Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought Is a Scientific Theory Rooted in China, with a Global Vision, and Leading the Future

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has, with great political courage, vigorously advanced theoretical exploration and innovation, deepening the understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party’s governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human societal development from a new perspective, thereby forming Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Economic work is the central task of the Party and the state, and doing economic work well is a major task for the Chinese Communist Party in governing the country. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and it is the concentrated embodiment in the economic sphere of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core continuously advancing theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation. In its content, Xi Jinping’s economic thought inherits and develops Marxist political economy; in its scope, it draws on and transcends Western economics. It is a scientific theory rooted in national conditions, with a global vision, and leading the future, providing scientific guidance for us to accurately grasp the laws of economic and social development and to advance socialist economic construction. As the authoritative textbook for the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to deeply study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping’s economic thought, the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Economic Affairs* includes Comrade Xi Jinping’s most important and fundamental writings on economic construction from November 2012 to December 2024, pointing out the correct direction and providing fundamental guidance for doing economic work well in the New Era.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以巨大的政治勇气，大力推进理论探索和创新，以全新的视野深化对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，形成了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。经济工作是党和国家的中心工作，做好经济工作是中国共产党治国理政的重大任务。习近平经济思想是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央不断推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新在经济领域的集中体现。习近平经济思想在内涵上继承和发展了马克思主义政治经济学，在外延上借鉴和超越了西方经济学，是立足国情、放眼世界、引领未来的科学理论，为我们准确把握经济社会发展规律、推进社会主义经济建设提供了科学指引。作为全党全国各族人民深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想特别是习近平经济思想的权威教材，《习近平经济文选》第一卷收入习近平总书记2012年11月至2024年12月期间关于经济建设最重要、最基本的著作，为做好新时代经济工作指明了正确方向、提供了根本遵循。

Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought Inherits and Develops Marxist Political Economy

习近平经济思想继承和发展了马克思主义政治经济学

Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for the Chinese Communist Party to establish the Party, build the country, rejuvenate the Party, and rejuvenate the country. Adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is a process of pursuing truth, revealing truth, and practicing truth. In “Continuously Opening Up New Horizons for Contemporary Chinese Marxist Political Economy,” General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Marx and Engels, based on the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, critically inherited the intellectual achievements of previous economics, especially British classical political economy, and through in-depth research on human economic activities, founded Marxist political economy, revealing the laws of economic movement in human society, especially capitalist society.” Marxist political economy is an important component of Marxism. Engels pointed out that the proletarian party’s “entire theory comes from the study of political economy.” Lenin regarded political economy as the “most profound, most comprehensive, and most detailed proof and application” of Marxist theory. The Chinese Communist Party has always attached importance to the study, research, and application of Marxist political economy. Comrade Mao Zedong intensively studied *Capital* four times and chaired several special seminars on the Soviet *Textbook of Political Economy*. Comrade Deng Xiaoping commented on the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform*: “It has written a first draft of political economy, a political economy that combines the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of Chinese socialism.”

马克思主义是中国共产党立党立国、兴党兴国的根本指导思想，推进马克思主义中国化时代化是一个追求真理、揭示真理、笃行真理的过程。习近平总书记在《不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界》中指出：“马克思、恩格斯根据辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观和方法论，批判继承历史上经济学特别是英国古典政治经济学的思想成果，通过对人类经济活动的深入研究，创立了马克思主义政治经济学，揭示了人类社会特别是资本主义社会经济运动规律。”马克思主义政治经济学是马克思主义的重要组成部分。恩格斯指出，无产阶级政党的“全部理论来自对政治经济学的研究”。列宁把政治经济学视为马克思主义理论“最深刻、最全面、最详尽的证明和运用”。中国共产党历来重视对马克思主义政治经济学的学习、研究、运用。毛泽东同志先后4次集中研读《资本论》，多次主持专题研讨苏联《政治经济学教科书》。邓小平同志评价《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》说：“写出了一个政治经济学的初稿，是马克思主义基本原理和中国社会主义实践相结合的政治经济学”。

Under the conditions of the new era, Xi Jinping’s economic thought adheres to the basic principles and methods of Marxist political economy, based on the great practice since reform and opening up, especially in the New Era, and has originally developed Marxist political economy, profoundly answering many major theoretical and practical questions that the classical Marxist writers did not discuss and that our predecessors never encountered.

习近平经济思想在新的时代条件下，坚持马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理和方法，基于改革开放后特别是新时代以来的伟大实践，原创性地发展了马克思主义政治经济学，深刻回答了马克思主义经典作家没有讲过、我们的前人从未遇到过的许多重大理论和现实问题。

Among these, one important aspect is the development of the Marxist theory of productive forces. Productive forces are the fundamental driving force of human societal development and the ultimate cause of all social changes and political transformations. The research object of traditional political economy is mainly relations of production. Although it inevitably connects with productive forces and superstructure when studying relations of production, it has not established a complete theoretical system of productive forces in the economic sense. It should be recognized that if the research object of political economy is limited only to relations of production and does not enter the field of productive forces, the scope and domain of political economy research will become increasingly narrow, and its explanatory power and guiding role for the Chinese economy will become smaller and smaller. An important content of developing Marxist political economy is to construct a new theory of productive forces in light of the requirements of the new era.

这其中，一个重要方面就是发展马克思主义生产力理论。生产力是人类社会发展的根本动力，也是一切社会变迁和政治变革的终极原因。传统政治经济学的研究对象主要是生产关系，虽然其在研究生产关系时也必然要联系生产力和上层建筑，但并未在经济学意义上建立起关于生产力的完整理论体系。应当看到，政治经济学的研究对象如果只限于生产关系，而不进入生产力领域，会使政治经济学研究的范围和领域越来越窄，对中国经济的解释能力及指导作用越来越小。发展马克思主义政治经济学，一个重要内容就是结合新的时代要求构建新的生产力理论。

As early as 1997, when Comrade Xi Jinping was working in Fujian, in “On the Contemporary Significance of the Preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*,” he pointed out: “The basic principles of historical materialism expounded in the article have always shone with the brilliance of truth. For nearly a century and a half, they have been an important ideological weapon for the proletariat and its party to understand and transform the world and to carry out socialist revolution and construction. Of course, due to the limitations of historical conditions, Marx could not have elaborated the basic principles of social development, especially socialist revolution and construction, to perfection. The socialist reform we are currently carrying out is precisely supplementing and perfecting this.” “When Marx studied the basic laws of social development, although he always believed that productive forces are the ultimate decisive force of social development, when examining the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, the focus was on the aspect of relations of production.”

早在1997年，习近平同志在福建工作时，就在《论〈《政治经济学批判》序言〉的时代意义》中指出：“文章中所阐述的历史唯物主义基本原理始终闪烁着真理的光辉，在近一个半世纪中，一直是无产阶级及其政党认识、改造世界和进行社会主义革命与建设的重要思想武器。当然，由于受历史条件的局限，马克思对社会发展特别是对社会主义革命和建设的基本原理不可能阐述得尽善尽美，我们当前所进行的社会主义改革正在对此进行补充和完善”“马克思在研究社会发展的基本规律时，虽然始终认为生产力是社会发展的最终决定力量，但在考察生产力与生产关系的矛盾时，重点是放在生产关系方面的”。

In this article, he further pointed out that the great practice of China’s socialist reform and construction “has achieved a certain degree of breakthrough and innovation in the theoretical system of Marxism, especially some basic principles revealed in the *Preface*.” Among them, the new breakthroughs in the understanding of the principle that relations of production must adapt to the development of productive forces are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, a new understanding of the status and role of productive forces in the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production; second, a new breakthrough in the understanding of the internal composition and development focus of productive forces; third, a new breakthrough in the understanding of the internal structure and changes of socialist relations of production.

在这篇文章中，他进一步指出我国社会主义改革和建设的伟大实践“对马克思主义的理论体系，特别是对《序言》中所揭示的一些基本原理有了一定程度的突破和创新”。其中，对生产关系要适应生产力发展原理的认识的新突破主要表现在3个方面：一是对生产力在生产力与生产关系矛盾中的地位和作用有了新的认识；二是对生产力内在构成与发展重点的认识有了新突破；三是对社会主义生产关系内在结构与变化的认识有了新突破。

Multiple articles in the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Economic Affairs*, in conjunction with the innovative practice of the New Era, summarize the development of Marxist political economy, especially providing profound discussions on constructing a new theory of productive forces. For example, “Legally Regulating and Guiding the Healthy Development of China’s Capital, and Giving Full Play to the Positive Role of Capital as an Important Factor of Production” points out: “Deepen the theoretical research on capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy, guide practice with scientific theory, promote the healthy and common development of various types of capital, and give play to their role in developing productive forces, creating social wealth, and enhancing the well-being of the people.” “What Is New Quality Productive Forces and How to Develop New Quality Productive Forces” summarizes and generalizes the practice of developing new quality productive forces in the New Era and the corresponding new relations of production, emphasizing that new quality productive forces are “led by innovation.” “Chinese-Path Modernization Requires the Support of Scientific and Technological Modernization” points out: “Solidly promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and help develop new quality productive forces.” “Ensure That the Ship of China’s Economy Sails Steadily and Far” points out: “We must coordinate the relationship between cultivating new drivers and updating old drivers, and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions,” and so on.

《习近平经济文选》第一卷中的多篇文章结合新时代的创新实践，对发展马克思主义政治经济学作出概括，尤其是对构建新的生产力理论作出深刻论述。比如，《依法规范和引导我国资本健康发展，发挥资本作为重要生产要素的积极作用》指出：“深化社会主义市场经济条件下资本理论研究，用科学理论指导实践，促进各类资本良性发展、共同发展，发挥其发展生产力、创造社会财富、增进人民福祉的作用”；《什么是新质生产力，如何发展新质生产力》对新时代的新质生产力发展实践以及与之相适应的新型生产关系进行了总结概括，强调新质生产力是“创新起主导作用”；《中国式现代化要靠科技现代化作支撑》指出：“扎实推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合，助力发展新质生产力”；《确保我国经济航船乘风破浪、行稳致远》指出：“必须统筹好培育新动能和更新旧动能的关系，因地制宜发展新质生产力”；等等。

New quality productive forces are not a mechanical, static concept, nor are they several specific industries or particular types of technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourse on new quality productive forces reveals how advanced productive forces continuously emerge. Specifically, industry is the carrier for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, with production factors such as capital, labor, land, and data as the smallest constituent elements. Under given conditions of scientific knowledge available to human society, the endowment and structure of production factors such as capital, labor, land, and data in an economy endogenously determine the industries in which that economy has a comparative advantage, and determine the production structure composed of the technologies used in those industries. The accumulation of production factors and the formation of comparative advantages provide conditions for carrying out innovative activities, promoting industrial transformation and upgrading and the development of productive forces, and thereby promoting changes in relations of production, the improvement of the superstructure, and the overall social development and progress. At the same time, it must be noted that as society develops and progresses, the scientific knowledge available to an economy is variable. When the productive forces contained within the given available scientific knowledge are fully utilized by the production structure, it is also necessary to invest production factors such as capital, labor, land, and data to conduct research and exploration in scientific knowledge. This will expand the scope of scientific knowledge and deepen the understanding of science and technology. This process further provides new possibility frontiers for the upgrading of the production structure and the development of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力不是一个机械的静态概念，也不是几种具体的产业与特定的技术类型。习近平总书记关于新质生产力的重要论述，揭示了先进生产力是如何不断涌现的。具体来看，产业是培育和发展新质生产力的载体，以资本、劳动、土地、数据等生产要素为最小组成元素。在给定人类社会可用的科学知识条件下，一个经济体的资本、劳动、土地、数据等生产要素禀赋及其结构，内生决定了该经济体具有比较优势的产业，决定了这些产业所用技术组成的生产结构。生产要素的积累和比较优势的形成，为开展创新活动提供了条件，推动产业转型升级和生产力发展，进而推动生产关系变革、上层建筑完善，以及整个社会发展进步。同时需要看到，随着社会发展进步，一个经济体可用的科学知识是可变的。当给定的可用的科学知识所蕴含的生产力被生产结构充分利用的同时，也需要投入资本、劳动、土地、数据等生产要素，以进行科学知识的研究和探索。这将拓展科学知识范围、深化对科学技术的认识。这一过程进一步为生产结构升级、新质生产力发展提供新的可能性边界。

In summary, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourse on new quality productive forces breaks through and innovates upon the theoretical limitations of traditional political economy, which only discusses adjusting relations of production to release productive forces under given boundary conditions of productive forces, without discussing how to expand the frontier of productive forces. At the theoretical level, it has formed a theoretical system capable of explaining how factors including industrial and technological structures, infrastructure structures, and institutional structures determine the development of an economy’s productive forces. It enriches and develops the Marxist theory of productive forces and represents a major theoretical innovation achievement in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

总之，习近平总书记关于新质生产力的重要论述，对传统政治经济学只讨论在给定生产力边界条件下调整生产关系来释放生产力，而不讨论如何推动生产力边界拓展的理论局限进行了突破与创新，在学理上形成了能够对包括产业和技术结构、基础设施结构、制度结构等如何决定一个经济体生产力发展进行解释的理论体系，丰富发展了马克思主义生产力理论，是马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的重大理论创新成果。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is closely aligned with China’s stage of development and highlights the Chinese characteristics of the economic system.

习近平经济思想紧扣我国发展阶段，彰显经济制度的中国特色

In “Long-Term Adherence to and Continuous Enrichment and Development of Socialist Economic Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that this thought is “the theoretical crystallization of the practice of promoting China’s economic development, a rational generalization of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics using the basic principles of Marxism, and a very precious spiritual wealth of the Party and the state.” Xi Jinping’s economic thought is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of China’s national conditions, closely aligned with China’s stage of development, responds to the practical problems of China’s development, and contributes new solutions for humanity to achieve modernization. It highlights the Chinese characteristics of economics and must be adhered to long-term and continuously enriched and developed.

习近平总书记在《长期坚持、不断丰富发展新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想》中指出，这一思想是“推动我国经济发展实践的理论结晶，是运用马克思主义基本原理对中国特色社会主义政治经济学的理性概括，是党和国家十分宝贵的精神财富”。习近平经济思想深深扎根于我国国情沃土，紧扣我国发展阶段，既回应了我国发展的现实问题，又贡献了人类实现现代化的新方案，彰显经济学的中国特色，必须长期坚持、不断丰富发展。

Closely aligned with China’s stage of development. Developing socialism is a long historical process, and one that needs to be divided into different historical stages. The great practice of China’s reform and opening up is based on a profound grasp of the stage of socialist development. The theoretical framework of Western economics was formed in relatively mature capitalist market economies, making it difficult to explain the practice of the socialist development stage, and even less able to provide guidance for China’s reform and development.

紧扣我国发展阶段。发展社会主义是一个长期历史过程，而且是需要划分为不同历史阶段的过程。我国改革开放以来的伟大实践，基于对社会主义发展阶段的深刻把握。西方经济学的理论框架形成于发展较为成熟的资本主义市场经济，难以解释社会主义发展阶段的实践，更无法为我国改革发展提供指导。

For example, the modernization process in Western developed countries advances linearly, unfolding sequentially from agricultural society to industrial society, and from industrial civilization to digital civilization. “Industrialization theory” and “urbanization models” in Western economics are all based on the experience of a single stage. China’s socialist modernization process exhibits the characteristic of “compression of time and space”: within just a few decades, it must both complete the industrialization and urbanization processes that took developed countries hundreds of years, and simultaneously advance digitalization and green transformation; it must both solve the urban-rural dual structure problem arising from the transition from agricultural society to industrial society, and address the environmental constraints encountered in the transition from industrial civilization to ecological civilization; it must both fill the “shortcomings” of traditional industries and seize the “first-mover advantage” in the development of emerging industries. This special stage of overlapping multiple transformations makes the development tasks facing China far more complex than the single-stage tasks of the West. Western economics cannot cope with the practical challenge of China’s “simultaneous advancement of multi-stage tasks.”

比如，西方发达国家的现代化进程是线性推进的，从农业社会到工业社会、从工业文明到数字文明的转型依次展开。西方经济学中的“工业化理论”“城市化模型”等，都是基于单一阶段的经验总结。我国社会主义现代化进程呈现出“时空压缩”特征：在短短几十年内，既要完成发达国家几百年的工业化、城镇化进程，又要同步推进数字化、绿色化转型；既要解决农业社会向工业社会转型中的城乡二元结构问题，又要应对工业文明向生态文明过渡中的环境约束问题；既要补齐传统产业的“短板”，又要抢占新兴产业发展的“先机”。这种多重转型叠加的特殊阶段，使中国面临的发展任务远比西方单一阶段复杂。西方经济学无法应对中国“多阶段任务同步推进”的现实挑战。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes solidly advancing new-type industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, applying the requirements of high-quality development throughout the entire process of new-type industrialization, and focusing on accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic development while advancing new-type industrialization. This breaks the Western linear dogma of “pollute first, clean up later” and “industrialize first, informatize later,” forging a path of leapfrog development.

习近平经济思想强调扎实推进新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化，并把高质量发展的要求贯穿新型工业化全过程、注重在推进新型工业化的同时加快经济发展全面绿色转型等，打破了西方“先污染后治理”“先工业化后信息化”的线性教条，走出了跨越式发展道路。

Another example: Many theories in Western economics are built on the development experience of small and medium-sized countries, often neglecting the profound impact of national scale on economic development. As a super-large country with a population of over 1.4 billion, China’s total population exceeds the sum of the populations of all existing developed countries. Any per capita indicator to be achieved, multiplied by over 1.4 billion, becomes a huge challenge. For instance, as China’s demand for grain grows rigidly, the pressure to firmly hold the “rice bowl” of the Chinese people remains significant; as the demographic structure changes, greater efforts must be made to create new jobs; and so on. Such super-large-scale challenges find no answers in the theoretical repository of Western economics.

又如，西方经济学的许多理论是建立在中小规模国家发展经验基础上的，往往忽视国家规模对经济发展的深刻影响。我国作为一个拥有14亿多人口的超大规模国家，人口总量超过现有发达国家人口总和，要实现的任何人均指标，乘以14亿多，都将成为巨大挑战。比如，随着我国粮食需求刚性增长，端牢中国饭碗的压力仍然较大；随着人口结构变化，创造新增就业岗位必须付出更大努力；等等。这种超大规模难题，在西方经济学理论库中找不到答案。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought, based on leveraging China’s scale advantages, proposes a series of original ideas: building a new development pattern based on the super-large domestic market, releasing the potential of domestic demand by establishing an effective system for expanding domestic demand, accelerating the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, strengthening demand-side management, expanding household consumption, and raising the level of consumption, making the construction of a super-large domestic market a sustainable historical process; leveraging the advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, achieving breakthroughs in major projects and core technology research; leveraging the comparative advantages of various regions, promoting the rational flow and efficient agglomeration of various factors, enhancing the driving force for innovation-driven development, accelerating the construction of a dynamic system for high-quality development, and forming a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development; and so on. These practices break the Western governance dogma of “small government, big market,” demonstrating the wisdom of governing a large country. Western economics cannot understand this “logic of large-country development,” nor can it provide solutions to super-large-scale challenges.

习近平经济思想立足发挥我国规模优势，提出一系列原创性思想：立足超大规模国内市场构建新发展格局，通过建立起扩大内需的有效制度，释放内需潜力，加快培育完整内需体系，加强需求侧管理，扩大居民消费，提升消费层次，使建设超大规模的国内市场成为一个可持续的历史过程；发挥集中力量办大事优势，在重大工程、核心技术攻关领域实现突破；发挥各地区比较优势，促进各类要素合理流动和高效集聚，增强创新发展动力，加快构建高质量发展的动力系统，形成优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局；等等。这些实践突破了西方“小政府、大市场”的治理教条，展现出大国治理智慧。西方经济学无法理解这种“大国发展逻辑”，更无法提供应对超大规模难题的方案。

Another example: When explaining institutional change, Western economics either advocates for the spontaneous order of the market or promotes “shock therapy”-style radical reform. Neither can scientifically explain China’s historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy to a vibrant socialist market economy. In practice, some countries that blindly copied the Western “shock therapy” fell into difficulties, providing profound lessons.

再如，西方经济学在解释制度变迁时，要么主张市场自发秩序，要么推崇“休克疗法”式激进改革。这些都无法对我国从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的历史性转变作出科学解释。在实践中，一些国家照搬西方“休克疗法”陷入困境，教训十分深刻。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes the necessity of combining top-level design with “crossing the river by feeling the stones,” advancing reform within the framework of the rule of law, and correctly handling the relationship between reform, development, and stability. This has guided China in successfully writing a new chapter in the “two miracles” of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, avoiding the social risks that might arise in the process of perfecting the institutional mechanisms.

习近平经济思想强调必须把顶层设计和摸着石头过河结合起来、必须在法治轨道上推进改革、必须正确处理改革发展稳定的关系等，指引我国成功续写了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”新篇章，避免了完善体制机制过程中可能出现的社会风险。

Highlighting the Chinese characteristics of the economic system. The economic system is the reflection of economic relations in institutions. The basic socialist economic system is the institutional embodiment of China’s relations of production. The development miracles China has created since reform and opening up, especially in the New Era, stem from the self-improvement and development of the socialist economic system. The code to these miracles lies in the profound grasp, adherence to, and development of the Chinese characteristics of the economic system. Xi Jinping’s economic thought, on the basis of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, upholds and improves the basic socialist economic system, highlighting the Chinese characteristics of the economic system.

彰显经济制度的中国特色。经济制度是经济关系在制度上的反映，社会主义基本经济制度是我国生产关系在制度上的体现。我国改革开放特别是新时代以来创造的发展奇迹，源于社会主义经济制度的自我完善与发展。这一奇迹的密码，在于对经济制度的中国特色的深刻把握、坚持与发展。习近平经济思想在守正创新的基础上，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，彰显了经济制度的中国特色。

The Chinese characteristics of the economic system are reflected in the ownership structure as the coexistence of public ownership as the mainstay with diverse forms of ownership developing together. Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes that our country is so large, with such a large population, and is in and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism. To achieve good economic and social development, everyone must work together with concerted efforts; many hands make light work. The public sector and the non-public sector are both important components of the socialist market economy and both are important foundations for China’s economic and social development. It is necessary to unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector, and unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector; and so on.

经济制度的中国特色，体现在所有制结构上是公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展。习近平经济思想强调，我们国家这么大、人口这么多，又处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，要把经济社会发展搞上去，就要各方面齐心协力来干，众人拾柴火焰高；公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础；毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展；等等。

In practice, China has fostered a pattern in which the state-owned economy and the private economy complement each other and develop together. State-owned enterprises play the role of “ballast stone” in important industries and key fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, and assume primary responsibility in the implementation of major strategies and the provision of public services. Private enterprises demonstrate strong vitality in innovation and creation, employment absorption, and market activation, becoming an important force driving economic growth. From deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises to enhance the control of state capital, to tax and fee reductions supporting the development of the private economy; from mixed-ownership reform promoting cross-shareholding between different forms of ownership, to the introduction and implementation of the law on promoting the private economy—these creative practices promote the complementary advantages and common development of various forms of ownership. They break the dogma in Western economics of “the opposition between public ownership and the market economy,” and also break the misconception in Western economics that regards public ownership as “inefficient” and even excludes it from the theoretical framework of the market economy. When responding to major risks and challenges, the advantages of this diversified ownership structure are particularly significant. State-owned enterprises take the lead in epidemic prevention and control, disaster relief, and emergency rescue; private enterprises actively act in stabilizing industrial chains and ensuring people’s livelihood supplies, forming a powerful joint force to overcome difficulties together. This is an institutional effectiveness that is difficult to achieve under the private-ownership-dominated economic system of the West.

在实践中，我国推动形成国有经济与民营经济相辅相成、共同发展的格局，国有企业在关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域发挥“压舱石”作用，在重大战略实施、公共服务提供中承担主体责任；民营企业在创新创造、吸纳就业、活跃市场等方面展现出强大活力，成为推动经济增长的重要力量。从深化国有企业改革增强国有资本控制力到减税降费支持民营经济发展，从混合所有制改革促进不同所有制资本交叉持股到出台实施民营经济促进法，这些创造性实践促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展，打破了西方经济学中“公有制与市场经济对立”的教条，也打破了西方经济学将公有制视为“效率低下”甚至将其排除在市场经济的理论框架之外的误区。在应对重大风险挑战时，这种多元所有制结构的优势尤为显著。国有企业在疫情防控、抢险救灾中冲锋在前，民营企业在稳定产业链、保障民生供给中积极作为，形成了共克时艰的强大合力，这是西方私有制主导的经济制度难以实现的制度效能。

The Chinese characteristics of the economic system are reflected in resource allocation by promoting a better combination of an effective market and a competent government. Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought emphasizes enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better leveraging the role of the government, forming a unique resource allocation mechanism that combines an effective market with a competent government. This avoids the drawbacks of market failure on the one hand and overcomes the inefficiency of government intervention on the other. This mechanism innovation demonstrates strong vitality in practice. At the micro level, through measures such as deepening price reform and promoting market-based allocation of factors of production, market signals guide resources to flow toward efficient areas, stimulating the vitality of various business entities. At the meso level, through the precise guidance of industrial policies and regional policies, industrial upgrading and coordinated regional development are promoted. At the macro level, through counter-cyclical and cross-cyclical adjustments of fiscal and monetary policies, systemic risks are prevented, and stable economic operation is maintained.

经济制度的中国特色，体现在资源配置上是推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合。习近平经济思想强调使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，形成了有效市场和有为政府相结合的独特的资源配置机制，既避免了市场失灵的弊端，又克服了政府干预的低效。这种机制创新在实践中展现出强大生命力。在微观层面，通过深化价格改革、推动要素市场化配置等举措，让市场信号引导资源流向高效领域，激发各类经营主体活力；在中观层面，通过产业政策、区域政策的精准引导，推动产业升级和区域协调发展；在宏观层面，通过财政政策、货币政策的逆周期和跨周期调节，防范系统性风险，保持经济稳定运行。

From leveraging the strategic guiding role of national development plans to strengthening anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition and maintaining market order; from establishing the Science and Technology Innovation Board (STAR Market) to support technological innovation to implementing the rural revitalization strategy to make up for development shortcomings—these pioneering practices break the long-standing binary opposition in Western economics between “market fundamentalism” and “government intervention theory,” and the mindset of “either market or government.” They solve the compatibility problem between market efficiency and the role of government that Western economics has failed to resolve. Particularly in the fight against poverty, we coordinated the roles of the government and the market. On the one hand, the government-led targeted poverty alleviation strategy enhanced the pertinence of poverty alleviation; on the other hand, the market mechanism stimulated the endogenous driving force of impoverished areas, improving the overall effectiveness of poverty alleviation and ensuring the quality of poverty eradication. Ultimately, the miracle of lifting all impoverished people out of poverty was achieved—a development accomplishment that cannot be attained by the single resource allocation method of the West.

从发挥国家发展规划战略导向作用到强化反垄断和反不正当竞争、维护市场秩序，从设立科创板支持科技创新到实施乡村振兴战略补齐发展短板，这些开创性实践打破了西方经济学中长期存在的“市场原教旨主义”与“政府干预理论”二元对立和“市场与政府非此即彼”的思维定式，解决了西方经济学未能解决的市场效率与政府作用的兼容问题。特别是在打赢脱贫攻坚战中，我们统筹发挥政府和市场作用，既通过政府主导的精准扶贫方略增强脱贫攻坚的针对性，又通过市场机制激发贫困地区的内生动力，提升脱贫攻坚的整体效能，确保脱贫质量，最终实现贫困人口全部脱贫的奇迹，这是西方单一的资源配置方式无法达成的发展成就。

The Chinese characteristics of the economic system are reflected in the value orientation of development goals by adhering to a people-centered approach. Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought adheres to a people-centered development philosophy, takes putting the people first as its fundamental stance, and regards promoting common prosperity for all people as the focus of seeking happiness for the people. It emphasizes strengthening basic, inclusive, and bottom-line livelihood construction, reflecting the inherent requirements of the socialist economic system. In contrast, Western economics, born from the soil of capitalist private ownership—whether the “rational man” hypothesis of neoclassical economics or the “clear property rights” theory of neoliberalism—serves the institutional logic of maintaining the absolute dominance of private ownership. Its concepts are permeated with the law of the jungle of “the strong preying on the weak,” making it difficult to solve fairness issues in development, leading many Western countries into the predicament of “polarization between rich and poor.” Looking back at China’s economic development practice, from the practical path of allowing some people to get rich first while simultaneously emphasizing that those who get rich first should help and lead those who get rich later, to building a basic institutional system for coordinated primary, secondary, and tertiary distribution; from promoting the equalization of basic public services to improving the social security system; from implementing the coordinated regional development strategy to perfecting the systems and mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development—China has always regarded correctly handling the relationship between fairness and efficiency as an important direction for institutional improvement. While promoting high-quality economic development, China has built the world’s largest education system, social security system, and medical and health system, breaking the assertion of Western economics that “efficiency and fairness cannot be achieved simultaneously.” The people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security have become more substantial, more guaranteed, and more sustainable. Common prosperity has continuously achieved new results, becoming a concentrated expression of the value advantage of China’s economic system.

经济制度的中国特色，体现在发展目标的价值取向上是坚持以人民为中心。习近平经济思想坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，以人民至上为根本立场，把促进全体人民共同富裕作为为人民谋幸福的着力点，强调加强基础性、普惠性、兜底性民生建设，体现了社会主义经济制度的内在要求。而诞生于资本主义私有制土壤的西方经济学，无论是新古典经济学的“理性人”假设，还是新自由主义的“产权明晰”理论，都服务于维护私有制绝对主导的制度逻辑，其理念渗透着“弱肉强食”的丛林法则，难以解决发展中的公平问题，导致许多西方国家陷入“贫富分化”的困境。反观我国经济发展实践，从允许一部分人先富起来并同时强调先富带后富、帮后富的实践路径到构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的基础性制度体系，从推进基本公共服务均等化到健全社会保障体系，从实施区域协调发展战略到完善城乡融合发展体制机制，我国始终将正确处理公平与效率的关系作为制度完善的重要方向，在推动经济高质量发展的同时建成世界上规模最大的教育体系、社会保障体系、医疗卫生体系，打破了西方经济学“效率与公平不可兼得”的断言，让人民群众获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更有保障、更可持续。共同富裕不断取得新成效，成为我国经济制度价值优势的集中体现。

The historic leap of the Chinese economy from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development fully proves that the Chinese characteristics of the economic system determine the uniqueness of theoretical guidance. Constructing an independent knowledge system of Chinese economics does not mean denying the reasonable components of Western economics, but rather breaking free from the shackles of dogma, summarizing laws and innovating theories based on the reality of China’s economic system.

中国经济从高速增长阶段到高质量发展阶段的历史性跨越，充分证明了经济制度的中国特色决定了理论指导的独特性。构建中国经济学自主知识体系，不是否定西方经济学的合理成分，而是要打破教条束缚，从中国经济制度的实际出发总结规律、创新理论。

Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought is not only rooted in the soil of China’s system but also responds to humanity’s exploration for a better development system, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to world economic development.

习近平经济思想既扎根于中国制度土壤，又回应了人类对更好发展制度的探索，为世界经济发展贡献了中国智慧与中国方案。

Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought Leads the Great Practice of Comprehensively Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization with High-Quality Development

习近平经济思想引领以高质量发展全面推进中国式现代化的伟大实践

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [5]5 “The Chinese Dream” is a political slogan introduced by Xi Jinping in 2012, envisioning national rejuvenation, prosperity, and happiness for the Chinese people., under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought, China’s economic strength has achieved a historic leap. The gross domestic product (GDP) has continuously reached new levels, exceeding 130 trillion yuan in 2024, firmly ranking second in the world. The per capita GDP rose from $6,300 in 2012 to over $13,000 in 2024, approaching the threshold for high-income countries, laying a solid foundation for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization.

党的十八大以来，在习近平经济思想引领下，我国经济实力实现历史性跃升，国内生产总值连上新台阶，2024年超过130万亿元，稳居世界第二位。人均国内生产总值从2012年的6300美元上升到2024年的超过1.3万美元，接近高收入国家门槛，为推进和拓展中国式现代化奠定了坚实基础。

In this process, General Secretary Xi Jinping has adhered to a problem-oriented approach, focusing on the deep-seated contradictions and problems in China’s economic development, forming a methodology system that keeps pace with the times. For example, in “Comprehensively Promoting the Great Cause of Building a Strong Country and National Rejuvenation with Chinese-Path Modernization,” he points out “adhering to placing national and ethnic development on the basis of our own strength”; in “On Constructing a New Development Pattern,” he points out “striving to build an autonomous, controllable, safe, and efficient industrial chain and supply chain”; in “Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern and Striving to Promote High-Quality Development,” he emphasizes “organically combining the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening supply-side structural reform, enhancing the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic cycle, and improving the quality and level of the international cycle,” and so on. These provide scientific guidance for us to promote sustained and healthy economic development under complex and changing domestic and international circumstances.

在这一过程中，习近平总书记坚持问题导向，聚焦我国经济发展中的深层次矛盾和问题，形成了与时俱进的方法论体系。例如，在《以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业》中指出“坚持把国家和民族发展放在自己力量的基点上”，在《关于构建新发展格局》中指出“着力构建自主可控、安全高效的产业链供应链”，在《加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展》中强调“把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性，提升国际循环质量和水平”，等等，为我们在复杂多变的国内外形势下推动经济持续健康发展提供了科学指引。

Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought points out a clear path and method for promoting high-quality development. As the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, high-quality development is development that embodies the new development philosophy, is an inevitable requirement for resolving the principal contradiction in Chinese society, and is also the key for China to gain strategic initiative in fierce international competition. Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought, with the new development philosophy as its main content, points out a clear path and method for promoting high-quality development.

习近平经济思想为推动高质量发展指明了清晰的路径和方法。作为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，高质量发展是体现新发展理念的发展，是解决我国社会主要矛盾的必然要求，也是我国在激烈国际竞争中赢得战略主动的关键所在。习近平经济思想以新发展理念为主要内容，为推动高质量发展指明了清晰的路径和方法。

In terms of innovation-driven development, Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought places innovation in a prominent position in the overall national development, emphasizing that innovation is the primary driving force leading development and that achieving high-quality development relies on technological innovation to cultivate new momentum. China has continuously increased investment in scientific and technological research and development. In 2024, the intensity of R&D expenditure reached 2.68%, and the capability for scientific and technological innovation has been continuously improving. Major scientific and technological innovation achievements have emerged in succession: the Chang’e lunar exploration program, the Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission, and the Fendouzhe (Striver) full-ocean-depth manned submersible have achieved breakthrough results; technologies such as 5G communication, high-speed rail, and ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission have reached world-leading levels. The dominant position of enterprises in innovation has been continuously strengthened, the number of high-tech enterprises has grown rapidly, and the cluster of innovative enterprises is accelerating its formation.

在创新发展方面，习近平经济思想把创新摆在国家发展全局的突出位置，强调创新是引领发展的第一动力，实现高质量发展要靠科技创新培育新动能。我国持续加大科技研发投入，2024年研发经费投入强度达到2.68%，科技创新能力不断提升；重大科技创新成果竞相涌现，“嫦娥”奔月、“天问一号”火星探测、“奋斗者”号全海深载人潜水器等取得突破性成果，5G通信、高铁、特高压输电等技术达到世界领先水平；企业创新主体地位不断强化，高新技术企业数量快速增长，创新型企业集群加速形成。

In the area of coordinated development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes promoting coordinated development between urban and rural areas and among regions, and advancing the coordinated development of the economy and society. China has vigorously implemented the rural revitalization strategy, achieving significant progress in agricultural and rural modernization, continuously raising the level of rural infrastructure and public services, markedly improving the rural living environment, and steadily narrowing the income gap between urban and rural residents. It has deeply advanced the regional coordinated development strategy, strengthened regional cooperation and synergistic development, promoted complementary advantages and common development among the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions, and continuously enhanced the coordination and balance of regional development.

在协调发展方面，习近平经济思想注重促进城乡区域协调发展，推动经济社会协调发展。我国大力实施乡村振兴战略，农业农村现代化取得重要进展，农村基础设施和公共服务水平不断提高，农村人居环境明显改善，城乡居民收入差距持续缩小；深入推进区域协调发展战略，加强区域合作与协同发展，推动东中西部和东北地区优势互补、共同发展，区域发展的协调性和平衡性不断增强。

In the area of green development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought stresses that protecting the ecological environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces, requiring coordinated efforts to reduce carbon emissions, cut pollution, expand green areas, and promote growth. China has unswervingly followed a path of prioritizing ecological protection and green development, accelerating the construction of an ecological civilization. It has continuously optimized its energy structure, with the share of clean energy consumption steadily rising and the proportion of coal consumption consistently declining. It has continuously improved the quality of the ecological environment, with the proportion of days with good air quality steadily increasing, surface water quality generally good, and forest coverage rate continuously rising. It has promoted the vigorous development of green industries, with energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy, and ecological restoration becoming new highlights of economic growth.

在绿色发展方面，习近平经济思想强调保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力，要求协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长。我国坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路，加快推进生态文明建设；持续优化能源结构，清洁能源消费占比不断提高，煤炭消费比重持续下降；持续改善生态环境质量，空气质量优良天数比例稳步提升，地表水水质总体良好，森林覆盖率不断提高；推动绿色产业蓬勃发展，节能环保、新能源、生态修复等领域成为经济增长新亮点。

In the area of open development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought stresses that China’s door of opening up will not close and will only open wider, advocating for building an open world economy and promoting the reform and improvement of the global economic governance system. China has actively expanded foreign economic and trade cooperation, with trade ties with countries around the world becoming closer, the trade structure continuously optimized, and the diversification of trading partners further consolidated, forming a new pattern of all-round opening up. It has continuously created a world-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized, with the scale of foreign investment attraction continuously expanding and the quality and level of foreign capital utilization significantly improving. It has actively participated in global economic governance, promoted the reform and improvement of the multilateral trading system, and firmly upheld free trade.

在开放发展方面，习近平经济思想强调中国开放的大门不会关闭，只会越开越大，倡导推动构建开放型世界经济体系，推动全球经济治理体系改革完善。我国积极拓展对外经贸合作，与世界各国的贸易往来更加密切，贸易结构不断优化，贸易伙伴多元化格局进一步巩固，形成全面开放新格局；持续打造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，吸引外资规模不断扩大，外资利用质量和水平显著提高；积极参与全球经济治理，推动多边贸易体制改革和完善，坚定维护自由贸易。

In the area of shared development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought adheres to a people-centered development philosophy, taking meeting the people’s new expectations for a better life as the starting point and ultimate goal of development. While promoting high-quality economic development, China has continuously increased investment in people’s livelihoods, with the level of social security in education, healthcare, and elderly care steadily rising, the scale of employment continuously expanding, and the quality of employment steadily improving. The battle against poverty was won comprehensively, historically resolving the issue of absolute poverty, and the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security has continuously strengthened.

在共享发展方面，习近平经济思想坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把满足人民对美好生活的新期待作为发展的出发点和落脚点。我国在推动经济高质量发展的同时，不断加大民生领域投入，教育、医疗、养老等社会保障水平不断提高，就业规模持续扩大，就业质量稳步提升，脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断增强。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought provides the fundamental guidance for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization not only shares common features with the modernization of other countries but also has Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all, the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in harmony, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development. It is the broad road to advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. As a sharp ideological weapon for promoting China’s high-quality development, scientifically responding to major risks and challenges, and comprehensively building a modern socialist country, Xi Jinping’s economic thought provides the fundamental guidance for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization.

习近平经济思想为推进和拓展中国式现代化提供了根本遵循。中国式现代化既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的中国特色。中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化、全体人民共同富裕的现代化、物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化，是推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的康庄大道。作为推动我国经济高质量发展、科学应对重大风险挑战、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的锐利思想武器，习近平经济思想为推进和拓展中国式现代化提供了根本遵循。

Regarding the modernization of a huge population, Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes that China’s current population and labor force scale is sufficiently large, and the comprehensive demographic dividend still has clear advantages. It requires using high-quality population development to create high-quality human resources, accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, and striving to promote high-quality development. China has closely combined “investing in things” with “investing in people,” establishing and improving a population service system covering the entire population and the whole life cycle. It has continuously increased investment in education, developed modern vocational education, promoted the connotative development of higher education, and cultivated and produced a large number of high-quality talents, providing strong talent support for economic and social development. At the same time, it has actively responded to population aging, improved the elderly care service system, developed the silver economy, and promoted the long-term balanced development of the population.

在人口规模巨大的现代化方面，习近平经济思想强调我国现有人口和劳动力规模足够庞大，人口综合红利仍然具有明显优势，要以人口高质量发展打造高素质人力资源，加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展。我国把“投资于物”同“投资于人”紧密结合起来，建立健全覆盖全人群、全生命周期的人口服务体系；持续加大教育投入，发展现代职业教育，推进高等教育内涵式发展，培养造就了大批高素质人才，为经济社会发展提供了有力的人才支撑；同时，积极应对人口老龄化，完善养老服务体系，发展银发经济，促进人口长期均衡发展。

Regarding the modernization of common prosperity for all, Xi Jinping’s economic thought places the promotion of common prosperity for all in a more prominent position, emphasizing the promotion of common prosperity through high-quality development. China has continuously improved the income distribution system, establishing a basic institutional arrangement for coordinated matching of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution, increasing the intensity and precision of regulation through taxation, social security, and transfer payments, expanding the size of the middle-income group, and promoting more fair and reasonable income distribution. At the same time, it has strengthened the construction of the social security system, promoted the equalization of basic public services, and ensured that the fruits of development benefit all people more and more fairly.

在全体人民共同富裕的现代化方面，习近平经济思想把促进全体人民共同富裕摆在更加突出的位置，强调在高质量发展中促进共同富裕。我国不断完善收入分配制度，构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的基础性制度安排，加大税收、社保、转移支付等调节力度并提高精准性，扩大中等收入群体规模，促进收入分配更加公平合理；同时，加强社会保障体系建设，推进基本公共服务均等化，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。

Regarding the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in harmony, Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes that Chinese-path modernization requires not only great material wealth but also great spiritual wealth, as well as confidence and self-reliance in ideology and culture. It requires promoting the mutual coordination and mutual reinforcement of material and cultural-ethical progress, insisting on grasping both aspects and grasping both firmly. While promoting economic development, China has vigorously strengthened the construction of socialist cultural-ethical progress, cultivated and practiced the core socialist values, inherited and promoted the excellent traditional Chinese culture, developed advanced socialist culture, raised the level of civilization in the whole society, and enriched the people’s spiritual and cultural life.

在物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化方面，习近平经济思想强调中国式现代化既要物质财富极大丰富，也要精神财富极大丰富、在思想文化上自信自强，要促进物质文明和精神文明相互协调、相互促进，坚持两手抓、两手都要硬。我国在推动经济发展的同时，大力加强社会主义精神文明建设，培育和践行社会主义核心价值观，传承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化，发展社会主义先进文化，提高全社会文明程度，丰富人民精神文化生活。

Regarding the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, Xi Jinping’s economic thought emphasizes that ecological and environmental security is an important component of national security and an important guarantee for the sustained and healthy development of the economy and society, providing ideological guidance and practical pathways for building a beautiful China. China adheres to the principle of prioritizing conservation, protection, and natural restoration, strengthens ecological and environmental protection and restoration, unswervingly follows a civilized development path of production development, affluent living, and good ecology, and builds a beautiful homeland where one can see mountains, view water, and remember nostalgia.

在人与自然和谐共生的现代化方面，习近平经济思想强调生态环境安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，是经济社会持续健康发展的重要保障，为建设美丽中国提供了思想指引和实践路径。我国坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的方针，加强生态环境保护和修复，坚定不移走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，建设望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁的美丽家园。

Regarding the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development, Xi Jinping’s economic thought advocates for building a community with a shared future for mankind and promoting the construction of a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness and inclusiveness, and clean and beautiful. China adheres to an independent foreign policy of peace, actively participates in the reform and construction of the global governance system, promotes multilateral cooperation, and makes important contributions to world peace and development. In international economic cooperation, it upholds the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, promotes the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative, and achieves mutual benefit, win-win outcomes, and common development with partner countries.

在走和平发展道路的现代化方面，习近平经济思想倡导构建人类命运共同体，推动建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界。我国坚持独立自主的和平外交政策，积极参与全球治理体系改革和建设，推动多边合作，为世界和平与发展作出重要贡献。在国际经济合作中，秉持共商共建共享原则，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，实现与共建国家互利共赢、共同发展。

As the latest achievement in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, Xi Jinping’s economic thought is a scientific summary and theoretical sublimation of the practical experience of China’s economic development in the New Era. Currently, China’s economic operation still faces many risks and challenges. We must deeply study and implement Xi Jinping’s economic thought, make good use of development opportunities, potential, and advantages, consolidate and expand the momentum of economic recovery and improvement, continuously achieve new results in promoting high-quality development, solidly advance and expand Chinese-path modernization, and strive unremittingly to realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

习近平经济思想作为马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的最新成果，是新时代我国经济发展实践经验的科学总结和理论升华。当前，我国经济运行依然面临不少风险挑战，我们要深入学习贯彻习近平经济思想，利用好发展机遇、潜力和优势，巩固拓展经济回升向好势头，不断推动高质量发展取得新成效，扎实推进和拓展中国式现代化，为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而不懈奋斗。

(This article is a research result of the “Theoretical Research on Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought” project of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.)

（本文系全国政协办公厅“习近平经济思想理论研究”课题成果）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心