Our Party develops whole-process people's democracy, expands democratic channels, and enriches democratic forms precisely to ensure that the people are the masters of the country, guarantee the principal position of the people, fully reflect the will of the people, protect the rights and interests of the people, stimulate the creative vitality of the people, and enable them to invest enthusiastically in the construction of Chinese-path modernization with the spirit of being masters of the country. This is also the institutional guarantee for firmly relying on the people to drive reform.

在改革中发挥群众首创精神，务必要重视从人民群众富有创造性的实践活动里萃取鲜活经验，将其升华至理性认知层面，凝练出新的理论结晶。致力于使党的改革理论深深扎根于现实土壤，充分汇聚民众智慧、顺应民众意愿、赢得民心所向，最终以之指引新一轮的改革实践探索，形成从实践到理论、再由理论回归实践的良性循环。比如，人民民主是社会主义的生命, 实行什么样的民主制度,走什么样的民主发展道路是全面深化改革的重大任务。在我国基层群众广泛的民主探索和实践经验的基础上，我们党持续深入探究民主的本质特征与民主政治发展规律。习近平将民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督等民主要素创造性地概括为“全过程人民民主”。2019年11月2日，习近平在上海市长宁区虹桥街道基层立法联系点考察时，首次明确提出人民民主是全过程民主这一重要论断。党的二十大报告进一步提出“全过程人民民主是社会主义民主政治的本质属性，是最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主”，党的二十届三中全会就健全全过程人民民主制度体系做出全面部署。我们党发展全过程人民民主，拓展民主渠道，丰富民主形式，就是为了保障人民当家作主，确保人民的主体地位，充分体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力，以主人翁精神满怀热忱地投入到中国式现代化建设中来，这也是紧紧依靠人民推动改革的制度保障。

As an important institutional support for relying on the people to drive reform, whole-process people's democracy has its own distinct characteristics: on the one hand, it highlights "people-centeredness," vividly practicing the people-centered development thought, running the principle of the people being the masters of the country through all fields and the entire process of the Party's governance, so that the will of the broadest masses is fully reflected, their rights are fully realized, and their interests are fully protected; on the other hand, it emphasizes "whole-process," ensuring that the masses continuously participate in all links of democratic operation, forming a complete chain with interlocking links, and ensuring that the will and demands of the masses are fully expressed. Therefore, the institutional form of whole-process people's democracy created by the Party leading the people in comprehensively deepening reform is both "democracy in life," which can be used to solve practical problems in the production and life of the masses, and "democracy in governance," which requires all public authority organs to implement democratic principles in the entire governance process. More importantly, whole-process people's democracy emphasizes broad participation and consultation in political and governance processes, focuses on solving practical problems in reform and development through democratic means, and provides effective practical paths and institutional support for fully respecting the principal position of the people and giving play to the people's pioneering spirit in further comprehensively deepening reform.

作为依靠人民推动改革的重要制度支撑，全过程人民民主具有自身鲜明的特色：一方面彰显“人民性”，生动践行以人民为中心的发展思想，把人民当家作主贯穿到党治国理政的各领域全过程，使最广大人民的意愿得到充分反映、最广大人民的权利得到充分实现、最广大人民的利益得到充分保障；另一方面突出“全过程”，保证人民群众持续参与民主运行各环节，以环环相扣形成完整链条，确保人民群众的意愿要求得到充分表达。因而，党在全面深化改革中领导人民所创造的全过程人民民主制度形态，既是“生活中的民主”，能够用来解决群众生产生活中的实际问题，也是“治理中的民主”，要求所有公权力机关在全部治理过程中都必须贯彻民主原则。更重要的是，全过程人民民主强调政治和治理过程中广泛的参与和协商，注重通过民主的方式解决改革发展中的实际问题，为在进一步全面深化改革中充分尊重人民主体地位和发挥群众首创精神提供有效的实践路径和制度支撑。

(III) Following the Party's Mass Line in the New Era, Unifying Strengthening Top-Level Design with Adhering to Seeking Advice from the People

（三）走好新时代党的群众路线，把加强顶层设计和坚持问计于民统一起来

The mass line is the lifeline and fundamental working line of the Communist Party of China. It embodies the Marxist view of the masses and fully demonstrates the people-centered value orientation. Our Party adheres to the mass line, accurately grasps the people's needs, actively responds to the people's concerns, effectively manifests the people's aspirations, and continuously enhances the people's well-being in the process of thinking about problems, making decisions, and implementing reforms, "striving to make the Party's theories, lines, principles, and policies win the heartfelt support of the masses." [18]18 “Look-backs” (回头看) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to periodic reviews or inspections to check the implementation and effectiveness of policies or reforms. To follow the Party's mass line in the New Era in further comprehensively deepening reform, we must insist on looking downward, stepping downward, innovating and expanding channels and methods for collecting social conditions and public opinion, widely using mass line working methods such as the "frontline work method," "big research," and "walking the four hundred," [19]19 “Achievements need not be in my term” (功成不必在我) and “achievements must be in my term” (功成必定有我) are two complementary slogans often used by Xi Jinping to encourage officials to work for long-term goals without seeking personal credit, while still taking responsibility for contributing to those goals. continuously stimulating the people's enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity in participating in and driving reform, jointly devising strategies for reform, and jointly exerting efforts for reform. We must never engage in working behind closed doors, sitting around and indulging in empty talk, or indulging in utopian thinking.

群众路线是中国共产党的生命线和根本工作路线，蕴含着马克思主义群众观，充分彰显坚持以人民为中心的价值取向。我们党秉持群众路线，在思考问题、制定决策以及落实改革的过程中，精准把握人民需求，积极回应人民关切，切实彰显人民愿望，持续增进人民福祉，“努力使党的理论和路线方针政策得到人民群众衷心拥护”。在进一步全面深化改革中走好新时代党的群众路线，就要坚持眼睛向下，脚步向下，创新和拓展搜集社情民意的渠道和方法，广泛运用“一线工作法”“大调研”“走四百”等群众路线工作方法，不断激发人民群众参与改革、推动改革的积极性、主动性、创造性，共同为改革想招，一起为改革发力，决不能闭门造车、坐而论道、流于空想。

First, we must set reform agendas around the prominent contradictions that concern and concern the masses, and optimize the mechanism for generating key reform plans. Combine top-level design with groping for stones to cross the river, and fully absorb social expectations, the wisdom of the masses, expert opinions, and grassroots experience into reform design, so that reform measures are more practical and grounded, while also promptly identifying problems and correcting deviations through feedback from the masses and public opinion. Take the “Legislative Affairs Commission Grassroots Legislative Contact Point of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress” on Hongqiao Street in Changning District, Shanghai, as an example. As a nationwide pioneering initiative, it is a key practical foundation that gave rise to the concept of whole-process people’s democracy. This contact point has achieved remarkable results in the legislative process, conducting opinion solicitation on 55 draft laws, carefully collating and summarizing over a thousand suggestions, of which 72 were successfully adopted. The providers of these adopted suggestions cover diverse groups, including professional elites such as lawyers and professors, as well as street residents, retired cadres, and even primary and secondary school students. As an institutionalized bridge deeply linking state organs with grassroots society, the grassroots legislative contact point possesses a unique “two-way interaction” characteristic and significant value. On one hand, grassroots masses gain a platform to speak freely and fully express their demands; on the other hand, state organs use this to broadly gather public opinion, effectively break down barriers, and practically achieve positive interaction between the state and society, injecting fresh vitality into democratic and legal construction.

首先，要围绕解决群众关心关注的突出矛盾设置改革议题，优化重点改革方案生成机制。把顶层设计和摸着石头过河结合起来，把社会期盼、群众智慧、专家意见、基层经验充分吸收到改革设计中来，使改革举措更切合实际，更接地气，同时也在群众的反馈和社会的舆论中及时发现问题、纠正偏差。以上海市长宁区虹桥街道的 “全国人大常委会基层立法联系点”为例，其作为全国首创之举，乃是催生全过程人民民主概念的关键实践基石。该联系点在立法进程中成效斐然，先后针对55部法律草案开展意见征询，悉心归纳整理千余条建议，其中72条被成功吸纳。这些被采纳建议的提供者涵盖多元群体，既有律师、教授等专业精英，亦不乏街道居民、退休干部乃至中小学生。作为国家机关与基层社会深度联结的制度化桥梁，基层立法联系点独具“双向互动”特色与显著价值，一方面，基层群众获得畅所欲言、充分表达诉求的平台；另一方面，国家机关借此广泛汇聚民意，有效打破隔阂，切实达成国家与社会间的良性互动，为民主法治建设注入鲜活力量。

Second, we must persist in seeking advice from the people and draw inspiration for reform and innovation from the genuine insights of the masses. Facing new problems and contradictions arising from new fields, new practices, and new forms of business, grassroots organizations and local governments should be encouraged to forge ahead boldly and innovate boldly, continuously exploring in the process of implementing reform tasks, creating and accumulating replicable and generalizable fresh experiences, thereby laying a solid foundation and broadening the path for comprehensively deepening reform. At present, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces has become an inherent requirement and key focus for promoting high-quality development, and is also a major strategic choice and powerful supporting measure for advancing Chinese-path modernization. The development of new quality productive forces necessarily requires relations of production that match them, and the blockchain formed through grassroots exploration is providing basic technical support for new types of relations of production. The key to blockchain lies in technical means such as distributed ledger, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and privacy computing, which together build a security defense for data on the chain, ensuring compliance and stability throughout the data lifecycle, while simultaneously achieving functions such as real-time information sharing, value transmission, and equal exchange among nodes on the chain. For example, the “Blockchain + Medical Supply Chain” project in the “National Blockchain Innovation Application Pilot List” jointly announced by sixteen ministries and commissions including the Cyberspace Administration of China fully reflects the core role of blockchain technology in supporting new types of relations of production. This project utilizes functions such as “distributed ledger” in blockchain technology to incorporate medical institutions, distribution enterprises, financial institutions, and regulatory departments such as the medical insurance bureau all as synchronized bookkeeping nodes on the chain, thereby using technical means to change the original business processes, achieving full-process real-time supervision of drug procurement, supply, and use, effectively supporting new types of relations of production in the medical supply chain field, thus ensuring the rigid implementation of the national centralized procurement policy, alleviating the burden of medical expenses on the people, and enhancing the people’s sense of gain from medical security reform.

其次，要坚持问计于民，从人民群众的真知灼见中获取改革创新灵感。面对新领域、新实践、新业态衍生出的新问题与新矛盾，应激励基层组织及地方政府锐意进取、大胆创新，在落实改革任务的进程中持续探索，创造并累积兼具可复制性与可推广性的鲜活经验，为全面深化改革筑牢根基、拓宽路径。当下，加速发展新质生产力已然成为推动高质量发展的题中之义与关键发力点，更是推进中国式现代化进程的重大战略抉择与有力支撑举措。新质生产力的发展，必然要有与之匹配的生产关系，而基层探索形成的区块链正在为新型生产关系提供基础的技术支撑。区块链的关键在于分布式记账、共识机制、智能合约以及隐私计算等技术手段，它们共同为上链数据筑牢安全防线，确保数据全生命周期的合规与稳定，同时实现链上节点之间信息实时共享、价值传输、平等交换的功能。比如，中央网信办等十六个部委联合公布的《国家区块链创新应用试点名单》中的“区块链+医疗供应链”项目，充分体现了区块链技术支撑新型生产关系的核心作用。这一项目利用区块链技术中的“分布式记账”等功能，将医疗机构、配送企业、金融机构和医保局等监管部门全部纳入，成为链上同步记账节点，从而以技术手段改变了原有的业务流程，实现对药品采购、供应和使用等情况的全流程实时监管，有效支撑医疗供应链领域的新型生产关系，从而保障国家集采政策刚性落地，减轻人民群众看病负担，提升人民群众医疗保障改革的获得感。

IV. Actual Results and Effectiveness and the Satisfaction of the Masses Are the Fundamental Criteria for Testing Reform

四、实绩实效和人民群众满意度是检验改革的根本标准

The testing and evaluation of reform is both a link in reform and the baton for reform. What criteria are used to judge reform is a major political issue, concerning the Party’s style, methods of thinking, and methods of work, reflecting the Party’s nature, fundamental stance, and fundamental purpose. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [15]15 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. clearly designated actual results and effectiveness and the satisfaction of the masses as the criteria for testing reform, which is conducive to urging Party cadres to establish and practice a correct outlook on political performance in reform, and promoting the comprehensive deepening of reform to continue to go deeper and more solid.

对改革的检验和评价，既是改革的一个环节，也是改革的指挥棒。以什么标准来评判改革，是一个重大政治问题，关乎党的作风、思想方法、工作方法，反映党的性质、根本立场、根本宗旨。党的二十届三中全会将实绩实效和人民群众满意度明确为改革的检验标准，有利于督促党员干部在改革中树立和践行正确的政绩观，推动全面深化改革持续走深走实。

(I) The Fundamental Interests of the People Are the Highest Criterion for Judging Reform

（一）人民根本利益是评判改革的最高标准

The question of for whom is the touchstone for testing the nature of a political party and a political power. Marx and Engels publicly declared: “The Communists… have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole,” and “the Communists emphasize and uphold the common interests of the entire proletariat, regardless of nationality.” The Communist Party of China, as a long-term ruling Marxist party, always adheres to the concept of building the Party for the public and exercising power for the people, seeking no special private interests for itself, and “never represents the interests of any interest group, any power group, or any privileged stratum; this is the fundamental reason why the Party stands invincible.” Reform is the Party’s proposition and is carried out under the Party’s leadership. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The era is the one that sets the questions; we are the ones who answer them; the people are the ones who grade them.” [16]16 Xi Jinping’s remark, often cited in Party discourse, frames This indicates that the Party’s governance level and effectiveness are not self-proclaimed or self-assessed; the power of judgment lies in the hands of the people. The people, as the ultimate “judges” of all the Party’s work, are the most authoritative arbiters and evaluators; only with the people’s approval can the value of the Party’s work be demonstrated. Therefore, the highest criterion for practical evaluation is not the length of time a practice lasts, “but whether it can realize and safeguard the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people; it is the value orientation of practice.” [17]17 “Fuel, rice, cooking oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar, and tea” (柴米油盐酱醋茶) is a traditional Chinese idiom listing the seven daily necessities of life, used here to symbolize the most basic and concrete concerns of ordinary people. Hence, when testing various tasks, especially the effectiveness of reform, the supreme orientation should be the interests of the people, and the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people should be taken as the highest yardstick for evaluation.

为什么人的问题，是检验一个政党、一个政权性质的试金石。马克思、恩格斯公开声明:“共产党人……没有任何同整个无产阶级的利益不同的利益”，“共产党人强调和坚持整个无产阶级共同的不分民族的利益”。中国共产党作为长期执政的马克思主义政党，始终坚守立党为公、执政为民的理念，自身不谋求任何特殊私利，“从来不代表任何利益集团、任何权势团体、任何特权阶层的利益，这是党立于不败之地的根本所在”。改革是党的主张，也是在党的领导下进行的。习近平指出：“时代是出卷人，我们是答卷人，人民是阅卷人。”这说明，党的执政水平与成效并非自说自话、自我评定，评判权在人民手中。人民作为党一切工作的终极“裁判”，是最具权威的裁决者与评判者，唯有人民认可，才能彰显党的工作价值。因而，实践评价的最高标准并非实践持续时间的长短，“而是能否实现和维护最广大人民的根本利益，是实践的价值导向”。因此，检验各项工作尤其是改革成效时，应以人民利益为至高导向，将最广大人民根本利益作为最高评判标尺。

Adhering to a people-centered approach fundamentally stipulates the value standard for evaluating whether reform is correct and how effective it is. Only by properly solving the problem of “how to judge” reform can a complete closed loop be formed in the value orientation of reform, thereby fundamentally realizing and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people. At present, to establish and improve a “people-centered” reform evaluation mechanism, the key is to take the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people as the evaluation yardstick, use the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people to guide and evaluate reform, and in advancing reform, have the courage to “persist in upholding truth and correcting errors for the interests of the people,” promptly correct ideological misunderstandings, decision-making errors, and work shortcomings, resolve contradictions and problems in reform, and align reform concepts and actions with objective laws, the trend of the times, and the expectations of the people.

坚持以人民为中心从根本上规定了评价改革是否正确和成效如何的价值标准。只有把改革“如何评判”的问题解决好，才能在改革的价值取向上形成一个完整的闭环，进而从根本上实现和维护最广大人民的根本利益。当下，建立健全“以人民为中心”的改革评价机制，关键是以最广大人民的根本利益为评价尺度，用最广大人民的根本利益引领和评价改革，在推进改革中勇于做到“坚持为了人民利益坚持真理、修正错误”，及时纠偏思想误区、决策失误与工作短板，化解改革中的矛盾问题，让改革理念与行动契合客观规律、时代潮流和人民期盼。

(II) The Satisfaction of the Masses Is the Most Important Yardstick for Measuring the Effectiveness of Reform

（二）人民群众满意度是衡量改革成效的最重要标尺

The sense of gain and satisfaction of the masses is the best footnote to the “gold content” of reform and a key yardstick for measuring the success or failure of reform. How reform is going, “the ultimate criterion for judgment is whether the people have jointly enjoyed the fruits of reform and development.” [18]18 “Look-backs” (回头看) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to periodic reviews or inspections to check the implementation and effectiveness of policies or reforms. Therefore, whether the effectiveness of reform is good, and whether the results of reform can be acclaimed and stand firm, the common people have the most say. The satisfaction of the masses should be taken as the most important yardstick for measuring the effectiveness of reform, using the “complexion” of the common people to test the “quality” of reform achievements. When measuring the level of modernization, we should not only focus on various indicator data on paper; the key is to look at the well-being and actual feelings of the common people. In the work of improving people’s livelihood and well-being through comprehensively deepening reform, we have achieved relatively good results, but there are also many shortcomings in some areas, and in many respects the people’s sense of gain is not strong enough, and satisfaction is not high enough. This reminds us that in reform, we must adhere to a problem-oriented approach, take solving practical problems related to the people’s happy lives as the starting point for formulating reform plans, more actively respond to the concerns of the masses, use the masses’ way of thinking to perceive their urgent difficulties and anxieties, have a clear understanding and effective measures for the problems and contradictions reported and fed back by the masses, ensure that reform measures precisely meet the needs of development, the expectations of the grassroots, and the aspirations of the people, and with the momentum of leaving a mark on the rock when grasping iron and leaving an imprint when stepping on stone, [19]19 “Achievements need not be in my term” (功成不必在我) and “achievements must be in my term” (功成必定有我) are two complementary slogans often used by Xi Jinping to encourage officials to work for long-term goals without seeking personal credit, while still taking responsibility for contributing to those goals. firmly grasp implementation to ensure that reform lands and takes effect.

人民群众的获得感与满意度是改革“含金量”的最佳注脚，也是衡量改革成败的关键标尺，改革搞的怎么样，“最终的判断标准是人民是不是共同享受到了改革发展成果”。因而，改革成效好不好，改革成果能否叫得响、立得住，老百姓最有发言权，要把人民群众满意度作为衡量改革成效的最重要标尺，用老百姓的“脸色”来检验改革成绩的“成色”。衡量现代化水平，不能仅着眼于纸面上的各项指标数据，关键要看老百姓的幸福安康和实际感受。在全面深化改革中增进民生福祉的工作，我们取得了较好成效，但在一些领域也存在不少短板，在不少方面人民群众的获得感还不够强，满意度还不够高。这提醒我们，在改革中要坚持问题导向，将解决关系人民群众幸福生活的实际问题作为制定改革方案的出发点，更积极回应人民群众关切，用群众的思维方式感知群众的急难愁盼，对群众反映和反馈的问题矛盾要做到心中有数、手中有方，使改革举措精准对接发展所需、基层所盼、民心所向，以抓铁有痕、踏石留印的劲头狠抓落实，确保改革落地见效。

On the one hand, we must adhere to “asking the people about their needs,” breaking down “major matters of people’s livelihood” into concrete “key minor matters.” Starting from solving the problems most closely related to the people’s interests, such as “fuel, rice, cooking oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar, and tea,” we should truly implement reform measures that warm people’s hearts and benefit their livelihoods. On the other hand, we must improve and perfect the normalized evaluation mechanism of “asking the people about effectiveness” and “asking the people about performance.” We should smooth channels for the people to express themselves, regularly conduct “look-backs” to assess reform effectiveness and listen to the people’s voices. We cannot have policies changed without the people feeling their impact, nor can we allow the people to passively accept reforms. We must gradually optimize reform measures through positive interaction, consolidate reform achievements, and gain the people’s confidence, trust, and reliance through repeated inquiries, truly enabling the people to continuously enhance their sense of gain, happiness, and security in the course of reform.

一方面，要坚持“问需于民”，把“民生大事”分解细化为具体的“关键小事”。从解决与群众利益最密切相关的“柴米油盐酱醋茶”等问题入手，把暖民心、惠民生的改革举措真正做到群众心坎上。另一方面，要健全完善“问效于民”“问绩于民”常态化评价机制。畅通群众表达渠道，定期开展“回头看”，评估改革成效，倾听群众心声，不能改了政策群众无感，更不能让群众被动接受改革，要在良性互动中逐步优化改革举措，巩固改革成效，在反复问效中收获群众的信心、信任和信赖，真正让人民群众在改革中不断增强获得感、幸福感、安全感。

(III) Firmly Establish an Outlook on Political Performance That Benefits the People, Ensuring That Reforms Continuously Achieve Tangible Results and Effectiveness

（三）树牢造福人民的政绩观，确保改革不断取得实绩实效

The outlook on political performance is the embodiment of leading cadres’ worldview, outlook on life, values, and their views on power, status, interests, and career in their work and entrepreneurship. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Family affairs, state affairs, and affairs of the world—letting the people live a happy life is the top priority.” “The Communist Party of China regards doing things for the people and benefiting the people as its most important political performance, and regards how many good deeds and practical things it has done for the people as an important criterion for testing political performance.” Only when Party members and cadres firmly establish a correct outlook on political performance that benefits the people in reforms can they ensure that reform measures are precisely implemented and produce results.

政绩观是领导干部世界观、人生观、价值观和权力观、地位观、利益观、事业观等在干事创业中的体现。习近平强调：“家事国事天下事，让人民过上幸福生活是头等大事。”“中国共产党把为民办事、为民造福作为最重要的政绩，把为老百姓办了多少好事实事作为检验政绩的重要标准。”党员干部只有在改革中树牢为民造福的正确政绩观，才能确保改革举措精准落地见效。

The correct outlook on political performance emphasizes basing oneself on the long term and focusing on the overall situation, not pursuing short-term superficial achievements, but concentrating on planning and acting for the long-term progress of the country and the lasting happiness of the people. Further deepening reform comprehensively is a complex systemic project, and its complexity, sensitivity, and difficulty are increasing accordingly. Reforms such as the household registration system reform, which involves deep-seated interest adjustments, and the medical system reform, which touches upon existing patterns, often face complex situations such as contradictions between different interest groups, differences in concepts, and issues left over from history. Against this background, the correct outlook on political performance can, from the standpoint of values and the support of beliefs and responsibilities, enable Party members and cadres to always be promoters and doers of reform, and be close and warm-hearted people for the masses, implementing reforms with the spirit of driving a nail. We must both base ourselves on the present, doing tangible and visible practical things for the people and achieving visible merits, and focus on the long term, laying the foundation for future generations and cultivating hidden merits, taking the pursuit of the people’s heartfelt recognition and fair judgment that can withstand the test of history as the value orientation. With the spiritual realm of “achievements need not be in my term” and the historical responsibility of “achievements must be in my term,” we should resolve contradictions and break through difficulties step by step in promoting reforms, precisely implement good deeds and practical things in the hearts of the masses, and make every effort to enhance the quality of the people’s sense of gain, consolidate the foundation of their sense of happiness, and build a solid barrier for their sense of security.

正确的政绩观强调立足长远、着眼全局，不追求短期的表面成绩，而是聚焦于实实在在为国家的长远进步和人民的长久幸福去谋划、去作为。进一步全面深化改革是一项复杂的系统工程，其复杂程度、敏感程度、艰巨程度随之增加，像涉及深层次利益调整的户籍制度改革、触动既有格局的医疗体制改革等，往往面临着不同利益群体间的矛盾、观念的分歧以及历史遗留问题等复杂状况。在这样的背景下，正确的政绩观能够从价值立场、信念担当上支撑党员干部始终当改革的促进派、实干家，当群众的贴心人、暖心人，以钉钉子精神抓好改革落实。既要立足当下，为老百姓做看得见、摸得着的实事，铸就显功；又要着眼长远，为后人铺垫打基础，深耕潜功，将追求人民发自内心的认可、经得起历史考验的公正评判作为价值依归。以功成不必在我的精神境界和功成必定有我的历史担当一步一个脚印地在推动改革中化解矛盾、突破困境，将好事实事精准落于群众心坎，全力提升人民群众获得感的成色、夯实幸福感根基、筑牢安全感屏障。

In establishing and practicing the correct outlook on political performance in reforms, we must resolutely abandon formalism and bureaucracy that are keen on performing for superiors, ignore the needs of the masses, and disregard actual effectiveness. We should place more focus on the evaluation of the actual results and effectiveness of work and reforms, preventing the reform decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee from becoming empty talk and failing to be implemented amid a mountain of documents and a sea of meetings. We must truly understand that being responsible to the people and being responsible to the Party are essentially connected, and the two are unified in the commitment to the cause of the Party and the people. Although “being responsible to superiors” and “being responsible to subordinates” have different forms of expression, in essence, the fundamental purpose and ultimate goal of “being responsible to subordinates” and “being responsible to superiors” lie in being responsible to the people. “Only being responsible to superiors” divorced from practical foundation is ultimately a flower in a mirror or the moon on the water’s surface. Party members and cadres must bravely carry forward the Party’s spirit of self-revolution in practice, promote the work style of hard work and practical action, use scientific thinking and methods, uphold truth and correct errors, discover problems and correct deviations, and ensure that further deepening reform comprehensively continuously achieves tangible results and effectiveness.

在改革中树立和践行正确的政绩观，要坚决摒弃热衷对上表现、漠视群众需求、不顾实际成效的形式主义与官僚主义，将关注点更多地放在工作与改革的实绩实效评估上，杜绝党中央改革决策部署在文山会海中沦为空谈、无法落地。切实领悟对人民负责与对党负责本质相通，二者统一于对党和人民事业的担当之中。“对上负责”与“对下负责”虽各有不同的表现形式，但从本质上讲，“对下”与“对上”的根本目的和落脚点在于对人民负责，离开实践基础的“唯上”，终归是镜中花、水中月。党员干部要在实践中勇于发扬党的自我革命精神，弘扬真抓实干作风，运用科学思维和方法，坚持真理、修正错误，发现问题、纠正偏差，确保进一步全面深化改革不断取得实绩实效。

In summary, the people-centered value orientation of reform is the ideological crystallization of the combination of the Marxist view of the people with contemporary Chinese reform practice. It elucidates the unity of the people’s subject status and subject role, embodying the spiritual essence of Marxism rooted in the people. Further deepening reform comprehensively must firmly grasp the people as the logical starting point and value destination, highlight the people-oriented nature of the modernization direction, and adhere to the people as the subject of Chinese-path modernization, as the most solid foundation and most profound force for advancing modernization. We must fully respect the people’s subject status and pioneering spirit, take promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing the people’s welfare as the starting point and ultimate goal of all reforms, and test reforms with tangible results and effectiveness and the people’s satisfaction. We must always ensure that reforms are for the people, rely on the people, and that the fruits of reform are shared by the people, truly enabling the people to continuously enhance their sense of gain, happiness, and security in the course of reform, and continuously inject strong momentum into Chinese-path modernization through further deepening reform comprehensively.

总之，以人民为中心的改革价值取向是马克思主义人民观与当代中国改革实践相结合的思想结晶，阐明了人民主体地位和主体作用的统一，体现着马克思主义植根于人民的精神实质。进一步全面深化改革必须牢牢把握人民这个逻辑起点和价值旨归，突出现代化方向的人民性，坚持人民是中国式现代化的主体，是推进现代化最坚实的根基、最深厚的力量。充分尊重人民群众的主体地位和首创精神，把促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉作为一切改革的出发点和落脚点，以实绩实效和人民群众满意度检验改革。始终做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享，真正让人民群众在改革中不断增强获得感、幸福感、安全感，以进一步全面深化改革为中国式现代化持续注入强劲

(Author: Li Zongjian, Director and Professor of the Leadership Science Teaching and Research Department, Shanghai Party Institute of the CPC)

（作者：李宗建，中共上海市委党校领导科学教研部主任、教授）

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆