The Logical Path and Practical Approach of New Quality Productive Forces Empowering High-Quality Development

Productive forces are the fundamental driving force of human social development and progress, and the level of development of productive forces is an important marker of the progress of human civilization. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Party has led the people in the historical process of socialist revolution, construction, and reform, consistently adhering to the development of social productive forces, promoting historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state. The Chinese nation has ushered in a great leap from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process. On the new journey of the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to taking economic construction as the central task, attached great importance to developing productive forces, continuously deepened the understanding of the laws of socialist economic development, made the major decision to develop new quality productive forces, and provided fundamental guidance for advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation. In July 2024, the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, is a major meeting of the Party Central Committee focused on comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. put forward a series of major reform measures regarding "improving the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions," clarifying the fundamental strategy for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces and providing a more solid material foundation for Chinese-path modernization.

生产力是人类社会发展进步的根本动力，生产力发展水平是人类文明进步的重要标志。新中国成立以来，党领导人民在社会主义革命、建设、改革的历史进程中始终坚持发展社会生产力，推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，实现中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程。新时代新征程，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持以经济建设为中心，高度重视发展生产力，不断深化对社会主义经济发展规律的认识，作出发展新质生产力重大决策，为推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供了根本遵循。2024年7月，党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）就“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”提出一系列重大改革举措，为加快发展新质生产力，为中国式现代化提供更为坚实的物质基础明确了根本方略。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourse on developing new quality productive forces is the latest achievement in adapting Marxist productivity theory to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. It is both a theory about what new quality productive forces are and a method for how to develop them, containing a profound logical path and a scientific practical approach for empowering high-quality development with new quality productive forces. Analyzing and studying the logical path and practical approach of new quality productive forces empowering high-quality development is of great significance for deepening the understanding of the laws of socialist productive forces development on the new journey of the New Era, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, promoting high-quality development, and continuously injecting strong momentum into comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

习近平总书记关于发展新质生产力的重要论述是马克思主义生产力理论中国化时代化最新成果，既是关于什么是新质生产力的理论，也是关于如何发展新质生产力的方法，其中蕴含着以新质生产力赋能高质量发展的深刻逻辑理路和科学实践进路。分析研究新质生产力赋能高质量发展的逻辑理路与实践进路，对于新时代新征程深化对社会主义生产力发展规律的认识，加快发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展，为以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴不断注入强大动力具有重要意义。

I. High-Quality Development Is the Distinctive Theme of China’s Economic and Social Development in the New Era

一、高质量发展是新时代我国经济社会发展的鲜明主题

High-quality development is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee for China’s economic development in the New Era, based on summarizing the practical experience of economic development since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in 2012, marked the beginning of the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics under Xi Jinping’s leadership. and deepening the understanding of the laws of economic development, conforming to the objective requirements of economic and social development in the New Era.

高质量发展是在总结党的十八大以来经济发展实践经验、深化经济发展规律认识的基础上，党中央对新时代我国经济发展作出的重大决策，顺应新时代经济社会发展的客观要求。

(I) High-Quality Development Is a Major Strategic Decision of the Party in the New Era

（一）高质量发展是新时代党的重大战略决策

Deeply understanding and grasping the laws of socialist economic development, and consciously following and applying these laws, is the fundamental reason why the Party has led the people to achieve the "two miracles" of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. [3]3 The "two miracles" refer to China’s rapid economic development and long-term social stability under the leadership of the CPC. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, in light of changes in China’s development stage, development environment, and development conditions, has continuously deepened its understanding of the stage-specific characteristics and laws of economic development, fully implemented the new development philosophy, and placed greater emphasis on high-quality development. In 2013, it was proposed that China’s economic development was in a stage of "three-phase superposition" [4]4 "Three-phase superposition" is a term used by the Chinese leadership to describe the simultaneous challenges of slowing growth, structural adjustment, and the aftereffects of earlier stimulus measures.: the period of shifting growth rates, the period of painful structural adjustment, and the period of digesting previous stimulus policies. In 2014, it was proposed that China’s economic development had entered a new normal, with new changes in the environment, conditions, tasks, and requirements for economic development: growth rates shifting from high speed to medium-high speed, the development model shifting from scale-speed oriented to quality-efficiency oriented, the economic structure shifting from mainly expanding increments to both adjusting stock and optimizing increments, and the development impetus shifting from mainly relying on factor inputs such as resources and low-cost labor to innovation-driven growth. In 2015, it was proposed that we must adhere to a people-centered development philosophy and firmly establish and implement the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the CPC declared that "China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development." At the Central Economic Work Conference held the same year, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech emphasizing that "high-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, development that embodies the new development philosophy, development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the inevitable path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal," profoundly elucidating the scientific connotation of high-quality development. In 2020, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [5]5 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, held in 2020, adopted proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and long-range objectives through 2035. emphasized taking high-quality development as the theme. In 2022, the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed that "high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects," and achieving high-quality development is an essential requirement of Chinese-path modernization.

深刻认识和把握社会主义经济发展规律、自觉遵循和运用经济发展规律是党领导人民取得经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”的根本原因。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央结合我国发展阶段、发展环境、发展条件变化，不断深化对经济发展阶段性特征和规律的认识，全面贯彻新发展理念，更加强调发展的高质量。2013年提出我国经济发展正处于增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期和前期刺激政策消化期“三期叠加”阶段。2014年提出我国经济发展进入新常态，经济发展的环境、条件、任务、要求都发生了新的变化，增长速度要从高速转向中高速，发展方式要从规模速度型转向质量效率型，经济结构要从增量扩能为主转向调整存量、做优增量并存，发展动力要从主要靠资源和低成本劳动力等要素投入转向创新驱动。2015年提出必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，牢固树立和贯彻落实创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念。2017年，党的十九大宣告“我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段”；同年召开的中央经济工作会议上，习近平总书记发表重要讲话强调“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展”，深刻阐明了高质量发展的科学内涵。2020年，党的十九届五中全会强调以推动高质量发展为主题。2022年，党的二十大报告提出“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”，实现高质量发展是中国式现代化的本质要求。

(II) High-Quality Development Is an Inevitable Requirement of Economic and Social Development in the New Era

（二）高质量发展是新时代经济社会发展的必然要求

First, the transformation of the principal contradiction in society in the New Era is the theoretical foundation of high-quality development. Marxist contradiction theory holds that contradiction is the objective unity of opposites existing among the various factors of a thing’s development and is the internal driving force of a thing’s development and change; human society develops and progresses in the movement of contradictions. The contradiction between productive forces and relations of production and the contradiction between the economic base and the superstructure are the basic contradictions of society. The principal contradiction in society is the concrete manifestation of the basic contradictions of society at a specific social and historical stage and is the concentrated reflection of various social contradictions. In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the CPC made the important judgment that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, providing an ideological and theoretical foundation for the economic and social path of high-quality development. From the perspective of relations of production, after more than seventy years of sustained and rapid development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has basically solved the problem of feeding and clothing its over one billion people, achieved moderate prosperity overall, and will soon complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The people’s needs for a better life are increasingly broad; they not only have higher requirements for material and cultural life but also have growing demands in areas such as democracy, the rule of law, fairness, justice, security, and the environment. From the perspective of productive forces, the overall level of social productive forces in China has significantly improved, and social production capacity ranks among the top in the world in many aspects. The more prominent problem is unbalanced and inadequate development, which has become the main constraining factor in meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. The change in the principal contradiction in society is a historic change affecting the overall situation, setting new goals, tasks, and development requirements for the Party’s governance. On the basis of continuing to promote development, we must focus on solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, vigorously improve the quality and efficiency of development, achieve high-quality economic and social development, better meet the people’s growing needs in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization fields, and better promote people’s all-round development and social progress.

首先，新时代社会主要矛盾转化是高质量发展的理论基础。马克思主义矛盾论认为，矛盾是事物发展诸因素中客观存在的对立统一关系，是事物发展变化的内在动力；人类社会是在矛盾运动中发展进步的，生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾、经济基础和上层建筑之间的矛盾是社会基本矛盾，社会主要矛盾是社会基本矛盾在特定社会历史阶段的具体体现，是各种社会矛盾的集中反映。2017年，党的十九大作出我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾这一重要论断，为经济社会走高质量发展之路提供了思想理论基础。从生产关系来看，经过新中国成立以来七十余年的持续快速发展，我国基本解决了十几亿人的温饱问题，总体上实现小康，不久将全面建成小康社会，人民美好生活需要日益广泛，不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且在民主、法治、公平、正义、安全、环境等方面的要求日益增长。从生产力来看，我国社会生产力水平总体上显著提高，社会生产能力在很多方面进入世界前列，更加突出的问题是发展不平衡不充分，已经成为满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的主要制约因素。社会主要矛盾的变化是关系全局的历史性变化，对党治国理政提出了新的目标任务和新的发展要求。要在继续推动发展的基础上，着力解决好发展不平衡不充分问题，大力提升发展质量和效益，实现经济社会高质量发展，更好满足人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等方面日益增长的需要，更好推动人的全面发展和社会全面进步。

Second, changes in the development environment in the New Era are the realistic conditions for high-quality development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, and the domestic and international environment for China’s development has undergone major changes. Internationally, changes unseen in a century are accelerating, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening, the international balance of power is undergoing profound adjustment, and China’s development faces new strategic opportunities; the impact of the century-defining pandemic has been far-reaching, the trend of anti-globalization is rising, unilateralism and protectionism have increased markedly, the world economic recovery is sluggish, local conflicts and turbulence occur frequently, global problems have intensified, and the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Domestically, reform, development, and stability face many deep-seated contradictions; Party building, especially the fight against corruption and the construction of clean governance, faces many stubborn and recurrent problems; and external suppression and containment may escalate at any time. China’s development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, with increasing uncertainties and unpredictable factors. Facing the complex and intertwined domestic and international development environment, the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed major principles such as upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership, adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhering to a people-centered development philosophy, adhering to deepening reform and opening up, and adhering to carrying forward the spirit of struggle. It emphasized accelerating the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and systematically deployed efforts to promote high-quality development, striving to achieve effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth of the economy.

其次，新时代发展环境变化是高质量发展的现实条件。党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国发展的国内外环境发生了重大变化。国外来看，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际力量对比深刻调整，我国发展面临新的战略机遇；世纪疫情影响深远，逆全球化思潮抬头，单边主义、保护主义明显上升，世界经济复苏乏力，局部冲突和动荡频发，全球性问题加剧，世界进入新的动荡变革期。国内来看，改革发展稳定面临不少深层次矛盾，党的建设特别是党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争面临不少顽固性、多发性问题，来自外部的打压遏制随时可能升级。我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期。面对错综复杂的国内外发展环境，党的二十大提出坚持和加强党的全面领导、坚持中国特色社会主义道路、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想、坚持深化改革开放、坚持发扬斗争精神等重大原则，强调加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展进行系统部署，力求经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长。

Finally, the laws of economic and social development are the basic guidelines for high-quality development. Wave-like progress and spiral ascent are the basic laws of the development of things, and economic and social development is no exception. The theoretical innovation and practical innovation since reform and opening up have proven that development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating China, and development is the foundation and key to solving all China’s problems. From the 16th National Congress of the CPC to the 18th National Congress of the CPC over a decade, China’s economy and society sustained rapid development, the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects advanced steadily, and the country’s comprehensive national strength and the people’s living standards were significantly improved. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, and economic development has faced new situations and new challenges, prominently reflected in the increasingly tight supply of resources, increasingly prominent ecological and environmental problems, the growing tension between economic development and resource and environmental protection, and the urgent need for theoretical answers to questions such as what the stage-specific characteristics of economic development are and what the future trend will be. The economic development is in a “three-phase superposition” [6]6 “Three-phase superposition” refers to the period when China’s economy simultaneously faces the overlapping challenges of the slowdown in growth rate, the painful period of structural adjustment, and the digestion period of earlier stimulus policies., evolving toward a more advanced, more complex, and more rationally structured stage, entering a new normal. This is the Party Central Committee’s deepened understanding and theoretical summary of the laws of China’s economic development in the New Era. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics show that after nearly 20 years of high-speed growth averaging 10% annually from 1992 to 2011, China’s economy began to enter a period of growth gear-shifting from 2012: from 2012 to 2021, the gross domestic product grew from 54 trillion yuan to 114 trillion yuan, with annual growth rates of 7.9%, 7.8%, 7.3%, 6.9%, 6.7%, 6.9%, 6.7%, 6.0%, 2.2%, and 8.1% respectively, and per capita gross domestic product increased from 39,800 yuan to 81,000 yuan; China’s share of the world economy reached 18.5%, an increase of 7.2 percentage points, firmly ranking second in the world. As economic development enters the new normal, shifting from accelerating growth rates to improving development quality, understanding the new normal, adapting to the new normal, and leading the new normal have become the major logic for following the objective laws of economic development.

最后，经济社会发展规律是高质量发展的基本遵循。波浪式前进、螺旋式上升是事物发展的基本规律，经济社会发展也不例外。改革开放以来的理论创新和实践创新证明，发展是党执政兴国的第一要务，发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。从党的十六大到党的十八大十年间，我国经济社会持续快速发展，全面建设小康社会稳步推进，显著提高了国家综合国力和人民生活水平。党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，经济发展面临新形势新挑战，突出体现在资源供给日趋紧张、生态环境问题日益突出，经济发展与资源环境保护之间的矛盾日渐紧张，经济发展的阶段性特征是什么、未来走向趋势如何等急需理论回答。经济发展“三期叠加”，正在向形态更高级、分工更复杂、结构更合理的阶段演化，进入新常态，这是党中央对新时代我国经济发展规律的认识深化和理论总结。国家统计局数据表明，经过1992-2011年近20年年均10%的高速增长，我国经济自2012年开始进入增速换挡期：2012-2021年，国内生产总值从54万亿元增长到114万亿元，年增长率依次为7.9%、7.8%、7.3%、 6.9%、6.7%、6.9%、6.7%、6.0%、2.2%、8.1%，人均国内生产总值从39800元增加到81000元；我国经济总量占世界经济的比重达18.5%，提高七点二个百分点，稳居世界第二位。经济发展进入新常态，从加快增长速度转向提升发展质量，认识新常态、适应新常态、引领新常态成为遵循经济发展客观规律的大逻辑。

II. Developing New Quality Productive Forces Is an Inherent Requirement for Promoting High-Quality Development

二、发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求

Adhering to the development of productive forces is a successful experience accumulated in the development of China’s socialist cause. Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and an important focal point for promoting high-quality development, and is a major task for the cause of the Party and the state on the new journey of the New Era.

坚持发展生产力是我国社会主义事业发展积累的成功经验，发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，是新时代新征程党和国家事业发展的重大任务。

(I) Adhering to the Development of Productive Forces Is a Valuable Experience for the Success of the Socialist Cause

（一）坚持发展生产力是社会主义事业取得成功的宝贵经验

Marx once pointed out, “The degree to which a theory is realized in a country depends on the degree to which the theory meets the needs of that country,” profoundly revealing the intrinsic connection between scientific theoretical guidance and national development and progress. Since the founding of New China, the Party has adhered to combining the Marxist theory of productive forces with China’s economic and social development reality and with the economic thought in fine traditional Chinese culture. As the conditions of the times for development change and the requirements of goals and tasks evolve, it has innovated the theory of productive forces, forming the theory of productive forces of socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing strong support for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. Centering on the grand goal of building a modern socialist country and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it has adhered to taking the liberation and development of productive forces as the essential content of socialism. Through reform and opening up, it has improved and developed the socialist system, eliminated various institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain the development of productive forces, made relations of production adapt to the development of productive forces, stimulated economic and social vitality, fully mobilized the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of laborers, promoted comprehensive economic and social progress and the all-round development of people, created the “two miracles” [7]7 The “two miracles” refer to China’s rapid economic development and long-term social stability. of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, achieved the Party’s first centenary goal, and propelled China onto a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Adhering to the development of productive forces and its practical exploration has changed the destiny of the Party, the country, the nation, and the people, and is a successful experience accumulated in the development of China’s socialist cause.

马克思曾指出，“理论在一个国家的实现程度，取决于理论满足这个国家的需要程度”，深刻揭示了科学理论指导与国家发展进步之间的内在关联。新中国成立以来，党坚持把马克思主义生产力理论与中国经济社会发展实际相结合、与中华优秀传统文化中的经济思想相结合，随着时代发展条件变化和目标任务要求创新发展生产力理论，形成了中国特色社会主义生产力理论，为坚持和发展中国特色社会主义提供有力支持。围绕建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴宏伟目标，坚持把解放生产力、发展生产力作为社会主义的本质内容，通过改革开放，完善和发展社会主义制度，消除束缚生产力发展的各种体制机制障碍，使生产关系适应生产力发展，激发经济社会活力，充分调动劳动者积极性、主动性、创造性，促进经济社会全面进步和人的全面发展，创造了经济快速发展和经济社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”，实现了党的第一个百年奋斗目标，推动我国迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。坚持发展生产力及其实践探索改变了党、国家、民族和人民的前途命运，是我国社会主义事业发展积累的成功经验。

(II) Developing New Quality Productive Forces Is a Major Task to Meet the Requirements of High-Quality Development

（二）发展新质生产力是适应高质量发展要求的重大任务

“Problems are the open, fearless, and all-dominating voice of the times. Problems are the slogans of the times, the most realistic call expressing its spiritual state.” What kind of development to achieve in the New Era and how to achieve development are questions of the times that require clear answers. On the basis of scientifically summarizing the practical development experience of the cause of the Party and the state since the New Era and systematically analyzing the situation facing development, in 2020, the “Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” reviewed and approved by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, clearly stated that during the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is necessary to unswervingly implement the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, adhere to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, take promoting high-quality development as the theme, take deepening supply-side structural reform as the main line, take reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force, take meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose, coordinate development and security, accelerate the building of a modernized economic system, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Analyzed from the perspective of the principal contradiction in society, high-quality development is the development theme of the New Era. The prominent problem to be solved is unbalanced and inadequate development, that is, the large urban-rural gap, regional gap, and income gap, and the overall low level of development as a shortcoming and weakness, to promote a major transformation in the mode of economic and social development and better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. Development practice shows that productive forces are the key point of high-quality development, requiring innovative breakthroughs based on actual conditions. In September 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping, during his inspection tour in Heilongjiang, first proposed “new quality productive forces,” requiring the northeastern region to accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces and enhance new momentum for development. Subsequently, he published a series of important expositions on developing new quality productive forces, providing ideological and theoretical guidance for accelerating the promotion of high-quality development and comprehensively building a modern socialist country, taking the development of new quality productive forces as an important entry point.

“问题就是公开的、无畏的、左右一切个人的时代声音。问题就是时代的口号，是它表现自己精神状态的最实际的呼声。”新时代要实现什么样的发展、如何实现发展是时代之问，需要给出明确回答。在科学总结新时代以来党和国家事业实践发展经验和系统分析发展面临形势的基础上，2020年，党的十九届五中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二○三五年远景目标的建议》明确提出，“十四五”时期要坚定不移贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，以推动高质量发展为主题，以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，以改革创新为根本动力，以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的，统筹发展和安全，加快建设现代化经济体系，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。从社会主要矛盾角度分析，高质量发展是新时代的发展主题，要着力解决的突出问题是发展不平衡不充分，即城乡差距、区域差距、收入差距较大等各区域各领域发展不平衡以及整体上发展水平不高这一短板弱项，推动经济社会发展方式实现重大转型，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。发展实践表明，生产力是高质量发展的关键点，需要结合实际进行创新性突破。2023年9月，习近平总书记在黑龙江考察时首次提出“新质生产力”，要求东北地区加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能。之后，他对发展新质生产力发表一系列重要论述，为以发展新质生产力为重要切入点，加快推进高质量发展、全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了思想理论指导。

New quality productive forces are a signature concept of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics first proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping. Developing new quality productive forces meets the requirements of high-quality development and is a major task for the cause of the Party and the state in the current and future period. In January 2024, during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC on solidly advancing high-quality development, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in his speech that “developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and a key focus for promoting high-quality development,” and that “high-quality development requires new theories on productive forces to guide it, while new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated a strong driving and supporting force for high-quality development, necessitating theoretical summarization and generalization to guide new development practices.” This means that new quality productive forces not only align with the requirements of high-quality development but have also taken shape in practice and produced notable results, requiring further improvement of top-level design, effective guidance of practical exploration, and promotion of positive interaction between the two. During the 2024 Two Sessions [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces and Steadily Promoting High-Quality Development,” Qiushi, 2024, no. 11., General Secretary Xi Jinping, when participating in the deliberation of the Jiangsu delegation

新质生产力是习近平总书记首次提出的中国特色社会主义政治经济学标识性概念，发展新质生产力适应高质量发展要求，是当前和今后一个时期党和国家事业发展的重大任务。2024年1月，习近平总书记在二十届中央政治局就扎实推进高质量发展进行第十一次集体学习时的讲话强调，“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”，“高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导，而新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，需要我们从理论上进行总结、概括，用以指导新的发展实践”，意味着新质生产力不仅契合高质量发展要求，且在实践中已经形成并产生了突出实效，需要进一步完善顶层设计、有力引领实践探索，并促进二者之间的良性互动。2024年两会期间，习近平总书记在参加江苏代表团审议时强调，“要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力”；新质生产力首次写入第十四届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《2024年国务院政府工作报告》，将“大力推进现代化产业体系建设，加快发展新质生产力”作为2024年政府工作任务之一进行具体部署。通过人民代表大会制度，按照法定程序，将党的发展新质生产力主张和人民意愿有机结合起来，转化为国家发展方略，彰显了党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一。2024年7月党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》就“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”提出一系列重大改革举措，为切实加快发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展，为中国式现代化提供更为坚实的物质基础明确了实践方略。2024年12月，中央经济工作会议在肯定新质生产力稳步发展等经济高质量发展成效的同时，强调“必须统筹好培育新动能和更新旧动能的关系，因地制宜发展新质生产力”，作出“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系”等2025年经济领域重点任务部署。2025年中央一号文件首次提出“农业新质生产力”，明确以科技创新引领先进生产要素集聚、因地制宜发展农业新质生产力的具体任务。发展新质生产力这一重大决策及系统部署，充分彰显了高质量发展在全面建设社会主义现代化国家中处于首要任务这一重要战略定位。新质生产力作为生产力的高阶形态，是经济高质量发展和中国式现代化的关键动能依托与核心驱动力量。

III. The Theory of New Quality Productive Forces Provides Scientific Guidance for Promoting High-Quality Development

三、新质生产力理论为推动高质量发展提供科学指导

Since 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping has systematically expounded on the major theoretical and practical issue of what new quality productive forces are and how to develop them, forming the theory of new quality productive forces. This provides a fundamental guideline and action guide for comprehensively grasping the breakthrough direction of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the New Era, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, promoting high-quality economic and social development, and comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization.

2023年以来，习近平总书记围绕什么是新质生产力、如何发展新质生产力这一重大理论和实践问题进行系统阐述，形成了新质生产力理论，为新时代全面把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革突破方向，加快发展新质生产力，推动经济社会高质量发展，全面推进中国式现代化建设提供了根本遵循和行动指南。

(I) The Conceptual Meaning of New Quality Productive Forces

（一）新质生产力的概念所指

“New quality productive forces are an advanced state of productive forces characterized by innovation playing a leading role, breaking away from traditional economic growth modes and paths of productive forces development, featuring high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, and conforming to the new development philosophy.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces and Steadily Promoting High-Quality Development,” Qiushi, 2024, no. 11. Productive forces are the power by which humanity obtains material resources from nature through labor practice. Developing productive forces is the fundamental task of socialism and the basic driving force for creating social material wealth and promoting economic and social development. Under the traditional economic growth mode, the development of productive forces often highly depends on the input of natural resources, constituting extensive growth that places considerable pressure on the ecological environment. New quality productive forces change the extensive growth path that over-relies on natural resources, emphasizing the boosting role of scientific and technological innovation in the development of productive forces, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovations and their effective transformation and application. This not only improves the efficiency of production factor allocation but also benefits the protection of the ecological environment, achieving a harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature in the coordinated development of material civilization and ecological civilization.

“新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。”生产力是人类通过劳动实践从自然界获取物质资料的力量，发展生产力是社会主义的根本任务，是创造社会物质财富、促进经济社会发展的根本动力。在传统的经济增长方式下，生产力的发展往往高度依赖于自然资源投入，属于粗放型增长，对生态环境造成较大压力；新质生产力改变了过度依赖自然资源的粗放型增长路径，注重科技创新对生产力发展的助推作用，尤其是原创性、颠覆性的科技创新及其有效转化和应用，不仅提高了生产要素配置效率，又有利于保护生态环境，在物质文明和生态文明协调发展中实现人与自然关系的和谐共生。

(II) The Basic Connotation of New Quality Productive Forces

（二）新质生产力的基本内涵

New quality productive forces are “driven by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, with the leap in quality of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor and their optimized combination as the basic connotation.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces and Steadily Promoting High-Quality Development,” Qiushi, 2024, no. 11. Scientific and technological innovation is the source driving force for the development of new quality productive forces. Revolutionary breakthroughs in technology drive the optimized combination of production factors such as labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data, promoting the transformation, upgrading, and iteration of industrial structures. New industries, new business forms, and new models continuously emerge, prompting the constituent elements of productive forces to improve quality, optimize structure, combine innovatively, and enhance efficiency. Laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor are the constituent elements of productive forces. Among them, laborers with certain labor skills and necessary labor experience are the human element of productive forces, playing a leading role. Means of labor include labor tools and labor conditions. Objects of labor are the various material resources on which laborers act during the labor process. Means of labor and objects of labor are the material factors of productive forces. The organic unity of human factors and material factors constitutes the material power by which humanity obtains the material resources needed for survival and development from nature through labor practice. The development of new quality productive forces is a process of promoting the progress of productive forces through the continuous optimized combination of new production factors. Laborers must possess richer knowledge, master more advanced technology, and have stronger innovation awareness, comprehensively enhancing their overall quality and capabilities. Means of labor must incorporate more advanced technological achievements, applying production tools such as informatization and digital intelligence, as well as efficient and convenient labor conditions such as factory buildings and equipment, to achieve the renewal of production tools and the improvement of labor conditions, thereby raising labor productivity. Objects of labor must be continuously expanded in breadth and depth, conserving the use of natural resources and efficiently utilizing raw materials. The scope of objects of labor is expanded through the application of advanced scientific and technological achievements, with the promotion and application of new substances, new energy sources, and new materials being concentrated manifestations of this.

新质生产力是“由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵”。科技创新是新质生产力发展的源动力，技术革命性突破带动劳动、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素优化组合，促进产业结构转型升级迭代，新产业、新业态、新模式等不断涌现，促使生产力构成要素提高质量、优化结构、组合创新、提高效能。劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象是生产力的构成要素。其中，具有一定劳动技能和必要劳动经验的劳动者是生产力中人的要素，发挥主导作用；劳动资料包括劳动工具和劳动条件，劳动对象是劳动者在劳动过程中作用其上的各种物质资料，劳动资料和劳动对象是生产力中物的因素。人的因素和物的因素有机统一，构成了人类通过劳动实践从自然界获取生存发展所需物质资料的物质力量。新质生产力的发展是通过新生产要素不断优化组合进而推动生产力进步的过程，劳动者要具备更为丰富的知识、掌握更加先进的技术、具有更强的创新意识，全面提升其综合素质能力；劳动资料要融入更多的先进技术成果，应用信息化、数智化等生产工具及高效便捷的厂房设备等劳动条件，实现生产工具更新和劳动条件改进，提高劳动生产效率；劳动对象要从广度、深度上不断拓展，节约利用自然资源、高效使用原材料，通过先进科技成果应用拓展劳动对象范围，新物质、新能源、新材料的推广应用等是其集中体现。

(III) The Essential Attribute of New Quality Productive Forces

（三）新质生产力的本质属性

New quality productive forces are “marked by a substantial increase in total factor productivity as the core indicator, characterized by innovation, with quality excellence being the key, and advanced productive forces being the essence.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces and Steadily Promoting High-Quality Development,” Qiushi, 2024, no. 11. Total factor productivity is the ratio of total output to comprehensive factor input, reflecting the increase in output achieved through technological progress, organizational innovation, specialization, and other means, under the condition that the input quantities of all other factors such as capital, labor, and land remain unchanged. The economic performance of the development of new quality productive forces is concentrated in the substantial increase in total factor productivity, prominently reflecting the increment in economic efficiency brought about by changes such as technological innovation. New quality productive forces are guided by the new development philosophy. Innovation is the primary driving force for development and the driving force for the development of new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces conform to the needs of economic and social development, align with the strategic goal of entering the forefront of innovative countries, and represent the development direction of advanced productive forces, with advancement being their essential attribute.

新质生产力是“以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力”。全要素生产率是全部产出和综合要素投入之比，反映的是在资本、劳动、土地等所有其他要素投入数量保持不变的条件下，通过技术进步、组织创新、专业化等方式所增加的产出。新质生产力发展的经济绩效集中体现在全要素生产率大幅度提升，突出反映技术创新等变革所带来的经济效率增量。新质生产力以新发展理念为引领，创新是发展的第一动力，是新质生产力发展的驱动力，新质生产力顺应经济社会发展需要，契合进入创新型国家前列战略目标，代表先进生产力的发展方向，先进性是其本质属性。

(IV) The Distinctive Characteristics of New Quality Productive Forces

（四）新质生产力的显著特点

“The salient feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, which includes innovation at the level of technology and business models as well as innovation at the level of management and institutions.” Innovation, i.e., “creative destruction,” is a collective concept. Understood from the perspective of an innovation-oriented country, it encompasses innovation in theory, institutions, science and technology, culture, and other aspects, serving as the driving force for a country’s comprehensive development and progress and for forming a strong international competitive advantage. Innovation runs through the entire process of the development of new quality productive forces. The innovative characteristics of new quality productive forces are mainly manifested in technology, industry, management, institutions, and other aspects. In terms of technological support, new quality productive forces are productive forces based on new technologies such as the Internet, big data, cloud computing, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. In terms of industrial upgrading, the development of new quality productive forces promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, the rapid rise of emerging industries, and the accumulation of potential in future industries. In terms of management innovation, new quality productive forces achieve the precision of resource allocation through digital and intelligent management, promoting the continuous optimization and combination of production factors. In terms of institutional guarantees, new quality productive forces take stimulating the initiative, creativity, and enthusiasm of laborers as the foundation, focus on the organic integration, dynamic optimization, and synergistic promotion of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor, and construct a system of rules and guarantees for the high-quality and efficient development of productive forces that combines incentives and constraints and complements rigidity and flexibility.

“新质生产力的显著特点是创新，既包括技术和业态模式层面的创新，也包括管理和制度层面的创新。”创新即“创造性破坏”，是一集合性概念，从创新型国家的角度理解，包括理论创新、制度创新、科技创新、文化创新等各方面创新，是国家全面发展进步、形成强大国际竞争优势的动力源泉。创新贯穿新质生产力发展全过程，新质生产力的创新性特征主要体现在技术、产业、管理、制度等方面。技术支撑上，新质生产力是基于互联网、大数据、云计算、区块链、人工智能等新技术的生产力；产业跃升上，新质生产力的发展推动传统产业转型升级，新兴产业快速兴起，未来产业积聚潜能；管理创新上，新质生产力通过数字化、智能化管理实现了资源配置的精准化，推动生产要素不断优化组合；制度保障上，新质生产力以激发劳动者积极性主动性创造性为根本，以劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象有机整合、动态优化、协同共促为重点，构建形成激励与约束相容、刚性与弹性互补的生产力高质效发展规则保障体系。

(V) The Ecological Foundation of New Quality Productive Forces

（五）新质生产力的生态底色

“Green development is the foundation of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces.” General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that it is necessary to “firmly establish the concept that protecting the ecological environment is protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment is developing productive forces,” profoundly elucidating the inherent organic connection between ecological environmental protection and the development of productive forces. Green, low-carbon, high-quality and efficient, humanistic orientation, and sustainable development are the essential characteristics and distinctive foundation of new quality productive forces. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, new quality productive forces adhere to the concepts of revering, respecting, conforming to, and protecting nature, promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the development model, focus on environmental pollution control, enhance the diversity, stability, and sustainability of the ecosystem, and promote the realization of the goal of building a Beautiful China. The development of new quality productive forces is highly aligned with the green and low-carbon requirements of ecological civilization construction, abandons traditional economic growth models, and through scientific and technological innovation, institutional innovation, product innovation, and other means, forms a high-quality industrial structure with high technological content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, and minimal environmental pollution. It develops green productive forces, follows a civilized development path of production development, affluent living, and a sound ecology, and provides new, more efficient, and more sustainable green and low-carbon momentum for economic and social development.

“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。”习近平总书记指出，要“牢固树立保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力的理念”，深刻阐明了生态环境保护与生产力发展之间的内在有机关联。绿色低碳、优质高效、人文取向和可持续发展是新质生产力的本质特征和鲜明底色。新质生产力以习近平生态文明思想为指导，坚持敬畏自然、尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然理念，推动发展方式绿色低碳转型，注重环境污染治理，提升生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性，促进美丽中国建设目标实现。新质生产力发展高度契合生态文明建设的绿色低碳要求，摈弃传统经济增长方式，通过科技创新、制度创新、产品创新等途径，形成科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少的优质产业结构，发展绿色生产力，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，为经济社会发展提供更高效率、更可持续的绿色低碳新动能。

IV. Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively Is the Fundamental Path for New Quality Productive Forces to Empower High-Quality Development

四、进一步全面深化改革是新质生产力赋能高质量发展的根本路径

Reform and opening up is the valuable experience of Chinese Communists since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC [11]11 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up policy. in successfully creating, upholding, and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is an important magic weapon for the Party and the people to catch up with the times in great strides. On the new journey of the New Era, it is necessary to adhere to a problem-oriented approach, focus on the bottlenecks and constraints facing high-quality development, such as insufficient scientific and technological innovation capacity that does not meet the requirements of high-quality development, the industrial system being large but not strong, comprehensive but not refined, and the fundamental situation of key core technologies being controlled by others not having fundamentally changed. By further deepening reform comprehensively, the development of new quality productive forces will be embedded in the entire process of high-quality development, providing systematic impetus support for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development.

改革开放是党的十一届三中全会以来，中国共产党人成功开创、坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的宝贵经验，是党和人民大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝。新时代新征程，要坚持问题导向，围绕科技创新能力不强、不适应高质量发展要求，产业体系整体大而不强、全而不精，关键核心技术受制于人状况没有根本改变等推进高质量发展面临的卡点瓶颈，通过进一步全面深化改革，将发展新质生产力嵌入高质量发展全过程，为加快发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展提供系统性动力支持。

(I) Forming New Production Relations Compatible with the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

（一）形成与发展新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform comprehensively and form new production relations compatible with them,” clarifying the strategic focus for developing new quality productive forces and providing fundamental directional guidance for how to develop them. Productive forces and relations of production are core concepts in Marxist theory. Marxism holds that the production of material goods is the basic condition for human survival and development. The power by which people obtain material goods from nature through labor practice is productive forces, essentially the material exchange relationship between humans and nature. Productive forces are the material foundation of all human social life and history. Relations of production are the economic relations formed among people in the process of material goods production that are independent of their will, essentially the interest relations between people. Relations of production are the most basic relations in human society. Productive forces and relations of production interact and are a unity of opposites: productive forces determine relations of production, and relations of production react upon productive forces. The contradiction between productive forces and relations of production is the basic contradiction of society and the internal driving force for social development and progress. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC [12]12 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017. pointed out that development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems. Development is high-quality development, which must be driven by new quality productive forces. By further deepening reform comprehensively, we eliminate institutional and mechanistic obstacles hindering the development of productive forces, improve relations of production centered on economic interest relations, unblock the blockages and bottlenecks constraining the development of new quality productive forces, promote better adaptation between relations of production and productive forces, and provide strong impetus support for the development of productive forces.

习近平总书记指出，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”，明确了发展新质生产力的战略重点，为如何发展新质生产力提供了根本方向指引。生产力和生产关系是马克思主义理论中的核心概念。马克思主义认为，物质资料的生产是人类生存发展的基础条件，人们通过劳动实践从自然界获取物质资料的力量即生产力，本质上是人与自然之间的物质交换关系，生产力是人类社会生活和全部历史的物质基础；生产关系是人们在物质资料生产过程中形成的不以人的意志为转移的经济关系，本质上是人与人之间的利益关系，生产关系是人类社会中最基本的关系。生产力与生产关系相互影响、对立统一，生产力决定生产关系，生产关系反作用于生产力。生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾是社会基本矛盾，是推动社会发展进步的内在动力。党的十九大报告指出，发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。发展是高质量发展，要以新质生产力作为推动力。通过进一步全面深化改革，消除阻碍生产力发展的体制机制障碍，完善经济利益关系为核心的生产关系，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，推动生产关系和生产力更好适应，为生产力发展提供强大动力支持。

(II) Promoting the Deep Integration and Coordinated Development of Scientific and Technological Innovation and Industrial Innovation

（二）推动科技创新与产业创新深度融合发展

The “Decision” [13]13 The “Decision” refers to the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC clearly put forward the general task of developing new quality productive forces, namely, “to promote revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries; to promote the optimized combination and renewed leap of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor; to spawn new industries, new models, and new momentum; and to develop productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality.” Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation is the engine for developing new quality productive forces, and industrial innovation is the foundation for developing new quality productive forces. The two interact, promote each other, and are organically unified. Focusing on the general task of developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary to advance scientific and technological innovation and promote the industrialization and transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements; advance industrial innovation and meet market demand with new products, new business forms, and new models; promote positive interaction between the two, guide scientific and technological innovation with changes in market demand, better promote industrial innovation, and effectively meet market demand.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》明确提出了发展新质生产力的总任务，即“推动技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级，推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象优化组合和更新跃升，催生新产业、新模式、新动能，发展以高技术、高效能、高质量为特征的生产力”。科学技术是第一生产力，科技创新是发展新质生产力的引擎，产业创新是发展新质生产力的依托，二者相互影响、相互促进、有机统一。聚焦发展新质生产力的总任务，要推进科技创新，促进科技创新成果产业化转化；推进产业创新，以新产品新业态新模式满足市场需求；促进二者良性互动，以市场需求变化引导科技创新，更好促进产业创新、有效满足市场需求。

First, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening are the breakthrough points for qualitative changes in productive forces, and revolutionary breakthroughs in technology are the foundation for the generation of new quality productive forces, which can facilitate the formation of new industries, new models, and new drivers, and are the core elements for developing new quality productive forces. On September 11, 2020, at a symposium with scientists, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward clear requirements for scientists and the vast number of scientific and technological workers: “Persist in facing the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, facing the main economic battlefield, facing the major national needs, and facing the people’s life and health, and continuously advance into the breadth and depth of science and technology.” [14]14 “Four Orientations” (四个面向): A policy guideline requiring scientific and technological work to face the world’s scientific frontiers, the main economic battlefield, major national needs, and people’s life and health. We must adhere to the “Four Orientations,” [15]15 “Four Orientations” (四个面向): See note [14]. take key common technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations as breakthrough points, strengthen original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and enhance the capacity for independent scientific and technological innovation. Second, promote industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation. A modernized industrial system led by innovation is the industrial form that carries new quality productive forces. Innovative scientific and technological achievements should focus on meeting market demands, giving rise to new industries, promoting deep transformation and upgrading of industries, optimizing industrial structure, improving economic development performance, and transforming into actual productive forces. It is necessary to combine scientific and technological innovation achievements with industrial structural adjustment, optimization, and upgrading, take establishing and improving the industrial chain, value chain, benefit chain, and ecological chain as the main line, and take enhancing the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain as the direction, to transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, lay out and build future industries, promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industries, form a modernized industrial system that is innovative, growth-oriented, competitive, and sustainable, enhance the international competitiveness of industries, and promote economic security and national security through industrial security. Third, promote the integrated symbiosis of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. From a systemic perspective, scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation are not a linear development relationship of first science and technology, then industry, but an organic unity of mutual influence and integrated development. Scientific and technological innovation comes from industrial demands, and scientific and technological achievements serve industrial development. It is necessary to take further deepening of economic system reform as the driving force, improve the market-oriented mechanism for technological innovation, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, promote the concentration of various innovation factors in enterprises, form a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, market as the orientation, and deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application, and promote the deep integration and coordinated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation.

一是大力推进科技创新。科技自立自强是生产力质变的突破口，技术革命性突破是新质生产力生成的基点，能够促成新产业、新模式、新动能的形成，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。2020年9月11日，习近平总书记在科学家座谈会上，对科学家和广大科技工作者提出明确要求：“坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，不断向科学技术广度和深度进军。”要坚持“四个面向”，以关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新为突破口，加强原创性、颠覆性科技创新，实现高水平科技自立自强，提升科技自主创新能力。二是以科技创新推动产业创新。以创新引领的现代化产业体系是承载新质生产力的产业形态。创新性科技成果重在面向市场需求，催生新产业、推动产业深度转型升级，优化产业机构，提高经济发展绩效，转化为现实生产力。要将科技创新成果与产业结构调整和优化升级相结合，以建立健全产业链、价值链、利益链、生态链为主线，以提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平为方向，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，促进产业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展，形成富有创新性、成长性、竞争性、可持续的现代化产业体系，提高产业国际竞争力，以产业安全促进经济安全和国家安全。三是促进科技创新与产业创新融合共生。从系统思维审视，科技创新与产业创新并非先科技、后产业的线性发展关联，而是相互影响、融合发展的有机统一体。科技创新来自产业需求、科技成果服务产业发展。要以进一步深化经济体制改革为牵引，完善技术创新市场导向机制，强化企业创新主体地位，促进各类创新要素向企业集聚，形成以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研用深度融合的技术创新体系，促进科技创新与产业创新深度融合、协同发展。

(III) Develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions based on objective actual conditions

（三）结合客观实际条件因地制宜发展新质生产力

Seeking truth from facts is the Party’s concise summary of the Marxist worldview and methodology, runs through the formation and development of the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and is the essence of these theoretical achievements. The theory of new quality productive forces is the latest achievement of the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist productive forces theory, possessing the theoretical characteristic of seeking truth from facts. Seeking truth from facts requires understanding problems and promoting development from reality, linking theory with practice, testing truth and developing truth in practice. It is both an epistemology and a methodology, an organic unity of epistemology and methodology. Developing new quality productive forces must adhere to seeking truth from facts, combine with reality, and adapt to local conditions. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Developing new quality productive forces does not mean neglecting or abandoning traditional industries. We must prevent a rush to action and bubble formation, nor should we adopt a single model. All localities should proceed from reality, establish the new before abolishing the old, adapt to local conditions, and provide classified guidance. Based on local resource endowments, industrial foundations, scientific research conditions, etc., selectively promote the development of new industries, new models, and new drivers, use new technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, and actively promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industries.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Twentieth Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,” *Qiushi*, 2024, no. 6. Economic work is the Party’s central work. We must adhere to the Party’s overall leadership over economic work. Under the overall strategic deployment of the Party and the state regarding the development of new quality productive forces, combined with the specific conditions of the region, department, industry, and unit, and based on a comprehensive consideration of resources, industry, science and education, research and development, talent, and other development conditions, formulate and implement specific strategies for developing new quality productive forces, such as technological innovation, industrial innovation, and institutional innovation, that are suitable for local realities, tap comprehensive potential, leverage comparative advantages, and continuously improve development quality and efficiency.

实事求是党对马克思主义世界观和方法的精辟概括，贯穿于马克思主义中国化时代化理论成果的形成和发展始终，是这一理论成果的精髓。新质生产力理论是马克思主义生产力理论中国化时代化最新成果，具有实事求是的理论特质。实事求是要求认识问题、推动发展从实际出发，理论联系实际，在实践中检验真理和发展真理，既是认识论，也是方法论，是认识论和方法论的有机统一。发展新质生产力要坚持实事求是，结合实际，因地制宜。习近平总书记指出：“发展新质生产力不是忽视、放弃传统产业，要防止一哄而上、泡沫化，也不要搞一种模式。各地要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导，根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展，用新技术改造提升传统产业，积极促进产业高端化、智能化、绿色化。”经济工作是党的中心工作，要坚持党对经济工作的全面领导，在党和国家关于发展新质生产力的整体战略部署下，结合本地区、本部门、本行业、本单位的具体情况，综合考量资源、产业、科教、研发、人才等发展条件基础上，制定和实施适宜地方实际的技术创新、产业创新、制度创新等发展新质生产力具体方略，挖掘综合潜能、发挥比较优势，不断提高发展质效。

(IV) Improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions

（四）健全因地制宜发展新质生产力的体制机制

Developing new quality productive forces is a strategic, long-term, and systemic major task, inseparable from systematic, professional, and modern institutional support. It is necessary to promote institutional innovation comprehensively and strengthen the institutional supply that drives the development of new quality productive forces. First, establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries, strengthen innovation in key common technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies, and lay out future industries in advance. Second, improve the development policies and governance system for strategic emerging industries, guide the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology. Third, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, leverage the guiding function of national standard upgrades, and support enterprises in using digital intelligence technology and green technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries. Fourth, improve the innovation funding support system, encourage and regulate the development of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment, better leverage the role of government investment funds, and develop patient capital. Fifth, coordinate development and security, strengthen institutional constraints such as environmental protection and safety, ensure that the development of new quality productive forces conforms to the principles of ecological priority, green development, and national security requirements, and achieve the organic unity of high-quality development and high-level security.

发展新质生产力是战略性、长期性、系统性重大任务，离不开体系化、专业化、现代化制度支撑，要整体推进体制创新，强化推动新质生产力发展制度性供给。一是建立未来产业投入增长机制，加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新，超前布局未来产业。二是完善推动战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，引导新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等新兴产业健康有序发展。三是推进传统产业改造提升，发挥国家标准提升引领功能，支持企业用数智技术、绿色技术改造提升传统产业。四是完善创新资金支持体系，鼓励和规范发展天使投资、风险投资、私募股权投资，更好发挥政府投资基金作用，发展耐心资本。五是统筹发展和安全，强化环保、安全等制度约束，促使新质生产力发展符合生态优先、绿色发展原则及国家安全保障要求，实现高质量发展与高水平安全的有机统一。

(V) Optimize the intellectual resource support for developing new quality productive forces

（五）创优发展新质生产力的智力资源支撑

Comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, achieving the Second Centenary Goal, [17]17 The Second Centenary Goal (第二个百年奋斗目标): The goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, following the completion of the First Centenary Goal (building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021). and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization are the central tasks of the Party and the state in the New Era and new journey. Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic supports for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and also the foundational and strategic supports for developing new quality productive forces, capable of providing solid intellectual resource support for new quality productive forces. It is necessary to take comprehensive measures in terms of strategy implementation, goals and tasks, and reform measures to build a strong country in education, science and technology, and talent, providing a continuous supply of high-quality intellectual resource support for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces. First, in strategy implementation, adhere to the principles that science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force, and deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy. Second, in goals and tasks, adhere to prioritizing education development, achieving scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and leading with talent-driven development, accelerate the construction of a strong country in education, science and technology, and talent, adhere to cultivating talent for the Party and educating talent for the country, comprehensively improve the quality of independent talent cultivation, and strive to cultivate top-notch innovative talents. Third, in reform measures, coordinate and promote the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent institutional mechanisms. Deepen comprehensive education reform, run education that satisfies the people; deepen the reform of the science and technology system, improve the scientific and technological innovation system; deepen the reform of the talent development system and mechanism, cultivate socialist builders and successors who are well-developed morally, intellectually, physically, aesthetically, and labor-wise, and gather outstanding talents from all fields into the cause of the Party and the people.

全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴是新时代新征程党和国家的中心任务，教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑，也是发展新质生产力的基础性、战略性支撑，能够为新质生产力提供坚实的智力资源支撑。要从战略实施、目标任务、改革举措等方面综合施策，建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国，为加快发展新质生产力提供源源不断的优质智力资源支持。一是战略实施上，坚持科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力，深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略。二是目标任务上，坚持教育优先发展、科技自立自强、人才引领驱动，加快建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国，坚持为党育人、为国育才，全面提高人才自主培养质量，着力造就拔尖创新人才。三是改革举措上，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革。深化教育综合改革，办好人民满意的教育；深化科技体制改革，完善科技创新体系；深化人才发展体制机制改革，培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，把各方面优秀人才集聚到党和人民事业中来。

The above five aspects are interconnected and organically unified, working together to promote the sound and rapid development of new quality productive forces. Among them, forming and developing new production relations compatible with new quality productive forces is the key, providing strong impetus for the development of new quality productive forces; promoting the deep integration and development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation is the crux, guiding the direction for the development of new quality productive forces; developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions based on objective actual conditions is the foundation, clarifying the basic strategy for the development of new quality productive forces; improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is the guarantee, forming institutional conditions for the development of new quality productive forces; optimizing the intellectual resource support for developing new quality productive forces is the basis, building a solid long-term support for the development of new quality productive forces.

以上五个方面相互联系、有机统一，协同共促新质生产力又好又快发展。其中，形成与发展新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系是重点，为发展新质生产力提供强大动力；推动科技创新与产业创新深度融合发展是关键，为发展新质生产力指引前进方向；结合客观实际条件因地制宜发展新质生产力是根本，为发展新质生产力明确基本方略；健全因地制宜发展新质生产力的体制机制是保障，为发展新质生产力形成制度条件；创优发展新质生产力的智力资源支撑是基础，为发展新质生产力筑牢长效支持。

The theoretical and practical development of the cause of the Party and the state has proven that developing the productive forces is the fundamental task of socialism and the only way to build a strong country and achieve national rejuvenation. The current period and the period to come is a critical period for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, focus on the major task of developing new quality productive forces, further deepen reform comprehensively and advance Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to adhere to the combination of theory and practice, continuously explore the development path and promotion measures of new quality productive forces, summarize practical experiences and deepen theoretical innovation, promote the level of socialist productive forces to continuously reach new heights, and provide an inexhaustible driving force for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

党和国家事业发展的理论和实践证明，发展生产力是社会主义的根本任务，是强国建设、民族复兴的必由之路。当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。要坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，聚焦发展新质生产力重大任务，进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化。要坚持理论与实践相结合，不断探索新质生产力的发展路径和推进举措、总结实践经验和深化理论创新，推动社会主义生产力水平不断迈上新台阶，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴提供不竭动力。

(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Huazhong Agricultural University)

（作者系华中农业大学马克思主义学院教授）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁