The Theoretical Contribution and Practical Path of Realizing the Value of Ecological Products

The realization of the value of ecological products is an important component of Volume I of *Xi Jinping’s Selected Works on Ecological Civilization*, a significant embodiment of the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” and a key pathway for promoting harmony between humanity and nature. In Volume I of *Xi Jinping’s Selected Works on Ecological Civilization*, the piece “Systematically Carrying Out Ecological and Environmental Protection and Restoration, Building a Green Development Demonstration Belt” provides a profound explanation, stating that “we must accelerate the establishment of a mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, so that those who protect and restore the ecological environment receive reasonable returns, and those who damage the ecological environment pay a corresponding price.” The piece “Promoting Green Development and Promoting Harmony between Humanity and Nature” states that “we must establish a mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products and improve the ecological protection compensation system.” These important expositions provide fundamental guidance for ecological civilization construction in the New Era and constitute a major innovation where Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization and Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought complement each other. On the 20th anniversary of the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” a profound grasp of the theoretical contribution and practical path of realizing the value of ecological products will help accelerate the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development and the construction of a Beautiful China, injecting green momentum into Chinese-path modernization.

生态产品价值实现是《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷的重要内容，是绿水青山就是金山银山理念的重要体现，是推动人与自然和谐共生的关键路径。在《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷中，《系统开展生态环境保护修复，建设绿色发展示范带》对此作出深刻阐释，指出“要加快建立生态产品价值实现机制，让保护修复生态环境获得合理回报，让破坏生态环境付出相应代价”；《推动绿色发展，促进人与自然和谐共生》指出“建立生态产品价值实现机制，完善生态保护补偿制度”。这些重要论述为新时代生态文明建设提供了根本遵循，成为习近平生态文明思想和习近平经济思想交相辉映的重大创新。在绿水青山就是金山银山理念提出20年之际，深刻把握生态产品价值实现的理论贡献与实践路径，有助于加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型和美丽中国建设，为中国式现代化注入绿色动能。

The realization of the value of ecological products is a major theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization

生态产品价值实现是习近平生态文明思想的重大理论创新

The realization of the value of ecological products means activating nature’s wealth-creating power through institutional design, reaping invaluable assets while safeguarding lucid waters and lush mountains, and it carries significant theoretical innovation.

生态产品价值实现，就是要通过制度设计激活自然的财富创造力，在守护绿水青山的同时收获金山银山，具有重大理论创新意义。

It innovatively develops the Marxist view of ecology, pointing out the scientific path for transforming “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets.”

创新发展马克思主义生态观，指明了“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的科学路径。

Classical Marxist writers, in their view of ecology, emphasized the dialectical relationship between “natural productive forces” and the “material exchange between humanity and nature,” but they did not systematically resolve the issue of how ecological value can be transformed into economic value.

马克思主义经典作家在生态观问题上强调“自然生产力”与“人与自然物质变换”的辩证关系，但未能系统解决生态价值如何转化为经济价值的问题。

General Secretary Xi Jinping, in “Establishing a Strong Awareness that ‘Lucid Waters and Lush Mountains Are Invaluable Assets’,” pointed out: “Establish a strong awareness that ‘lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,’ and strive toward a New Era of socialist ecological civilization.” In “Protecting the Ecological Environment Means Protecting Productive Forces, and Improving the Ecological Environment Means Developing Productive Forces,” he pointed out: “Lucid waters and lush mountains and invaluable assets are by no means opposed to each other; the key lies in people, the key lies in thinking.”

习近平总书记在《树立“绿水青山就是金山银山”的强烈意识》中指出：“树立‘绿水青山就是金山银山’的强烈意识，努力走向社会主义生态文明新时代”；在《保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力》中指出：“绿水青山和金山银山决不是对立的，关键在人，关键在思路。”

These important expositions innovatively construct a transformation path for realizing the value of ecological products, incorporating natural capital (such as forest carbon sinks and water conservation) into the category of productive forces, making ecological protection an endogenous driving force for economic growth, and expanding the connotation of natural productive forces. By introducing the economic category of “product,” the realization of the value of ecological products transforms abstract ecological functions into value carriers with clear property rights boundaries and tradable attributes, providing a realistic path for transforming “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets.”

这些重要论述创新性地构建了生态产品价值实现的转化路径，将自然资本（如森林碳汇、水源涵养）纳入生产力范畴，使生态保护成为经济增长的内生动力，拓展了自然生产力的内涵。生态产品价值实现通过引入“产品”这一经济学范畴，将抽象的生态功能转化为具有明确产权边界、可交易属性的价值载体，为“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”提供了现实路径。

It promotes the coordinated evolution of the economic system and the ecological system, vividly demonstrating the concept of harmony between humanity and nature.

促进经济系统与生态系统协同演进，生动彰显了人与自然和谐共生的理念。

The proposal of realizing the value of ecological products marks a cognitive leap in ecosystem governance from “resource management” to “value management,” aligning with the grand strategic proposition of transforming the ecological environment into exchangeable and consumable ecological products, and solving the problem of external diseconomies through economic development.

生态产品价值实现的提出，标志着生态系统治理从“资源管理”到“价值管理”的认知跃升，符合将生态环境转变成为可以交换消费的生态产品，以发展经济的方式解决外部不经济性问题这一宏大战略命题的需要。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized “promoting green development and promoting harmony between humanity and nature,” pointing the way forward for ecological civilization construction in the New Era. For a long time, the economic system and the ecological system were regarded as separate, independent systems. This dualistic epistemology led to the practical dilemma of opposing ecological environmental protection and economic development. The core of realizing the value of ecological products is the two-way transformation of “economization of the ecosystem” and “ecologization of the economic system.” The former converts the non-market value of ecological products into economic returns through pricing, trading, and compensation, while the latter uses these returns to promote ecological protection, forming a positive cycle.

习近平总书记强调“推动绿色发展，促进人与自然和谐共生”，为新时代生态文明建设指明了前进方向。长期以来，经济系统与生态系统被视为相互分离的独立系统，这种二元对立的认识论导致实践中出现生态环境保护与经济发展相互对立的困境。生态产品价值实现的核心是“生态系统经济化”与“经济系统生态化”的双向转化，前者通过定价、交易、补偿等手段将生态产品的非市场价值转化为经济收益，后者则通过收益促进生态保护，形成正向循环。

The realization of the value of ecological products breaks through the limitations of traditional development paradigms. By introducing scarcity pricing, standardized measurement, and full life-cycle eco-friendly production, it constructs a theoretical framework for the coordinated evolution of the economic system and the ecological system.

生态产品价值实现突破了传统发展范式的局限，通过引入稀缺性定价、标准化计量、全生命周期生态友好性生产，构建了经济系统与生态系统协同演进的理论框架。

Scarcity reconstructs the market foundation, achieving a balance between ecological constraints and economic incentives. From the supply side, the natural supply of ecological products such as clean air and fresh water has an absolute upper limit. The realization of the value of ecological products transforms this scarcity into market price signals through means such as property rights definition and ecological compensation. Changes on the demand side highlight the dynamic characteristics of scarcity. As living standards improve, society’s demand for high-quality ecological products grows rapidly, reflecting the people’s aspiration for a better life. The realization of the value of ecological products, through methods such as tiered pricing and eco-labels, both meets differentiated consumer demands and curbs excessive consumption through price leverage, achieving a virtuous cycle of “demand growth—resource protection—value enhancement.” This “price-quantity” adjustment method enables the economic system to spontaneously adapt to ecological constraints, achieving a dynamic balance between the two.

稀缺性重构市场基础，实现生态约束与经济激励的平衡。从供给端看，清洁的空气、淡水等生态产品的自然供给存在绝对上限。生态产品价值实现通过产权界定、生态补偿等方式，将这种稀缺性转化为市场价格信号。需求端的变化则凸显稀缺性的动态特征。随着生活水平提高，社会对优质生态产品的需求快速增长，反映了人民对美好生活的向往。生态产品价值实现通过阶梯定价、生态标签等方式，既满足了差异化的消费需求，又通过价格杠杆抑制了过度消费，实现了“需求增长—资源保护—价值提升”的良性循环。这种“以价定量”的调节方式，使经济系统自发适应生态约束，实现了二者的动态平衡。

Standardization promotes the scientific transformation of ecological value into market value.

标准性推动生态价值向市场价值的科学转化。

Natural laws are the fundamental basis for standard setting. The calculation of forest carbon sink capacity is based on the photosynthetic efficiency of tree species, and the allocation of water pollution discharge rights considers the self-purification capacity of water bodies. Social consensus is an important guarantee for the implementation of standards. Differences in the perception of ecological value among different actors need to be bridged through consultative democratic mechanisms.

自然规律是标准制定的根本依据，森林碳汇能力的测算基于树种的光合作用效率，水域排污权的分配考虑水体的自净能力。社会共识是标准落地的重要保障，不同主体对生态价值的认知差异需要通过协商民主机制弥合。

Modern valuation techniques, by simulating market scenarios, capture the public’s true willingness to pay, providing a public opinion foundation for value standards. Technological empowerment is a key support for standard implementation. Ecological product trading platforms integrate technologies such as remote sensing monitoring and blockchain, enabling real-time collection of ecological data and automatic execution of smart contracts. This “technology + institution” coupling design transforms abstract ecological value into precise market targets, significantly reducing transaction costs.

现代估值技术则通过模拟市场场景，捕捉公众的真实支付意愿，为价值标准提供民意基础。技术赋能是标准执行的关键支撑，生态产品交易平台整合遥感监测、区块链等技术，实现了生态数据的实时采集与智能合约的自动执行。这种“技术+制度”的耦合设计，使抽象的生态价值转化为精确的市场标的，大幅降低交易成本。

Full life-cycle eco-friendly production achieves the deep integration of ecological protection and industrial development, requiring that every link from resource extraction to final disposal follows ecological laws. This concept reshapes traditional production models through the two-way path of “ecological industrialization” and “industrial ecologization,” embodying the unity of economic development and ecological security.

全生命周期生态友好性生产实现生态保护与产业发展深度融合，要求从资源获取到最终处置的每个环节都遵循生态规律。这一理念通过“生态产业化”和“产业生态化”的双向路径，重塑了传统生产模式，体现了经济发展与生态安全的统一。

It promotes the modernization and transformation of the ecological environment governance system, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to global ecological environment governance.

推动生态环境治理体系现代化转型，为全球生态环境治理贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。

General Secretary Xi Jinping, in his “Speech at the Symposium on Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt,” pointed out: “Explore a path for realizing the value of ecological products that is government-led, involves participation from enterprises and all sectors of society, is market-oriented, and is sustainable.” Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, the realization of the value of ecological products, through the coordinated efforts of an “effective government” and an “efficient market,” builds a modern governance system of multi-stakeholder co-governance, providing a new path for global environmental governance with Chinese wisdom.

习近平总书记在《在深入推动长江经济带发展座谈会上的讲话》中指出：“探索政府主导、企业和社会各界参与、市场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值实现路径。”生态产品价值实现以习近平生态文明思想为指导，通过“有为政府”与“有效市场”协同发力，构建多方共治的现代化治理体系，以中国智慧为全球环境治理提供新路径。

The essence of realizing the value of ecological products is innovation in governance structure. On the one hand, the government, through institutional supply such as property rights definition, ecological compensation, and standard setting, draws ecological red lines for market operations, reflecting the rule-of-law requirement of “protecting the ecological environment with the strictest systems and the most stringent laws,” and also echoing the ecological view that “mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts are a life community.” On the other hand, market mechanisms guide the efficient allocation of resources based on price signals, internalizing the external benefits of ecological protection through market-based means such as carbon emission rights trading and water rights trading. This collaborative model of “government sets rules, market promotes efficiency” breaks the single-minded thinking of either “government monopoly” or “market omnipotence,” forming a co-governance pattern involving the participation of multiple actors including the government, enterprises, communities, and the public.

生态产品价值实现的本质是治理结构的创新。一方面，政府通过产权界定、生态补偿、标准制定等制度供给，为市场运行划定生态红线，体现了“用最严格制度最严密法治保护生态环境”的法治要求，也呼应了“山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体”的生态观；另一方面，市场机制基于价格信号引导资源有效配置，通过碳排放权交易、水权交易等市场化手段，将生态保护的外部效益内部化。这种“政府定规则、市场促效率”的协同模式，打破了“政府包办”或“市场万能”的单一思维，形成了政府、企业、社区、公众等多方主体参与的共治格局。

The realization of the value of ecological products is an important lever for practicing Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization

生态产品价值实现是践行习近平生态文明思想的重要抓手

The realization of the value of ecological products profoundly embodies the organic unity of implementing the new development philosophy, developing new quality productive forces, and achieving the goal of common prosperity for all people. It is an important lever for practicing Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization.

生态产品价值实现深刻体现了贯彻新发展理念、发展新质生产力与实现全体人民共同富裕目标的有机统一，是践行习近平生态文明思想的重要抓手。

The realization of the value of ecological products is an important pathway for implementing the new development philosophy in the ecological field.

生态产品价值实现是生态领域贯彻新发展理念的重要途径。

General Secretary Xi Jinping, in “Guiding Development with a New Development Philosophy,” pointed out: “Adhering to innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development, and shared development is a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of China’s development.” The realization of the value of ecological products responds to the theoretical demands of innovative development and green development.

习近平总书记在《以新的发展理念引领发展》中指出：“坚持创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展，是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。”生态产品价值实现回应了创新发展、绿色发展的理论诉求。

Starting from demand theory, the realization of the value of ecological products breaks through the limitations of traditional public goods theory, redefining ecosystem services as economic units with clear utility boundaries and market responses. Through the definition of property rights and standardized measurement, it transforms natural welfare that was originally difficult to partition into perceptible and selectable consumption objects, resolving the problem of missing preference revelation in traditional environmental economics.

从需求理论出发，生态产品价值实现突破了传统公共物品理论的局限，将生态系统服务重新定义为具有明确效用边界和市场响应的经济单元，通过产权界定和标准化计量，使原本难以分割的自然福利转化为可感知、可选择的消费对象，解决了传统环境经济学中偏好显示缺失的难题。

Starting from supply theory, the traditional concept of ecosystem services treats nature as a passive supplier of resources, whereas the concept of ecological products emphasizes ecological subjectivity, focusing on the intrinsic mechanisms of ecosystem self-repair and self-regulation.

从供给理论出发，传统生态系统服务概念将自然界视为被动的资源供给者，而生态产品概念则强调生态主体性，关注生态系统自我修复、自我调节的内在机制。

From the perspective of factor inputs, the production of ecological products depends on natural systems, meaning that compared to inputs of natural resources, the proportions of labor and capital inputs are both at relatively low levels, reflecting a factor input combination centered on ecological subjectivity. From the perspective of outputs, the traditional production process yields only the product itself, whereas the output of ecological products includes non-marketized services (such as biodiversity), possessing positive externalities for the ecological environment.

从生产要素投入来看，生态产品的生产依赖自然系统，即相较于自然资源投入，劳动要素、资本要素的投入占比均处于较低水平，体现为生态主体性要素投入组合；从产出来看，传统的生产过程产出只有产品本身，而生态产品的产出包括非市场化的服务（如生物多样性），具有正的生态环境外部性。

The supply theory of ecological products differs from both the traditional labor theory of value and the simple factor-reward theory, instead constructing a composite production function of “human labor—ecological response.” This not only reflects the breakthrough of innovative development over traditional resource pricing mechanisms but also confirms the endogenous process of internalizing the value of ecological scarcity under the concept of green development.

生态产品的供给理论既不同于传统的劳动价值论，也超越了简单的要素报酬理论，而是构建了“人类劳动—生态响应”的复合生产函数。这既体现了创新发展对传统资源定价机制的突破，也印证了绿色发展理念下生态稀缺性价值的内生化进程。

The realization of the value of ecological products constructs a new paradigm for coordinated regional development. For example, cross-provincial ecological compensation mechanisms in river basins can innovatively combine fiscal transfer payments with market-based transactions, channeling the economic development dividends of downstream regions back to subsidize the ecological protection costs of upstream regions. This institutional arrangement transcends simple resource exchange relationships, forming an incentive-compatible mechanism of “compensation for protectors, payment by destroyers, and fees for users,” enabling regions at different development stages within the same river basin to achieve interest coordination under the goal of ecological protection. It resolves the development paradox of the “binary opposition between ecological protection and economic growth,” providing an operable institutional tool for implementing the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing.

生态产品价值实现构建了区域协调发展的新范式。比如，江河流域跨省生态补偿机制可以创新性地通过财政转移支付与市场化交易相结合的方式，将下游经济发展红利反哺上游生态保护成本。这种制度安排超越了简单的资源交换关系，形成了“保护者受偿、破坏者赔偿、使用者付费”的激励相容机制，使同一流域处于不同发展阶段的地区在生态保护目标下实现利益协同，破解了“生态保护与经济增长二元对立”的发展悖论，为落实创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念提供了可操作的制度工具。

The realization of the value of ecological products is a green engine for cultivating new quality productive forces.

生态产品价值实现是培育新质生产力的绿色引擎。

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Green development is the hallmark of high-quality development; new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces,” emphasizing: “The core of deepening supply-side structural reform is to promote industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, especially by using disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies to spawn new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, and to develop new quality productive forces.”

习近平总书记指出：“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”，强调：“深化供给侧结构性改革，核心是以科技创新推动产业创新，特别是以颠覆性技术和前沿技术催生新产业、新模式、新动能，发展新质生产力”。

The realization of the value of ecological products in the digital-intelligent era is a revolution in the paradigm of ecological and environmental governance driven by technological transformation. It explores a shift from the “Coase-Pigou” paradigm to an “algorithm-data” paradigm. By restructuring the combination of production factors, innovating the production function relationship, and reshaping the dynamic mechanism of economic growth, it drives the economic development mode toward a green, low-carbon, and circular transition.

数智时代的生态产品价值实现是一场由技术革命驱动的生态环境治理范式革命，探索了从“科斯—庇古”范式向“算法—数据”范式的转变，通过重构生产要素组合、革新生产函数关系、重塑经济增长动力机制，推动经济发展方式向绿色低碳循环方向跃迁。

The digital restructuring of ecological factors is the starting point for the paradigm shift in digital-intelligent ecological and environmental governance. The property rights of ecological resources, which were difficult to define in classical economics, are now confirmed through the immutable characteristics of blockchain technology. Originally static natural capital, under the dynamic monitoring of the Internet of Things and remote sensing technology, is transformed into continuously generated, traceable data assets, exhibiting typical network effects and regenerative characteristics, endowing ecological factors with entirely new economic attributes.

生态要素的数字化重构，是数智生态环境治理范式变革的起点。古典经济学中难以界定的生态资源产权，通过区块链技术的不可篡改特性实现了确权。原本静态的自然资本在物联网和遥感技术的动态监测下转化为持续生成、可溯源的数据资产，呈现出典型的网络效应和再生性特征，赋予生态要素全新的经济属性。

Digital-intelligent technology is reshaping the supply curve of ecological products. At the level of factor allocation, through the deployment of sensor networks and satellite remote sensing systems, the stock and flow of ecological factors such as forest carbon sinks and water resources can be quantified in real time, solving the problem of the difficulty in measuring the value of ecological products.

数智技术正在重塑生态产品的供给曲线。在要素配置层面，通过部署传感器网络和卫星遥感系统，森林碳汇、水资源等生态要素的存量与流量得以实时量化，解决了生态产品价值难计量的难题。

At the level of the production process, the deep application of artificial intelligence further expands the possibility frontier of ecological product production. Whether it is the dynamic optimization of drone seeding plans in desert control or the use of neural network algorithms to solve problems in mangrove restoration, both demonstrate a significant improvement in ecological supply efficiency driven by algorithms. This transformation causes the ecological production function to evolve toward a deep learning architecture.

在生产过程层面，人工智能的深度应用进一步扩展了生态产品生产的可能性边界。无论是沙漠治理中无人机播种方案的动态优化，还是红树林修复中利用神经网络算法求解，都展现出算法对生态供给效率的显著提升。这种转变使得生态生产函数向深度学习架构演进。

At the level of value realization, digital-intelligent technology achieves intelligent matching of supply and demand behavior for ecological products. The problem of demand identification, which has long plagued the development of ecological products, is being overcome through the deep mining of social media data using natural language processing technology. The network effects created by digital platforms are changing the essential attributes of ecological demand. The demand-side economies of scale formed by massive numbers of users on digital platforms, along with the visualization of ecological product experiences achieved through augmented reality (AR) technology, all indicate that the demand function for ecological products needs to be revised by introducing network externalities. Algorithm-driven price discovery mechanisms can effectively solve the market-clearing problem for ecological products.

在价值实现层面，数智技术实现了生态产品供需行为的智能化匹配。长期困扰生态产品发展的需求识别问题，正通过自然语言处理技术对社交媒体数据的深度挖掘获得突破。数字平台创造的网络效应正在改变生态需求的本质属性，数字平台上海量用户形成的需求侧规模经济，以及增强现实（AR）技术实现的生态产品体验可视化，都表明生态产品需求函数需要引入网络外部性加以修正。算法驱动的价格发现机制能够有效解决生态市场的出清难题。

These innovations are forming the basic logic of digital-intelligent ecological economics: in a complete ecological data market, algorithms can achieve Pareto-optimal allocation; through the aggregation of digitalized social preferences, any desired ecological distribution can be realized through the initial confirmation of data rights.

这些创新正在形成数智生态经济学的基本逻辑：在完备的生态数据市场中，算法能够实现帕累托最优配置；通过数字化的社会偏好聚合，任何合意的生态分配都可以通过初始数据确权来实现。

The scientific guidance for this transformation ultimately lies in the innovative breakthroughs in the theory of productive forces within Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization and Xi Jinping Thought on the Economy, enabling technology-driven ecological and environmental governance to move from the passive model of “government correcting market failures” to the active paradigm of “algorithms empowering market equilibrium,” providing a completely new practical pathway for global sustainable development.

这种变革的科学指导，归根结底在于习近平生态文明思想、习近平经济思想对生产力理论的创新突破，使得技术驱动的生态环境治理从“政府矫正市场失灵”的被动模式，迈向“算法赋能市场均衡”的主动范式，为全球可持续发展提供了全新的实践路径。

The realization of the value of ecological products helps to consolidate the ecological foundation for common prosperity.

生态产品价值实现有助于夯实共同富裕的生态根基。

“The way of governing a state begins with enriching the people.” [1]1 A classical Chinese saying from the *Records of the Grand Historian* (*Shiji*), attributed to the Western Han dynasty, emphasizing that enriching the people is the foundation of good governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” In his speech “Promoting China’s Ecological Civilization to a New Level,” General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “A sound ecological environment is the most inclusive public good for people’s well-being.”

“治国之道，富民为始。”习近平总书记强调：“中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的本质要求”。习近平总书记在《推动我国生态文明建设迈上新台阶》中指出：“良好生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉。”

By activating the economic potential of ecological resources, the realization of the value of ecological products reconstructs the distribution pattern of development rights and interests across both temporal and spatial dimensions. It embodies the principle of intergenerational equity in sustainable development theory and aligns with the concept of spatial justice in regional economics, forming a new distribution mechanism that balances efficiency and fairness.

生态产品价值实现通过激活生态资源的经济潜能，在时间和空间两个维度上重构了发展权益的分配格局，既体现了可持续发展理论中的代际公平原则，也契合区域经济学中的空间正义理念，形成了一种兼顾效率与公平的新型分配机制。

The core of realizing the value of ecological products lies in transforming the service functions of natural ecosystems into tradable, value-appreciating economic assets, thereby establishing a more reasonable wealth distribution mechanism between the present and future generations to achieve intergenerational equity and sustainable well-being. Traditional development models often overdraw ecological resources, leading to an intergenerational transfer of “ecological deficits,” whereas the realization of the value of ecological products, through institutional arrangements such as the property rights system for natural resource assets and market-based mechanisms such as intertemporal trading of ecological rights and interests, ensures that the long-term benefits of ecological protection are internalized as economic incentives for the present generation while preserving development capital for future generations.

生态产品价值实现的核心在于将自然生态系统的服务功能转化为可交易、可增值的经济资产，从而在当代与后代之间建立更加合理的财富分配机制，以实现代际公平与可持续福祉。传统发展模式往往透支生态资源，导致“生态赤字”代际转移，而生态产品价值实现通过自然资源资产产权制度等制度性安排和生态权益跨期交易等市场化机制，确保生态保护的长期收益内化为当代人的经济激励，同时为后代留存发展资本。

In the spatial dimension, the realization of the value of ecological products breaks the “ecological paradox” in traditional regional development: ecologically functional areas often fall into the predicament of “guarding clear waters and green mountains while living in poverty” due to protection restrictions, leading to an imbalance of rights and responsibilities in spatial development. Through mechanisms such as horizontal ecological compensation and cross-regional property rights trading, ecologically advantageous areas can convert ecological capital into economic benefits. This model of “upstream protection—downstream payment” essentially corrects the mismatch of rights and responsibilities between suppliers and beneficiaries of ecosystem services through the spatial redistribution of fiscal transfer payments, achieving a coupling of ecological justice and distributive justice.

在空间维度上，生态产品价值实现打破了传统区域发展中的“生态悖论”：生态功能区往往因保护限制而陷入“守着绿水青山过穷日子”的困境，导致空间发展上权责关系不对等。而通过横向生态补偿、跨区域产权交易等机制，生态优势区得以将生态资本转化为经济收益。这种“上游保护—下游付费”的模式，实质是通过财政转移支付的空间再分配，矫正了生态系统服务供给者与受益者的权责错配，实现了生态正义与分配正义的耦合。

Continuously broadening the effective pathways for realizing the value of ecological products

不断拓宽生态产品价值实现的有效路径

Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization requires us to persist in protecting while developing and developing while protecting, and to unblock the institutional channels for transforming “clear waters and green mountains” into “mountains of gold and silver” by establishing and improving the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products. The important expositions on high-quality development in Xi Jinping Thought on the Economy point the way toward a market-oriented and sustainable development direction for realizing the value of ecological products.

习近平生态文明思想要求我们坚持在发展中保护、在保护中发展，通过建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，打通“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化的制度通道。习近平经济思想中关于高质量发展的重要论述，则为生态产品价值实现指明了市场化、可持续的发展方向。

Construct a scientific and reasonable value accounting system. This requires us to thoroughly implement the new development concepts, systematically clarify the internal logic and boundaries of related concepts such as ecological resources, ecological assets, and ecological products; and optimize and adjust the conceptual system of ecological products to meet the requirements of ecological civilization construction.

构建科学合理的价值核算体系。这要求我们深入贯彻新发展理念，系统厘清生态资源、生态资产和生态产品等相关概念的内在逻辑与边界；优化调整符合生态文明建设要求的生态产品概念体系。

Based on the modernization goal of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, we must further refine the catalogues of ecological products and ecological industries, establish and improve unified and standardized value accounting standards, continuously optimize the technical specifications for gross ecological product (GEP) accounting, and promote the scientific and reasonable integration of ecological product value into the national economic accounting system. A dynamic and intelligent monitoring mechanism for assessing the value of ecological products should be established, enabling real-time monitoring and precise evaluation of changes in ecological assets, thereby providing solid data support and institutional guarantees for realizing the value of ecological products.

立足人与自然和谐共生的现代化建设目标，进一步完善生态产品目录及生态产业指导目录，建立健全统一规范的价值核算标准，持续优化生态产品总值核算技术规范，推动生态产品价值科学合理地纳入国民经济核算体系。建立动态化、智能化的生态产品价值评估监测机制，实现对生态资产变化的实时监测和精准评估，为生态产品价值实现提供坚实的数据支撑和制度保障。

Innovate market-based pricing mechanisms. General Secretary Xi Jinping, in “Promoting the Goal of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in a Scientific and Orderly Manner,” proposed “promoting a better combination of an effective market and a competent government,”[2]2 Xi Jinping, “Promoting the Goal of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in a Scientific and Orderly Manner,” *Qiushi Journal*, 2022, no. 7. This is a speech by the Chinese leader on climate policy. which points the way for innovation in market-based pricing mechanisms for ecological products.

创新市场化定价机制。习近平总书记在《科学有序推进实现碳达峰碳中和目标》中提出“推动有为政府和有效市场更好结合”，为生态产品市场化定价机制的创新指明了方向。

The construction of a market-based pricing mechanism must be grounded in the characteristics of ecological products. Public ecological products possess the features of non-rivalry and non-excludability, making it difficult for market mechanisms to spontaneously achieve optimal resource allocation. Therefore, policies must be differentiated by category, and pricing mechanisms must be scientifically designed: for public ecological products, the government can compensate for market failures through ecological compensation, fiscal transfer payments, and other means; for commercial ecological products, the decisive role of the market in resource allocation should be fully leveraged, employing marginal utility theory, consumer preference analysis, and market competition mechanisms to build a flexible and dynamic pricing system.

市场化定价机制的构建，必须立足生态产品的特性。公共性生态产品具有非竞争性和非排他性特征，市场机制难以自发实现资源最优配置。因此，必须分类施策，科学设计定价机制：对于公共性生态产品，政府可通过生态补偿、财政转移支付等方式弥补市场失灵；对于经营性生态产品，应充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，运用边际效用理论、消费者偏好分析及市场竞争机制，构建灵活、动态的定价体系。

Establish a diversified ecological protection compensation mechanism. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Improve the ecological protection compensation system and the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, so that protectors and contributors truly benefit.” This requires improving the ecological compensation mechanism that combines vertical and horizontal approaches: the central government should increase transfer payments to key ecological function areas; horizontal ecological compensation agreements should be established between upstream and downstream river basins.

建立多元化生态保护补偿机制。习近平总书记指出：“完善生态保护补偿制度和生态产品价值实现机制，真正让保护者、贡献者得到实惠。”这要求完善纵向与横向相结合的生态补偿机制：中央财政加大对重点生态功能区的转移支付力度；流域上下游之间建立横向生态补偿协议。

Practice shows that clarifying compensation standards and establishing negotiation mechanisms can effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties to participate in ecological protection. At the same time, it is necessary to explore the establishment of a compensation system for damages to ecological products, imposing severe penalties on acts that damage the ecological environment.

实践表明，明确补偿标准、建立协商机制，可以有效调动各方参与生态保护的积极性。同时，要探索建立生态产品损害赔偿制度，对破坏生态环境的行为进行严厉惩处。

Promote the industrialization of ecology and the ecologization of industry. General Secretary Xi Jinping, in his “Instructions on the First National Ecology Day,” pointed out: “Continuously advance the green and low-carbon transformation of production methods and lifestyles, accelerate the modernization of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and comprehensively advance the construction of a Beautiful China.”[3]3 Xi Jinping’s instructions on the first National Ecology Day (August 15, 2023), a day designated to promote ecological awareness. On the one hand, this requires transforming ecological capital into development advantages through the industrialization of ecology, developing green industries such as eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, and health and wellness tourism according to local conditions, and building a distinctive ecological economic system. On the other hand, it requires comprehensively advancing the ecologization transformation of industries and promoting the green transformation of traditional industries. Through technological innovation and process upgrades, resource and energy consumption should be reduced, environmental pollution emissions should be decreased, and coordinated progress between industrial development and ecological protection should be achieved.

推动生态产业化和产业生态化。习近平总书记在《对首个全国生态日作出的指示》中指出：“持续推进生产方式和生活方式绿色低碳转型，加快推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化，全面推进美丽中国建设。”这一方面要求通过生态产业化将生态资本转化为发展优势，因地制宜发展生态农业、生态旅游、康养休闲等绿色产业，构建特色生态经济体系。另一方面要求全面推进产业生态化转型，推动传统产业绿色化改造。通过技术创新和工艺升级，降低资源能源消耗，减少环境污染排放，实现产业发展与生态保护协同共进。

Improve the institutional guarantee system for realizing the value of ecological products. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Establish a target system, assessment methods, and reward and punishment mechanisms that reflect the requirements of an ecological civilization.” This requires us to accelerate the improvement of the institutional system for realizing the value of ecological products: improve laws and regulations for realizing the value of ecological products; improve the property rights system for natural resource assets, delineate ecological protection red lines, and implement a system of paid use of resources; establish an assessment and evaluation mechanism for the value of ecological products, incorporating the value of ecological products into government performance assessments; strengthen scientific and technological support, and research and develop key technologies for accounting and monitoring the value of ecological products. At the same time, establish a risk prevention and control mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products to ensure the steady progress of reforms.

完善生态产品价值实现的制度保障体系。习近平总书记强调：“建立体现生态文明要求的目标体系、考核办法、奖惩机制”。这要求我们加快完善生态产品价值实现的制度体系：健全生态产品价值实现的法律法规；健全自然资源资产产权制度，划定生态保护红线、实行资源有偿使用制度等；建立生态产品价值考核评价机制，把生态产品价值纳入政府绩效考核；加强科技支撑，研发生态产品价值核算、监测等方面的关键技术。同时，建立生态产品价值实现的风险防控机制，确保改革稳妥推进。

Under the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization,[4]4 Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization is a component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, focusing on environmental protection and sustainable development. constructing a pathway for realizing the value of ecological products characterized by clear property rights, scientific accounting, an active market, reasonable compensation, industrial integration, and a complete system is conducive to achieving the organic unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits.

在习近平生态文明思想的科学指引下，构建产权明晰、核算科学、市场活跃、补偿合理、产业融合、制度完善的生态产品价值实现路径，有利于实现经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的有机统一。

On the new journey of the New Era, we must deeply study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, promote the formation of a Chinese-style method for realizing the value of ecological products, and provide strong support for building a Beautiful China and achieving high-quality development.

新时代新征程，我们要深入学习贯彻习近平生态文明思想，推动形成具有中国特色的生态产品价值实现方式，为建设美丽中国和实现高质量发展提供有力支撑。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心