Guiding Agricultural Development Paradigm Innovation with Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization

*Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Ecological Civilization*, Volume I, includes Comrade Xi Jinping’s most important and fundamental works on ecological civilization construction from December 2012 to April 2025, providing authoritative study materials for the entire Party and people of all ethnic groups to deeply study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization. The relationship between agriculture and the ecological environment is very close; agriculture is an important field of ecological civilization construction, and agricultural development has a profound impact on ecological civilization construction. Currently, China’s agricultural development faces many challenges, and ecological and environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization points the way forward for innovation in the agricultural development paradigm. President Xi Jinping pointed out in “Lucid Waters and Lush Mountains Are Invaluable Assets”: “For China to achieve industrialization, urbanization, informationization, and agricultural modernization, it must blaze a new development path.” “We want both lucid waters and lush mountains and invaluable assets. We would rather have lucid waters and lush mountains than invaluable assets, and lucid waters and lush mountains are themselves invaluable assets.” [1]1 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a core slogan of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, asserting that environmental protection and economic development are not contradictory but mutually reinforcing. General Secretary Xi Jinping further pointed out in “A Good Ecological Environment Is the Most Inclusive Public Good for People’s Wellbeing”: “Economic development should not be a case of draining the pond to catch the fish [2]2 “Draining the pond to catch the fish” (竭泽而渔) is a Chinese idiom meaning to pursue short-term gains at the expense of long-term sustainability. with regard to resources and the ecological environment, nor should ecological and environmental protection be a case of climbing a tree to catch a fish [3]3 “Climbing a tree to catch a fish” (缘木求鱼) is a Chinese idiom from Mencius, meaning to attempt the impossible by using the wrong method. by abandoning economic development. Rather, we must persist in protecting while developing and developing while protecting, achieving coordination between economic and social development and population, resources, and the environment.”

《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷收入习近平同志2012年12月至2025年4月期间关于生态文明建设最重要、最基本的著作，为全党全国各族人民深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想特别是习近平生态文明思想提供了权威教材。农业与生态环境的关系十分密切，是生态文明建设的重要领域，农业发展对生态文明建设具有深远影响。当前，我国农业发展面临诸多挑战，生态环境问题日益凸显。习近平生态文明思想为农业发展范式革新指明了前进方向。习近平主席在《绿水青山就是金山银山》中指出：“中国要实现工业化、城镇化、信息化、农业现代化，必须要走出一条新的发展道路”“我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山，而且绿水青山就是金山银山”。习近平总书记在《良好的生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉》中进一步指出：“经济发展不应是对资源和生态环境的竭泽而渔，生态环境保护也不应是舍弃经济发展的缘木求鱼，而是要坚持在发展中保护、在保护中发展，实现经济社会发展与人口、资源、环境相协调”。

Studying *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Ecological Civilization*, Volume I, one deeply realizes that Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization’s explanation of the relationship between ecology and economy transcends the analytical framework of traditional Western development theories that separate ecology from economy, further deepening the theoretical logic of ecosystem participation in social reproduction. From the perspective of agricultural development, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization not only redefines the value goals of agricultural development, breaking through the shackles of traditional agricultural development theory, but also provides scientific guidance for constructing an “ecology-economy” synergistic agricultural development paradigm and promoting global sustainable agricultural development. We must deeply understand and grasp the original contributions of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization to agricultural modernization, and better promote high-quality agricultural development.

研读《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷深刻体会到，习近平生态文明思想对生态与经济关系的阐释，超越了西方传统发展理论将生态与经济割裂的分析框架，进一步深化了生态系统参与社会再生产的理论逻辑。从农业发展视角看，习近平生态文明思想不仅重新界定了农业发展的价值目标，突破了传统农业发展理论的桎梏，更为构建“生态—经济”协同的农业发展范式以及促进全球农业可持续发展提供了科学指引。我们必须深刻认识和把握习近平生态文明思想对于农业现代化的原创性贡献，更好推动农业高质量发展。

Creatively Enriching and Developing the Marxist View of Ecology

创造性丰富和发展马克思主义生态观

The guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization in the innovation of the agricultural development paradigm is rooted in the inheritance and development of the Marxist view of ecology. Based on adhering to the people-centered development thought, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, with systematic thinking, enriches and develops the theoretical understanding of the relationship between the ecosystem and social reproduction, providing solid theoretical support for the innovation of the agricultural development paradigm.

习近平生态文明思想对农业发展范式革新的引领作用，根植于对马克思主义生态观的继承和发展。立足于坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，习近平生态文明思想以系统性思维丰富发展了关于生态系统与社会再生产关系的理论认识，为农业发展范式革新提供了坚实理论支撑。

Marxist political economy holds that the process of social reproduction is composed of four closely linked links—production, distribution, exchange, and consumption—forming a unified whole. Humans are part of nature; nature is the “inorganic body” of humans, and labor practice is the basic bond connecting humans and nature. This reveals the dialectical unity between humans and nature, that is, humans act on nature through labor, realizing the material exchange and mutual transformation between humans and nature. The ecosystem, as the objective carrier of material transformation, is the prerequisite for production and reproduction. However, in Marx’s era, the role of the ecosystem was more limited to the production link; its deep interaction with the links of distribution, exchange, and consumption had not yet been incorporated into the theoretical field of vision. Thus, the comprehensive and systematic role of natural ecology was not fully revealed.

马克思主义政治经济学认为，社会再生产过程由生产、分配、交换和消费4个环节紧密构成统一整体。人是自然界的组成部分，自然界是人的“无机身体”，劳动实践则是连接人与自然的基本纽带。这揭示了人与自然的辩证统一关系，即人通过劳动作用于自然，实现人与自然之间的物质交换和相互转化。生态系统作为物质变换的客观载体，是生产和再生产的前提条件。但在马克思所处的时代，生态系统的作用更多局限于生产环节，与分配、交换和消费环节的深层次互动尚未被纳入理论视野，因而自然生态的全面系统作用未得到充分揭示。

Under new historical conditions, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, on the basis of inheriting the Marxist view of ecology, has achieved its enrichment and development. The creative breakthrough of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization lies in: incorporating the ecosystem as a whole into the entire process of social reproduction, extending its functions and values to the complete chain of social reproduction, so that social reproduction is no longer a one-sided extraction by the economic system from the ecosystem, but a two-way interaction between the ecosystem and the economic system, elevating the ecosystem from an external condition of social reproduction to an internal driving force, further deepening the theoretical logic of social reproduction.

新的历史条件下，习近平生态文明思想在继承马克思主义生态观的基础上对其实现了丰富发展。习近平生态文明思想的创造性突破在于：把生态系统整体纳入社会再生产全过程，将其功能与价值延伸至社会再生产的完整链条，使社会再生产不再是经济系统对生态系统的单向索取，而是生态系统与经济系统的双向互动，让生态系统由社会再生产的外部条件跃升为内在动力，进一步深化了社会再生产的理论逻辑。

From the perspective of the production link, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization elevates the ecological environment to the level of productive forces, not merely as a prerequisite for production. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “protecting the ecological environment is protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment is developing productive forces,” profoundly revealing the status of the ecological environment as an inherent attribute of productive forces.

从生产环节看，习近平生态文明思想把生态环境提升至生产力的高度，而不仅仅是生产的前提条件。习近平总书记指出“保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力”，深刻揭示了生态环境作为生产力内在属性的地位。

From the perspective of the distribution link, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization regards the rational distribution of ecological value as an important part of new distribution relations. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Systematically Carry Out Ecological and Environmental Protection and Restoration, Build a Green Development Demonstration Belt”: “It is necessary to accelerate the establishment of a mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, so that protecting and restoring the ecological environment can obtain reasonable returns, and damaging the ecological environment must pay a corresponding price,” [4]4 This passage is from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, November 2018. clearly transforming the public services provided by the ecosystem into value forms that can participate in distribution. This transformation is essentially a profound extension of distribution relations in the ecological dimension.

从分配环节看，习近平生态文明思想把生态价值的合理分配作为新型分配关系的重要内容。习近平总书记在《系统开展生态环境保护修复，建设绿色发展示范带》中指出“要加快建立生态产品价值实现机制，让保护修复生态环境获得合理回报，让破坏生态环境付出相应代价”，明确将生态系统提供的公共服务转化为可参与分配的价值形态，这种转化本质上是分配关系在生态维度的深刻延伸。

From the perspective of the exchange link, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization gradually embeds ecological attributes into the commodity value system. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “A Good Ecological Environment Is the Most Inclusive Public Good for People’s Wellbeing”: “A good ecological environment is the most fair public product,” [5]5 This passage is from Xi Jinping’s speech at a meeting on ecological and environmental protection, May 2018. promoting the transformation of exchange logic from being dominated by single material utility to giving equal weight to material and ecological utility. Ecological attributes are transformed into an important component of exchange value through market mechanisms.

从交换环节看，习近平生态文明思想将生态属性逐步嵌入商品价值体系。习近平总书记在《良好的生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉》中指出“良好的生态环境是最公平的公共产品”，推动交换逻辑从单一物质效用主导向物质与生态效用并重转变，生态属性通过市场机制转化为交换价值的重要组成部分。

From the perspective of the consumption link, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization integrates ecological needs with material needs, regarding a beautiful ecological environment as an important part of people’s livelihood consumption. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The environment is people’s livelihood; green mountains are beauty; blue skies are happiness.” [6]6 This passage is from Xi Jinping’s remarks during an inspection tour in Hainan, April 2013. This incorporates ecological consumption into the core of the consumption category, meaning that the people’s needs for fresh air, clean water sources, and beautiful rural landscapes, like their needs for daily food, become an important component and source of people’s livelihood security and the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security. This also means that consumption is no longer merely a material extraction from the ecosystem, but is directly and closely related to the quality of the ecosystem.

从消费环节看，习近平生态文明思想将生态需求与物质需求融合起来，把优美生态环境作为民生消费的重要内容。习近平总书记指出“环境就是民生，青山就是美丽，蓝天也是幸福”，这就将生态消费纳入消费范畴的核心，即人民群众对清新空气、洁净水源、优美田园的需求，与对日常食品的需求一样，成为民生保障和人民获得感、幸福感、安全感的重要组成和来源。这也使消费不再仅是对生态系统的物质索取，而是直接与生态系统的质量紧密相关。

Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization profoundly embodies adherence to the people-centered development thought and the value of putting the people first. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “A Good Ecological Environment Is the Most Inclusive Public Good for People’s Wellbeing”: “For human survival, invaluable assets are certainly important, but lucid waters and lush mountains are an important part of the people’s happy life, something that money cannot replace. If you have earned money, but the air and drinking water are substandard, what happiness is there?” [7]7 This passage is from Xi Jinping’s speech at a meeting on ecological and environmental protection, May 2018. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization transcends the capital-centered Western values, creatively proposing the theoretical proposition that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” from the value height of “the people’s happy life,” fundamentally resolving the opposition between ecological protection and economic development in traditional development theories, elevating the two into an internally unified systematic relationship. This relationship is not only reflected in the repositioning of the ecological environment from the perspective of productive forces, but also in the comprehensive embedding of the functions and values of the ecological environment into every link of social reproduction.

习近平生态文明思想深刻体现坚持以人民为中心的发展思想和人民至上的价值观。习近平总书记在《良好的生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉》中指出：“对人的生存来说，金山银山固然重要，但绿水青山是人民幸福生活的重要内容，是金钱不能替代的。你挣到了钱，但空气、饮用水都不合格，哪有什么幸福可言！”习近平生态文明思想超越以资本为中心的西方价值观，从“人民幸福生活”的价值高度，创造性提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理论命题，从根本上破解了传统发展理论中生态保护与经济发展的对立关系，将二者提升为内在统一的系统性关系。这种关系不仅体现在从生产力视角对生态环境重新定位上，更体现在生态环境功能与价值全面嵌入社会再生产各个环节。

Leading Agriculture Towards a New Paradigm of Harmonious Coexistence Between Humans and Nature

引领农业发展迈向人与自然和谐共生的新范式

The agricultural development paradigm is a systematic framework concerning the value goals, basic theories, and methodologies of agricultural development. The traditional agricultural development paradigm takes increasing agricultural production as its core goal, regards the ecological environment as an external condition for achieving agricultural production goals, and relies on the consumptive input of ecological factors. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization leads agriculture towards a new paradigm, taking “the people’s happy life” as the value goal, regarding the ecological environment as an important part of value composition, and promoting the formation of a new development paradigm of ecology-economy synergy. This new paradigm also breaks through the perspective of a single country, placing agricultural development within the global vision of jointly building a community of life on Earth, making agricultural development an important bond connecting the ecological responsibilities and common interests of all countries.

农业发展范式是关于农业发展的价值目标、基本理论和方法论的系统性框架。传统农业发展范式以增加农业生产为核心目标，将生态环境视为达成农业生产目标的外部条件，依赖生态要素的消耗性投入。习近平生态文明思想引领农业发展迈向新范式，以“人民幸福生活”为价值目标，将生态环境作为价值构成的重要部分，推动形成生态与经济协同的新发展范式。这一新范式还突破了单一国家的视角，将农业发展置于共同构建地球生命共同体的全球视野中，使农业发展成为连接各国生态责任与共同利益的重要纽带。

Transforming agricultural development goals, so that agriculture transcends the growth-oriented traditional economic paradigm and transforms into a new economic paradigm centered on the well-being of the people. Under the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, the goals of agricultural development have shifted from a single economic objective to the organic unity of multiple objectives, including economic and ecological ones. This is essentially a deep-seated transformation of the development outlook and values. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Guiding Rural Revitalization with Green Development”: “When the rural ecological environment is good, the land will yield gold ingots, and ecology will become a cash cow. Rural scenery, lakes and mountains, and beautiful villages can become cornucopias. Ecological agriculture, health and elderly care, forest wellness, and rural tourism will flourish.” The goals of agricultural development are no longer limited to ensuring food security and enhancing economic efficiency, but are further expanded to realize multiple values such as providing ecological products, optimizing the living environment, and inheriting farming culture. Thus, agriculture transforms from a mere material production sector into a comprehensive industry promoting the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

转变农业发展目标，使农业发展超越增长导向的传统经济范式，转化为以民生福祉为依归的新的经济范式。在习近平生态文明思想的科学指引下，农业发展的目标从单一经济目标转变为经济、生态等多元目标的有机统一，这本质上是发展观和价值观的深层转变。习近平总书记在《以绿色发展引领乡村振兴》中指出：“农村生态环境好了，土地上就会长出金元宝，生态就会变成摇钱树，田园风光、湖光山色、秀美乡村就可以成为聚宝盆，生态农业、养生养老、森林康养、乡村旅游就会红火起来。”农业发展的目标不再局限于保障粮食安全和提升经济效益，而是进一步扩展为提供生态产品、优化人居环境、传承农耕文化等多重价值实现，农业由此从单纯物质生产转变为促进人与自然和谐共生的综合性产业。

In terms of value subjects, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization adheres to a people-centered approach, promoting the sharing of agricultural development achievements by all the people—not only shared by the people of this generation, but also by the people of the next generation; the shared subjects include not only rural residents but also urban residents. This breaks through the single perspective of traditional agricultural development theory, which focuses more on the income of agricultural producers, incorporating consumers, urban residents, and even future generations into the category of value subjects, constructing a new pattern of agricultural value oriented toward all people and intergenerational sharing. Such agriculture makes cities and villages, producers and consumers, and the present and future generations a community of ecological and economic development that participates together and benefits together.

在价值主体上，习近平生态文明思想坚持以人民为中心，推动农业发展成果由全民共享——不仅是这一代的人民共享，而且是下一代的人民共享；共享主体不仅包括农村居民，也涵盖城市居民。这突破了传统农业发展理论更多关注农产品生产者收益的单一视角，将消费者、城市居民乃至未来世代的人们共同纳入价值主体范畴，构建了面向全民、代际共享的新型农业价值格局。这样的农业使城市与乡村、生产者与消费者、当代与后代成为共同参与、共同受益的生态经济发展共同体。

Restructuring the value of agricultural production factors, transforming the ecological environment from an external constraint on agricultural development into an internal driving force. Agriculture is an organic unity composed of an ecosystem and an economic system; agricultural production is a process where natural reproduction and economic reproduction intertwine. From the perspective of traditional agricultural economics, the goal of agricultural development is the maximization of economic reproduction, treating natural resources as production factors to be consumed and utilized in economic reproduction—an external variable—viewing natural conditions as constraints on economic reproduction, and ecological protection inputs as costs of economic reproduction. This understanding not only leads to the continuous degradation of the ecological environment but also traps agricultural development in a vicious cycle of diminishing marginal returns and increasing resource consumption. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization has completely changed this understanding.

重构农业生产要素价值，将生态环境从农业发展的外生约束转化为内生动力。农业是由生态系统和经济系统组成的有机统一体，农业生产是自然再生产和经济再生产相互交织的过程。在传统农业经济学视角下，农业发展的目标是经济再生产的最大化，而将自然资源视作在经济再生产中进行消耗利用的生产要素、一种外部变量，将自然条件视作经济再生产的制约因素，将生态保护投入视作经济再生产的成本。这种认识不仅导致生态环境的持续退化，也使农业发展陷入边际收益递减、资源消耗加剧的恶性循环。习近平生态文明思想彻底改变了这一认识。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Protecting the Ecological Environment Is Protecting Productive Forces, and Improving the Ecological Environment Is Developing Productive Forces”: “Lucid waters and lush mountains are not only natural wealth but also social and economic wealth.” This means that agricultural development should not merely be a consumptive input of ecological factors; rather, the healthy survival of the ecosystem should be ensured by discovering ecological value and taking ecological value as the logical starting point of agricultural development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “If Humanity Does Not Fail Nature, Nature Will Not Fail Humanity”: “Ecological environment inputs are not pointless or ineffective inputs, but foundational and strategic inputs related to high-quality and sustainable economic and social development.” This positioning shifts agricultural development from an “ecological consumption type” to an “ecological value-added type.” Agricultural development no longer simply comes at the cost of resource consumption; instead, it must protect, activate, and manage ecological resources, transforming traditional ecological constraints such as biodiversity, water resources, and soil quality into important components of ecological productive forces, enabling ecological resources to appreciate in value through beneficial utilization, thereby achieving an overall improvement in agricultural efficiency, quality, and benefits. Thus, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization is not a marginal improvement on the traditional agricultural development paradigm; rather, through the value restructuring of ecological factors, it breaks the opposition between ecological constraints and agricultural production in traditional agricultural development theory, promoting a major transformation in the concept of agricultural development, and is of revolutionary significance.

习近平总书记在《保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力》中指出：“绿水青山既是自然财富，又是社会财富、经济财富。”这意味着农业发展不应仅是消耗式的生态要素投入，而是生态系统的健康存续，要通过发现生态价值，把生态价值作为农业发展的逻辑起点。习近平总书记在《人不负青山，青山定不负人》中指出：“生态环境投入不是无谓投入、无效投入，而是关系经济社会高质量发展、可持续发展的基础性、战略性投入。”这种定位使农业发展从“生态消耗型”转向“生态增值型”，农业发展不再单纯以资源消耗为代价，而是要保护更要激活、经营生态资源，将生物多样性、水资源、土壤质量等传统意义上的生态约束转化为生态生产力的重要组成部分，使生态资源在良性利用中增值，从而实现农业效率、质量、效益的整体提升。由此可见，习近平生态文明思想不是对传统农业发展范式的边际改进，而是通过对生态要素的价值重构，打破了传统农业发展理论中生态约束与农业生产的对立关系，推动农业发展理念发生重大转变，具有革命性意义。

Breaking through the traditional agricultural production function, forming a new development mode of “ecology-economy” system synergy. The traditional agricultural production function is often based on the relationship between linear inputs and outputs of factors such as land, labor, and capital, focusing on the marginal output growth brought by factor inputs and scale expansion, while generally neglecting the organic interaction between the ecosystem and agricultural production. As ecological constraints become increasingly prominent, this linear, extensive production function can no longer support the practical needs of high-quality agricultural development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Adhering to the Systematic Thinking That Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, and Lakes Are a Community of Life”: “Ecology is a unified natural system, a natural chain where various natural elements depend on each other to achieve circulation.” This important exposition fundamentally broadens the theoretical horizon of the agricultural production function, highlights the coupling between the agricultural system and the ecosystem, and injects a new connotation of “ecology-economy” mutual synergy and circular interaction into the agricultural production function.

突破传统农业生产函数，形成“生态—经济”系统协同的新发展方式。传统农业生产函数往往建立在土地、劳动力、资本等要素的线性投入与产出之间的关系基础上，关注要素投入与规模扩张带来的边际产出增长，而普遍忽视生态系统与农业生产的有机互动。随着生态约束日益凸显，这种线性的、粗放型的生产函数已难以支撑农业高质量发展的现实需求。习近平总书记在《坚持山水林田湖是一个生命共同体的系统思想》中指出：“生态是统一的自然系统，是各种自然要素相互依存而实现循环的自然链条”。这一重要论述从根本上拓宽了农业生产函数的理论视野，突出了农业系统与生态系统的耦合性，为农业生产函数注入“生态—经济”相互协同、循环互动的全新内涵。

From the perspective of productive forces, the traditional agricultural production function emphasizes the simple superposition and linear expansion of factors. In 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively pointed out: “Mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, and lakes are a community of life”; four years later, “grasslands” were added to this system; during the 2021 Two Sessions [8]8 The “Two Sessions” (两会) refers to the annual plenary meetings of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), where major national policies are discussed and approved., when participating in the deliberation of the Inner Mongolia delegation, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must coordinate the systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, and here we must add the character ‘desert’.” This profoundly reveals that enhancing agricultural productive forces need not rely solely on factor expansion but can also rely more on the effective synergy and benign interaction between agricultural production and the ecosystem, which is a creative development and profound transcendence of traditional productive forces theory.

从生产力角度看，传统农业生产函数强调要素的简单叠加与线性扩张。2013年，习近平总书记创造性指出：“山水林田湖是一个生命共同体”；4年后，将“草”纳入这个体系；2021年全国两会参加内蒙古代表团审议，习近平总书记强调：“要统筹山水林田湖草沙系统治理，这里要加一个‘沙’字。”这深刻揭示出提升农业生产力不必单纯依赖要素扩张，还可以更多依靠农业生产与生态系统的有效协同、良性互动，这是对传统生产力理论的创造性发展与深刻超越。

From the perspective of the production process, traditional agricultural production follows a linear metabolic model of “natural resources—products—waste,” relying on the one-way consumption and high-intensity utilization of ecological resources, inevitably leading to the continuous degradation of the ecological environment and the depletion of natural resources. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization advocates green, circular, and low-carbon development, promoting the construction of a circular metabolic system of “natural resources—products—waste—renewable resources” in the agricultural field, enabling ecological factors to continuously self-repair, accumulate, and appreciate in value within the economic cycle. In this circular system, agricultural waste is no longer a pollutant of the ecological environment but ecological capital that can re-enter the production chain and be reused, reducing external resource inputs while repairing the ecosystem. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization guides agricultural production with a new circular mode, changing the conclusion that “agricultural development inevitably leads to ecological degradation.”

从生产过程角度看，传统的农业生产遵循“自然资源—产品—废弃物”的线性代谢模式，依赖对生态资源的单向消耗和高强度利用，必然导致生态环境持续退化和自然资源不断枯竭。习近平生态文明思想倡导绿色循环低碳发展，在农业领域推动构建“自然资源—产品—废弃物—再生资源”的循环代谢体系，使生态要素在经济循环中持续自我修复、积累与增值。在这一循环体系中，农业废弃物不再是生态环境的污染物，而是可重新进入生产链条、得到再利用的生态资本，既减少外部资源投入，又修复生态系统。习近平生态文明思想指引农业生产以新的循环方式改变了“农业发展必然导致生态退化”的结论。

Expanding the global vision of agricultural development, providing an inclusive development path for jointly building a community of life on Earth. President Xi Jinping pointed out in “Jointly Building a Community of Life on Earth”: “The international community must strengthen cooperation, think with one mind, and act with one effort, to jointly build a community of life on Earth.” The production methods and development paths of agriculture are closely related to the quality of the global ecological environment and are major issues that must be addressed in jointly building a community of life on Earth. Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, standing at the strategic height that “ecological civilization is the historical trend of human civilization development,” and guided by the concept of jointly building a community of life on Earth, restructures the relationship between agriculture and ecology, expanding the global vision of agricultural development. President Xi Jinping pointed out in “Working Together for Global Ecological Civilization and Building a Clean and Beautiful World”: “Building an ecological civilization concerns the future of humanity. The international community should work hand in hand and jointly explore the path of global ecological civilization construction.”

拓展农业发展全球视野，为共同构建地球生命共同体提供包容性发展路径。习近平主席在《共同构建地球生命共同体》中指出：“国际社会要加强合作，心往一处想、劲往一处使，共建地球生命共同体。”农业的生产方式、发展路径与全球生态环境质量息息相关，是共同构建地球生命共同体必须关注的重大问题。习近平生态文明思想站在“生态文明是人类文明发展的历史趋势”的战略高度，以共同构建地球生命共同体的理念为引领，重构了农业与生态的关系，拓展了农业发展的全球视野。习近平主席在《共谋全球生态文明建设之路，努力建设清洁美丽的世界》中指出：“建设生态文明关乎人类未来。国际社会应该携手同行，共谋全球生态文明建设之路”。

Against the current international backdrop of rising unilateralism and protectionism, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization situates agricultural development within the grand vision of jointly building a community of life on Earth, advocating a global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. This important thought transcends the zero-sum game narrative long pursued by major Western powers, enabling a profound understanding that, in the face of ecological issues, nations are not competitors where one wins and the other loses, but rather communities of shared interests, shared responsibilities, and a shared future, bound together by common weal and woe. Agricultural ecological governance is closely linked to global food security, ecological stability, and human well-being. It is imperative to promote the establishment of a long-term mechanism of win-win cooperation in global agricultural ecological governance, achieving knowledge sharing, shared responsibility, and integrated interests, thereby forming a fairer, more reasonable, and more inclusive path for global agricultural development. In this process, Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization guides Chinese agriculture to deepen green development, making significant contributions to global ecological civilization construction by protecting agricultural biodiversity and promoting low-carbon agricultural development. China’s agricultural germplasm resource bank preserves a large number of rare and endangered crop varieties, providing genetic resources for global biodiversity protection. Furthermore, China has transferred environmentally friendly agricultural technologies, such as Juncao technology [9]9 Juncao technology: A technology developed in China using grass (Juncao) as a substrate for cultivating edible and medicinal mushrooms, also used for ecological restoration and animal feed., to many developing countries, helping them address issues like poverty, soil erosion, and desertification. These practices are not merely “technical assistance” within the Western discourse system; they are a vivid implementation of the concept of jointly building a community of life on Earth in the agricultural field, powerfully proving that China is a steadfast actor and important contributor to global green development.

在当前单边主义、保护主义持续抬头的国际背景下，习近平生态文明思想将农业发展置于共同构建地球生命共同体的宏大视域之中，倡导共商共建共享的全球治理观。这一重要思想超越了西方大国长期奉行的零和博弈叙事，使人们深刻认识到在生态问题面前，各国不是你输我赢的竞争者，而是休戚与共的利益共同体、责任共同体、命运共同体。农业生态治理与全球粮食安全、生态稳定、人类福祉密切相关，必须推动全球农业生态治理建立合作共赢的长期机制，实现知识共享、责任共担、利益共融，形成更加公平、合理、包容的全球农业发展路径。在这一过程中，习近平生态文明思想指引中国农业深化绿色发展，通过保护农业生物多样性、推动农业低碳发展，为全球生态文明建设作出重要贡献。中国建立的农业种质资源库保存了大量珍稀、濒危的农作物品种，为全球生物多样性保护提供了基因资源。此外，中国还向许多发展中国家转让菌草技术等环境友好型农业技术，助力解决这些国家的贫困、水土流失、荒漠化等问题。这些实践不只是西方话语体系中的“技术援助”，更是在农业领域对共同构建地球生命共同体理念的生动践行，有力证明中国是世界绿色发展的坚定行动派、重要贡献者。

Promoting the modernization of agriculture that prioritizes ecology and pursues green development

推动实现生态优先、绿色发展的农业现代化

General Secretary Xi Jinping, in “New Quality Productive Forces Are Themselves Green Productive Forces,” points out: “Green development is the hallmark of high-quality development” and “unswervingly follow the path of prioritizing ecology and pursuing green development.” The future of agricultural modernization must be a future of prioritizing ecology and pursuing green development. To thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, efforts in the agricultural field must focus on enhancing agriculture’s competitiveness and comprehensive benefits, strengthening systematic thinking, adhering to overall planning and coordination, promoting a positive interaction between rural economic development and ecological environmental protection, and better addressing the important issue of how agricultural development can promote harmony between humanity and nature. This fully demonstrates the theoretical penetrating power and practical guiding force of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization.

习近平总书记在《新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力》中指出：“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色”“坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路”。农业现代化的未来必然是生态优先、绿色发展的未来。深入学习贯彻习近平生态文明思想，在农业领域要着力提高农业的竞争力与综合效益，强化系统思维、坚持统筹兼顾，推动农村经济发展与生态环境保护良性互动，更好解决农业发展如何促进人与自然和谐共生这一重要课题，充分彰显习近平生态文明思想的理论穿透力与实践引领力。

Coordinately advancing ecological protection and food security. Ecological protection is the foundation of food security. A healthy ecosystem can provide stable water and soil resources, diverse biological environments, and balanced climatic conditions for food production. Once the ecosystem is damaged, such as through soil degradation, water pollution, or biodiversity loss, it leads to the deterioration of basic conditions for food production, causing fluctuations or even reductions in food production capacity, ultimately threatening food security. In the long run, without the sustainability of the ecosystem, food security loses its natural foundation for existence. Food security is the reasonable boundary for ecological protection. Ensuring food security is the basic goal of agricultural development; ecological protection cannot deviate from this practical need and become extreme. Within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, achieving stable food supply through scientific production methods is itself a rational use and protection of the ecosystem. If ecological protection is emphasized one-sidedly while neglecting food security, it may lead to idle farmland and shrinking production capacity, which could instead trigger larger-scale ecological damage due to food shortages, such as over-cultivation of other ecological areas. Therefore, food security sets a necessary boundary for ecological protection: ecological protection must be premised on ensuring the basic supply of food, achieving ecological optimization on the basis of safeguarding food production capacity.

协同推进生态保护与粮食安全。生态保护是粮食安全的根基所在。健康的生态系统能够为粮食生产提供稳定的水土资源、多样的生物环境和平衡的气候条件。一旦生态系统遭到破坏，如土壤退化、水源污染、生物多样性减少等，就会导致粮食生产基础条件恶化，引发粮食产能波动甚至减产，最终威胁粮食安全。从长远看，没有生态系统的可持续性，粮食安全便失去了存续的自然基础。粮食安全是生态保护的合理边界。保障粮食安全是农业发展的基本目标，生态保护不能脱离这一现实需求而走向极端。在生态承载能力范围内，通过科学的生产方式实现粮食稳定供给，本身就是对生态系统的合理利用与保护。如果片面强调生态保护而忽视粮食安全，可能导致耕地闲置、生产能力萎缩，反而会因粮食短缺引发更大范围的生态破坏，如过度开垦其他生态区域。因此，粮食安全为生态保护划定了必要性边界，即生态保护需以确保粮食基本供给为前提，在保障粮食产能的基础上实现生态优化。

The key to coordinately advancing ecological protection and food security is to promote the green transformation of food production methods. By adopting ecologically friendly farming practices such as crop rotation and fallowing, and green prevention and control of pests and diseases, we can enhance food production capacity while maintaining ecosystem health. Using ecological protection and restoration technologies to improve production conditions and strengthen the risk-resistance capacity of food production, we can form a virtuous cycle where ecological stability ensures production stability, and production stability protects the ecology, achieving an organic unity of ecological sustainability and food security.

协同推进生态保护与粮食安全，关键是推动粮食生产方式绿色转型，通过轮作休耕、病虫害绿色防控等生态友好的耕作方式，在提升粮食产能的同时维护生态系统健康；借助生态保护修复技术改善生产条件，增强粮食生产的抗风险能力，从而形成生态稳则产能稳、产能稳则生态护的良性循环，实现生态可持续与粮食安全的有机统一。

Coordinately advancing green transformation and increasing farmers’ income. Increasing farmers’ income provides lasting impetus for green transformation. Farmers are the main agents of agricultural green transformation. Only by enabling farmers to gain tangible benefits from green transformation can their endogenous motivation to participate in green development be stimulated, making green transformation a sustainable and conscious action. Green transformation opens new pathways for increasing farmers’ income. Traditional agricultural production models rely on resource consumption and chemical inputs, which are not only inefficient but also vulnerable to market fluctuations. Green transformation, by shifting production methods towards ecologically friendly types, endows agricultural products with ecological value attributes. This reconstructs the agricultural value system, broadens channels for increasing farmers’ income, and makes green a new growth point for farmers’ earnings. To coordinately advance green transformation and increasing farmers’ income, it is necessary to establish and improve mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products. This includes, for example, improving the pricing system for green agricultural products, perfecting ecological protection compensation mechanisms, and developing diversified business models such as rural health and wellness [10]10 Rural health and wellness (乡村康养): A diversified business model combining rural resources with health, wellness, and elderly care services., so that farmers’ ecological investments receive reasonable returns and farmers gain new sources of income from green transformation.

协同推进绿色转型与农民增收。农民增收为绿色转型提供持久动力。农民是农业绿色转型的主体，只有让农民在绿色转型中获得实实在在的收益，才能激发其参与绿色发展的内生动力，使绿色转型成为可持续的自觉行动。绿色转型为农民增收开辟新路径。传统农业生产模式依赖资源消耗和化学投入，不仅效益低下，还易受市场波动影响。绿色转型通过推动生产方式向生态友好型转变，赋予农产品以生态价值属性。这重构了农业价值体系，拓宽了农民增收渠道，让绿色成为农民收入新的增长点。协同推进绿色转型与农民增收，需要建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，如通过完善绿色农产品定价体系、健全生态保护补偿机制、发展乡村康养等多元化经营方式等，让农民的生态投入得到合理回报，使农民在绿色转型中获得新的收入来源。

Coordinately advancing ecological governance and industrial upgrading. Industrial upgrading provides sustainable support capacity for ecological governance. Traditional agricultural production methods often rely on high-intensity resource development and one-sided extraction from the ecosystem. Their characteristics of low added value and high consumption are themselves significant causes of ecological problems. Industrial upgrading, by optimizing industrial structure and extending industrial chains, promotes the transformation of agricultural production from extensive to intensive, from resource-consuming to circular utilization, reducing pressure on ecological governance at the source, while simultaneously increasing industrial added value and providing a material foundation for ecological governance.

协同推进生态治理与产业升级。产业升级为生态治理提供可持续的支撑能力。传统农业生产方式往往依赖资源的高强度开发和对生态系统的单向索取，其低附加值、高消耗的特征本身就是生态问题的重要诱因。产业升级通过优化产业结构、延伸产业链条，推动农业生产从粗放式向精细化、从资源消耗型向循环利用型转变，从源头降低生态治理的压力，同时提升产业附加值，并为生态治理提供物质基础。

Ecological governance sets the direction and creates conditions for industrial upgrading. By setting environmental standards and regulating the boundaries of resource development, ecological governance forces the withdrawal of outdated production capacity that does not meet ecological requirements, guides the concentration of factors such as capital and technology towards green industries, and promotes the transformation of industrial structure towards an ecologically friendly direction. At the same time, the improvement of the ecological environment brought about by ecological governance can optimize the basic conditions for agricultural production, providing natural advantages for developing new business forms such as high-value-added ecological agriculture, and further expanding the space for industrial upgrading. To coordinately advance ecological governance and industrial upgrading, it is necessary to take ecological governance as a lever to promote the development of the agricultural industrial structure towards green, high-quality, and distinctive directions, forming an industrial chain characterized by clean production and resource recycling, and achieving a positive interaction between ecological governance and industrial development.

生态治理为产业升级划定方向、创造条件。生态治理通过设定环境标准、规范资源开发边界，倒逼不符合生态要求的落后产能退出，引导资本、技术等要素向绿色产业集聚，推动产业结构向生态友好方向转型。同时，生态治理带来的生态环境改善，可以优化农业生产的基础条件，为发展高附加值的生态农业等新型业态提供天然优势，进一步拓展产业升级的空间。协同推进生态治理与产业升级，必须以生态治理为抓手，推动农业产业结构向绿色化、优质化、特色化方向发展，形成以清洁生产、资源循环利用为特征的产业链条，实现生态治理与产业发展良性互动。

(The author is a professor at the School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China)

（作者为中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院教授）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心