Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively Must Adhere to the Systems Concept

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision"), emphasizing that further deepening reform comprehensively must adhere to and implement six principles, one of which is "adhering to the systems concept." Adhering to the systems concept is a new generalization made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in terms of methods of thinking, summarizing practical experience from all sides. It inherits and develops Marxist dialectical materialism, is a foundational thought and working method, and is an important component of the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. To further deepen reform comprehensively, we must adhere to the systems concept to grasp the timing and general trend of reform, scientifically plan the overall situation, optimize strategic deployment, handle major relationships in development and reform, and promote comprehensive deepening of reform to achieve results and effectiveness.

党的二十届三中全会通过了《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《 决定》），强调进一步全面深化改革必须坚持贯彻六项原则，其中之一就是“坚持系统观念”。坚持系统观念，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央总结各方面实践经验在思想方法上作出的新概括，继承和发展了马克思主义的辩证唯物主义，是具有基础性的思想和工作方法，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想世界观和方法论的重要内容。进一步全面深化改革，必须坚持系统观念把握改革的时势与大势，科学谋划全局，优化战略布局，处理好发展改革中的重大关系，推动全面深化改革成势见效。

I. The Systems Concept Embodies the Core Thought of Marxist Dialectical Materialism

一、系统观念体现了马克思主义唯物辩证法的核心思想

The systems concept is a method of applying systems thinking to analyze the essence and internal connections of things, and to grasp the laws of development of things from an overall perspective. This is a basic requirement that Marxism places on our work, and it is also a scientific method of thinking and working provided to us by Marxist philosophy. Adhering to the systems concept and consciously applying it to understanding and transforming the world is not only a mode of thinking that Marxists must possess for understanding and analyzing things, but also a working method for handling and solving problems. Adhering to the systems concept embodies the core thought of the Marxist worldview and methodology.

系统观念就是应用系统思维分析事物的本质和内在联系，从整体上把握事物发展规律的方法。这是马克思主义对我们工作提出的基本要求，也是马克思主义哲学提供给我们的科学思想方法和工作方法。坚持系统观念，并将之自觉运用于认识世界和改造世界，不仅是马克思主义者必须具备的认识和分析事物的思维方式，也是处理和解决问题的工作方法。坚持系统观念体现了马克思主义世界观和方法论的核心思想。

Dialectical materialism is the foundational method of Marxist philosophy, while the systems concept is the concretization of dialectical materialism in epistemology when analyzing the essence of things, and an application in methodology when dealing with complex problems, manifested as a set of cognitive collections and thinking methods of complexity. Marxist philosophy holds that the material world exists objectively and is an organic whole composed of parts that are universally connected and mutually influential. As Engels pointed out, "When we consider nature, or human history, or our own spiritual activity through thought, the first picture presented to us is one of an endless interweaving of connections and interactions." [1]1 Friedrich Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, in *Marx Engels Collected Works*, vol. 25 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987), p. 26. This universality of "connections and interactions" lays the philosophical foundation for the systems concept and systems thinking. Some scholars have pointed out, "Any complex system must rely on extensive interactions among the various units of the system, the aggregation of multiple elements, and unremitting self-renewal to adapt to environmental changes." [2]2 This appears to be a paraphrase of a contemporary scholar's view; no specific source is given in the original. As a complexity-based thinking for understanding and transforming the world, the systems concept emphasizes objective cognition of the complex relationships among the basic units of a system, encompassing the four-dimensional cognitive characteristics of correlation, process, hierarchy, and openness. Therefore, adhering to the systems concept profoundly reflects the philosophical core and methodological requirements of Marxist dialectical materialism.

唯物辩证法是马克思主义哲学的基础性方法，系统观念则是唯物辩证法在分析事物本质的认识论具化，是在处理复杂问题的方法论应用，表现为一系列复杂性的认知集合和思维方法。马克思主义哲学认为，物质世界是客观存在的，是由各部分普遍联系、相互影响的有机整体。正如恩格斯指出，“当我们通过思维来考察自然界或人类历史或我们自己的精神活动的时候，首先呈现在我们眼前的，是一幅由种种联系和相互作用无穷无尽地交织起来的画面。”这种“联系与作用”的普遍性奠定了系统观念和系统思维的哲学基础。有学者指出，“任何一个复杂系统都要依赖系统各个单元之间广泛的相互作用、多种元素的聚集，以及坚持不懈的自我革新以适应环境变化。”系统观念作为认识和改造世界的复杂性思维，强调对系统的基本单位之间复杂关联的客观性认知，包含着关联性、过程性、层次性、开放性的四维认知特性。因此，坚持系统观念深刻体现了马克思主义唯物辩证法的哲学内核与方法论要求。

First, correlational cognition is the core of the systems concept. The internal units of a system are interconnected and mutually influential, and the nonlinear interactions among units constitute a complex system. From the perspective of systems theory, a system is a whole with unified structure and function, formed by units connected in certain ways. The interdependence and mutual competition among units within a system constitute the whole of the complex system and drive its development. In the complex human social system, correlation is extremely evident: the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization are closely linked, and a move in one area affects the whole. Correlational cognition, arising from system complexity, reveals the impact of internal relationships among things and their interactions on the whole, emphasizing the achievement of system synergy and the promotion of development through the adjustment and optimization of relationships. It is a vivid embodiment of the dialectical materialist view of universal connection. Lenin pointed out: "All aspects of each phenomenon (and history continuously reveals new aspects) are interdependent, and are connected in the closest and inseparable way, forming a single, lawful world process of motion." [3]3 V. I. Lenin, "Karl Marx," in *Lenin Collected Works*, vol. 21 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p. 54. Correlational cognition is based on a profound insight into the internal and external connections and contradictions of things, emphasizing a predictive grasp of future development trends. Mao Zedong pointed out in "On Contradiction": "The law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectics." [4]4 Mao Zedong, "On Contradiction," in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung*, vol. 1 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), p. 311. Correlational cognition requires us to establish holistic thinking, starting from the system as a whole and comprehensively considering the correlations among units; to adhere to synergistic thinking, promoting cooperation and orderly competition among system units to fully leverage overall advantages. As Xi Jinping emphasized, "New concepts, ideas, and strategies proposed in various fields, and specific requirements put forward for work in all aspects, must all be understood and grasped within the entire scientific system, avoiding fragmentation and one-sidedness." [5]5 Xi Jinping, speech on studying and implementing the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, 2023. Further deepening reform comprehensively must fully recognize the correlation of reforms in various fields, improve the overall layout of reform, coordinate and advance reform measures in all areas, strengthen coordinated regional development, optimize the layout of regional functions, establish multi-departmental cooperation mechanisms, and promote the integration of reform goals, the integration of policy measures, and the integration of reform effects, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of reform.

第一，关联性认知是系统观念的核心，系统内部各单元相互联系、相互影响，各单元之间非线性相互作用构成复杂的系统。在系统论看来，系统是各单元以一定的联系组成的结构与功能统一的整体。系统内各单元的相互依赖和相互竞争，构成了复杂系统的整体，推动系统的发展。在复杂的人类社会系统中，关联性体现得极为明显，经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明各领域紧密相连，牵一发而动全身。基于系统复杂性产生的关联性认知揭示了事物内部关系及其相互作用对整体的影响，强调通过关系的调整优化实现系统增效，推动事物发展，是唯物辩证法联系普遍观点的生动体现。列宁指出：“每种现象的一切方面（而且历史在不断地揭示出新的方面）相互依存，极其密切而不可分割地联系在一起，这种联系形成统一的、有规律的世界运动过程。”关联性认知是基于对事物内外联系与相互矛盾的深刻洞察，强调对未来发展趋势的预见性把握。毛泽东在《矛盾论》中指出：“事物的矛盾法则，即对立统一的法则，是辩证法的最根本的法则。”关联性认知要求我们树立全局思维，从系统整体出发，全面考量各单元间的关联；坚持协同思维，促进系统各单元间的协同合作和有序竞争，充分发挥整体优势。正如习近平强调，“对各领域提出的新理念、新思想、新战略，对各方面工作提出的具体要求，都要放在整个科学体系中来认识和把握，避免碎片化、片面性。”进一步全面深化改革要充分认识到各领域改革的关联性，完善改革的整体布局，统筹推进各领域改革措施，强化区域协调发展，优化区域功能布局，建立多部门合作机制，推动实现改革目标的集成、政策措施的集成以及改革效果的集成，增强改革整体效能。

Second, processual cognition holds that a system does not exist statically but achieves dynamic evolution through contradictory movement. Taking the biological evolutionary system as an example, over long periods of time, individuals continuously adapt to environmental changes, and favorable variations in some individuals gradually accumulate, driving the overall evolution of the species and ultimately forming new species. Engels once pointed out, "The world is not to be comprehended as a complex of ready-made things, but as a complex of processes." [6]6 Friedrich Engels, *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*, in *Marx Engels Collected Works*, vol. 26 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990), p. 387. Complex systems are always in a state of evolution, a state of motion that "does not cease day or night," [7]7 A classical allusion to Confucius, *Analects* 9.17: "The passage of time is like this river, flowing ceaselessly day and night." and the system's subjects, levels, and flow elements all change with motion. Processual cognition emphasizes the historicity and developmental nature of systems, aligning with the core thought of dialectical materialism on development. Over time, the system as a whole interacts with its units, continuously adapting to environmental changes, thereby generating new individuals and higher-level wholes. During the development of a system, interactions among units continuously accumulate quantitative changes, and when they reach a certain point, they trigger a qualitative change in the system. This process is precisely the embodiment of the dialectical materialist law of the transformation of quantity into quality. Dialectical materialism holds that the development of things is the unity of quantitative and qualitative change. Lenin explicitly pointed out that one of the elements of dialectics is "the transition from quantity to quality and from quality to quantity." [8]8 V. I. Lenin, "Conspectus of Hegel's *Science of Logic*," in *Lenin Collected Works*, vol. 38 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), p. 221. Processual cognition requires us to adhere to a developmental perspective in looking at problems, establish historical thinking, value the historical process of system development, and be adept at summing up experiences and lessons; maintain dynamic thinking, grasp the stage-specific characteristics of system development amid the dynamic changes of interconnections among units, and formulate different strategies for different stages; uphold the concept of sustainable development, and continuously optimize the system. Further deepening reform comprehensively is a long-term process. We must formulate long-term development plans, set stage-specific reform goals so that goals at each stage are interconnected and reform measures are consistent over time, and establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for reform to ensure the sustained and in-depth advancement of reform.

第二，过程性认知认为系统并非静态存在，而是通过矛盾运动实现动态演化。以生物进化系统为例，物种在漫长时间里，个体不断适应环境变化，部分个体产生的有利变异逐渐积累，推动物种整体进化最终形成新的物种。恩格斯曾指出，“世界不是既成事物的集合体，而是过程的集合体。”复杂系统始终处在演化过程中，这是一种“不舍昼夜”的运动状态，并且系统主体、层次以及流要素等都会随着运动而发生变化。过程性认知强调系统的历史性与发展性，契合了唯物辩证法关于发展的核心思想。随着时间的推移，系统整体与各单元相互作用，不断适应环境变化进而产生新的个体与更高级的整体。系统在发展过程中，单元间相互作用不断积累量变，达到一定程度引发系统质变。这一过程正是唯物辩证法质量互变规律的过程体现。唯物辩证法认为，事物发展是量变与质变的统一。列宁明确指出辩证法的要素之一是“从量到质和从质到量的过渡”。过程性认知要求我们坚持用发展的眼光看问题，树立历史思维，重视系统发展的历史进程，善于总结经验教训；保持动态思维，在各单元相互联系的动态变化中，把握系统发展的阶段性特征，针对不同阶段特点制定不同策略；秉持持续发展理念，不断优化系统。进一步全面深化改革是一个长期的过程，要做好长线发展的计划，制定阶段性改革目标，使各阶段的目标相互衔接，改革措施前后连贯，建立改革动态调整机制，确保改革持续深入推进。

Third, hierarchical cognition decomposes a complex system into different levels, studies the operational laws of each level, and reveals the interactions and influences between levels. The units within a system are not uniform but differ from one another and occupy different levels. In an ecosystem, from the producers at the bottom of the food chain, such as green plants, to primary consumers like herbivores, and then to secondary consumers like carnivores, each organism is at a different level; they depend on and constrain each other through relationships such as predation and symbiosis, forming a relatively stable ecological structure. The functional differences among the units of a system determine the level each occupies, and the units at different levels achieve the unity of opposites of contradictions. Elements at lower levels generate structures at higher levels through the movement of contradictions, thereby constructing an orderly hierarchical structure. This process of progressive levels embodies the unity of the law of the transformation of quantity into quality and the law of the negation of the negation in materialist dialectics; the unity of opposites between old and new factors at different levels drives the development of things. Lenin, in *Karl Marx*, further explained dialectics: “Development seems to repeat the stages already passed, but repeats them differently, on a higher basis (the negation of the negation); quantity is transformed into quality.” [9]9 V. I. Lenin, *Karl Marx* (1914). The passage is Lenin’s exposition of the dialectical method, quoting and elaborating on Hegelian and Marxist concepts of development. Adhering to the hierarchical cognition of the systems concept requires establishing a stratified management mindset, dynamically adjusting level-based governance strategies according to the characteristics of unit levels, and improving the operational efficiency of the system; it requires establishing a mindset of coordinated development, promoting synergy and cooperation among units at different levels, and unleashing overall effectiveness. In further comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to follow the objective temporal sequence of the development of contradictions, be adept at achieving hierarchical leaps in advancing reform, and promote the vertical deepening and horizontal coordinated advancement of various reform measures.

第三，层次性认知将复杂系统分解为不同层次，研究不同层次的运行规律，揭示各层次间的相互作用与影响。系统内部各单元并非整齐划一，而是相互存在差异，处于不同层次。在生态系统里，食物链底层的生产者如绿色植物，到初级消费者食草动物，再到次级消费者食肉动物，各生物处于不同层次，它们通过捕食、共生等关系相互依存、相互制约，形成相对稳定的生态结构。系统各单元的功能性差异决定了各自所处的层次，不同层次单元之间实现矛盾的对立统一，较低层次的要素通过矛盾运动生成更高层次的结构，进而构建起有序的层次结构。这一层级递进过程体现了唯物辩证法关于量变质变规律与否定之否定规律的统一，不同层次之间的新旧因素对立统一进而推动事物的发展。列宁在《卡尔·马克思》中进一步解释了辩证法的“发展似乎是在重复以往的阶段，但它是以另一种方式重复，是在更高的基础上重复（否定的否定）；量转化为之质”。坚持系统观念的层次性认知，要求树立分层管理思维，根据单元层次特点，动态调整层次治理策略，提高系统运行效率；要树立协同发展思维，促进各层次单元之间的协同合作，发挥整体效能。在进一步全面深化改革中要遵循矛盾发展的客观时序，善于做到推进改革的层次性跃迁，推动各项改革举措纵向地深化贯彻、横向地协同推进。

Fourth, open cognition emphasizes that a system does not exist in isolation but continuously exchanges matter, energy, and information with the external environment. Taking the human body system as an example, the body ingests nutrients through diet (matter exchange), obtains oxygen and expels carbon dioxide through respiration (energy exchange), and simultaneously receives various information from the outside (information exchange), thereby achieving metabolism and maintaining the orderly progression of life activities. Openness is the foundation for the existence and development of a system; the system achieves continuation and development through exchange with the external environment. The philosophical foundation of open cognition is precisely the core viewpoint of connection and development in materialist dialectics. Engels, in *Dialectics of Nature*, pointed out: “The whole of nature accessible to us forms a system, a totality of bodies connected with each other.” [10]10 Friedrich Engels, *Dialectics of Nature* (1873–1883, published posthumously). The quote is from the fragment “The Basic Forms of Motion.” This assertion clarifies that any subsystem in the material world is in a state of interaction with other subsystems. Within an open system, there are internal contradictions as well as contradictions in the external environment; the interaction between internal and external contradictions drives the innovation of the system. Mao Zedong pointed out: “Materialist dialectics holds that external causes are the condition of change and internal causes are the basis of change, and that external causes become operative through internal causes.” [11]11 Mao Zedong, *On Contradiction* (1937), Section IV: “The Particularity of Contradiction.” The two sides of internal and external contradictions are both opposed and united, thereby promoting the movement, change, and development of things. China’s implementation of reform and opening up, by introducing advanced foreign technology, management experience, and capital (external contradictions), activated innovation in internal institutions, systems, and concepts (internal contradictions), achieving rapid development. The adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and its two historic leaps also profoundly embody the general laws and dialectical logic of the open cognition of the systems concept. [12]12 “Two historic leaps” refers to the formation of Mao Zedong Thought (the first leap) and the formation of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development (the second leap). The text here uses the phrase in the context of the broader process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. The process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, on the one hand, runs through the dialectical movement of the unity of opposites between the basic principles of Marxism and China’s specific realities; on the other hand, it is also a continuous process of negation of the negation, achieving the spiral ascent of theoretical innovation. Adhering to the open cognition of the systems concept requires that, when promoting reform and development, one must uphold the concept of openness and cooperation, actively engage in exchange and cooperation with the external world, strengthen innovative thinking, and enhance the driving force of innovation. For further comprehensively deepening reform to adhere to the open cognition of the systems concept, it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the trends of change in the external environment, promote the coordinated development of domestic reform and opening up to the outside world, and open up new prospects for win-win cooperation.

第四，开放性认知强调系统不是孤立存在的，而是不断与外界进行物质、能量和信息的交换。以人体系统为例，人体通过饮食摄入营养物质（物质交换）、呼吸获取氧气排出二氧化碳（能量交换），同时接收外界的各种信息（信息交换），实现新陈代谢，保持生命活动的有序进行。开放性是系统的存在和发展的基础，系统通过与外界交换实现延续和发展。开放性认知的哲学根基正是唯物辩证法中联系和发展的核心观点。恩格斯在《自然辩证法》中指出：“我们所接触到的整个自然界构成一个体系，即各种物体相联系的总体。”这一论断阐明了物质世界任何子系统都处于与其他子系统的交互作用之中。开放系统中存在内部矛盾以及外界环境的矛盾，内外矛盾互动驱动系统革新。毛泽东指出，“唯物辩证法认为外因是变化的条件，内因是变化的根据，外因通过内因而起作用。”内外矛盾双方既对立又统一，由此推动事物的运动、变化和发展。中国实行改革开放通过引入引进国外先进技术、管理经验和资金（外部矛盾），来激活内部制度、体制和观念创新（内部矛盾），实现快速发展。马克思主义中国化及其两次历史性飞跃，也深刻体现了系统观念开放性认知的一般规律和辩证逻辑。马克思主义中国化进程，一方面贯穿着马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际之间对立统一的辩证运动，另一方面也是一个不断否定之否定的过程，实现理论创新的螺旋式上升。坚持系统观念的开放性认知，要求在推动改革发展时，必须秉持开放合作的理念，积极与外界进行交流合作，强化创新思维，增强创新驱动力。进一步全面深化改革坚持系统观念的开放性认知，就要全面把握外部环境的变化趋势，促进对内改革和对外开放协同发展，开拓合作共赢新局面。

In summary, the systems concept profoundly embodies the core ideas and essential characteristics of Marxist materialist dialectics and is the unity of Marxist philosophy and modern systems science. In the practice of further comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to adhere to the systems concept, more deeply understand and consciously apply the basic viewpoints and methods of Marxist epistemology and methodology, and provide scientific logic and action guidance for reform practice.

总之，系统观念深刻体现了马克思主义唯物辩证法的核心思想和本质特征，是马克思主义哲学与现代系统科学的统一。在进一步全面深化改革的实践中，必须坚持系统观念，更加深入地理解和自觉运用马克思主义认识论和方法论的基本观点和方法，为改革实践提供科学逻辑和行动指引。

II. Adhering to the Systems Concept Requires Precisely Grasping the “Timing” and “Trend” of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

二、坚持系统观念必须精准把握进一步全面深化改革的“时”与“势”

To properly grasp the “timing” and “trend” of further comprehensively deepening reform, in short, means to clearly recognize and accurately grasp the current opportunity for reform and the future direction of reform and development. From reform and opening up to comprehensively deepening reform, and then to further comprehensively deepening reform, this fully embodies the vivid practice of the Communist Party of China in being adept at adhering to and applying the systems concept, adept at seizing the opportunities of the times for development, exerting historical initiative, and leading the people of the whole country in continuously advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Reform can only succeed if it keeps pace with the times and advances in line with the general trend of development.

把握好进一步全面深化改革的“时”与“势”，简言之，就是要清醒地认识和准确把握当前改革的时机和未来改革发展的方向。从改革开放到全面深化改革、再到进一步全面深化改革，充分体现了中国共产党善于坚持和运用系统观念，善于把握时代发展机遇，发挥历史主动精神，带领全国人民不断推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业的生动实践。改革只有与时代同行，只有在顺应发展大势中前进，才能不断走向成功。

(I) Precisely Grasping the Timing of Reform and Adhering to Historical Initiative

（一）精准把握改革的时机，坚持历史主动

First, adhering to the systems concept requires being adept at firmly seizing favorable opportunities and conditions for reform. On the eve of reform and opening up, the situation China faced was that the development gap with developed countries had widened further, and some neighboring developing countries had surpassed China’s development level. The Party’s second-generation central leadership collective with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core, adhering to a connected, developmental, and comprehensive perspective to assess the situation, keenly grasped the transformation of the era’s theme from “war and revolution” to “peace and development,” seized the wave of economic globalization and the technological revolution, conformed to the domestic people’s aspiration to change poverty and backwardness, turned passivity into initiative, and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country in initiating the great undertaking of reform and opening up. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has conformed to changes in the domestic and international situation and the people’s aspirations for a better life, strengthened top-level design, promoted comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, focused on enhancing the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform, and China’s economic strength, technological strength, national defense strength, and comprehensive national power have been greatly enhanced, and socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era.

首先，坚持系统观念，要善于紧紧抓住改革的有利时机和有利条件。改革开放前夕，我国所面临的情况是与发达国家发展差距进一步拉大，周边一些发展中国家赶超了我国发展水平。以邓小平同志为核心的党的第二代中央领导集体，坚持以联系、发展、全面的眼光审时度势，敏锐把握住了时代主题从“战争与革命”向“和平与发展”的转变，抓住经济全球化发展和科技革命的浪潮，顺应了国内广大人民群众渴望改变贫穷落后的发展愿景，化被动为主动，带领全国各族人民开创了改革开放的伟大事业。党的十八大以来，我们党顺应国内外形势变化和人民对美好生活的诉求，加强顶层设计，推进全面深化改革开放，着力增强改革的系统性、整体性和协同性，我国的经济实力、科技实力、国防实力和综合国力大为增强，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代。

The complexity of the current international and domestic situation is unprecedented. Internationally, changes unseen in a century are accelerating in an all-round and deep-seated manner; the international landscape and international system are undergoing profound adjustments; conflicts in local regions are incessant and the situation is turbulent; global economic growth is slowing down; trade protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise; and global problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Domestically, China is in a critical stage of transitioning to high-quality development; structural problems affecting high-quality development and deep-seated contradictions constraining the improvement of productive forces urgently need to be resolved; issues such as insufficient scientific and technological innovation capacity, an unreasonable industrial system structure, obvious disparities in urban-rural regional development, and uneven income distribution are becoming increasingly prominent. “In the face of the complex and ever-changing international and domestic situation, in the face of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and in the face of the new expectations of the people, we must continue to push reform forward.” [13]13 Quotation from the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. It is necessary to be adept at proceeding from the requirements of the holistic and relational cognition of the systems concept, from the overall strategic situation of the Party’s and the nation’s development cause, to profoundly grasp the historical orientation of reform and the general trend of the times, always maintain strategic resolve, adhere to the correct direction and principles of reform, uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, and ensure that reform advances steadily.

当前国际国内形势的复杂性前所未有。从国际看，百年未有之大变局全方位、深层次加速演进，国际格局与国际体系正在经历深度调整，局部地区冲突不断、局势动荡不安，全球经济增长速度放缓，贸易保护主义、单边主义抬头，全球性问题日益突出；从国内看，我国正处于向高质量发展转型的关键阶段，影响高质量发展的结构性问题和制约生产力水平提升的深层次矛盾亟待解决，科技创新能力不足、产业体系结构不尽合理、城乡区域发展差异明显和收入分配不均等问题日渐凸显。“面对纷繁复杂的国际国内形势，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，面对人民群众新期待，必须继续把改革推向前进。”要善于从系统的整体性和关联性认知要求出发，从党和国家发展事业的战略全局出发，深刻把握改革的历史方位和时代大势，始终保持战略定力，坚守改革的正确方向和原则，守正创新，确保改革稳步推进。

Second, adhering to the systems concept requires being adept at promoting the mutual transformation of “crisis” and “opportunity.” Process-oriented and open-ended cognition reflects the dynamic and developmental characteristics of systems, demanding that we uphold and apply the law of the unity of opposites and the method of contradiction analysis. The development of things themselves and the relationships between things always change due to the interaction of internal and external contradictions and the mutual transformation of cause and effect, crisis and opportunity. As Xi Jinping points out, “Crisis and opportunity coexist, there is opportunity within crisis, and crisis can be turned into opportunity.” [14]14 Xi Jinping, speech at a symposium of experts in economic and social fields, 2020. In the current period and for some time to come, the uncertainties and unpredictable factors facing China’s development are increasing. Further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization will inevitably encounter contradictions and risk challenges in various fields. Various “black swan” and “gray rhino” events may occur at any time, and there may even be major risks of “high winds and choppy waters” or “fierce waves and raging seas.” [15]15 “Black swan” refers to unpredictable, high-impact events; “gray rhino” refers to obvious, high-probability threats that are neglected. “High winds and choppy waters” and “fierce waves and raging seas” are metaphors for severe risks. At the same time, in the face of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, China’s development still faces new and important strategic opportunities. Advancing Chinese-path modernization and achieving high-quality development still possess many strategically favorable conditions. During the 2022 Two Sessions, [16]16 The “Two Sessions” refers to the annual plenary meetings of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), held in 2022. Xi Jinping, with profound insight into the trend of the times, accurately grasped the direction of historical development, and deeply analyzed China’s development advantages, made a major judgment from the height of coordinating the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century, that China’s development possesses “five strategically favorable conditions”: “the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China,” “the significant advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics,” “the solid foundation accumulated through sustained and rapid development,” “a long-term stable social environment,” and “a spiritual force of self-confidence and self-reliance.” Therefore, adhering to the systems concept requires strengthening both a sense of urgency and a sense of opportunity, dialectically viewing the opportunities and challenges facing further comprehensively deepening reform, deeply grasping the dialectical relationship between crisis and opportunity, and firmly holding the initiative in reform and development. As Xi Jinping emphasizes, “Strive to foster new opportunities amidst crises and open up new horizons amidst changes.”

其次，坚持系统观念，要善于推动“危”与“机”相互转化。过程性和开放性认知反映了人们对系统的动态性和发展性的特征，要求我们坚持和运用好对立统一规律以及矛盾分析方法。事物自身的发展以及事物与事物之间的关系，总是因内外部的矛盾相互作用和因与果、危与机之间相互转化而发生变化的。正如习近平指出，“危和机并存、危中有机、危可转机”。当前和今后一段时期，我国发展面临的不确定难预料因素增多，进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化，不可避免会遇到各个领域的矛盾和风险挑战，各种“黑天鹅”“灰犀牛”事件随时可能发生，甚至可能出现“风高浪急”“惊涛骇浪”的重大风险。但同时，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我国发展仍面临新的重要战略机遇，推进中国式现代化、实现高质量发展仍然具有诸多战略性有利条件。2022年全国两会期间，习近平深刻洞察时代发展大势，准确把握历史发展趋势，深入分析我国发展优势，从统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局的高度，作出我国发展具有“五个战略性有利条件”的重大论断，即“有中国共产党的坚强领导”“有中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势”“有持续快速发展积累的坚实基础”“有长期稳定的社会环境”“有自信自强的精神力量”。因此，坚持系统观念，要增强忧患意识和机遇意识，辩证看待进一步全面深化改革面临的机遇与挑战，深刻把握危与机的辩证关系，牢牢掌握改革发展的主动权。正如习近平强调，“努力在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局”。

(2) Precisely grasp the general trend of development and seize strategic initiative

（二）精准把握发展的大势，掌握战略主动

Grasping the “trend” means keeping abreast of global development trends, accurately grasping the national reform trend, responding to the expectations of the people, following the trend and seizing the momentum, and promoting reform in depth. Faced with a complex development situation, it is necessary to make precise judgments at the strategic level about the challenges and circumstances facing reform, independently formulate and implement strategies, and seize strategic initiative.

把握“势”，就是紧跟世界发展趋势，把准国家改革大势，顺应人民期待，顺势而为、乘势而上，推动改革向纵深发展。面对复杂的发展形势，必须在战略层面上对改革所面临的挑战、形势作出精准判断，自主制定和实施策略，掌握战略主动。

We are situated amidst both complex global situations and domestic transformations, accompanied by the challenges and opportunities brought by the wave of technological and industrial revolutions, as well as the people’s new expectations for a better life. Adhering to the systems concept, when observing and analyzing the situation for further comprehensively deepening reform, we must uphold relational and open-ended thinking, proceed from the whole, stand at the height of coordinating both the international and domestic overall situations, comprehensively and dynamically analyze various domestic and international factors and their interrelationships, firmly establish an overall perspective, strengthen forward-looking thinking, and enhance international-domestic linkage and cooperation.

我们既处于错综复杂的全球局势与国内变革之中，又伴随科技革命与产业革命的浪潮所带来的挑战与机遇，更有人民群众对美好生活的新期待。坚持系统观念，观察分析进一步全面深化改革形势时，要坚持关联性和开放性思维，从整体出发，站在统筹国际和国内两个大局的高度，全面、动态地分析国内外各种因素及其相互关系，牢固树立全局观念、加强前瞻性思考、加强国际国内联动与合作。

First, we must comprehensively examine the domestic and international situation. We must both clearly recognize the difficulties and challenges faced and firmly grasp the major trend and fundamentals of China’s economy being generally stable and improving in the long run. Xi Jinping points out that China’s economic foundation is solid, its advantages are numerous, its resilience is strong, and its potential is great, and the supporting conditions and basic trend for long-term improvement have not changed. Therefore, we must bear in mind the two overall situations, [17]17 “Two overall situations” refers to the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century. understand the complexity and interconnectedness of the domestic and international situation more comprehensively and accurately, analyze the roots and manifestations of the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development more deeply, dialectically view the new features of advantages and difficulties, scientifically predict development trends, deeply tap the potential momentum for reform, and promote reform holistically.

一是要全面审视国内外形势，既要清醒认识到所面临的困难和挑战，也要牢牢把握我国经济总体平稳、长期向好的这一大趋势和基本盘。习近平指出，我国经济基础稳、优势多、韧性强、潜能大，长期向好的支撑条件和基本趋势没有变。因此，我们要胸怀两个大局，更全面准确地理解国内外形势的复杂性和关联性，更深入地分析发展不平衡不充分问题的根源和表现形式，辩证地看待优势与困难的新特征，科学预见发展趋势，深度挖掘改革潜在动能，整体推进改革。

Second, we must strengthen forward-looking thinking. We should place our own development within the broader pattern of global development, accurately grasp the development trends in global politics, economy, science and technology, culture, and other fields, as well as the impact of these trends on China’s development, optimize strategic layout, and seize strategic initiative. For example, in the field of science and technology, we need to seize opportunities from the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, conduct in-depth analysis, innovate and seek change, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, drive the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, lead the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, lay out and build future industries ahead of schedule, shape new drivers and advantages for development, and win the initiative in development. In the economic field, we must grasp the changing characteristics of global industrial chains, supply chains, and value chains, and promote the adjustment, transformation, and upgrading of China’s economic structure.

二是加强前瞻性思考，要将自身发展置于全球发展的大格局中，准确把握全球政治、经济、科技、文化等领域的发展趋势，以及这些趋势对我国发展的影响，优化战略布局，把握战略主动。例如在科技领域，我们需要从新一轮科技革命和产业变革中抢抓机遇，深入分析、创新求变，推进高水平科技自立自强，推动传统产业转型升级，以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，超前布局建设未来产业，塑造发展新动能新优势，赢得发展主动权。在经济领域，要把握全球产业链、供应链、价值链的变化特征，推动我国经济结构调整和转型升级。

Third, we must strengthen international-domestic linkage and cooperation. We should actively promote the effective connection and interaction between domestic and international markets and resources. Actively participate in global governance, promote high-quality Belt and Road Initiative cooperation, and expand international development space. Advance high-standard opening up, steadily expand institutional opening up in rules, regulations, management, and standards, enhance the quality and competitiveness of the open economy, promote the formation of a new pattern of all-round opening up, so as to effectively resist the negative impact of external risks on reform, jointly respond to global challenges, and firmly strengthen the confidence and foundation for calmly dealing with the changes unseen in a century.

三是加强国际国内联动合作，要积极推动国内国际两个市场、两种资源的有效对接和互动。积极参与全球治理、推动高质量共建 “一带一路”等，拓展国际发展空间。推进高水平对外开放，稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，提升开放型经济质量与竞争力，推动形成全面开放新格局，以有效抵御外部风险对改革的负面影响，共同应对全球性挑战，坚定从容应对世界百年未有之大变局的信心和底气。

(3) Systematically promote reform to achieve momentum and results, and gather reform synergy

（三）系统推进改革成势见效，汇聚改革合力

The tasks facing further comprehensively deepening reform are extremely arduous, the scope involved is extremely broad, and the contradictions to be handled are extremely complex. It is necessary to effectively integrate the forces of all aspects and levels across the country, forming a powerful driving force, in order to deepen and advance reform. This requires giving full play to the main role of the people, the synergy of various fields, and the spiritual strength of cadres and the masses, systematically promoting reform to achieve momentum and results, and gathering a powerful synergy for further comprehensively deepening reform.

进一步全面深化改革所面临的任务极为艰巨，涉及范围极为广泛，处理矛盾极为复杂，必须将全国上下各个方面、各个层次的力量有效整合起来，形成一股强大的推动力，才能得以深化推进。这就要求要充分发挥人民群众的主体力、各领域协同力、干部群众的精神力，系统推进改革成势见效，汇聚成进一步全面深化改革的强大合力。

To give play to the main role of the people, we must deepen reform with a people-centered approach. With the evolution of the principal contradiction in Chinese society, the people’s demands for a better and happier life are constantly rising. It is urgently necessary to promote deeper reform with a developmental perspective, deepen reform from broader dimensions and deeper levels, and consider reform within the overall context of national development, social progress, and people’s well-being, ensuring that the orientation and goals of reform align with the people’s expectations. Therefore, we must closely focus on the fundamental interests of the people, seize the most immediate and pressing interest issues that the people are most concerned about, deepen reforms in areas such as education quality, medical and health care, social security, public services, and grassroots governance, and systematically advance the implementation of livelihood projects. Focus on breakthroughs in institutional and mechanism reforms, better leverage the rule of law in removing obstacles to reform and consolidating reform achievements, remove institutional and mechanism barriers that hinder fairness and justice, ensure that the fruits of national development benefit all people more and more fairly, equally protect the legitimate rights and interests of all citizens and legal persons, and enable the people to have a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security in reform and development. Let the people truly feel that reform is for their own benefit, so that they actively support and participate in reform.

发挥人民群众的主体力，就要以人民为中心深化改革。随着我国社会主要矛盾的演变，人民群众对美好幸福生活的需求不断提升，迫切要求用发展的眼光推动深化改革，从更广的维度和更深的层次上深化改革，将改革置于国家发展、社会进步和人民福祉的大局中去考量，确保改革取向、目标与人民期待保持一致。因此，必须紧紧围绕人民群众的根本利益，抓住人民最关心最直接最迫切需要解决的利益问题，深化推进教育质量、医疗卫生、社会保障、公共服务、基层治理等领域改革，体系化推进民生工程落实。着重从体制机制改革去突破，更好发挥法治在排除改革阻力、巩固改革成果中的积极作用，破除制约公平正义的体制机制障碍，让国家发展成果更多更公平惠及人民群众，平等保护全体公民和法人的合法权益，让人民群众在改革发展中拥有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感。要让人民群众切实感受到改革是为了自身利益，从而积极支持和参与改革。

To give play to the synergy of various fields, we must establish an overall perspective and adhere to the thinking of “one chessboard.” [18]18 “One chessboard” is a metaphor for unified planning and coordinated action across all parts of the whole system. Reform is a comprehensive, multi-level systematic project. We must uphold holistic thinking and plan reforms in all fields, aspects, departments, levels, and regions within the overall framework. Xi Jinping emphasizes that we must conform to the new trends of the times, the new requirements of practical development, and the new expectations of the people, highlight the focus on economic system reform, comprehensively and coordinately advance reforms in all aspects, vigorously promote theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and other innovations, and provide strong momentum and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization. Reform must both take into account the overall situation and highlight the key points of reform in the economic field, carry out overall planning for various fields, avoid fragmented patching and piecemeal efforts, strengthen reform coordination and linkage, ensure that various reform measures are coordinated with each other, form a synergy for reform, and strive to maximize the overall effect of reform.

发挥各领域协同力，必须树立全局意识，坚持“一盘棋”思想。改革是一个全方位、多层次的系统工程，要坚持整体性思维，把各领域、各方面、各部门、各层级、各区域的改革置于总盘子中谋划。习近平强调，要顺应时代发展新趋势、实践发展新要求、人民群众新期待，突出经济体制改革这个重点，全面协调推进各方面改革，大力推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。改革既要顾全局，也要突出经济领域的改革重点，对各个领域进行统筹规划，避免碎片化修补和零敲碎打，要加强改革协同和联动，确保各项改革举措相互协调，形成改革合力，力求改革整体效应最大化。

To stimulate the spiritual strength of cadres and the masses, it is necessary both to uphold the Party’s leading core role in commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties, and to bring into play the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, coordinate all sides, consolidate hearts and minds, unite and rally different subjects, so that the direction of reform does not deviate and the intensity does not diminish. When facing adjustments of interest relations in reform, we should strengthen the consciousness of the overall situation, uphold great righteousness and set aside small gains, adopt a comprehensive, long-term and rational perspective, and correctly handle changes in interest relations and personal gains and losses. Party cadres and members in particular must strengthen their political sense of responsibility and historical sense of mission, boost their spirit of doing solid work and starting undertakings, and strive to open up new horizons for reform and development. Reform is for the masses and must also rely on the masses. Deepening reform comprehensively is a long-term and arduous process; we must be prepared for a protracted struggle and unleash the strength of the people. The wisdom and strength of the people are the key to breakthroughs and development in reform; they participate in and promote reform, and are also the beneficiaries of reform achievements. It is necessary to extensively build consensus, stimulate the principal role of the masses, mobilize all positive factors, solidify the ideological foundation and mass foundation of the entire Party and the whole society for further deepening reform comprehensively, and form a solid foundation of confidence and powerful strength to advance reform.

激发干部群众的精神力，既要坚持党发挥总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，也要发挥党员先锋模范作用，统筹各方，凝心聚力，将不同主体团结凝聚，使改革方向不偏、力度不减。在面对改革中的利益关系调整时，我们应当强化大局意识，秉大义舍小利，采取全面、长远和理性的视角，正确对待利益关系变动和个人利害得失。党员干部尤其要加强政治责任感、历史使命感，提振干事创业的精气神，奋力打开改革发展新天地。改革是为了群众，也必须依靠群众。全面深化改革是一个长期而艰巨的过程，要做好打持久战的准备，激发人民群众的力量。人民的智慧和力量是改革突破和发展的关键，他们参与改革、推动改革，也是改革成果的受益者。必须广泛凝聚共识，激发人民群众的主体作用，调动一切积极因素，筑牢全党全社会进一步全面深化改革的思想基础、群众基础，形成推动改革的坚实底气和强大力量。

III. Adhere to the Systems Concept to Properly Handle the Major Relationships in Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

三、坚持系统观念妥善处理进一步全面深化改革的重大关系

Adhering to the systems concept to properly handle the major relationships in development and reform is an important experience from reform and opening up, especially from deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era. Continuously deepening the understanding of the laws of reform, accurately grasping and correctly handling the major relationships in further deepening reform comprehensively, is an essential requirement for advancing Chinese-path modernization to comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform is a systematic project that requires scientific methods and the proper handling of relationships in all aspects. Further deepening reform comprehensively involves a wider scope, greater difficulty, and more complexity; it is necessary to adhere to the systems concept, coordinate and handle major relationships such as those between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security, to ensure that reform advances steadily and achieves tangible results.

坚持系统观念处理好发展和改革中的重大关系是改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的重要经验。不断深化对改革规律的认识，准确把握和正确处理进一步全面深化改革的重大关系，是以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的本质要求。改革是一项系统工程，需要讲求科学方法，处理好方方面面的关系。进一步全面深化改革，涉及范围更广、难度更大、更为复杂，必须坚持系统观念，统筹处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系，以确保改革稳步前行，取得实效。

The relationship between the economy and society. Properly handling the relationship between the economy and society is key to the long-term stability of the Party and the state. Economic growth is the foundation of social development, providing a solid material base for social development; harmonious social development provides impetus and a favorable environment for economic growth. Over a long period, the Party has led the people to create the brilliant miracle of rapid economic leaps and long-term social stability. In further deepening reform comprehensively, handling this pair of relationships is the primary requirement; we must promote sustained and steady economic and social development, with the two complementing each other. The *Decision* [19]19 The *Decision* refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Style Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. points out the need to improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, strengthen social construction, and improve the quality of life of the people, indicating that we must both leverage the leading role of economic system reform to promote high-quality development and ensure that the fruits of high-quality economic development are shared more and more fairly among the people, promoting the development of social undertakings. In reforming the relationship between the economy and society, attention must be paid to the balance between economic growth and social development, achieving coordinated development of economic growth and social progress; mere economic growth does not equate to social development. Through scientific and technological innovation, institutional innovation, management innovation, and other means, we should improve the quality and efficiency of economic development, provide a solid material foundation for social development, and at the same time strengthen innovation in social governance, avoiding the situation of “growth without development.” Secondly, attention must also be paid to the synergy of reform measures, pursuing both the speed and efficiency of economic development and the quality and fairness of social development. We should promote positive interaction between the macroeconomic governance system and the livelihood security system, forming a joint force to drive sustained economic recovery and improvement, continuously raise the people’s living standards, and maintain social harmony and stability.

经济和社会的关系。处理好经济和社会的关系是党和国家长治久安的关键。经济增长是社会发展的根基，为社会发展提供坚实的物质基础；社会的和谐发展为经济增长提供发展动力和良好环境。长期以来，党领导人民创造了经济飞速跃升和社会长期稳定的辉煌奇迹。进一步全面深化改革，处理好这对关系是第一位要求，要推动经济社会持续稳健发展，相辅相成。《决定》中指出要健全推动经济高质量发展的体制机制，加强社会建设，提高人民生活品质，表明了既要发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，促进高质量发展，又要实现把经济高质量发展的成果更多更公平惠及人民群众，促进社会事业发展。在经济和社会关系改革中，要注重经济增长与社会发展的平衡性，实现经济增长与社会进步协同发展，单纯的经济增长并不等同于社会的发展。通过科技创新、制度创新、管理创新等方式，提高经济发展的质量和效益，为社会发展提供坚实的物质基础，同时加强社会治理创新，要避免“有增长而无发展”的情况。其次，还要注重改革措施的协同性，既要追求经济发展的速度和效益，又要关注社会发展的质量和公平。推进宏观经济治理体系与民生制度体系良性互动，形成合力推动经济持续回升向好，人民生活水平不断提高，保持社会和谐稳定。

The relationship between the government and the market. The relationship between the government and the market is the core issue of economic system reform. When handling the relationship between the government and the market, we must see both the respective roles and functions of the government and the market, clarify the boundaries between the government and the market, and also see the internal connections and overall effects between them, clarifying the rights and obligations between the government and the market. We should give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, while simultaneously strengthening the government’s functions in regulation and supervision, achieving an organic unity of the two, so that the government’s “visible hand” and the market’s “invisible hand” work in synergy. The goal of further deepening reform comprehensively is to comprehensively build a more mature and higher-level socialist market economy system, the core of which lies in precisely grasping and continuously optimizing the dynamic balance between the government and the market. On the one hand, we emphasize the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, respect the basic laws of the market economy, improve market mechanisms, continuously refine market mechanisms, ensure the most efficient allocation of resources, and maximize benefits; on the other hand, we strengthen the government’s macro-control capacity; the more standardized government behavior is, the more effective the market role becomes; we improve the macroeconomic governance system, strengthen supervision and law enforcement, take institutional construction as a breakthrough, promote the legalization of the relationship between the government and the market, standardize government behavior and market behavior, and maintain market order and a fair competitive environment. In addition, we should explore new models for the coordinated development of the government and the market, attract social capital to participate in venture investment, guide, support, and encourage market entities to participate in social governance and public service innovation. We should coordinate the relationship between an effective market and a competent government, form an economic order that is both “able to be flexible” and “able to be controlled,” promote dynamic balance and coordinated development between the government and the market, and achieve harmonious coexistence between the government and the market.

政府和市场的关系。政府和市场的关系是经济体制改革的核心问题。处理政府和市场的关系时，既要看到政府和市场各自的作用和功能，明确政府与市场的边界，又要看到它们之间的内在联系和整体效应，明确政府与市场的权利义务关系。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，同时强化政府在调控与监督方面的职能，实现二者的有机统一，让政府“有形之手”和市场“无形之手”协同发力。进一步全面深化改革的目标是全面构建一个更加成熟、更高水平的社会主义市场经济体制，其核心在于精准把握并持续优化政府与市场的动态平衡。一方面，我们强调市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，尊重市场经济的基本规律，完善市场机制，不断健全市场机制，确保资源得以最高效配置，实现效益最大化；另一方面，加强政府的宏观调控能力，政府行为越规范，市场作用就越有效，健全宏观经济治理体系，加强监管和执法，以制度建设为突破，推动政府与市场关系的法治化，规范政府行为和市场行为，维护市场秩序和公平竞争环境。此外，探索政府和市场协同发展的新模式，吸引社会资本参与创业投资，引导和支持、鼓励市场主体参与社会治理和公共服务创新。统筹好有效市场与有为政府的关系，形成既“放得活”又“管得住”的经济秩序，推动政府与市场动态平衡与协同发展，实现政府与市场的和谐共生。

The relationship between efficiency and fairness. The relationship between efficiency and fairness exhibits a complex interactive mechanism in economic and social development. Efficiency focuses on the optimal allocation of resources and the maximization of output, while fairness emphasizes the fair distribution of social resources and equality of opportunity. Further deepening reform comprehensively emphasizes achieving fairness on the basis of improving efficiency, neither allowing efficiency to override fairness nor sacrificing efficiency for the sake of one-sidedly pursuing fairness; it is necessary to achieve an organic unity of improving the efficiency of economic and social development and maintaining social fairness and justice. The *Decision* points out that we must fully promote revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, improve production efficiency, and carry out innovative explorations in the allocation of production factors to achieve deep industrial transformation and upgrading. The core purpose of these measures is to optimize resource allocation and enhance economic efficiency. The *Decision* emphasizes strengthening the construction of the social security system, increasing the share of residents’ income in national income distribution, increasing the share of labor remuneration in primary distribution, and emphasizing measures such as allowing the people to share the fruits of reform, with the aim of narrowing income gaps and maintaining social stability. To properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, we must achieve overall planning and organic integration, continuously make the cake bigger by improving efficiency, and distribute the cake well by promoting fairness. We should further stimulate and unleash the potential of productive forces, enable the vitality of labor, knowledge, technology, management, and capital to flow fully, improve total factor productivity, allow all kinds of advanced and high-quality production factors to flow smoothly towards the development of new quality productive forces, optimize the economic structure, and improve the quality and efficiency of economic development. At the same time, we should strengthen the construction of social undertakings, comprehensively improve the supply quality and coverage of public services, strengthen the construction of inclusive, basic, and bottom-line livelihood projects, ensure that the people can fairly participate in the development process and tangibly share the dividends of development, and truly achieve the goal of the people sharing the fruits of development.

效率和公平的关系。效率与公平的关系在经济社会发展中呈现出复杂的互动机制。效率关注的是资源的最优配置和产出的最大化，而公平则注重社会资源的公平分配和机会均等。进一步全面深化改革强调在提高效率的基础上实现公平，既不能让效率凌驾于公平之上，也不能以牺牲效率为代价来片面追求公平，要实现提升经济社会发展效率与维护社会公平正义有机统一。《决定》中指出要通过全力推动技术实现革命性突破，提高生产效率，在生产要素配置方面进行创新性探索，以实现产业深度转型升级。这些举措核心目的就在于优化资源配置，提升经济效率。《决定》强调加强社会保障体系建设、提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，强调让改革成果由人民共享等措施，其目的是缩小收入差距，维护社会稳定。处理好效率与公平的关系，就要做到统筹兼顾、有机结合，以提升效率不断把蛋糕做大，以促进公平把蛋糕分好。要进一步激发和释放生产力潜能，促使劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本的活力充分涌流，提高全要素生产率，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动，优化经济结构，提升经济发展的质量和效益。同时，要加强社会事业建设，全方位提升公共服务的供给质量与覆盖范围，加强普惠性、基础性、兜底性民生项目建设，确保人民群众能公平地参与发展进程、切实分享发展红利，真正实现发展成果由人民共享的目标。

The relationship between vitality and order. Vitality is an important driving force for social progress and economic development; however, if vitality lacks effective guidance and regulation, it may lead to chaos and disorder in social order. Order, on the other hand, is the foundation of stable social development. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Chinese-path modernization should and can achieve a dynamic balance of being vibrant yet not chaotic, active yet orderly.” [20]20 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” *Qiushi*, 2023, no. 4. [Back] By maintaining order while stimulating vitality, and stimulating vitality while maintaining order, and sustaining a dynamic balance between vitality and order, can the harmonious coexistence of vitality and order be realized. The “Decision” [21]21 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. [Back] aims to break down institutional and mechanistic barriers that constrain the development of productive forces, stimulate market vitality, and promote sustained economic and social development. It is necessary to further advance the organic unity of social development and social governance, promote innovation in the social governance system, improve the social governance system of joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits, strengthen the functions of public service platforms, and facilitate the full release of reform vitality. In handling the relationship between vitality and order, attention should be paid to dynamic adjustment and optimized balance. On the one hand, further remove institutional and mechanistic obstacles that hinder the development of productive forces and social progress, and maintain a good order for economic and social operation through scientific macro-regulation and efficient social governance. A sound institutional system should be established and improved, the market environment optimized, the motivation and enthusiasm of the people to participate in reform and development stimulated, and social vitality unleashed. On the other hand, a sound rule of law is an important guarantee for achieving a dynamic balance between vitality and order. It is necessary to effectively advance the construction of the rule-of-law system for socialism with Chinese characteristics, actively use legal thinking and legal methods, stimulate social vitality while maintaining social order, and achieve coordinated progress between the two. Strengthen monitoring and evaluation, strengthen social governance, and ensure basic livelihoods.

活力和秩序的关系。活力是社会进步和经济发展的重要动力，然而活力如果缺乏有效的引导和规范，可能会导致社会秩序的混乱和失序。秩序则是社会稳定发展的基础。习近平指出：“中国式现代化应当而且能够实现活而不乱、活跃有序的动态平衡。”在激发活力中保持秩序，在保持秩序中激发活力，维持活力与秩序的动态平衡，才能实现活力与秩序的和谐共生。《决定》旨在打破束缚生产力发展的体制机制障碍，激发市场活力，推动经济社会的持续发展。要进一步推进社会发展与社会治理的有机统一，推进社会治理体系创新，完善共建共治共享的社会治理制度，强化公共服务平台功能，促进改革活力全面释放。在处理活力和秩序的关系时，应注重动态调整和优化平衡。一方面，进一步破除阻碍生产力发展和社会进步的体制机制障碍，通过科学的宏观调控、高效的社会治理，保持良好的经济社会运行秩序。要建立健全的制度体系，优化市场环境，激发民众参与改革发展的动力与热情，激发社会活力。另一方面，良好的法治是实现活力和秩序动态平衡的重要保障，要切实推进中国特色社会主义法治体系建设，积极运用法治思维与法治方式，在维护社会秩序的同时激发社会活力，实现二者的协调共进。加强监测评估，加强社会治理，保障基本民生。

The relationship between development and security. Development and security are two important cornerstones of national prosperity and stability; development and security are mutually conditional and mutually supportive. High-quality development is the foundation and key to solving China’s economic and social problems, including security issues, while high-level security is the condition and guarantee for high-quality development. It is necessary to uphold the concept of giving equal weight to development and security, and build a positive interaction between the two. The “Decision” focuses on improving the national security system, enhancing the capacity to safeguard national security, effectively constructing a new security framework, and providing solid security guarantees for development. Strengthen security guarantees in key areas such as scientific and technological security, data security, financial security, and ecological security, and support overall development with high-level protection. In handling the relationship between development and security, attention should be paid to strategic and forward-looking considerations. On the one hand, from the perspective of national strategy, establish and improve the national security system, strengthen security capacity building in key areas, ensure the country’s autonomy, controllability, security, and reliability in key fields and major industries, advance the technological empowerment of national security, promote the modernization of security governance capacity, and ensure high-quality development with high-level security. On the other hand, with a view to long-term development plans and changes in the international situation, improve foreign-related security mechanisms, incorporate security risk assessment into decision-making processes, strengthen forward-looking strategic deployment and risk prevention mechanisms, firmly guard against the bottom line of systemic risks, strengthen social security management and risk prevention and control, and enhance the capacity to respond to various types of security risks. At the same time, actively participate in the reform of the global governance system and the practice of building common security, create a favorable external environment, jointly address global challenges and issues, and provide a solid guarantee for China’s sustained development and national security.

发展和安全的关系。发展和安全是国家繁荣稳定的两个重要基石，发展和安全互为条件、相互支撑。高质量发展是解决我国经济社会难题包括安全问题的基础和关键，高水平安全是高质量发展的条件和保障。必须秉持发展与安全并重的理念，构建二者之间的良性互动。《决定》聚焦健全国家安全体系，增强维护国家安全能力，有效构建新安全格局，为发展提供坚实的安全保障。在科技安全、数据安全、金融安全、生态安全等重点领域加强安全保障，以高水平保护支撑整体发展。在处理发展和安全的关系时，应注重战略性和前瞻性。一方面，从国家战略高度出发，建立健全国家安全体系，加强重点领域安全能力建设，确保国家在关键领域和重点行业的自主可控和安全可靠，推进国家安全科技赋能，推动安全治理能力现代化，以高水平安全保障高质量发展。另一方面，要着眼长远发展规划和国际形势变化，完善涉外安全机制，将安全风险评估纳入决策流程，加强前瞻性的战略布局和风险防范机制建设，牢牢守住不发生系统性风险底线，强化社会安全管理和风险防控，提高应对各类安全风险的能力和水平。同时，要积极投身于全球治理体系改革以及共同安全建设实践中，营造有利的外部环境，共同应对全球性挑战和问题，为我国的持续发展和国家安全提供坚实保障。

In summary, we must be adept at using Marxism to observe the era, grasp the era, and lead the era, and continue to develop contemporary Chinese Marxism and Marxism in the 21st century. To grasp Marxist philosophy as a fundamental skill, it is necessary to analyze problems, solve problems, and guide practice in the organic unity of adhering to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, and to promote the innovation of Marxism in the contemporary era. Adhering to systemic thinking is a new theoretical achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and a new form of contemporary Chinese Marxist philosophy. To further comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to unswervingly adhere to the important principle of systemic thinking, proactively grasp the “timing” and “momentum” of further comprehensively deepening reform, guide reform to advance steadily in the correct direction, strengthen systemic integration, enhance overall planning, systemic layout, and coordinated advancement, and propel Chinese-path modernization to a higher stage.

总之，我们要善于运用马克思主义观察时代、把握时代、引领时代，继续发展当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义。要把握好马克思主义哲学这一看家本领，就要在坚持马克思主义立场、观点、方法有机统一中分析问题、解决问题、指导实践，推动马克思主义时代创新。坚持系统观念，是马克思主义哲学中国化时代化的新的理论成果，是当代中国马克思主义哲学的新形态。进一步全面深化改革，必须毫不动摇地坚持系统观念这一重要原则，主动把握进一步全面深化改革的“时”与“势”，引领改革沿着正确方向稳步推进，强化系统集成，加强整体谋划、系统布局、协同推进，推动中国式现代化迈向更高阶段。

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆